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Keičiantis saulės apšviestumui fotovoltinių saulės elektrinių galia taip pat svyruoja. Saulės apšvietai padidėjus, dideja tinklo apkrovos ir leistina įtampa gali viršyti leistinas ribas, dėl ko gali nustoti veikti saulės inverteriai ir kiti elektros įrenginiai. Perteklinę energiją galima sukaupti energijos kaupimo sistemose ir panaudoti po saulėlydžio arba kai saulės spinduliuojama energija yra maža. Šiame darbe modeliuojama saulės elektrinės ir elektros energijos kaupimo sistemos optimalių parametrų parinkimas, elektros energijos valdymas pagal vidaus tinklo apkrovas, gauti rezultatai patikrinami eksperimentu. Tiriamojoje dalyje yra apskaičiuoti saulės elektrinės ir elektros energijos kaupimo sistemos parametrai. Skaičiavimas panaudoti šie duomenys: saulės spindulių energijos duomenys Kauno mieste, individualaus gyvenamojo namo elektros energijos sunaudojimo duomenys, eksperimentinės saulės elektrinės ir elektros energijos kaupimo sistemos generuojamos ir sukauptos energijos duomenys. Eksperimentinėje dalyje buvo patikrintas sumažintas saulės elektrinė ir elektros energijos kaupimo sistemos modelis. Sukaupti pagamintos ir sunaudotos elektros energijos duomenys. Išbandyta programos valdymo algoritmas pagal vartotojo elektros energijos poreikius ir apkrovas. Ekonominėje dalyje yra apskaičiuota saulės elektrinės ir dviejų skirtingų elektros energijos kaupimo sistemų finansinė nauda. Darbo tikslas – sukurti saulės elektrinės ir energijos kaupimo sistemos optimalių parametrų parinkimo ir valdymo modelį pagal vartotojo energijos poreikius ir apkrovas. Darbo uždaviniai – atlikti mokslinės literatūros apie saulės elektrinės ir elektros energijos kaupimo sistemas, veikimo principus, atlikti jų analizę, pritaikyti modeliavimo programoje bei pateikti tyrimo rezultatų analizę ir išvadas., The output of photovoltaic solar power plants also fluctuates as sunlight changes. As sunlight increases, grid loads increase and allowable voltages may exceed allowable limits, causing solar inverters and other electrical equipment to stop working. Excess energy can be stored in energy storage system and used after sunset or when the energy of sunlight is low. In this paper work, optimal solar power plant and electricity energy storage system parameters and control are modeled according to the electricity energy demand and electricity power load. The parameters of the solar power plant and electricity storage system are calculated in the research part. The following data were used in the calculation: solar energy data in the city of Kaunas, electricity consumption data of an individual residential building, energy data generated and stored by the experimental solar power plant and electricity storage system. In the experimental part, a reduced model of the solar power plant and the electricity storage system was tested. Accumulated data of produced and consumed electricity. The program control algorithm was tested according to the user's electricity needs and loads. In the economic part, the financial benefits of the solar power plant and two different electricity storage systems are calculated. The conclusions of the study contain a summary of the results. The aim of the work is to create a model for selecting and controlling the optimal parameters of the solar power plant and energy storage system. The tasks of the work are to carry out the scientific literature on solar power plant and electricity storage systems, the principles of their operation, analyze them, apply them in the modeling program and present the analysis and conclusions of the research results.

The goal of this study is to evaluate a gas and solar power plants (photovoltaic) grid-connected in Ahvaz city, Iran. The results showed that the solar power plant has more economic advantages than gas power plants. A review of the scenarios concerning the replacement of the guaranteed purchase price of the solar power plant showed that even a 50% reduction in the guaranteed power purchase price did not make the project non-economic. In this case, a big value of NPV (about 68 billion rials) has been lost but the return on investment (22.8%) would be reasonable. Of course, it should be noted that this is the most pessimistic case when using the project. Comparison on capital returns for a solar power plant, which is 30% of its guaranteed purchase price (4.2 years) was reduced, and the same factor for the gas plant (2.5 years in Table 5) gives us the choice of the solar power plant. The results of sensitivity analysis showed that the electricty price is more sesitive that other two economic factors. Using of solar power plants because of the microstats crisis in recent years in this region, can help to implement this method and increase the benefits of this environmental technique.

Alternatif enerji kaynaklarının kullanılmaya başlamasıyla elde edilecek avantajlardan bir kısmını sıraladığımızda; yerli kaynaklara öncelik verilmesi, dışarıdan alınan yakıtların azalması, yerli üretimle birlikte gerçekleşecek istihdamın artması aklımıza ilk gelenler olabilir. Bunlara ek olarak enerjideki ihtiyacı karşılanan sanayi sektörlerinin ekonomik bakımdan büyüme ve gelişmeye olanak sağlamasıyla ekonomik ve sosyal hayattaki istikrar ve refahın artması gibi kazanımların olduğu da söylenebilir. Ülkemizin enerjide dışarıya olan bağımlılığını azaltmak, enerjide meydana gelebilecek talep artışını sorunsuz olarak karşılayabilmek, enerji kaynak çeşitlerini arttırmak ve arz güvenliğini oluşturmak amacıyla şeffaf, rekabetçi, çevresel sürdürülebilirliğe önem veren ve tüketicinin korunduğu bir enerji sektörü daima önceliği oluşturmalıdır. Ülkemiz coğrafi konumu bakımından alternatif enerji kaynaklarında özellikle güneş enerji potansiyeli açısından oldukça zengindir. FV sistem teknolojilerinin sürekli gelişmesi, güneş enerjisinin daima bulunabilmesi, çevreye vereceği zararların yok denebilecek kadar az olması nedeniyle bu sisteme olan ilgi giderek artmaktadır. Bu bağlamda FV sistemlerin performans tahmini, çalışma davranışları ve enerji üretim değerlerinin verimliliği için farklı benzetim programları geliştirilmektedir. Bu tez çalışması kapsamında dünyada ve ülkemizde enerji kavramı ile ilgili genel bilgiler aktarıldıktan sonra Kırklareli ili Vize ilçesinde 960 Wp kurulu güce sahip, şebekeden bağımsız güneş enerjisi santralinin verileri ile FV sistemlerin performansı ve verimliliğini etkileyen faktörlerin sistemin performansına etkisi incelenmiştir. Bu bağlamda öncellikli olarak performans, ışınım tahmini ve kayıp parametrelerinin hesaplanması ve açıklaması yapılmıştır. Bu enerji santralinin PVSYST ve PVSQL programları ile benzetimi gerçekleştirilirken, benzetimde hangi parametrelerin kullanıldığından bahsederek mevcut değerlerle benzetim sonuçlarının karşılaştırılmasına yer verilmiştir. Böylelikle Kırklareli’nde kurulumu yapılan ve işletme durumuna geçen Güneş Enerji Santrallerinin (GES) performansını ve verimini etkileyen faktörler incelenmiştir. Yapılan çalışmada Kırklareli ili Vize ilçesi, Traçim Çimento fabrikasında kurulan şebekeden bağımsız mikro güneş enerji santralinin parametreleri benzetim çalışmasında kullanılmıştır. Benzetim çalışmasında kullanılan PVSYST ve PVSQL programlarından elde edilen veriler uygulama çalışmasıyla karşılaştırılmıştır. Uygulama sonuçlarının elde edildiği SCADA program verileri ve benzetim çalışmalarından elde edilen sonuçların benzerlik gösterdiği görülmüştür. Böylece bu ve benzeri sistemler kurulmadan önce, bu gibi sistemlerin kurulacağı alanların analizi önceden yapılmış olacaktır. When we list some of the advantages that will be obtained with the introduction of alternative energy sources; The first thing that comes to our minds is to give priority to domestic resources, to decrease the fuels imported from abroad, to increase the employment to be realized with domestic production. In addition to these, it can be said that there are gains such as increasing the stability and prosperity in the economic and social life by allowing the industrial sectors that meet the energy needs to enable economic growth and development. In order to reduce our country's dependence on foreign energy, to meet the demand increase in energy without any problems, to increase the types of energy resources and to create supply security, an energy sector that always cares about environmental sustainability and where the consumer is protected should always be a priority. Our country is very rich in alternative energy sources especially in terms of solar energy potential in terms of geographical location. The interest in this system is gradually increasing due to the continuous development of PV system technologies, the availability of solar energy at all times, and the harm to the environment to be negligible. In this context, different simulation programs are developed for performance estimation, operating behavior and efficiency of energy production values of PV systems. Within the scope of this thesis, after the general information about the concept of energy in the world and in our country is transferred, the data of the solar power plant with an installed power of 960 Wp in Kırklareli province Vize district and the effect of the factors affecting the performance and efficiency of the PV systems on the performance of the system were examined. In this context, performance, radiation estimation and loss parameters are calculated and explained. While simulating this power plant with PVSYST and PVSQL programs, a comparison of the current values with the simulation results is given by mentioning which parameters are used in the simulation. Thus, the factors affecting the performance and efficiency of the Solar Power Plants (SPP), which were installed and put into operation in Kırklareli, were examined. In the study conducted, the parameters of the micro-independent solar power plant installed in the Traçim Cement factory in Kırklareli province, Vize district were used in the simulation study. The data obtained from the PVSYST and PVSQL programs used in the simulation study were compared with the application study. It was observed that the results obtained from the SCADA program data and simulation studies, where application results were obtained, were similar. Thus, before these and similar systems are installed, the analysis of the areas where such systems will be installed will be made in advance.

Submitted by Thiago de Oliveira Gonzaga (thiago.gonzaga@fjp.mg.gov.br) on 2022-01-24T16:35:07Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Desenvolvimento local a partir da geração centralizada de energia solar fotovoltaica.pdf: 355925 bytes, checksum: 6ac77df2a60756a91b122e8bf9c7eb57 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Renato Lourenço (renato.lourenco@fjp.mg.gov.br) on 2022-01-24T17:59:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Desenvolvimento local a partir da geração centralizada de energia solar fotovoltaica.pdf: 355925 bytes, checksum: 6ac77df2a60756a91b122e8bf9c7eb57 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2022-01-24T17:59:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Desenvolvimento local a partir da geração centralizada de energia solar fotovoltaica.pdf: 355925 bytes, checksum: 6ac77df2a60756a91b122e8bf9c7eb57 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019 Fundação João Pinheiro Fundação João Pinheiro A geração de energia a partir de fontes renováveis tem sido largamente discutida como uma iniciativa sustentável, cujos benefícios permeariam as esferas econômica, social e ambiental. Assim, torna-se relevante a apreciação dos impactos socioeconômicos advindos de novos projetos de geração centralizada de energia solar, dentro do contexto da promoção do desenvolvimento local, assim como a crítica do discurso político com base em sua aderência à realidade. Com esse objetivo em vista, o estudo analisou os efeitos do modelo regulatório aplicado à usina solar fotovoltaica instalada no município de Pirapora a partir de entrevistas e discursos dos atores envolvidos. A abordagem levou em consideração o ciclo de vida do empreendimento, destacando as particularidades observadas em cada uma de suas etapas. Os resultados obtidos desconstroem o discurso político dominante quanto ao potencial de desenvolvimento social no longo prazo desse tipo de iniciativa, todavia reafirmando seus benefícios socioeconômicos no curto prazo. De forma geral, prevalecem as limitações inerentes a esse tipo de empreendimento quanto ao seu potencial gerador de desenvolvimento local. Renewable energy generation has been widely discussed as a sustainable initiative, with economic, social and environmental benefits. In this sense, it is relevant to assess the socioeconomic impacts arising from new utility-scale generation of photovoltaic solar energy, in the context of the promotion of local development, as well as to provide criticism on the truthfulness of the related political discourse. Bearing this goal in mind, this study used interviews and the discourses of the agents involved to assess the effects of the regulatory model applied to the photovoltaic solar power plant installed in the municipality of Pirapora. The analysis entailed the plant’s life-cycle, highlighting the particularities observed in each stage of the project. The results obtained oppose the dominant political discourse as per the potential of long-term social development attained by such initiatives, whereas short-term socioeconomic benefits are reaffirmed. Overall, prevail the inherent limitations of such type of endeavor in terms of its potential for local development. Governo e Política

Large scale photovoltaic (PV) solar power plants are gaining popularity in Chile. Solar energy potential in northern Chile is one of the best worldwide and true deserts are considered ideal environments for solar power plant projects. Atacama Desert is one of the driest places on earth. Nevertheless, northern Chile is home for many endemic species with 40 different vegetation types. The thesis presents studies of ecological effects (I-II) and location optimization of PV solar power plants in northern Chile (III). For ecological impacts two types of PV solar power plant technologies were studied: fixed mount solar plant and solar- tracking mounts. Study units were placed below the mounts or between the panels. Reference area was outside the panel area. Arthropod species composition was altered between shade and sun conditions at fixed mount power plant and, for example, dipterans were more common in shade conditions. Fixed mount solar power plants’ shade conditions can act as refuge to some arthropod groups, but for vegetation, shade conditions can disturb their florescence. Abiotic conditions limited local spider species habitat selection, but invasive spider species Lactrodectus geometricus could colonize mount legs of entire plant. Precaution should be taken when planning PV projects in areas with sensitive nature. Northern Chile is an ideal place for solar power plant projects because of its high solar energy potential but environmental and social aspects of site selection should be considered. Ideal places with low environmental and landscape value are in the absolute desert situated in the central valley starting from Arica and reaching until the northern part of Atacama region. Nevertheless, cities and historical sites should be avoided. The results of this thesis provide new information about ecological environment of PV plants and gives alternatives to multidisciplinary site selection.