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Flame heating furnace is a key process core equipment for various refining devices, hazardous waste devices, and power generation devices. The safety of the combustion process of flame heating furnace is related to the continuous production and safe operation of these production devices. Flame monitor technology is an important technology to ensure the safety of the combustion process. At present, the mainstream flame monitor technology includes flame ionization rods, flame optical scanner, intelligent video recognition of flame and so on. This paper mainly introduces flame monitor technologies classification and working principle, flame monitor technologies related domestic and foreign regulations, design codes requirements, as well as flame monitor technology application status and suggestions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multispecies bacterial attachment to carbon steel surfaces is not fully understood; for example, as to why the attachment of certain bacteria influences corrosion. In this study, finished steel, A 106 GB was exposed to a mixed bacterial culture in a batch reactor system at a constant temperature of 35 °C to evaluate the corrosion rate with and without bacterial influence. Cultures collected from the cooling tower site were exposed to coupons and were grown in a batch reactor. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to obtain roughness parameters. Surface morphology and colonisation patterns were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). 16S rDNA sequencing indicated predominance of Pseudomonas sp. and Clostridium sp. on the rough surfaces. Cell colonisation of surfaces showed no time-related differences, with differences observed on surface roughness parameters. Intergranular and uniform corrosion was observed. The smooth finished steel surface performed best in resisting corrosion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to solve the problem of incomplete construction of energy-saving and emission-reduction technology evaluation system in the petrochemical industry, this study focused on energy-saving and emission-reduction technologies in the petrochemical industry, constructed an evaluation index system based on technical performance, economic benefits, and environmental protection using the CRITIC-cloud rating model. The research findings indicated that over 75% of energy-saving and emission-reduction technologies in the petrochemical industry score is above 0.6 in comprehensive evaluation. Benchmark technologies include variable frequency drive energy-saving technology, steam system operation optimization and energy-saving technology, and large-scale high-parameter plate-shell heat exchange technology. Significant differences are observed in the maturity, applicability, emission reduction costs, and reduction potential of energy-saving and emission-reduction technologies in the petrochemical industry. Technologies such as multi-energy complementary DC microgrid and pump energy-saving group control system technology, and high-efficiency heat exchange technology with porous surface high-flux tubes require should be improved in economic and environmental benefits; The cloud model evaluation shows that the whole energy-saving and emission-reduction technologies in the petrochemical industry reach an "acceptable" level and are gradually towards a "claimable" level. The research results provide evaluation criteria for the development of energy-saving and emission-reduction technologies in the petrochemical industry from a technical assessment perspective, and aids in achieving the goals of carbon neutrality.

Objective. Currently, in Russia, as well as all over the world, an increase in morbidity and mortality from pathologies of the cardiovascular system is registered. Employees of petrochemical production are exposed to a large number of additional factors of the production environment, which in turn increases the cardiovascular risk in this cohort of the population. Petrochemistry is also one of the main industries of great economic and social importance for our country, which makes the study of this problem more relevant.Results. According to the results of many studies, the most common cardiovascular pathology in the studied population is arterial hypertension. Many researchers associate the high prevalence of this nosology not only with the direct influence of production factors, but also with the number of years worked at petrochemical enterprises. The main production factors contributing to the development of circulatory system diseases in petrochemicals employees were identified, for example, noise, exposure to chemical harmful substances, increased stress levels and tension during the work process. These factors act on the worker's body constantly and contribute to an increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. The main aspects of the pathological influence of production factors on the health of the workers' organism are analyzed. With the help of the obtained data, ways to solve the problem under study were proposed. The presented materials will help to develop measures for the prevention of the development of diseases of the circulatory system in more detail and narrowly, taking into account the influence of not only the main known risk factors, but additional impacts during the labor process.Conclusion. The proposed measures should be aimed at modifying and improving existing preventive and hygienic measures, as well as contribute to improving the health of petrochemical production workers and reducing the incidence of these nosologies, which in turn will prolong the working capacity of employees and reduce economic losses in production.

Abstract Background Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are one of the most common occupational diseases and the main cause of disability worldwide. Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) are one of the common health risks and the most important cause of absenteeism due to disability in various industries, including the petrochemical industry, in developed and developing countries. These disorders have important social economic, and significant financial consequences due to direct and hidden costs. Health behaviors play a role in both creating and preventing musculoskeletal disorders in employees. Therefore, by identifying the influencing factors on these behaviors, it is possible to strengthen and improve the preventive behaviors of musculoskeletal disorders through educational intervention programs. This study aims to assess the behavioral risk of work-related musculoskeletal disorders, and design and implement an educational intervention to teach effective behaviors in the prevention of musculoskeletal disorders in petrochemical industry workers. Methods This study is a mixed-method study implemented in four stages involving the qualitative study, the design and evaluation of an instrument, the design of an experimental randomized clinical trial, and the psychometric evaluation of the instrument and the evaluation of the program. The research community consists of employees working in the petrochemical industry. The volume of samples in the qualitative study with the purposeful sampling method, in the instrument design stage based on the available sampling method, and also in the experimental study, the samples are employees suffering from work-related musculoskeletal disorders, who were selected based on a simple random method from among the employees of the petrochemical industry. Then they will be divided into intervention and control groups. The instruments of this research include a demographic questionnaire, a researcher-made questionnaire for measuring behavior, and two auxiliary instruments including the visual analog scale (VAS) and the Quebec Disability Scale. Evaluation is done in 4 stages: pre-test, immediately, 3, and 6 months after the intervention of both groups. The obtained data will be analyzed using SPSS software. Discussion Musculoskeletal disorders related (WMSDs) to work can harm employees’ health in various industries, including the petrochemical industry. This study attempts to evaluate the behavioral risk of work-related musculoskeletal disorders among petrochemical industry workers and design and implement an appropriate educational intervention program. Trial registration Iranian Registry of Clinical Trial (IRCT20240321061346N1). Registered on 2024–04-10. Ethics Status: Ethics code: IR.MODARES.REC.1402.251.

Abstract This analysis delves into the profound influence of the petrochemical sector on carbon emissions, highlighting the insufficient data that impedes the formulation of effective emission reduction strategies. By concentrating on the unique challenges within this industry, the study employs a sophisticated decision-making model to explore the complex interconnections between carbon emissions, mitigation approaches, and investment choices. The primary objectives include boosting energy efficiency, refining CO2 reduction initiatives, and cutting associated costs. To navigate the intricacies of carbon footprint assessment, the research introduces a novel hybrid framework that merges scientific modeling with a code-based prototype to aid in strategic planning. The efficacy of this approach is validated by experts, demonstrating its versatility and adaptability through CNHS mapping, which enables the customization of emission reduction strategies across different scenarios.

[Introduction] As an important carbon capture method in CCUS, pressure swing adsorption (PSA) CO2 capture technology has been widely used. However, the excessive capture energy consumption and operation cost restrict the promotion and implementation of the technology. How to accurately select the appropriate capture technology according to the actual situation and reduce the capture energy consumption is particularly important. [Method] This paper discussed the basic research and technical application of PSA technology at home and abroad, and analyzed the economy and prospect of PSA technology in petrochemical industry based on a practical application case of PSA technology for CO2 capture in a petrochemical enterprise.[Result] In this case, the project using PSA CO2 capture technology captured and stored about 800000 tons of medium-concentration carbon sources produced by the purification unit and low-temperature methanol washing unit of the coal-to-hydrogen plant. For 73.9% concentration of CO2 raw gas, the device achieved 96% CO2 recovery rate and 98% capture purity. H2S, CH4 and CH3OH are all controlled below 0.015%, which can achieve about 56 kWh/t CO2 capture power consumption. It is found that pressure swing adsorption technology has the advantages of low energy consumption, low piezoresistivity, continuous process and strong stability of adsorbent, which shows the technical and economic feasibility. Since pressure swing adsorption is mainly physical adsorption, PSA may face the problem of high energy consumption and insufficient enrichment concentration for the treatment of low concentration of CO2 feed gas. [Conclusion] In summary, PSA CO2 capture technology is suitable for the treatment of medium concentration carbon sources, and has potential in thetreatment of exhaust emissions in petrochemical, cement and other industries in the future.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a persistent, devastating, yet neglected, non-communicable disease, particularly in developing and emerging countries. The traditional risk factors for CKD, such as hypertension and diabetes have received relatively ample attention but do not sufficiently explain the high burden of CKD. Ambient air pollution is an emerging environmental risk factor for CKD; however, epidemiological data and evidence are lacking for susceptible populations in developing countries. The Niger Delta region of Nigeria is a petrochemical hub known for environmental degradation, including air pollution, and thus, serves as a good case study for investigating the association between air pollution and CKD. This brief is based on an exploratory mixed-methods study conducted in four communities situated near an oil and gas refinery in Warri, Nigeria, to explore perceived and actual air pollution risks and determine whether long-term exposure to ambient air pollution is associated with CKD. Air pollutant concentrations measured in partnership with citizen scientists using portable air sensors, showed that all except one air pollutant (ozone) exceeded the WHO acceptable limits in all four communities. PM 2.5 ranged from 22.8 to 28.0 μg/m 3, PM 10, 40.6 to 55.5 μg/m 3, and CO 2, 584-652 ppm. The overall prevalence of CKD was 12.3% but even higher (18%) in a socially deprived semi-urban community closest to the oil refinery. Hypertension, diabetes, other behavioral risk factors, and exposures associated with CKD were prevalent in the four communities and environmental health information was lacking. A multifaceted approach is required to mitigate air pollution and the associated NCD risks in the region. The government needs to invest in air monitoring services, cleaner technologies, and environmental risk communication through various media channels. We strongly recommend public inclusion in planning, designing, and implementing educational interventions. Lastly, environmental risk factors such as air pollution should feature prominently in strategic plans for NCD prevention.

Background: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are one of the most common occupational diseases and the main cause of disability worldwide. Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) are one of the common health risks and the most important cause of absenteeism due to disability in various industries, including the petrochemical industry, in developed and developing countries. These disorders have important social economic, and significant financial consequences due to direct and hidden costs. Health behaviors play a role in both creating and preventing musculoskeletal disorders in employees. Therefore, by identifying the influencing factors on these behaviors, it is possible to strengthen and improve the preventive behaviors of musculoskeletal disorders through educational intervention programs. This study aims to assess the behavioral risk of work-related musculoskeletal disorders, and design and implement an educational intervention to teach effective behaviors in the prevention of musculoskeletal disorders in petrochemical industry workers. Methods: This study is a mixed-method study implemented in four stages involving the qualitative study, the design and evaluation of an instrument, the design of an experimental randomized clinical trial, and the psychometric evaluation of the instrument and the evaluation of the program. The research community consists of employees working in the petrochemical industry. The volume of samples in the qualitative study with the purposeful sampling method, in the instrument design stage based on the available sampling method, and also in the experimental study, the samples are employees suffering from work-related musculoskeletal disorders, who were selected based on a simple random method from among the employees of the petrochemical industry. Then they will be divided into intervention and control groups. The instruments of this research include a demographic questionnaire, a researcher-made questionnaire for measuring behavior, and two auxiliary instruments including the visual analog scale (VAS) and the Quebec Disability Scale. Evaluation is done in 4 stages: pre-test, immediately, 3, and 6 months after the intervention of both groups. The obtained data will be analyzed using SPSS software. Discussion: Musculoskeletal disorders related (WMSDs) to work can harm employees' health in various industries, including the petrochemical industry. This study attempts to evaluate the behavioral risk of work-related musculoskeletal disorders among petrochemical industry workers and design and implement an appropriate educational intervention program. Trial registration: Iranian Registry of Clinical Trial (IRCT20240321061346N1). Registered on 2024–04-10. Ethics Status: Ethics code: IR.MODARES.REC.1402.251. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This analysis delves into the profound influence of the petrochemical sector on carbon emissions, highlighting the insufficient data that impedes the formulation of effective emission reduction strategies. By concentrating on the unique challenges within this industry, the study employs a sophisticated decision-making model to explore the complex interconnections between carbon emissions, mitigation approaches, and investment choices. The primary objectives include boosting energy efficiency, refining CO2 reduction initiatives, and cutting associated costs. To navigate the intricacies of carbon footprint assessment, the research introduces a novel hybrid framework that merges scientific modeling with a code-based prototype to aid in strategic planning. The efficacy of this approach is validated by experts, demonstrating its versatility and adaptability through CNHS mapping, which enables the customization of emission reduction strategies across different scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Corrosion & Protection in Petrochemical Industry is the property of Corrosion & Protection in Petrochemical Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the global energy mix by 2040, the growth in demand for oil and gas will be predominantly driven by the petrochemical sector across all regions of the world. The strong performance of this industry is anticipated to necessitate additional volumes of key feedstocks. Therefore, understanding the demand dynamics within the petrochemical sector is crucial for policy makers and industry stakeholders to make informed decisions regarding economic diversification, economic planning, and environmental sustainability. However, there is a notable lack of existing literature that explicitly addresses comprehensive regional and product-level demand modeling for petrochemical feedstocks. In this context, this study aims to estimate the demand for four main petrochemical feedstocks (Naphtha, Ethane, Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), and other petrochemical feedstocks) across eight regions of the world. By estimating a total of 30 equations for price and income elasticities of demand in both the short and long term, the study provides detailed insights into the factors driving demand across different regions. The results demonstrate the robustness of the model, with good econometric properties and significant coefficients. In-sample regional simulations revealed small percentage errors across all regional equations, highlighting the model's accuracy in tracking historical data. For each of the four feedstocks, an aggregate world equation—in other words, one single econometric world equation for each of the four petrochemical feedstocks' categories mentioned earlier—was also estimated and compared against the aggregation of the regional simulations, with the latter found to track the history of global petrochemical feedstock demand better in-sample than a single econometric world equation. Overall, the study offers valuable contributions to the existing literature by filling a gap in comprehensive demand modeling for petrochemical feedstocks. It underscores the importance of regional and product-level analyses in understanding global demand patterns and informing strategic decisions in the industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The depletion of conventional light petroleum reserves has intensified the search for alternative sources, notably, low-quality heavy oils and byproducts from heavy crude processing, to meet the global demand for fuels, energy, and petrochemicals. Heavy crude oil (HO) and extra heavy crude oil (EHO) represent nearly 70% of the world's reserves but require extensive upgrading to satisfy refining and petrochemical specifications. Their high asphaltene content results in elevated viscosity and reduced API gravity, posing significant challenges in extraction, transportation, and refining. Advanced catalytic approaches are crucial for efficient asphaltene removal and the conversion of heavy feedstocks into valuable light fractions. Kaolin, an aluminosilicate mineral, has emerged as a key precursor for zeolite synthesis and a promising catalyst in upgrading processes. This article provides a comprehensive exploration of kaolin's geological origins, chemical properties, and structural characteristics, as well as the various modification techniques designed to improve its catalytic performance. Special focus is given to its application in the transformation of heavy crudes, particularly in facilitating asphaltene breakdown and enhancing light distillate yields. Finally, future research avenues and potential developments in kaolin-based catalysis are discussed, emphasizing its vital role in addressing the technological challenges linked to the growing reliance on heavier crude resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a comprehensive carbon footprint analysis of polypropylene production within an Iranian petrochemical facility, employing a broad scope that encompasses all relevant processes across the entire factory, rather than focusing solely on the polypropylene production unit. Utilizing a life cycle assessment (LCA) approach aligned with ISO standards, the research quantifies greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from each production stage, including raw material processing, energy generation, and waste management, to provide a holistic view of environmental impacts. Key findings reveal that energy-intensive units, particularly power generation and steam production, are the primary contributors, accounting for over 90% of total emissions. The study's broadened scope offers a more accurate depiction of the facility's environmental burden and highlights significant areas for emission reductions. By identifying these critical areas, the research not only advances our understanding of polypropylene's environmental profile but also suggests targeted interventions such as the adoption of renewable energy sources and efficiency improvements. This analysis not only sets a benchmark for future environmental assessments within the industry but also serves as a crucial tool for policymakers and industry leaders aiming to implement more sustainable manufacturing practices. The findings underscore the importance of expanding the system boundaries in carbon footprint assessments to include all associated processes for a more accurate and actionable environmental impact evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Southern Energy Construction is the property of Southern Energy Construction Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to improve the safety performance of the complete industrial chain, the petrochemical industry is in urgent need of digitalization and modernization. Considering two types of safety issues, namely safety hazards originating from non‐human and human sources, this paper proposes two solutions. Digital twin technology provides an effective way for the integration of the physical and information worlds through bidirectional real mapping and real‐time interaction between physical and virtual production lines, which can meet the high requirements of safety, stability, and continuity in the production process. On the other hand, micro‐ergonomics improves human–machine interaction, enhances comfort and work efficiency, and reduces negative emotions and the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders; macro‐ergonomics and health, safety, environment, and ergonomics (HSEE) concepts take into account the human factor to maximize work efficiency and reduce the rate of injuries, morbidity, and accidents at work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polypropylene (PP) is a widely used polymer representing over 25% of global polymer demand. However, its production is associated with significant environmental repercussions. This article presents a comprehensive life cycle assessment (LCA) aimed at evaluating the environmental ramifications associated with polypropylene production within a petrochemical complex situated in Iran. The chosen functional unit is one metric ton of PP. Employing the Impact 2002+ methodology within the OpenLCA software, the analysis meticulously computes emissions of various pollutants such as carbon and sulfur oxides, particulates, and others throughout the entire manufacturing process. The findings indicate that PP production is notably energy and fossil resource-intensive, making significant contributions to climate change and human toxicity impacts. The approximated carbon dioxide emissions surpass 12,700 kg CO2 per tonne of PP, accompanied by 86 kg of non-methane volatile organic compounds and 6.58 kg of sulfur dioxide emissions per tonne of PP. Predominantly, the most substantial impacts emanate from the feed and olefin production phases. While acknowledging the potential variability in LCA data and methodologies across diverse contexts, these initial assessments posit that the integration of renewable energy sources and lower-carbon technologies holds promise for mitigating emissions and operational costs within this particular PP production facility. Subsequent research endeavors should seek to validate these projections and rigorously assess the trade-offs associated with proposed enhancements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a persistent, devastating, yet neglected, non-communicable disease, particularly in developing and emerging countries. The traditional risk factors for CKD, such as hypertension and diabetes have received relatively ample attention but do not sufficiently explain the high burden of CKD. Ambient air pollution is an emerging environmental risk factor for CKD; however, epidemiological data and evidence are lacking for susceptible populations in developing countries. The Niger Delta region of Nigeria is a petrochemical hub known for environmental degradation, including air pollution, and thus, serves as a good case study for investigating the association between air pollution and CKD. This brief is based on an exploratory mixed-methods study conducted in four communities situated near an oil and gas refinery in Warri, Nigeria, to explore perceived and actual air pollution risks and determine whether long-term exposure to ambient air pollution is associated with CKD. Air pollutant concentrations measured in partnership with citizen scientists using portable air sensors, showed that all except one air pollutant (ozone) exceeded the WHO acceptable limits in all four communities. PM2.5 ranged from 22.8 to 28.0 μg/m3, PM10, 40.6 to 55.5 μg/m3, and CO2, 584-652 ppm. The overall prevalence of CKD was 12.3% but even higher (18%) in a socially deprived semi-urban community closest to the oil refinery. Hypertension, diabetes, other behavioral risk factors, and exposures associated with CKD were prevalent in the four communities and environmental health information was lacking. A multifaceted approach is required to mitigate air pollution and the associated NCD risks in the region. The government needs to invest in air monitoring services, cleaner technologies, and environmental risk communication through various media channels. We strongly recommend public inclusion in planning, designing, and implementing educational interventions. Lastly, environmental risk factors such as air pollution should feature prominently in strategic plans for NCD prevention.

This research aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the factors that drive successful sustainable service innovation and to offer practical guidelines for adopting these strategies in the petrochemical sector. The study employs a systematic literature review methodology, reviewing and synthesizing empirical data, theoretical frameworks, and case studies from peer-reviewed journals published between 1998 and 2024. A multi-database search strategy was utilized, incorporating keywords related to sustainability and service innovation. The selection process followed a PRISMA flow diagram to ensure the inclusion of relevant and high-quality sources. The results highlight several key factors driving sustainable service innovation, including stakeholder engagement, sustainability policies, growth frameworks, and specific determinants of service innovation such as organizational culture, leadership, and technology. This study provides valuable insights for managers and policymakers on promoting and implementing sustainable service innovation to achieve long-term sustainability goals. The comprehensive analysis presented in this research offers a roadmap for petrochemical companies to navigate the complexities of sustainability while maintaining customer loyalty and ensuring economic viability in a rapidly evolving market. This study contributes to the existing body of knowledge by detailing the determinants of sustainable service innovation and their practical application in the petrochemical industry.

Abstract Background Current research on the epigenetic repercussions of exposure to a combination of pollutants is limited. This study aims to discern DNA methylation probes associated with exposure to multiple pollutants, serving as early effect markers, and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as surrogate indicators for population susceptibility. The investigation involved the analysis of urine exposure biomarkers for 11 heavy metals (vanadium, arsenic, mercury, cadmium, chromium, nickel, lead, manganese, copper, strontium, thallium), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) (1-hydroxypyrene), genome-wide DNA methylation sequencing, and SNPs array on all study participants. The data were integrated with metabolomics information and analyzed both at a community level based on proximity to home addresses relative to the complex and at an individual level based on exposure biomarker concentrations. Results On a community level, 67 exposure-related CpG probes were identified, while 70 CpG probes were associated with urine arsenic concentration, 2 with mercury, and 46 with vanadium on an individual level. These probes were annotated to genes implicated in cancers and chronic kidney disease. Weighted quantile sum regression analysis revealed that vanadium, mercury, and 1-hydroxypyrene contributed the most to cg08238319 hypomethylation. cg08238319 is annotated to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor repressor (AHRR) gene, and AHRR hypomethylation was correlated with an elevated risk of lung cancer. AHRR was further linked to deregulations in phenylalanine metabolism, alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism, along with heightened oxidative stress. Additionally, three SNPs (rs11085020, rs199442, and rs10947050) corresponding to exposure-related CpG probes exhibited significant interaction effects with multiple heavy metals and PAHs exposure, and have been implicated in cancer progression and respiratory diseases. Conclusion Our findings underscore the pivotal role of AHRR methylation in gene-environment interactions and highlight SNPs that could potentially serve as indicators of population susceptibility in regions exposed to multiple heavy metals and PAHs.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a persistent, devastating, yet neglected, non-communicable disease, particularly in developing and emerging countries. The traditional risk factors for CKD, such as hypertension and diabetes have received relatively ample attention but do not sufficiently explain the high burden of CKD. Ambient air pollution is an emerging environmental risk factor for CKD; however, epidemiological data and evidence are lacking for susceptible populations in developing countries. The Niger Delta region of Nigeria is a petrochemical hub known for environmental degradation, including air pollution, and thus, serves as a good case study for investigating the association between air pollution and CKD. This brief is based on an exploratory mixed-methods study conducted in four communities situated near an oil and gas refinery in Warri, Nigeria, to explore perceived and actual air pollution risks and determine whether long-term exposure to ambient air pollution is associated with CKD. Air pollutant concentrations measured in partnership with citizen scientists using portable air sensors, showed that all except one air pollutant (ozone) exceeded the WHO acceptable limits in all four communities. PM 2.5 ranged from 22.8 to 28.0 μg/m 3, PM 10, 40.6 to 55.5 μg/m 3, and CO 2, 584-652 ppm. The overall prevalence of CKD was 12.3% but even higher (18%) in a socially deprived semi-urban community closest to the oil refinery. Hypertension, diabetes, other behavioral risk factors, and exposures associated with CKD were prevalent in the four communities and environmental health information was lacking. A multifaceted approach is required to mitigate air pollution and the associated NCD risks in the region. The government needs to invest in air monitoring services, cleaner technologies, and environmental risk communication through various media channels. We strongly recommend public inclusion in planning, designing, and implementing educational interventions. Lastly, environmental risk factors such as air pollution should feature prominently in strategic plans for NCD prevention.

Background: Current research on the epigenetic repercussions of exposure to a combination of pollutants is limited. This study aims to discern DNA methylation probes associated with exposure to multiple pollutants, serving as early effect markers, and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as surrogate indicators for population susceptibility. The investigation involved the analysis of urine exposure biomarkers for 11 heavy metals (vanadium, arsenic, mercury, cadmium, chromium, nickel, lead, manganese, copper, strontium, thallium), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) (1-hydroxypyrene), genome-wide DNA methylation sequencing, and SNPs array on all study participants. The data were integrated with metabolomics information and analyzed both at a community level based on proximity to home addresses relative to the complex and at an individual level based on exposure biomarker concentrations. Results: On a community level, 67 exposure-related CpG probes were identified, while 70 CpG probes were associated with urine arsenic concentration, 2 with mercury, and 46 with vanadium on an individual level. These probes were annotated to genes implicated in cancers and chronic kidney disease. Weighted quantile sum regression analysis revealed that vanadium, mercury, and 1-hydroxypyrene contributed the most to cg08238319 hypomethylation. cg08238319 is annotated to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor repressor (AHRR) gene, and AHRR hypomethylation was correlated with an elevated risk of lung cancer. AHRR was further linked to deregulations in phenylalanine metabolism, alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism, along with heightened oxidative stress. Additionally, three SNPs (rs11085020, rs199442, and rs10947050) corresponding to exposure-related CpG probes exhibited significant interaction effects with multiple heavy metals and PAHs exposure, and have been implicated in cancer progression and respiratory diseases. Conclusion: Our findings underscore the pivotal role of AHRR methylation in gene-environment interactions and highlight SNPs that could potentially serve as indicators of population susceptibility in regions exposed to multiple heavy metals and PAHs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amidst the intense competition in the petrochemical industry, the determinants of sustainable customer loyalty remain underexplored. This study investigates the factors influencing corporate sustainable customer loyalty, focusing on service innovation, product quality, and corporate image, with customer satisfaction as a mediating variable. In the context of intense competition, understanding these factors is crucial for sustaining customer relationships and ensuring long-term success. The primary aim is to explore how these elements interact to shape sustainable customer loyalty. Using a cross-sectional survey method, data were collected from 120 corporate clients through structured questionnaires. The study employed Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to analyze the relationships between the variables. The findings reveal that product quality significantly impacts both customer satisfaction and loyalty, highlighting its pivotal role in meeting customer expectations and fostering long-term relationships. While service innovation does not directly affect immediate satisfaction, it significantly enhances sustainable customer loyalty, indicating its importance for long-term engagement. Corporate image also plays a crucial role in strengthening sustainable customer loyalty, underscoring the value of maintaining a positive reputation. The study concludes that customer satisfaction mediates the relationship between product quality and loyalty, emphasizing the cyclical nature of these constructs. This research fills a notable gap in the literature by providing a comprehensive model that integrates these variables within the petrochemical industry context, offering new insights into effective sustainable customer loyalty strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production and use of hydrogen are encouraged by the European Union through Delegated Acts, especially in sectors that are difficult to decarbonize, such as the industrial and transport sectors. This study analyzes the possibility of partial decarbonization of the existing plant in the petrochemical industry, with a partial transition from natural gas to renewable hydrogen, as a precursor to the adoption of the hydrogen economy by 2050. This study was based on the example of a plant from the petrochemical industry, namely an existing fertilizer plant. Namely, in the petrochemical industry, hydrogen is produced by steam-reforming natural gas, which is needed in the process of producing ammonia, one of the basic raw materials for mineral fertilizers. By building an electrolyzer at the location of the existing fertilizer plant, it is possible to obtain renewable hydrogen, which enters the ammonia production process as a raw material. The electricity from which hydrogen is produced in the electrolyzer is provided through Power Purchase Agreement contracts concluded with electricity producers from 12 wind power plants. The results of this study show that the production of renewable hydrogen at the location of the analyzed plant is not profitable, but due to the specificity of the process of such an industry, the high consumption of natural gas, and large savings in CO2 emissions which can be achieved by the production of renewable hydrogen, investment is needed. With a 370 MW electrolyzer, about 31,000 tons of renewable hydrogen is produced, which represents about 50% of the hydrogen needs of the analyzed plant. By producing renewable hydrogen for part of the needs of the analyzed plant, a saving of about 300,000 tons of CO2 emissions is achieved in relation to the production of gray hydrogen, which contributes to the partial decarbonization of the analyzed plant. The authors are aware that the current market opportunities do not allow the profitability of the investment without subsidies, but with the advancement of technology and a different price ratio of electricity, natural gas, and CO2 emissions, they believe that such investments will be profitable even without subsidies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Integrated Intelligent Energy is the property of Editorial Department of Integrated Intelligent Energy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As a highly energy-intensive and carbon-emitting industry with significant emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), the petroleum and chemical industry is a major contributor to the global greenhouse effect and ozone layer destruction. Improper treatment of petrochemical waste gas (PWG) seriously harms human health and the natural environment. This study uses CiteSpace and VOSviewer to conduct a scientometric analysis of 1384 scholarly works on PWG and carbon sequestration published between 1981 and 2022, revealing the basic characteristics, knowledge base, research topic evolution, and research hotspots of the field. The results show the following: (1) In the early stages of the petrochemical industry, it was processed tail gas, plant leakage waste gas, and combustion flue gas that were investigated in PWG research. (2) Later, green environmental protection technology was widely studied in the field of PWG treatment, such as biotechnology, catalytic oxidation technology, membrane separation technology, etc., in order to achieve efficient, low energy consumption and low emissions of waste gas treatment, and the number of publications related to this topic has increased rapidly. In addition, researchers studied the internet of things and technology integration, such as the introduction of artificial intelligence, big data analysis, and other technologies, to improve the accuracy and efficiency of exhaust gas monitoring, control, and management. (3) The department has focused on how to reduce emissions by optimizing petrochemical process lines or improving energy efficiency. Emission reduction and low-carbon transition in the petrochemical industry will become the main trend in the future. Switching from renewable carbon to feedstock carbon derived from captured carbon dioxide, biomass, or recycled chemicals has become an attractive strategy to help curb emissions from the chemical industry. The results of our analysis can provide funding agencies and research groups with information to better understand the global trends and directions that have emerged in this field from 1981 to 2022 and serve as a reference for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The petrochemical industry is a critical sector for sustainable supply chain management (SSCM) initiatives, considering its significant contribution to global emissions and its relevance to the world economy. However, implementing sustainable practices in this industry involves overcoming multifactorial, conflicting, and negatively correlated barriers. The objective of this paper is to discuss in depth the main barriers to implementing these practices and suggest an approach to prioritizing them, considering specific local contexts. Methods: A multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach was applied to an in-depth case study that focuses on prioritizing barriers within the Saudi petrochemical industry, a major international player in this sector. A novel methodology, based on the principles of nonparametric statistics and bootstrapping, was applied to estimate a sensitivity measure. Results: The most significant barriers in this sector-specific context include communication gaps and customer reluctance to accept sustainable practices. A sensitivity analysis reveals an inverse relationship between the investigated barriers. Conclusions: Managers can use the results as supportive evidence to enhance their decision-making processes within this industry, particularly in cases where communication gaps or negatively correlated barriers are the main obstacles. By offering a bootstrapped parameter for the sensitivity indicator and its associated error, this work provides additional evidence that enriches the body of knowledge that explores SSCM barriers based on MCDM methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research is to provide an integrated maintenance model in the petrochemical industry. The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive survey in terms of data collection method. A mixed method (qualitative and quantitative) has been used to conduct the research. The tools used in this research are researcher-made questionnaires (36 Questions), dialog with domestic and foreign professors in the field of maintenance and production, the Delphi technique (41 Maintenance managers), Field investigations (20 internal and 7 overseas petrochemical companies), and experiences and evidence obtained from 12 overhauls during 30 years. The validity was determined through experts' opinions and reliability through Cronbach's alpha evaluation. The results showed that the questionnaire has high validity and reliability. The statistical population includes experts in the field of Maintenance in industry and university, among whom 110 people were selected by targeted sampling. To conduct the research in the first stage, first by using the documentary method and content analysis and interviews with experts, the indicators and dimensions of the strong integrated maintenance and repair model were extracted and given to the experts in the form of a Likert scale for scoring; After conducting the survey, 36 components were selected, and each component of management, manpower, equipment, and knowledge had 9 sub-components. In the next step, the components and sub-components were scored and ranked using the questionnaire and the Analytical hierarchy process method. In this research, the following three results have been obtained: 1. Four main roots (Human, Management, Knowledge, and Equipment) and thirty-six sub-roots of effective maintenance. 2. The essential elements of the formula for measuring the criticality index of equipment. 3. Five indicators for measuring integrated maintenance performance. According to the calculations, the inconsistency between the vectors of each matrix is less than 0.10. Therefore, the constituent vectors of each of the formed matrices are consistent with the three results of the research and the stability of the respective comparisons is acceptable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research is to provide an integrated maintenance model in the petrochemical industry. The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive survey in terms of data collection method. A mixed method (qualitative and quantitative) has been used to conduct the research. The tools used in this research are researcher-made questionnaires (36 Questions), dialog with domestic and foreign professors in the field of maintenance and production, the Delphi technique (41 Maintenance managers), Field investigations (20 internal and 7 overseas petrochemical companies), and experiences and evidence obtained from 12 overhauls during 30 years. The validity was determined through experts' opinions and reliability through Cronbach's alpha evaluation. The results showed that the questionnaire has high validity and reliability. The statistical population includes experts in the field of Maintenance in industry and university, among whom 110 people were selected by targeted sampling. To conduct the research in the first stage, first by using the documentary method and content analysis and interviews with experts, the indicators and dimensions of the strong integrated maintenance and repair model were extracted and given to the experts in the form of a Likert scale for scoring; After conducting the survey, 36 components were selected, and each component of management, manpower, equipment, and knowledge had 9 sub-components. In the next step, the components and sub-components were scored and ranked using the questionnaire and the Analytical hierarchy process method. In this research, the following three results have been obtained: 1. Four main roots (Human, Management, Knowledge, and Equipment) and thirty-six sub-roots of effective maintenance. 2. The essential elements of the formula for measuring the criticality index of equipment. 3. Five indicators for measuring integrated maintenance performance. According to the calculations, the inconsistency between the vectors of each matrix is less than 0.10. Therefore, the constituent vectors of each of the formed matrices are consistent with the three results of the research and the stability of the respective comparisons is acceptable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a persistent, devastating, yet neglected, non-communicable disease, particularly in developing and emerging countries. The traditional risk factors for CKD, such as hypertension and diabetes have received relatively ample attention but do not sufficiently explain the high burden of CKD. Ambient air pollution is an emerging environmental risk factor for CKD; however, epidemiological data and evidence are lacking for susceptible populations in developing countries. The Niger Delta region of Nigeria is a petrochemical hub known for environmental degradation, including air pollution, and thus, serves as a good case study for investigating the association between air pollution and CKD. This brief is based on an exploratory mixed-methods study conducted in four communities situated near an oil and gas refinery in Warri, Nigeria, to explore perceived and actual air pollution risks and determine whether long-term exposure to ambient air pollution is associated with CKD. Air pollutant concentrations measured in partnership with citizen scientists using portable air sensors, showed that all except one air pollutant (ozone) exceeded the WHO acceptable limits in all four communities. PM2.5 ranged from 22.8 to 28.0 μg/m3, PM10, 40.6 to 55.5 μg/m3, and CO2, 584-652 ppm. The overall prevalence of CKD was 12.3% but even higher (18%) in a socially deprived semi-urban community closest to the oil refinery. Hypertension, diabetes, other behavioral risk factors, and exposures associated with CKD were prevalent in the four communities and environmental health information was lacking. A multifaceted approach is required to mitigate air pollution and the associated NCD risks in the region. The government needs to invest in air monitoring services, cleaner technologies, and environmental risk communication through various media channels. We strongly recommend public inclusion in planning, designing, and implementing educational interventions. Lastly, environmental risk factors such as air pollution should feature prominently in strategic plans for NCD prevention.

The current research was conducted with the aim of providing a model of return on investment in the training of employees in the petrochemical industry. This research was based on an empiricist philosophy, fundamental from the goal point of view, and with a deductive-inductive approach with a mixed research method. The research data in the qualitative part was collected through interviews with 17 management professors (theoretical experts) and managers of the petrochemical industry (experimental experts) who were selected by purposive sampling. Also, the indicators identified by fuzzy Delphi method with the participation of qualitative department experts were validated and prioritized by fuzzy Swara method. Finally, the final research model was presented. To achieve the objectives of the research, by analyzing the interviews with experts, a set of useful indicators of return on investment in employee training was identified. The main categories of this research are indicators of return on investment in employee training, grouped in the form of eight main categories: organizational infrastructure, strategic alignment, training and development of human resources, incompatibility of human resources, employee empowerment, process-oriented strategy, return on investment to Company, and gain competitive advantage. The findings have shown that training and development of human resources is an underlying variable that affects the empowerment of employees and process-oriented strategy. In the meantime, it is important to strengthen the organizational infrastructure and create strategic alignment to achieve return on investment in employee training. By implementing the mentioned items, the return of capital to the company and gaining a competitive advantage will be achieved. The ranking of indicators of return on investment in employee training with the Swara Fazi method showed that the support factors of senior management, informing employees of the results of training goals, continuous training with wide applications are of the highest importance. Extended abstract Introduction In order to find out the adequacy of the training and improvement programs of the organization's employees, their effectiveness should be evaluated. One of the important factors in this field is to pay attention to the return of training investment, which is considered as an important model in evaluating the effectiveness of employee training. In recent years, paying attention to the rate of return on investment in organizations has become a fundamental issue for managers (Imani, Rezaei, & Sharifi, 2020). Despite the importance of return on investment in education, this issue is still unknown in the organizational field. This is due to issues such as the lack of evaluation tools, the inability of evaluators to involve investors, and the inability to implement inclusive approaches to education. On the other hand, few academic studies have been done in this field, and a deep research gap is observed in this field. In this regard, the National Petrochemical Company of Iran, which is the most efficient developmental organization in the field of petrochemicals in West Asia, faces the same problem of measuring and evaluating the practical results of training courses, which are often very expensive. Therefore, the question that this research is trying to find an answer for is, what elements and components does the investment return process in the training of petrochemical industry employees include, what conditions are it affected by, and what are the quantitative and qualitative criteria for evaluating the results of the training? Theoretical framework The return on investment of training and measuring the effectiveness of training was first introduced as a model in the United States Journal of Development and Education in 1959 by Donald Kirkpatrick. This important model includes four levels or aspects of training; the first level is comprehensive and measures the feelings of the participants in relation to the attractiveness, usefulness and relevance of training to their needs; the second level is learning and the effect of training in terms of progress in Skills, knowledge and attitudes, and in other words the realization of learning goals are measured; At the third level, the actual effect of training, i.e. behavioral changes after learning, is measured; and finally, at the fourth level, the final results of training are analyzed. Due to the increasing importance of evaluating the effectiveness of training, Jack Phillips developed the model and added a fifth level to it and called it ROI (Urbancova, Vrabcova, Hudakova & Petr, 2021), which stands for return on investment. At this level the monetary value of the employee training program is evaluated and the information (quantitative and qualitative) of the fourth level is covered in monetary form. Phillips recommended that ROI studies be conducted only for programs based on a comprehensive needs assessment. Effectively, measuring return on investment training is a fundamental need for organizations; otherwise, organizations will never understand how valuable their efforts are. Do they use the budget and time efficiently? Is training profitable? or how (and whether) organizations can improve their performance? (Nemec, P. B, 2018.) Return on investment can be in the form of a number of criteria, including: _ Added value resulting from activities due to skill acquisition and improvement; greater flexibility among employees who can perform a wide range of tasks; reducing general costs for the company, such as more efficient use of existing facilities, reducing consumption costs and reducing human resource costs; greater ability to innovate in terms of adopting new technology and introducing better forms of work organization; This means that companies should be aware of a wide range of factors for measuring the return of employee training investments and create a tool to measure them (Nemec, P. B, 2018.) Research Methodology The current research is of a mixed type (qualitative and quantitative) and includes two main parts of model design and model validation. In the first part, in order to design the model of return on investment in the training of petrochemical industry employees, the qualitative method of grounded theory was used according to Strauss and Corbin's point of view, using MaxQDA 20 software; and in the second part; the validation of the model, the indicators' expertise validation using the fuzzy Delphi method was discussed by coding in MATLAB environment. Finally, in order to determine the importance of return on investment indicators in employee training, Swara Fazi method and MATLAB software have been used. Theoretical experts include university professors in the field of human resource management who have scientific publications in the form of books and articles in this field. Experienced experts also include petrochemical industry managers who have at least ten years of executive experience in this industry. Theoretical and purposeful snowball sampling method was used to select the interviewees and the number of interviewees reached 17 until the saturation level was reached. The main tool of research data collection in the qualitative part was the semi-structured interview with six open questions. In the second part, based on the identified categories, a seven-level Delphi questionnaire was used. Finally, indicators were prioritized using Swara's questionnaire. To check the validity and reliability of the data, Holstein's coefficient and P-Scott's index were used. Research Findings To analyze the data collected in semi-structured interviews, the three-step coding method of Strauss and Corbin; under the title of open coding, axial coding and selective coding, was used. In the open coding stage, 356 codes were identified, with 6 paradigms, 8 main categories, and 47 indicators; which was calculated based on the researcher's perception and inference from the conducted interviews using the grounded theory method. The fuzzy Delphi approach has been used to validate the identified indicators and screen the final indicators. The seven degree range has been used for the expert's viewpoint Fuzzied. Finally, 42 indicators were selected during two rounds of the experts' point of view, and the criteria of return on investment in employee training were grouped into eight main categories, which are: organizational infrastructure, strategic alignment, training and development of human resources, incompatibility of human resources, employee empowerment, process-oriented strategy, return of capital to the company, and gaining competitive advantage. Conclusion and Discussion The present research was conducted with the aim of providing a model of return on investment in the training of employees in the petrochemical industry. Based on the obtained results, it was determined that the organizational infrastructure component was identified as the causal condition, and the strategic alignment component was identified as the background condition affecting the return on investment in employee training. This is mentioned in the results of the study of Phillips (2012), and from this point of view, it is consistent with the results of the present study. Also, the component of training and development of human resources as a central phenomenon and the component of incompatibility of human resources as intervening and inhibiting conditions were identified. This is in line with the results of the study of Poudel (2022). The results showed that the components of employee empowerment and process-oriented strategy are effective as necessary strategies and measures for the return of investment in employee training. This is also mentioned in the results of the study of Annabil (2017), and this point of view is consistent with the results of the current research. Finally, it was determined that the components of return on investment to the company and gaining competitive advantage are positive consequences of return on investment in employee training, which are consistent with the results of the study of Shabahang, Hendricks, Hayek, Ryer, & Lauler (2021). Also, the ranking of indicators of return on investment in employee training with the Swara Fuzzi method showed that the factors of support of senior management, informing employees of the results of training goals, continuous training with wide applications are of the highest importance. Based on this, some practical suggestions are presented to the managers of the petrochemical industry for the return of investment in employee training: if the company is professional and the processes are mature and the management capabilities are improved; which leads to the elimination of unnecessary rules and regulations, the managers can provide the necessary training to the employees. Also, the managers of the petrochemical company, having faith in the topics of employee training and providing the necessary equipment for employee training along with improving the software and hardware infrastructure and finally creating an environment with training facilities in the company, can achieve the design of a distinctive human resources management system. In general, continuous training with wide applications leads to reducing conflict among employees and increasing self-confidence in them. Also, with the improvement of communication between managers and employees and the support of senior management, we can hope for an increase in the learning of human resources. What the relevant managers of the company need in order to return the investment is to review the mechanism of recruitment, training and improvement of employees, increasing the skills of employees, and employing expert and elite employees.

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This study focused on presenting the newly developed growth model for bacterial species present in a petrochemical processing plant in South Africa. The findings of the study serve as a theoretical basis for future experiments aimed at understanding the formation of bacterial metabolites as the bacteria develops. An unstructured kinetic model using AQUASIM 2.3, together with experimental spectrophotometric results, were used to evaluate the growth of Gram‐negative bacteria in a batch reactor system. Spectrophotometer results showed the absence of a stationary phase. The exponential bacterial growth phase supported the total organic carbon (TOC) results, showing that bacterial growth occurred on days 6 and 13; this is rarely reported in literature, as the growth in this system was much slower than the growth of single‐strain studies. The TOC concentration values indicated that carbon sources did not deplete in the death phase, suggesting the presence of a long‐term stationary phase and the production of acetate. The presence of Pseudomonas sp. and sulphate‐reducing bacteria (SRB) are commonly reported in industrial systems as they play a role in equipment failure in industry. However, in this multispecies study, methods using third generation sequencing together with high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) have shown that the selective attachment and production of acetate by abundant Clostridium sp. has ascertained their role in equipment failures in the petrochemical environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Trust and commitment in the economy of production are considered vital concepts for the development of companies in the petrochemical supply chain. Such companies can achieve sustainable performance by being capable of supply flexibility and continuously promoting trust and commitment among their partners. This study aims to investigate the influence of trust and commitment on the performance of the sustainable supply chain in the Iranian petrochemical industry, taking into account the mediating role of supply flexibility. Design/methodology/approach: The data collection tool was a questionnaire, and the statistical population included the senior managers of the petrochemical supply chain. The sample size has been determined 119 respondents, based on Cochran's formula. Questionnaires have been distributed through a simple random sampling method. The current research is typically descriptive and survey- based and the results have been analyzed using the partial least squares method. Findings: Findings indicated that trust commitment and flexibility of supply had a positive influence on the performance of the sustainable supply chain. Also, supply flexibility played a mediating role in the impact of trust and commitment on sustainable supply chain performance. Research limitations: Although the data generally supported the proposed model of this research in the petrochemical industry, one of the potential limitations was related to the selection and sample size. This limitation can change the amount of explained variance and cause bias in the results. Practical implications: According to the results, when members trust their suppliers, have strategies to solve problems, and adapt to changes (supply flexibility), the commitment to provide sustainable performance improves. By describing the relationship between trust and commitment to supply flexibility and its influence on supply chain performance, this research helps to understand the design and management of sustainable supply chains better in the petrochemical industry. Social implications: Supply flexibility as a mediator in the relationship between trust and commitment has an essential impact on supply chain performance. By confirming this hypothesis, supply flexibility acts as an influencing factor in improving sustainable supply chain performance. Providing an infrastructure capable of promoting trust and commitment in the supply chain facilitates improved supply flexibility and, thus, improved sustainable supply chain performance. Suppliers and other members of the supply chain should review and evaluate their capabilities in supply flexibility. Originality: Investigating the influence of trust and commitment on the performance of the sustainable supply chain, considering the mediating role of supply flexibility in the petrochemical industry indicates that such factors have a significant impact on the performance and sustainability of the supply chain in this industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]