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Novi koronavirus SARS-CoV-2, ki povzroča bolezen covid-19, se je marca 2020 razširil na vse celine. Razglašena je bila globalna pandemija, ki je spremenila življenja ljudi po vsem svetu. Zaustavitev javnega življenja, prepovedano druženje in zbiranje, zapiranje dejavnosti in ukrepi za preprečevanje širjenja okužbe so zaznamovali leto 2020 in prvo polovico leta 2021. Zaradi dolgotrajnih zapiranj, omejitev in vseh ostalih sprememb, ki jih je epidemija prinesla, se je med prebivalstvom povečal delež ljudi z duševnimi motnjami in tistih, ki zaradi poslabšanja duševnega zdravja potrebujejo strokovno pomoč. Med epidemijo se je spremenil tudi način dela socialnih delavk in delavcev. V svojo raziskavo sem vključila nevladno organizacijo na področju duševnega zdravja, ki je v tem obdobju za uporabnike izvajala svoje storitve, vendar drugače in v omejenem obsegu. Diplomsko delo obravnava delovanje pisarne za informiranje in svetovanje organizacije Ozara Slovenija v Ljubljani med epidemijo covida-19. Teoretični del diplomske naloge zajema teme, kot so opredelitev epidemije in pandemije, socialno delo v obdobju epidemije, duševno zdravje med epidemijo, stigmatizacija ljudi s težavami v duševnem zdravju, duševno zdravje v skupnosti, mreža služb na področju duševnega zdravja in nevladne organizacije na področju duševnega zdravja. Empirični del naloge zajema kvalitativno raziskavo, v katero sem vključila socialne delavke, zaposlene v ljubljanski enoti Ozare, prostovoljce, ki sodelujejo z organizacijo, in študentko fakultete za socialno delo, ki je v tem obdobju na Ozari opravljala prakso. S sogovorniki sem izvedla intervjuje s pomočjo vnaprej pripravljenih smernic. Predstavila sem rezultate, ki sem jih pridobila s pomočjo raziskave, in odgovorila na zastavljena raziskovalna vprašanja. V raziskavi sem se osredotočila na raziskovanje prilagoditev dela in storitev med epidemijo, pozitivne in negativne vidike spremenjenih okoliščin delovanja ter napotke in navodila pristojnih institucij. Osredotočila sem se tudi na primerjavo kakovosti dela in storitev za uporabnike pred in med epidemijo, sodelovanje prostovoljcev z organizacijo med epidemijo, odnose v organizaciji v tem obdobju ter vpliv epidemije na duševno zdravje zaposlenih, prostovoljcev in uporabnikov. Organizacija je v obdobju epidemije večino svojih storitev prestavila na splet in zaradi predpisanih ukrepov zmanjšala neposreden stik z uporabniki. Prostovoljci so z organizacijo sodelovali v veliko manjšem obsegu kot pred epidemijo. Obdobji prvega (pomlad 2020) in drugega (od jeseni 2020 do vključno pomladi 2021) zaprtja sta se med seboj razlikovali tako v načinu izvajanja storitev in dejavnosti za uporabnike kot tudi doživljanju zaposlenih in prostovoljcev. By March 2020 the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19 disease, had spread across the globe and caused a global pandemic that changed lives all around the world. The year 2020 and the first half of the year 2021 were marked by halt of public life, prohibited socializing and gathering, the closure of activities and measures to prevent the spread of infection. The epidemic brought prolonged closures, restrictions and other changes which increased the number of mental disorders of the population and those who need professional help due to their deteriorating mental health. During the epidemic, social work in mental health non-governmental organizations has changed. The organization I included in my research, still offered their services to service users during this period, but to a limited extent and in a different way. The graduation thesis addresses the operation of Ozara Slovenija organization’s information and consulting office in Ljubljana during the COVID-19 epidemic. The theoretical part of the thesis covers topics such as definitions of epidemics and pandemics, social work during the epidemic, mental health during the epidemic, stigmatization of people with mental health problems, community mental health, network of mental health services and mental health non-governmental organizations. The empirical part of the thesis includes a qualitative study conducted by interviewing social workers employed in Ljubljana’s unit of Ozara, volunteers who cooperate with the organization and a student of the Faculty of Social Work on internship at Ozara during this period. I conducted interviews with my interviewees with the help of pre-prepared guidelines. I presented the results I obtained and answered the research questions. In my research, I focused on researching the adjustments of work and services during the epidemic, the positive and negative aspects of changed circumstances, and the guidance and instructions provided to the organization by the competent institutions. I also focused on comparing the quality of work and services for service users before and during the epidemic, the cooperation of volunteers with the organization during the epidemic, the relationships within the organization during this period and the impact of the epidemic on the mental health of employees, volunteers and service users. Due to prescribed measures, the organization moved most of its services online and reduced direct personal contact with service users. Volunteers worked with the organization to a much lesser extent than before the epidemic. The periods of the first (spring 2020) and second (from autumn 2020 to spring 2021) lockdown differed in the way of providing services and activities for service users, as well as the experience of employees and volunteers.

The article discusses the actual problem of social support of people with mental health problems in self-help group activities as in an additional resource of receiving social support. The problem of social support for people with mental health problems has an important place in the study field of social psychology and social work. Relevance of the study is that the problem is caused by the inability of its solution only within the medical treatment. The study of the phenomenon of social support for various life events (hospitalization, life with a mental disorder, unemployment, old age) confirms its positive impact on health (physical, mental, social). The members of two self-help groups took part as respondents in the study: one of them works in the hospital, the other one in the community. The study also involved people without experience of mental disorder who formed a control group for comparison of support needs. The developed questionnaire was applied as the main research toolkit. The questionnaire examines the differences in the perceived social support by the participants of two self-help groups and the respondents of the control group. The obtained data allowed us to reveal the influence of the social status characteristics of persons with mental health problems (participants of self-help groups) on their perceived social support. The universality of the need in social support was established for all people, regardless of their socio-psychological and mental health status; at the same time the situation of life with mental disorder and the influence of the isolation factor determine the increased demand for social support for people with mental health problems. The influence of the social status indicators on the perceived social support by persons with mental health problems who are self-help groups participants in the hospital and in the community is proved. The growth in the need for closed supportive relationships among the respondents of both groups was revealed, especially with regard to complicated situations of life (illness, family disorder) with increasing age. It was discovered that with age the issue of housing (material, instrumental support) was aggravated and the chances of receiving support were reduced for respondents from the self-help group at the hospital. It has been determined that the higher education, marital status or living with a partner positively affect the confidence in perceived social support, strengthens self-esteem at the level of success and care, plays an important role in solving complex and crisis issues, and increases the chances of social integration of persons with mental health problems. Instead, it has been confirmed that the indicator of residence with parents for persons with mental health problems has a negative impact on their confidence of receiving psychological and instrumental support. The situation of an adult person living with parents decreases social functioning and the ability to self-efficacy. Thus, the level of education, family status, and marital union are important factors for social integration of adults, both those who have an experience of mental problems and those who have not., У статті розглянуто окремий аспект феномену соціальної підтримки осіб із проблемами психічного здоров’я в рамках груп самодопомоги, а саме сприйнята підтримка та її зв’язок із соціально-статусними характеристиками учасників груп самодопомоги. Підґрунтям такого розгляду є як теоретичні засади розробленої проблематики, так і результати проведеного емпіричного дослідження. Актуальність вивчення проблеми соціальної підтримки осіб із проблемами психічного здоров’я зумовлена необхідністю більш широкого формату вирішення цього питання, ніж лише в рамках психіатрії. Вивчення феномену соціальної підтримки в неблагополучних життєвих подіях (госпіталізація, життя з психічним розладом, безробіття, старість) підтверджує її позитивний вплив на фізичне та психічне здоров’я. Респондентами в дослідженні стали учасники груп самодопомоги, перша з яких працює в лікарні, друга – в умовах громади. Порівняння потреб у підтримці осіб із розладом та осіб без досвіду психічного розладу стало можливим у дослідженні завдяки контрольній групі, яка складалася з осіб без досвіду психічного розладу. Основним інструментарієм дослідження була анкета, розроблена для виявлення відмінностей у сприйнятті соціальної підтримки учасниками двох груп самодопомоги та респондентами контрольної групи. У процесі дослідження було виявлено вплив соціально-статусних характеристик респондентів (вік, сімейний статус, рівень освіти, кількість співмешканців на одній території) на сприйняту ними соціальну підтримку. Було встановлено універсальність потреби в соціальній підтримці для всіх людей незалежно від їхнього соціально-психологічного статусу та стану психічного здоров’я за наявності суттєвих відмінностей у прояві всіх функцій соціальної підтримки в учасників обох груп самодопомоги від контрольної.

Резюме В Республике Казахстан в следующем 2019 году ожидаются кардинальные перемены в сфере оказания помощи больным с психическими заболеваниями. Основные усилия специалистов будут направлены на реабилитационную составляющую, и здесь ощутимую помощь могут оказать неправительственные организации, работающие в данном направлении., In the Republic of Kazakhstan in the next year of 2019 cardinal changes are expected in the sphere of rendering assistance to patients with mental illnesses. The main efforts of specialists will be directed to the rehabilitation component, and here the tangible assistance can be provided by non-governmental organizations working in this direction., Қазақстан Республикасында келесі 2019 жылы психикалық аурулары бар науқастарға көмек көрсету саласында кардиналды өзгерістер күтіліп отыр. Мамандардың негізгі күші оңалтулық құрамға бағытталмақ және осы кезде осы бағытта істейтін басқарушы емес ұйымдар айтарлықтай басым көмек көрсете алады., Наука и здравоохранение, Выпуск 5 (20) 2020

У статті проаналізовано особливості психосоціальної реабілітації як технології роботи з людьми із ментальними захворюваннями. Зазначено групи причин, в результаті яких виникає необхідність професійного втручання з метою реабілітації: медико-біологічні (спадкові, набуті); соціально-економічні; психологічні; педагогічні/соціально-педагогічні. Охарактеризовано різні види соціальної реабілітації (елементарна, побутова, сімейна, рекреаційна, педагогічна/соціально-педагогічна, соціально-психологічна), розкрито їх зміст. Здійснено термінологічний аналіз поняття «психосоціальна реабілітація». Обґрунтовано відмінність між соціально-психологічною та психосоціальною реабілітацією, остання з яких акцентує увагу на роботі з людьми із психічними захворюваннями. Окреслено історичний аспект розвитку центрів психосоціальної реабілітації. Схарактеризовано програми психосоціальної реабілітації із зарубіжної практики. Розглянуто принципи психосоціальної реабілітації., The article analyzes the features of psychosocial rehabilitation as a technology working with the people with mental illness. These groups causes that result in a need of professional intervention to rehabilitation have been outlined: medical and biological (hereditary, acquired); socio-economic; psychological; pedagogical/social pedagogical. The different types of rehabilitation (elementary, household, family, recreational, pedagogical/social-pedagogical, social and psychological) have been characterized and revealed. Done terminological analysis of the concept of «psychosocial rehabilitation». Psychosocial rehabilitation it is a process that allows people with poor health or disabled as a result of mental disorder to reach their optimal level of independent functioning in society. The differences between socio-psychological and psychosocial rehabilitation are revealed, the latter of which focuses on working with people with mental health problems. Historical aspects of psychosocial rehabilitation centers are outlined. Psychosocial rehabilitation began to develop in the United States after Second World War as a social alternative to the medical model of care and care especially for patients with mental health problems. The psychosocial rehabilitation’s programs have been characterized: program for assertive community training (PACT) and professional support. The principles of psychosocial rehabilitation have been described: full human capacity, equipping people with skills, self-determination, normalization, differential needs and care, commitment of staff, deprofessionalization of service, early intervention, environmental approach, changing the environment, no limits on participation, work-centered process, social rather than medical supremacy.

El presente artículo versa sobre el derecho de una oferta educativa deportiva inclusiva sin límites por características personales, en donde todos los participantes tienen cabida.Se ofrecerá al inicio un marco de reflexión sobre cómo la inclusión, plena y sin excepción, es esencial para la transformación del sistema educativo y la sociedad. A continuación se sintetizarán las principales barreras que dificultan la inclusión deportiva en un entorno comunitario. Posteriormente se sintetizarán tres experiencias pioneras de intervención socioeducativa en distintos contextos, con el denominador común de utilizar el deporte como recurso educativo de inclusión: en un programa de carácter municipal, en las actividades deportivas fuera del horario lectivo y en centros penitenciarios y de salud mental., El present article versa sobre el dret d’una oferta educativa esportiva inclusiva sense límits per característiques personals, on tots els participants hi tenen cabuda. S’oferirà a l’inici un marc de reflexió sobre com la inclusió, plena i sense excepció, és essencial per a la transformació del sistema educatiu i la societat. A continuació se sintetitzaran les principals barreres que dificulten la inclusió esportiva en un entorn comunitari. Posteriorment se sintetitzaran tres experiències pioneres d’intervenció socioeducativa en diferents contextos, amb el denominador comú d’utilitzar l’esport com a recurs educatiu d’inclusió: en un programa de caràcter municipal, en les activitats esportives fora de l’horari lectiu i en centres penitenciaris i de salut mental., This article deals with the right to an inclusive sports education not limited in any way by a person’s condition or characteristics, in which provision is made for all. It begins by putting forward a framework for reflection on the need for inclusion, full and without exception, as essential for the transformation of the education system and of society, and goes on to list the main obstacles to inclusion in sports within a community. This is followed by a synthesis of three pioneering experiences of socio-educational intervention, in which the common denominator is the use of sport as an educationalresource for inclusion, in three different contexts: a municipal programme; sports activities outside school hours; and correctionalfacilities and mental health centres.

S obzirom da je svrha socijalne politike 21. stoljeća osigurati izjednačavanje šansi svima onima koji su u neravnopravnom položaju u društvu, institucionalizacija osoba s problemima mentalnog zdravlja pokazala se kao gubitak slobode i individualnih prava. Tako se u Republici Hrvatskoj provodi deinstitucionalizacija sustava socijalne skrbi koja za krajnji cilj ima zatvaranje velikih ustanova te preseljenje osoba u zajednicu. Proces deinstitucionalizacije te naglašavanje prava na život u zajednici pomogli su razvijanju alternativnih načina pristupa ovoj ranjivoj skupini osoba. Riječ je o izvaninstitucijskim oblicima smještaja pod čime se podrazumijeva skrb u udomiteljskim obiteljima, obiteljskim domovima te stambenim zajednicama, odnosno organiziranom stanovanju uz podršku u zajednici. Stoga je cilj ovog rada prikazati razinu uključenosti osoba s problemima mentalnog zdravlja u lokalnu zajednicu. U Republici Hrvatskoj život u zajednici češće se odnosi na preseljenje osoba s problemima mentalnog zdravlja u posebno organizirane manje stambene zajednice,nego na druge oblike skrbi. No, ono što praksa u Republici Hrvatskoj pokazuje jest sljedeće: ukoliko podrška obitelji i zajednice izostane, institucijska zaštita je još uvijek najčešći, ali i najsigurniji oblik skrbi za osobe s problemima mentalnog zdravlja. Na taj se način osobama osigurava primjerena skrb, a zajednici sigurnost., Given that the purpose of social politics of 21th century is to insure equalization of opportunities for all in the unequal position in society, institutionalization people with mental health problems proved to be a loss of freedom and individual rights. Because of that Republic of Croatia is carrying out deinstitutionalization of system of social welfare which for ultimate goal haves closing up big institutions and resettlement of people in the community. Process of deinstitutionalization and the emphasis on the right to life in the community helped develop alternative access for this group of wounded people. It is a non-institutional forms of accommodation by which is meant care in foster families, foster families and group homes or assisted living in the community. For that the goal of this work is to show the involvement people with mental health problems into local comunity. In Republic of Croatia life in community more often refers on the relocation people with mental health problems in specialy organized small residential community in relation to other forms of care. But what the practice in Republic of Croatia revealed is that if support of families and communities failed, institutional protection is still most often and most secure way of care for people with mental health problems. In that way, those people have secure and appropriate care, and community it’s safety.

In workfare-as-welfare regimes, welfare states attempt to increase efforts to employ economically inactive individuals, such as people with chronic 'mental health problems', through a wide range of activation strategies. In this article, we draw upon insights obtained from a recent research project in Belgium, in which social workers are charged with managing labour market training programmes. In the project, we explored the experiences of people with 'mental health problems' to identify ways in which supportive tenets for people in search of employment can be constructed. We aim to transfer the Belgian experience to the British context in an analysis of the various notions and interpretations of citizenship in social practices. In the analysis, we differentiate between notions and experiences of normative and relational citizenship. In conclusion, we argue that a relational approach to citizenship enables social workers in Belgium to make use of their discretionary space to (re)negotiate the finality of employment trajectories in a flexible way. From an international perspective, we conclude that social workers are in a critical position to influence the workfare-as-welfare agenda of social policy makers.