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Upon treatment of chiral β-trifluoromethyl-α,β-unsaturated N -acylated oxazolidin-2-ones with a range of alcohols using phosphazene base as a catalyst, the unexpected cascade esterification/stereoselective aza-Michael addition was observed. The reactions proceeded with high diastereoselectivities (up to >99:1) to give a series of enantioenriched aza-Michael addition products in good to high yields. The structure and stereochemistry of the representative aza-Michael adduct were confirmed by X-ray crystal structure analysis. The plausible mechanism was proposed on the basis of the experimental results.The synthetic transformations of chiral aza-Michael addition products were also demonstrated highlighting the synthetic application of the present work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document provides information on the synthesis and characterization of several compounds. The compounds are derivatives of 1,3-dienyl sulfides and have various functional groups. The document includes details such as the yield, physical properties, and spectroscopic data for each compound. The compounds are synthesized using different reactions and purification methods. The information provided can be useful for researchers studying organic chemistry and chemical synthesis. [Extracted from the article]

This work reports the magnetic index of aromaticity of cyclophosphazene (c$$ c $$‐P3$$ {}_3 $$N3$$ {}_3 $$H6$$ {}_6 $$) and their halogenated cyclic derivatives: c$$ c $$‐P3$$ {}_3 $$N3$$ {}_3 $$F6$$ {}_6 $$, c$$ c $$‐P3$$ {}_3 $$N3$$ {}_3 $$Cl6$$ {}_6 $$, c$$ c $$‐P3$$ {}_3 $$N3$$ {}_3 $$Br6$$ {}_6 $$, c$$ c $$‐P3$$ {}_3 $$N3$$ {}_3 $$I6$$ {}_6 $$, c$$ c $$‐P3$$ {}_3 $$N3$$ {}_3 $$At6$$ {}_6 $$ and c$$ c $$‐P3$$ {}_3 $$N3$$ {}_3 $$Ts6$$ {}_6 $$. This index, also known as ring‐current strength, is calculated by numerical integration of the magnetically‐induced current density vector field which is generated by a perturbing external magnetic field. Due to the presence of heavy X=Br,I,At$$ \mathrm{X}=\mathrm{Br},\mathrm{I},\mathrm{At} $$ atoms in c$$ c $$‐P3$$ {}_3 $$N3$$ {}_3 $$X6$$ {}_6 $$, important relativistic were expected. Accordingly, all‐electron density functional theory (DFT) calculations were carried out using the four‐component Dirac‐Coulomb (DC) Hamiltonian, including scalar and spin‐orbit relativistic effects. The values were also compared with the corresponding spin‐free (scalar relativistic) ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functional cyclophosphazenes have proven to be effective modifiers of polymer materials, significantly improving their performance properties, such as adhesive characteristics, mechanical strength, thermal stability, fire resistance, etc. In this study, 4-(β-carboxyethenyl)phenoxy-phenoxycyclotriphosphazenes (CPPP) were obtained by the condensation of 4-formylphenoxy-phenoxycyclotriphosphazene with malonic acid. Its structure was studied using 31P, 1H, and 13C NMR spectroscopy and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and the thermal properties were determined by DSC and TGA methods. Molecular modeling using the MM2 method showed that CPPPs are nanosized with diameters of spheres described around the molecules in the range of 1.34–1.93 nm, which allows them to be classified as nanosized structures. The epoxy resin DER-331 was cured with CPPP, and the conversion of epoxy groups was assessed using IR spectroscopy. Using optical interferometry, it was shown that CPPPs are well compatible with epoxy resin in the temperature range from 80 to 130 °C. It was established that the cured epoxy composition was fire resistant, as it successfully passed the UL-94 vertical combustion test due to the formation of porous coke during the combustion process and also had high heat resistance and thermal stability (decomposition onset temperature about 300 °C, glass transition temperature 230 °C). The composition has low water absorption, high resistance to fresh and salt water, fire resistance, and adhesive strength to steel and aluminum (11 ± 0.2 MPa), which makes it promising for use as an adhesive composition for gluing parts in the shipbuilding and automotive industries, the aviation industry, and radio electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) show great promise for achieving energy densities over 400 Wh·kg−1. However, highly flammable organic electrolytes are a long-lasting problem that triggers safety hazards and hinders the commercial application of LMBs. Here, a nonflammable diluted highly concentrated electrolyte (DHCE) with ethoxy(pentafluoro)cyclotriphosphazene (PFPN) as a diluent is developed to simultaneously achieve high safety and cycling stability of high-voltage LMBs. The optimal DHCE not only ensures reversible Li deposition/dissolution behavior with a superior average Coulombic efficiency (CE) over 99.1% on lithium metal anode (LMA), but also suppresses side reactions and stress crack on the LiCoO2 (LCO) under high cut-off voltage. The newly developed DHCE exhibits high thermal stability, showing complete nonflammability and reduced heat generation between the electrolyte and delithiated LCO/cycled LMA. This work offers an opportunity for rational designing nonflammable electrolytes toward high-voltage and safe LMBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, monodisperse spherical particles were synthesized by using hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCP) and 1-(2-Aminoethyl) piperazine (AEP) by the polycondensation reaction. Then, the surfaces of the synthesized nanospheres were functionalized with gold nanoparticles. Phz-AEP nanospheres and phz-AEP@Au nanocomposite were characterized by various methods. Drug release studies for the synthesized phz-AEP and phz-AEP@Au nanospheres were performed using a ribonucleic acid (RNA) and sodium diclofenac (NaDc). As a result of the release studies, the drug release kinetics of the nanospheres were investigated. Additionally, the antibacterial and antifungal effects of the synthesized phz-AEP and phz-AEP@Au nanocomposite spheres were tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An unprecedented anionic pincer ligand with pendant phosphazene arms [2,6‐(MesN=PPh2)2C5H4N]− (LH) has been synthesized through a facile reaction of a bis(iminophosphoranyl)‐pyridine ligand with K‐selectride. LH can stabilize main‐group and transition metal complexes LHGeCl, LHSnCl, LHZnCl, and LHCdI. X‐ray diffraction analysis and theoretical study show that the phosphazene arms of LH strongly coordinate to the metal centers, while the central amide group alternatively donates one or two pairs of electrons to bind with different metal centers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, p(CTP‐co‐MMCA) microparticles, a novel cyclomatrix polyphosphazene, were synthesized. Among the p(CTP‐co‐MMCA) polymeric structures, p(CTP‐co‐MMCA) (1 : 3) with a high surface amine group was found to be in the form of microparticles after detailed structural and morphological characterization. These microparticles were modified with Au0 and Ag0 nanoparticles using two different green reductants. The antimicrobial activities of p(CTP‐co‐MMCA) microparticles and their Au0 and Ag0 composites against P.Aeruginosa ATCC 27853, S.Aureus ATCC 6538 and C.Albicans were investigated. Metal composites were found to have better antimicrobial activity. Cyclomatrix p(CTP‐co‐MMCA) microparticles with antimicrobial properties and their Au0 and Ag0 composites were also used for the release of Ceftriaxone sodium and RNA. Cyclomatrix p(CTP‐co‐MMCA) microparticles and its Au0 and Ag0 composites retained 48.21±5.34 mg/g, 49.36±6.95 mg/g and 23.95±6.45 mg/g ceftriaxone sodium, respectively, while they retained 79.15±6.85 mg/g, 47.49±6.24 mg/g and 57.47±9.48 mg/g RNA, respectively. Release studies revealed that the presence of Au0 and Ag0 nanoparticles imparted a slower release behavior to p(CTP‐co‐MMCA) microparticles. The release studies revealed that the presence of Au0 and Ag0 nanoparticles imparted a slower release behavior to the p(CTP‐co‐MMCA) microparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In‐plane ionic conduction over two‐dimensional (2D) materials is desirable for flexible electronics. Exfoliating 2D covalent organic frameworks (COFs) towards a few layers is highly anticipated, whereas most examples remain robust via π‐stacking against the interlayered dislocation. Herein, we synthesize a phosphine‐amine‐linked 2D COF by a nucleophilic substitution reaction of phosphazene with amines. The synthesized COF is crystalline, and stacks in an AB‐staggered fashion, wherein the AB dual layers are interlocked by embedding P−Cl bonds from one to another layer, and the non‐interlocked layers are readily delaminated. Therefore, in situ post‐quaternization over phosphazene can improve the ionization of backbones, accompanied by layered exfoliation. The ultrathin nanosheets can decouple lithium salts for fast solid‐state ion transport, achieving a high conductivity and low activation energy. Our findings explore the P−N substitution reaction for COF crystallization and demonstrate that the staggered stacking 2D COFs are readily exfoliated for designing solid electrolytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poly(alkyl cyanoacrylate)s (PACAs) find extensive use as adhesives in engineering and medicine. However, their high reactivity often leads to wide molar mass dispersity and uncontrolled chain‐end functionalities. Achieving precise polymer structures is crucial, particularly for medical applications to prevent oligomer toxicity. The conventional anionic polymerization of cyanoacrylates initiated by water results in high molar mass dispersities (Ð) and low end‐group functionalities. Nonetheless, under specific conditions, anionic polymerization holds the potential for controlling the molar mass and Ð of PACAs. Here, we demonstrate the synthesis of well‐defined PACAs by employing minute quantities (1%) of superbases to activate a functional thiophenol (PhSH) initiator. This strategy enables the attainment of adjustable molecular weights (Mn > 20 kg mol−1) and moderate dispersities (Ð < 1.4) for homopolymers and block copolymers. The selective initiation by thiophenol is confirmed through 1H DOSY NMR analysis. Furthermore, the controlled homo‐ and copolymerization of ACA derivatives highlights the remarkable performance of the superbase in conjunction with PhSH. © 2023 The Authors. Polymer International published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Industrial Chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, the formulation of safe electrolytes for Li‐ion batteries based on phosphazene as a flame‐retardant (FR) is achieved. Three molecules are studied: hexafluorocyclotriphosphazene (FR1), (ethoxy)pentafluorocyclotriphosphazene (FR2), and pentafluoro(phenoxy)cyclotriphosphazene (FR3). By using a conventional electrolyte (LiPF6 salt in an ethylene carbonate/diethyl carbonate solvents mixture), FR's minimum percentages are defined to quantify their efficiency as FRs. Fluoroethylene carbonate is also added to the electrolyte (2 wt%). The surface tensions, vapor pressures, and transport properties of formulated electrolytes are measured to highlight the impact of the FR additives. Then, these electrolytes are tested in half and full electrochemical devices: Li|LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 (LMNO) and graphite|LMNO between C/10 and C/2 at 20 °C. Flammability tests show that 3% of FR1, 5% of FR2, or 15% of FR3 are needed to make the electrolytes nonflammable. The transport properties of electrolytes based on FR1 and FR2 remain unchanged compared to the conventional electrolyte. Finally, the graphite|LMNO devices lose only 5% of the initial capacity after 100 cycles with the electrolytes based on FR1 and FR2, hence, confirming the latter's potential as an efficient FR for high‐voltage Li‐ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the phosphazene chitosan derivative was manufactured and characterized. adsorption of molybdenum (Mo) from solutions using prepared working material as sorbent was examined. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1HNMR), Carbon-13 (13CNMR) nuclear magnetic resonance, Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS), Phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance (31P-NMR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis (BET surface area) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to characterize and confirm the prepared adsorbent. Many variables, including pH of the aqueous solution, the amount of adsorbent dosed, initial concentration of Mo(VI), contact time, and temperature were examined using the batch adsorption technique. When Mo(VI) is exposed to foreign ions, its desorption behavior changes. (Cr6+, Cl−, Co2+, Fe3+, and sulfate) were investigated. Cr6+ had a greater impact on the adsorption process in compared with other foreign ions. The maximum capability for Mo(VI) adsorption on the created adsorbent was 305.07 ± 2.36 mg/g, which was obtained at room temperature. The adsorption isotherms were best fitted with the Freundlich isotherm model. The kinetic data fitted well with the pseudo-second-order equation. The thermodynamic studies found that the adsorption was an exothermic and spontaneous process in nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method has been developed for producing an epoxy composition based on a low-viscosity epoxy-resorcinol resin, a phosphazene-containing curing agent, isophoronediamine, and thermally expanded graphite as a filler. The degree of cure and the absence of side reactions during the curing process were confirmed using IR spectroscopy. The influence of the content of phosphazene-containing curing agent and filler on the physico-mechanical properties of the composition, its fire resistance, and antistatic properties were studied. Using the UL-94 HB horizontal burning test, it was found that the addition of 10 and 20 wt. % phosphazene-containing curing agent (relative to isophoronediamine) reduces the burning speed by 10 times compared to a sample without phosphazene. The addition of a filler to a composition containing phosphazene reduces the burning speed by 25 times compared to a composition without phosphazene and imparts antistatic properties to the epoxy composition, as evidenced by the specific volume electrical resistance of the order of 101 Ohm·m. Phosphazene-containing curing agent had no statistically significant effect on specific volume electrical resistivity (p > 0.05). Tests of physico-mechanical and adhesive properties (tensile strength, compressive strength, water absorption, water solubility, abrasion resistance, and adhesive strength) of filled epoxy compositions with 10 and 20 wt. % phosphazene-containing curing agent demonstrated that these properties met the requirements for floor coverings in construction and parts of electrical devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Condensation of hexakis-2-(formylphenoxy)cyclotriphosphazene with malonic acid yielded hexakis-2-(β-carboxyethenylphenoxy)cyclotriphosphazene (2-CEPP), whose structure was confirmed by 31P, 1H, 13C NMR spectroscopy and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. A quantum-chemical calculation for the 2-CEPP molecule using the ab initio methods in the 6-311G** basis set and the DFT-PBE0/6-311g** method was performed with geometry optimization of all parameters by the standard gradient method. The acid strength of 2-CEPP was theoretically estimated. Using the small-angle X-ray scattering method, it was found that 2-CEPP is an amorphous substance, which, when heated, can transform into a crystalline state. However, when heated at 370 °C, 2-CEPP undergoes decarboxylation and polymerization to form an insoluble heat-resistant product. The occurrence of decarboxylation and polymerization reactions in the formed styrene fragments was confirmed by thermal (differential-scanning calorimetry) and spectral (solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy) analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cyclotriphosphazenes, which constitute an important class of inorganic compounds, can show new properties in the medical or technological fields depending on the properties of the substituted organic/inorganic groups. Herein, we aimed to determine electrical and theoretical properties of the nanographene‐doped chalcone derivatives of dioxybiphenyl‐bridged dispiro‐cyclotriphosphazenes. For this aim, a new series of chalcone substituted spiro‐cyclotriphosphazenes (3 a–g) have been synthesized by the reaction of dioxybiphenyl‐bridged dispiro‐cyclotriphosphazene (3) with chalcone derivatives (1 a–g), respectively. Then, nanographene was doped to these spiro‐cyclotriphosphazene 3 a–g using a hydrothermal system. The dielectric constant and loss factor of 4 % graphene‐doped chalcone‐substituted spiro‐cyclotriphosphazene 3 g were determined as 167 and 2147 at 1 kHz, respectively, showing a significant increase compared to compound 3 g. The energy values of HOMO and LUMO orbitals are computed using DFT theory's level of B3LYP/6‐31G(d,p). The FMO's energy gap values for 3 a–g were found to be 7.92, 3.48, 3.26, 3.33, 3.53, 4.03 and 3.75 eV, respectively. Especially at frequencies below 10 kHz, the most striking result was observed for the nanographene‐doped 3 d. While the AC conductivity of 3 d at 1 kHz was 3.87×10−9 S cm−1, the conductivity of the graphene‐doped 3 d was calculated as 5.00×10−6 S cm−1. In addition, DC conductivity measurements were completed as a function of temperature and linearly increasing graphs were obtained with temperature. The activation energies calculated from the slopes of these graphs were 0.293, 0.305, 0.364 and 0.920 eV for 3 c, 3 d, 3 e and 3 g, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new group of bases with benzophenoneiminyl (bpi) moiety has been synthesized and characterized in this work. The title compound tris(benzophenoneimino)phosphane (P(bpi)3) 1 was prepared with a convenient one‐pot approach: benzophenone imine was deprotonated using MeMgCl and reacted with PBr3 in diglyme. The method could be considered as a method of choice for preparing other (amino)phosphanes in case lithio‐intermediates and/or protonated phosphane is out of consideration. Phosphane 1 is further used to prepare a range of related phosphonium cations and phosphazenes. Phosphonium cations were deprotonated to assess the stability of the resulting phosphonium ylides. In some cases, the bulky substances were capable of forming P−N heterocycles. Experimental (MeCN) and computational (MeCN, THF, gas‐phase) basicities of benzophenone imine, phosphane 1, phosphonium ylides, and phosphazenes, as well as some representative XRD structures, are presented and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A silver-containing gel based on polyvinyl alcohol and aryloxycyclotriphosphazene containing β-carboxyethenylphenoxy and p-formylphenoxy groups has been developed. Phosphazene was synthesized via the Doebner reaction from hexakis[(4-formyl)phenoxy]cyclotriphosphazene and malonic acid and characterized by 1H, 13C, and 31P NMR spectroscopy and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The study of the gel using scanning electron microscopy showed that the gel contains open pores and can absorb wound exudate. The maximum water absorption capacity of the gel was 272%, which was reached after 80 min of testing. The antimicrobial activity of the obtained silver-containing gel was evaluated using the diffusion method. The gel was found to inhibit the growth of the main microorganisms in contact with the skin: the bacteria S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, B. subtilis, S. epidermidis, and C. stationis and the fungus C. albicans. The study of the wound-healing effect of the gel in vivo showed a decrease in the wound area of the rabbit hind limb by 91.43% (p < 0.05) on the 10th day of observation and a decrease in the content of C-reactive protein in the rabbit blood serum by 1.3 times (p < 0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An organo-cobalt coordination complex (Co-H4APD), based on phosphonitrile-azacycles, was prepared by hydrothermal method. The flame retardancy, smoke suppression and thermal stability of epoxy (EP) composites were investigate by means of limited oxygen index (LOI), cone calorimeter test (CONE) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The flame retardant modes of action of Co-H4APD in EP were confirmed by experiments, such as thermogravimetry-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (TG-FTIR-GC/MS), exploring condense and gas-phase products after composites pyrolysis or combustion. Results revealed that the introduction of 6 wt.% Co-H4APD increased LOI value to 29.8% and effectively suppressed heat/smoke release of EP composites. The synergistic charring effect of Co-H4APD improved the thermal stability and char-forming ability of composites. The char strength may be well-correlated with gas release for EP/Co-H4APD, conducive to form dense and regularly expanded char layer, with more phosphorus-rich graphitic structures and cross-linking structures catalyzed by cobalt ions. This high-quality char layer was regarded as the most critical side in improving the flame retardant and smoke suppression performance of EP composites. The gas-phase function of Co-H4APD should not be overlooked due to releasing phosphorous-based radicals during pyrolysis, exhibiting flame inhibition effect in gas phase. More efficient interactions between phosphazene and cobalt within one molecule unit of Co-H4APD contributed to its more obvious reduction of the combustion and smoke production than those of the physical mixing system of CoO + H4APD.

Two-dimensional (2D) covalent organic polymers (COPs) featuring large surface areas and exposed active sites are desirable in the modification of electrode materials for electrochemical reactions. However, the rigid and planar conformation of 2D COPs limits the wrap of one-dimensional electrodes. Herein, we have proposed a molecular strategy to regulate in situ encapsulation of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with 2D polyphosphazene. The stoichiometric control over the nucleophilic substitution reaction between hexachlorocyclophosphazene and amines allows for the oriented evolution around the surface of CNTs. The formed COP sheath is an ultrathin and uniform coating without granular deposition. Upon carbonization, the well-defined core/shell CNT composite was converted into the N,P-codoped carbon, exhibiting outstanding electrocatalytic oxygen reduction performance with a diffusion-limiting current density of 5.4 mA cm–2 and an electron transfer number of 3.97. The improved electrocatalytic activity originates from a high content of active N,P-containing catalytic sites uniformly distributed on porous carbon. This study provides a viable strategy to develop functional composite materials by modulating the flexibility of 2D COPs for 1D substrates, contributing to broad applicability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Polymer Materials Science & Engineering is the property of Sichuan University, Polymer Research Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Agriculture & Nature / Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım & Doğa Dergisi is the property of Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Universitesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The formulation of safe electrolytes for supercapacitors based on phosphazene used as a flame-retardant (FR) is carried out. 3 molecules are used: hexafluorocyclotriphosphazene (FR1), (ethoxy)pentafluorocyclotriphosphazene (FR2) and pentafluoro(phenoxy)cyclotriphosphazene (FR3). A comparative study on the efficacy from a safety point of view is performed to determine the minimum percentages of each to be used in a conventional acetonitrile (ACN)/1.0 M tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate (Et 4 NBF 4 ) electrolyte to make it non-flammable. Flammability tests have shown that 5 %FR1, 15 %FR2 or 20 %FR3 are required to do that. The FTIR coupled to the TGA as well as the measurements of surface tensions and contact angles showed that the FRs tend to protect the surface of the electrolyte. The transport properties always remain good, superior to PC/1.0 M Et 4 NBF 4 for example, and the electrochemical stability windows determined in 3-electrode cells with platinum or activated carbon are at least 2.5 V. The cycling performances are also interesting because the AC|AC EDLCs made in this study are compatible with these FRs, which makes it possible to operate devices providing energies and powers of 23.0 Wh kg -1 and 3.7 kW kg -1 with the electrolytes based on FR1 or FR2 between 0 and 2.5 V., (© 2024 The Authors. ChemPhysChem published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

The biological activity of both cyclophosphazenes and peptides makes these compounds important for new studies in medicinal chemistry. For this purpose, five different phosphazene-peptide conjugates synthesized from dichlorocyclotriphosphazene and tyrosine-containing tripeptides. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxic activities against human breast (MCF-7) and colon (Caco-2) cancer cell lines using MTT assay. The derivatives induced cell death through DNA damage, with notable effects in Caco-2 cell lines. Specifically, DTVV, DTVG, and DTVA were cytotoxic at 50 and 100 μM, while DTVP and DTVM were effective at 25, 50, and 100 μM. DTVM outperformed Tamoxifen at 50 μM in the MCF-7 cell line. DNA damage studies of the compounds were performed using the comet assay method, evaluating tail length, tail density, olive tail moment, head length, and head density parameters. The findings indicated that cell death occurred via a DNA damage mechanism. The molecular intricacies of DTVA, DTVG, DTVM, DTVP and DTVV within the VEGFR2 kinase domain (3VHE) and Cyclophilin&#95;CeCYP16-Like Domain (2HQ6) binding pockets and various interactions, docking scores and potential activities of these derivatives were investigated. The differences in docking scores and interaction profiles highlight the potential efficacy and specificity of these compounds in targeting breast and colon cancer cells. These findings highlight the potential of phosphazene-peptide derivatives as therapeutic agents in cancer treatment., (© 2024 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Organophosphazenes are of interest due to the combination of increased mechanical and thermal properties of polymer materials obtained with their use, however, they are characterized by a complex multi-stage synthesis. Moreover, the high viscosity of phosphazene-containing epoxy resins (PhER) makes their processing difficult. To simplify the synthesis of PhER, a one-step method was developed, and bisphenol F was chosen, which also provided a decrease in viscosity. In the current study, PhER were formed by a one-stage interaction of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCP) with bisphenol F isomers and epichlorohydrin in the presence of alkali, which was a mixture of epoxycyclophosphazenes (ECPh) with a functionality from 1 to 4 according to the results of MALDI-TOF analysis. Conventional epoxy resins based on bisphenol F, also formed during the process, showed high mechanical properties and glass transition temperature, and the reactivity of the obtained resins is similar to the base epoxy resins based on bisphenols A and F. Cured PhER had higher or the same mechanical properties compared to base epoxy resins based on bisphenol A and F, and a glass transition temperature comparable to base epoxy resins based on bisphenol F: glass transition temperature (Tg) up to 174.5 °C, tensile strength up to 74.5 MPa, tensile modulus up to 2050 MPa, tensile elongation at break up to 6.22%, flexural strength up to 146.6 MPa, flexural modulus up to 3630 MPa, flexural elongation at break up to 9.15%, and Izod impact strength up to 4.01 kJ/m2. Analysis of the composition of the obtained PhER was carried out by 1H and 31P NMR spectroscopy, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, X-ray fluorescence elemental analysis, and contained up to 3.9% phosphorus and from 1.3% to 4.2% chlorine. The temperature profile of the viscosity of the resulting epoxy resins was determined, and the viscosity at 25 °C ranged from 20,000 to 450,000 Pa·s, depending on the ratio of reagents. The resins studied in this work can be cured with conventional curing agents and, with a low content of the phosphazene fraction, can act as modifiers for traditional epoxy resins, being compatible with them, to increase impact strength and elasticity while maintaining the rest of the main mechanical and processing properties, and can be used as a resin component for composite materials, adhesives, and paints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A non-aqueous solvent desulfurizer of ionic liquid functionalized by PNs combined with POM was prepared. • The excellent desulfurization performance of PPILs@IBuPN-9 could be maintained in the range of medium and high temperature. • The combination of PNs with POM showed significant enhancement effect on H 2 S absorption. • H 2 S was captured and enriched around PMo 12 by IBuPN through the formation of hydrogen bonds. • The oxygen in PMo 12 could be replaced by S2− to form H 3 PMo 12 O 40-x S x (1 ≤ x ≤ 40) in the desulfurization process. The development of non-aqueous solvent desulfurizer is crucial to addressing the challenges associated with traditional liquid-phase wet desulfurization technologies. Based on this, we prepared a series of phosphazene polyoxometalate ionic liquids (PPILs) based of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride using different kinds of phosphazenes (PNs) combined with polyoxometalate (POM), and used for hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) dynamic absorption experiments. The effects of PN type and ratio, temperature and desulfurizer concentration on the desulfurization performance of different PPILs were explored. Among them, PPILs@IBuPN-9 as the optimal desulfurizer could keep almost 100 % desulfurization efficiency in the medium and high temperature range (100–200 °C). The results showed that the combination of PNs with POM significantly improved and widened the H 2 S removal performance and the operational temperature window of the desulfurizer. Besides, PPILs@IBuPN-9 required only air regeneration to maintain relatively stable cycle performance for at least four times and the sulfur capacity could be efficiently increased during multiple regenerations. It was found that the hydrogen bonding sites on IBuPN network formed significantly enhanced the H 2 S capture ability of PPILs and the sulfur capacity was substantially improved by S2− substitution of oxygen atoms in the POM according to the characterization results and density functional theory calculations. This study promotes the deep integration of polyoxometalate chemistry with ionic liquids in the field of gas purification and promotes the development of non-aqueous phase desulfurization process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The functional phosphazene group PDEP with a superior binding affinity for iodine were rationally screened by theoretical calculations. • The PDEP@PES composite beads were synthesized for their practical removal of iodine. • The PDEP@PES beads exhibit high static and dynamic uptake capacities of 1078.1 mg/g and 78.8 mg/g, respectively. • Adsorption mechanisms have been elucidated combined experimental with theoretical analyses. Efficient adsorbents for radioiodine removal play a crucial role in safeguarding public and ecology health. However, conventional trial-and-error approaches for designing such high-performance adsorbents suffer from limited efficiencies. Herein, we employed a rational design strategy guided by precise density functional theory (DFT) calculations to synthesize a polyphosphazene-based microsphere tailored for iodine capture. Theoretical calculations quantifying the interactions of iodine molecules with diverse nitrogen-containing organic groups reveal the superior affinity of phosphazene groups with I 2. Motivated by these findings, we judiciously designed a poly(bis(diethylamino)) phosphazene (PDEP) with a high density of active adsorption sites. Subsequently, PDEP was integrated into a composite bead with polyether sulfone (denote as PDEP@PES) for practical applications. PDEP@PES exhibits an elevated static adsorption capacity of 1.08 g/g, surpassing the majority of reported beads. More importantly, under a high flow rate of 200 mL/min, the dynamic uptake amount of PDEP@PES reaches 78.8 mg/g, outperforming pristine PES beads (3.19 mg/g) and commercial silver-impregnated silica gel (23.0 mg/g). The XPS results confirm the formation of robust charge-transfer complex between phosphazene groups with I 2. This was further supported by their substantial interaction energy of -20.59 kcal/mol, as determined by DFT calculations. Our study demonstrates the high feasibility of polyphosphazene-based microspheres for radioiodine removal, shedding light on the enormous potential of theory-driven design paradigm for the development of exceptional adsorbents for environmental remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method for the synthesis of an amine-containing epoxy resin curing agent by dissolving hexakis-[(4-formyl)phenoxy]cyclotriphosphazene in an excess of isophoronediamine was developed. The curing agent was characterized via NMR and IR spectroscopy and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and its rheological characteristics were studied. Compositions based on DER-354 epoxy resin and the synthesized curing agent with different amounts of phosphazene content were obtained. The rheological characteristics of these compositions were studied, followed by their curing. An improvement in several thermal (DSC), mechanical (compression, tension, and adhesion), and physicochemical (water absorption and water solubility) characteristics, as well as the fire resistance of the obtained materials modified with phosphazene, was observed, compared with unmodified samples. In particular, there was an improvement in adhesive characteristics and fire resistance. Thus, compositions based on a curing agent containing a 30% modifier were shown to fulfill the V-1 fire resistance category. The developed compositions can be processed by contact molding, winding, and resin transfer molding (RTM), and the resulting material is suitable for use in aircraft, automotive products, design applications, and home repairs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphazene-containing epoxy oligomers (PEOs) were synthesized by the one-pot method by means of the interaction of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene, diphenylolpropane, and epichlorohydrin at 80°C in the presence of solid KOH. In contrast to similar PEOs previously obtained at a lower temperature, according to MALDI–TOF spectrometry, the phosphazenes synthesized in this work contain about 10% of compounds with two or three phosphazene rings linked by one or two oxyaryleneoxy radicals, while the total number of epoxide groups in the molecules of these compounds is from four to eight. PEOs are cured with polyamine hardeners to form compositions with increased fire resistance, while retaining the basic properties of conventional epoxy materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new methodology for the synthesis of 2,2‐disubstituted 2H‐chromenes was developed by utilizing the [1,2]‐phospha‐Brook rearrangement under Brønsted base catalysis. Phosphazene P2‐tBu efficiently catalyzed the addition reaction of 4H‐chromen‐4‐ols containing a diethoxyphosphoryl group with α,β‐unsaturated ketones, which involved the catalytic generation of a carbanion through the [1,2]‐phospha‐Brook rearrangement and subsequent conjugate addition at the 2‐position to afford adducts possessing an alkenylphosphate moiety in a highly diastereoselective manner. Further transformation of the adducts based on a nickel‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reaction with arylzinc reagents provided densely functionalized 2,2‐disubstituted 2H‐chromenes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An interaction of 2‐hydroxy‐9(10),16(17),23(24)‐tri‐tert‐butyl‐29H,31H‐ phthalocyanine (1) with hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (phosphonitrilic chloride trimer) produced, along with the A3B type low‐symmetry monophthalocyanine (monomer 2), a bis‐derivative 3 with spectral characteristics such as that of most clamshell‐type phthalocyanines (typically, H‐dimers). The reaction can be considered conditionally selective. DFT calculations showed the possibility of the existence of several isomers. Based on the UV‐Vis, fluorescent and NMR studies, we found that 3 was obtained as an inseparable mixture of three diastereomers‐achiral cis‐isomer and two chiral trans‐isomers. DFT analysis has also shown that cis‐isomer can exist as two rotamers‐parallel and oblique, by an analogy with the cofacial J‐type dimers that we obtained earlier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a highly efficient and environmentally friendly method for extracting palladium from hydrochloric acid media was developed. The method uses a magnetic sorbent carrying an organophosphorus extractant, which is not washed from the sorbent into the aqueous phase. The extractant was characterized by 1H, 13C, and 31P NMR spectroscopy and MALDI TOF mass spectrometry, and the palladium complex based on it was characterized by IR spectroscopy. According to an in vitro microbiological study, the extractant was non-toxic to soil microflora. It was established that the water uptake and saturation magnetization of the magnetic sorbent were sufficient for use in sorption processes. The sorption efficiency of palladium(II) with the developed sorbent can reach 71% in one cycle. After treatment of the spent sorbent with 5 M hydrochloric acid, palladium was completely extracted from the sorbent. The new sorbent is proposed for the extraction of palladium from hydrochloric acid media obtained by the leaching of electronic waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) can be used as a bio-based carbon source in an intumescent system. However, CNCs have low onset decomposition temperature and decompose and carbonize that may have adverse impact on performance. We, herein, demonstrated the design of phosphazene-containing CNCs (P/N-CNCs) with great thermal stability and outstanding charring ability. The TGA results showed that the initial decomposition temperature of P/N-CNCs increased from 202.4 to 272.2 °C, and the residual char at 700 °C increased from 24.9 to 55.8 wt% comparing to CNCs. Then, flame retardant PLA composites were prepared by blending PLA, P/N-CNCs with ammonium polyphosphate (APP), melamine (MPP), aluminum hypophosphite (AHP) and piperazine pyrophosphate (PPAP), respectively. The thermal stability, flame retardant properties and mechanical properties of the PLA composites were investigated. The results showed that the flame retardant system constructed with 7 wt% APP and 3 wt% P/N-CNCs had the best effect in PLA. PLA/7APP/3P/N-CNCs had the highest limiting oxygen index value (28.1%), the lowest peak heat release rate (266 kW/m2), and reached UL 94 V-0 rating. Moreover, the tensile strength, impact strength and elongation at break of PLA/7APP/3P/N-CNCs were improved by 7.3%, 18.6%, and 29.4%, respectively, comparing to these properties of PLA/7APP/3CNCs. This modified CNCs provides good thermal stability and charring ability. It also offers a new method for the preparation of high-performance flame-retardant PLA composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highly crosslinked, inorganic-organic hybrid and intrinsically fluorescent polyphosphazene nanospheres bearing hydroxyl groups on the surface are facilely generated via a one-pot polycondensation of octachlorocyclotetraphosphazene, fluorescein and quercetin. The resulting nanospheres were characterised by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and ultravioletvisible spectroscopy (UV-vis) techniques. The average diameter of the nanospheres was determined as 379 nm. Also, quercetin which is both a monomer and an anticancer drug was loaded to the nanospheres as 446 mg g-1. The obtained nanospheres possess outstanding disperse ability in both aqueous and organic solvents. Moreover, the nanospheres exhibited intrinsically fluorescence intensity and outstanding photobleaching stability under ultraviolet-visible irradiation, due to the highly crosslinked and inorganic-organic hybrid structure. Owing to these superior properties and novelty of synthesized nanospheres, they have a great potential in many applications such as fluorescent labels, sensors, cell imaging and as a nanocarrier of quercetin for cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesized compound was characterized by 31P, 13C, and 1H NMR spectroscopy and MALDI-TOF mass spectroscopy. According to DSC data, the compound was initially crystalline, but the crystal structure was defective. The crystals suitable for X-ray diffraction study were prepared by slow precipitation of the compound from a solution by a vapor of another solvent. A study of the single crystal obtained in this way demonstrated that the phosphazene ring has a flattened chair conformation. It was found that the sphere circumscribed around the compound molecule has a diameter of 2.382 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple experimental procedure for scaling carbene Brønsted basicity is described. The results highlight the strong basicity of pyrazol‐4‐ylidenes, a type of mesoionic carbene, also named cyclic‐bentallenes (CBA). They are more basic (pKaH >42.7 in acetonitrile) than the popular proazaphosphatrane Verkade bases, and even the Schwesinger phosphazene superbase P4(tBu). The basicity of these compounds can readily be tuned, and they are accessible in multigram quantities. These results open new avenues for carbon centered superbases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A switching of the step order within cascade process enabled design of a diastereodivergent approach to phosphazenopyrrolines with a 1,3-relationship of stereocenters. The approach is based on a cascade transformation of readily accessible γ-azidobutyronitriles that includes Staudinger, aza-Wittig and Michael steps. Stereodivergence is achieved at the Michael step that is self-catalyzed by phosphazene intermediates and provides construction of quaternary stereocenter. Depending on the type of phosphazene intermediates, generating either via Staudinger reaction or via subsequent intramolecular aza-Wittig reaction with nitrile and then reacting with a Michael acceptor, either trans- or cis-isomers of the target product can be produced. Thus, diastereoselectivity can be achieved by varying the time of addition for the Michael acceptor. Therefore, three distinct roles were revealed for phosphazenes in this process: catalysts, reactants and stereoselectivity controllers. This stereodivergent strategy was applied for the synthesis of all stereoisomers of the biorelevant tetrahydro-7-aza-indoles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Novel tripeptide substituted cyclotriphosphazene compounds was obtained for the first time. • The thermal behavior, in vitro cytotoxicity activities, DNA damage studies and Molecular Docking studies of novel tripeptide substituted cyclotriphosphazene were investigated. • The compounds exhibited considerable reductions in cell viability against tested human cancer cell lines. • The Comet assay results displayed that the cell deaths occurred through DNA damage mechanism. The novel dioxybiphenyl bridged-cyclotriphosphazenes (DPP) bearing tripeptide were synthesized and investigated for their molecular docking analysis, visualizing their binding profiles within various cancer cell line receptors and in vitro cytotoxic and genotoxic properties. The dipeptide compound (Tyr - Phe) was treated with various amino acids to obtain the tripeptide compounds (Tyr - Phe - Gly, Tyr - Phe - Ala, Tyr - Phe - Val, Tyr - Phe - Phe, and Tyr - Phe - Leu). These synthesized tripeptides were subsequently treated with DPP to obtain novel phosphazene compounds bearing tripeptide structures. As a result, the synthesis of target molecules with phosphazene compound in the center and biphenyl and tripeptide groups in the side arms was obtained for the first time in this study. Examining the cytotoxic studies in vitro of our newly synthesized compounds demonstrated the anticancer properties against four selected human cancer cell lines, including breast (MCF-7), ovarian (A2780), prostate (PC-3), and colon (Caco-2) cancer cells. The Comet Assay analysis determined that the cell death mechanism of most of the compounds with cytotoxic activity stemmed from the DNA damage mechanism. Among the compounds, the DPP-Tyr - Phe - Phe compound seems to have the best anticancer activity against the subjected cell lines (Except for A2780) with IC 50 values equal to 20.18, 72.14, 12.21, and 5.17 μM against breast, ovarian, prostate, and colon cancer cell lines, respectively. For this reason, the molecular docking analysis was conducted for the DTPP compound to visualize its binding geometry and profile within the target enzyme's binding site associated with the specific cancer cell line. The analysis revealed that the DTPP derivative exhibited an optimal binding conformation and characteristics within the target enzyme's binding site, aligning well with the experimental data. Based on the data, these compounds are believed to be strong candidate molecules for both pharmaceutical and clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, a series of cyclotriphosphazenes including Schiff bases, f[N3P3(biph)2(R)2] (5), [N3P3(biph)(R)4] (6), and N3P3R6 (7) (biph = 20,200-dioxy-10,100-biphenyl, R=Quinoline-4-aldehyde-poxyanilg, were synthesized in high yields via the nucleophilic substitution reactions of quinoline-4-aldehyde-p-hydroxyanil (1) with [N3P3(biph)2Cl2] (2) and [N3P3(biph)Cl4] (3) and N3P3Cl6 (4), respectively. The structures of all products (5, 6, and 7) were defined by elemental analysis, mass spectrometry, FTIR, (¹H, 13C, and 31P) NMR spectroscopies. Furthermore, the photophysical properties of these new cyclotriphosphazenes (5, 6, and 7) in different solvents and concentrations were investigated and the results were compared and discussed. The absorption characteristics of novel cyclotriphosphazene-based Schiff bases demonstrated n-p* and p-p* transitions which can be attributed to quinoline side whereas absorbance values were significantly enhanced under the same analytical conditions when the number of quinoline groups attached to the cyclotriphosphazene-core increased. As a result, the molar absorptivity of novel cyclotriphosphazene-based Schiff bases which substituted with two (5) and six quinolines moieties (7) were increased 4.43- and 11.4-fold, respectively, when compared with their precursor (1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The renaissance of Brønsted superbases is primarily based on their pronounced capacity for a large variety of chemical transformations under mild reaction conditions. Four major set screws are available for the selective tuning of the basicity: the nature of the basic center (N, P, ...), the degree of electron donation by substituents to the central atom, the possibility of charge delocalization, and the energy gain by hydrogen bonding. Within the past decades, a plethora of neutral electron‐rich phosphine and phosphazene bases have appeared in the literature. Their outstanding properties and advantages over inorganic or charged bases have now made them indispensable as auxiliary bases in deprotonation processes. Herein, an update of the chemistry of basic phosphines and phosphazenes is given. In addition, due to widespread interest, their use in catalysis or as ligands in coordination chemistry is highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a highly efficient and environmentally friendly method for extracting palladium from hydrochloric acid media was developed. The method uses a magnetic sorbent carrying an organophosphorus extractant, which is not washed from the sorbent into the aqueous phase. The extractant was characterized by 1H, 13C, and 31P NMR spectroscopy and MALDI TOF mass spectrometry, and the palladium complex based on it was characterized by IR spectroscopy. According to an in vitro microbiological study, the extractant was non-toxic to soil microflora. It was established that the water uptake and saturation magnetization of the magnetic sorbent were sufficient for use in sorption processes. The sorption efficiency of palladium(II) with the developed sorbent can reach 71% in one cycle. After treatment of the spent sorbent with 5 M hydrochloric acid, palladium was completely extracted from the sorbent. The new sorbent is proposed for the extraction of palladium from hydrochloric acid media obtained by the leaching of electronic waste.

Olefin bonds participate in co-reaction with the benzoxazine functionality of the monomer and are one of the strategies used to affect the crosslink density of a polybenzoxazine network. In general, the double bond incorporation in starting material is usually catalyzed by expensive, rare earth metals affecting the sustainability of the reaction. The natural abundance of feedstocks with inherent double bonds may be a powerful platform for the development of novel greener structures, with potential applications in polymers. Here, we report the design, synthesis, and characterization of a biobased non-halogen flame retardant, consisting of naturally occurring phenols, eugenol (E), and cardanol (C). The presence of a covalently linked phosphazene (P) core allowed the synthesis of hexa-functional flame retardant molecules, abbreviated as EP and CP. The chemical structures of the synthesized EP and CP were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (1H, 13C, 31P NMR), and single crystal XRD (only in the case of EP). Their polymerization with cardanol sourced tri-oxazine benzoxazine monomer, C-trisapm, was followed by FTIR, NMR, and DSC studies. The thermal stability and flame retardant properties of the hybrid phosphazene-benzoxazine copolymers was determined by thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning, and smoke density analyses. SEM images of the char residues of the polymers with or without the addition of reactive phosphazene molecules confirmed the intumescent flame retarding mechanism. Current work highlights the utility of sustainable origin non-halogen flame retardant (FR) molecules and their utility in polybenzoxazine chemistry.

Base-mediated cyclization and annulation reactions are very useful methods in the heterocyclic synthesis. Different types of conventional bases, i.e., inorganic bases or organometallic bases have been traditionally used for carrying out these reactions in the past. Over the years, the phosphazene organic superbases have emerged as effective alternatives to inorganic and organometallic bases. The phosphazene superbase was first used for alkyne cyclization in 2008, and its use has become quite popular over the last decade. This review is aimed to provide an analysis of the use of phosphazene superbase, especially P4–t-Bu as a robust and highly efficient catalyst/reagent in various intra- or intermolecular reactions of substituted alkynes for the synthesis of O,N-heterocycles such as isoindolin-1-ones, benzofurans, isobenzofurans, proline derivatives, pyrroles, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, chitosan, an aminopolysaccharide, was reacted with phosphazene-derived crosslinker by Schiff-base reaction to yield crosslinked-chitosan hydrogel. Here, hexakis(4-formylphenoxy)cyclotriphosphazene was used as a novel crosslinker agent with six reactive functional groups allowing the formation of bridges between polymeric chains. Amoxicillin, known effective bacteriostatic treatment, was used as a model drug to test the drug-carrying capacity of the gel and the antibacterial activity. Further, the acid-catalyzed aqueous degradation behavior of hydrogels was assessed in vitro. In conclusion, it is predicted that this newly obtained biodegradable hydrogel may have the potential to be used as a promising drug-carrying material in biomedical application fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bisphenol-substituted spirocyclic phosphazene derivatives were synthesized in 85%–94% yields and analyzed for flame retardant application to cotton fabric using Limiting Oxygen Index, Fourier transform infrared thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, microscale combustion calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The thermogravimetric analysis methods indicate a decomposition pathway consistent for phosphorus-nitrogen-containing compounds. Levoglucosan phosphorylation and carbonaceous char formation were observed. Limiting Oxygen Index testing of these compounds on cotton-based fabrics showed improved flame resistance compared to untreated fabrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aims to decrease the damage in concrete caused by freezing-and-thawing. For this, concrete was healed using the polymer containing phosphazene after the freezing and thawing. The Taguchi method was used to decrease the experimental numbers. The experimental variables were determined as cement dosage, the phosphazene percentage, and curing time. 100 × 100 × 100 mm (3.94 × 3.94 × 3.94 in.) cubes were prepared for experiments. After demolding, the samples were cured in a water tank at 20°C ± 2°C (68°F ± 3.6°F) until the test ages (28, 60, 90, 180, and 365 days) were reached. These samples were then subjected to the freezing-and-thawing cycles. The healing process was conducted to the samples by impregnation with the polymer containing phosphazene after freezing-and-thawing cycles. Lastly, the compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and weight change of concretes were determined. Scanning electron microscope, energydispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray powder diffraction analyses were performed to examine the microstructures of the samples. The results showed that the impregnation of polymer containing phosphazene after the freezing-and-thawing increased the strength and durability of the concrete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]