This study designed to evaluate the short- and long-term outcomes of outborn and inborn preterm infants enhancing the regional perinatal system in South Korea. It is a prospective cohort study of the Korean neonatal network database for infants born at <29 weeks of gestation between 2013 and 2015. Of 2995 eligible infants, 312 were outborn, and 976 completed the assessment of long-term outcome at 18-24 months of corrected age. The mean gestational age was significantly younger in outborn infants than in inborn infants ( p = 0.004). The mean Apgar score at 5 min was higher in inborn infants ( p = 0.046). More inborn preterm infants died before discharge ( p < 0.001); however, most of the other short-term outcomes occurred significantly more often in outborn infants than in inborn infants. The outborn infants had higher odds of neurodevelopmental impairment (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2.412, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.585-3.670), cerebral palsy (aOR 4.460, 95% CI 2.249-8.845) and developmental impairment (aOR 2.238, 95% CI 1.469-3.408). In preterm infants, the location of birth may be a key factor influencing short- and long-term outcomes. Thus, to provide adequate care and efficiently allocate medical resources to high-risk preterm infants, nationwide regional perinatal systems need to be improved and standardized.