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Objectives: To evaluate the effect of sonic oscillation on penetration depth and marginal adaptation of resin-based fissure sealants. Method and materials: Thirty-six extracted human third molars were randomized into three groups: in the HF group, teeth were sealed with a filled-resin-based sealant (Helioseal F); in the Sonic-HF group, teeth were sealed with Helioseal F and subjected to sonic oscillation (Compothixo Device, 140 Hz vibration frequency and ± 150 µm amplitude) before curing; in the CO group, teeth were sealed with an unfilled-resin-based sealant (Clinpro). All teeth were thermocycled for 1,500 cycles at 5°C and 55°C, then sectioned buccolingually into four sections (mesial, two middle, and distal). Sections were evaluated under SEM for marginal adaptation and scored. For penetration depth, three independent measurements from each tooth were recorded under SEM, and data were subjected to statistical analysis. Results: The group subjected to sonic oscillation (Sonic HF) resulted in significantly superior penetration depth and marginal adaptation compared with the HF group, but with no significant difference compared with the CO group. Conclusions: Sonic activation of resin-based sealant increased penetration depth into fissures and marginal adaptation to the enamel wall without decreasing filler load or compromising sealant mechanical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stinger-like structures in living organisms evolved convergently across taxa for both defensive and offensive purposes, with the main goal being penetration and damage. Our observations over a broad range of taxa and sizes, from microscopic radiolarians to narwhals, reveal a self-similar geometry of the stinger extremity: the diameter (d) increases along the distance from the tip (x) following a power law [Formula: see text] , with the tapering exponent varying universally between 2 and 3. We demonstrate, through analytical and experimental mechanics involving three-dimensional (3D) printing, that this geometry optimizes the stinger's performance; it represents a trade-off between the propensity to buckle, for n smaller than 2, and increased penetration force, for n greater than 3. Moreover, we find that this optimal tapering exponent does not depend on stinger size and aspect ratio (base diameter over length). We conclude that for Nature's stingers, composed of biological materials with moduli ranging from hundreds of megapascals to ten gigapascals, the necessity for a power-law contour increases with sharpness to ensure sufficient stability for penetration of skin-like tissues. Our results offer a solution to the puzzle underlying this universal geometric trait of biological stingers and may provide a new strategy to design needle-like structures for engineering or medical applications.

Background Central nervous system (CNS) compartmentalization provides opportunity for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) persistence and resistance development. Differences between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and cerebral matter regarding HIV persistence are well described. However, CSF is often used as surrogate for CNS drug exposure, and knowledge from solid brain tissue is rare. Methods Dolutegravir, tenofovir, lamivudine, and efavirenz concentrations were measured across 13 CNS regions plus plasma in samples collected during autopsy in 49 Ugandan decedents. Median time from death to autopsy was 8 hours (interquartile range, 5–15 hours). To evaluate postmortem redistribution, a time course study was performed in a mouse model. Results Regions with the highest penetration ratios were choroid plexus/arachnoid (dolutegravir and tenofovir), CSF (lamivudine), and cervical spinal cord/meninges (efavirenz); the lowest were corpus callosum (dolutegravir and tenofovir), frontal lobe (lamivudine), and parietal lobe (efavirenz). On average, brain concentrations were 84%, 87%, and 76% of CSF for dolutegravir, tenofovir, and lamivudine, respectively. Postmortem redistribution was observed in the mouse model, with tenofovir and lamivudine concentration increased by 350% and efavirenz concentration decreased by 24% at 24 hours postmortem. Conclusions Analysis of postmortem tissue provides a unique opportunity to investigate CNS antiretroviral penetration. Regional differences were observed paving the way to identify mechanisms of viral compartmentalization and/or neurotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, increased hand hygiene practices using water, soap and hand disinfectants, became prevalent, particularly among frontline workers. This study investigates the impact of these practices on the skin's ability to retain the allergenic metals nickel, cobalt, and chromium. The study constitutes three parts: (I) creating an impaired skin barrier, (II) exposing treated and untreated skin to nickel alone, and (III) in co-exposure with cobalt and chromium. Methods: Using full-thickness skin from stillborn piglets, in vitro experiments were conducted to assess retention of metals in skin at conditions mimicking intense hand hygiene practices. Treatment of skin with varying concentrations of sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS), to impair its barrier integrity was assessed. This was followed by exposure of treated and untreated skin to the metals, that were dissolved in Milli-Q water, 0.5% SLS, and ethanol respectively. Results: Results showed that pre-treatment with 5% SLS impaired the skin barrier with regards to the measure of trans epidermal water loss (TEWL). Metal amounts retained in the skin were generally higher in treated than untreated skin. The highest amounts of metal retained in skin were observed for exposure to nickel in ethanol. Co-exposure to nickel, cobalt, and chromium in 0.5% SLS resulted in the highest amounts of total metal retention. Conclusions: The in vitro findings highlight the increased risk of metal retention in skin due to an impaired barrier. The SLS concentration used in the current study corresponds to those used in many hand hygiene products. Hence, occupational settings with frequent exposure to water, soap and disinfectants need to consider protective measures not only for the irritant exposures themselves but also simultaneous exposure to allergenic metals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different explosive materials have been studied numerically and experimentally to assess the efficiency of a small diameter shaped charge in terms of produced jet characteristics and penetration depth into RHA steel targets. 26 different explosives have been simulated numerically using Autodyn hydrocode, whereas recommended explosives have been loaded into small diameter shaped charges by pressing technique and tested by static firing against RHA targets in order to validate the numerical calculations. The numerical analysis has presented an intensive global view about the variation of the shaped charge jets as a potential of the loaded explosive charge efficiencies. A successful trial has been performed to measure the shaped charge jet velocity using detonation velocity VOD 812 apparatus, where its measured value was only 3.6% different from the numerical one for HMX-V5 explosive. Besides, TITAN (L3) flash X-ray radiograph has also been implemented to explore the jet profile using the same explosive type and to measure its jet tip velocity, which has only 2.1% different from that estimated numerically. Extensive fragmentation analysis has been presented, which showed increase in both the fragment number and the fragment speed when the used explosive charge is of high detonation velocity. CL-20 explosive exhibited the largest jet tip velocity and its scaled collapse velocity was found to be 140% of TNT explosive. The calculated average fragment speed has been validated and the measured fragment speed has only 2.3% difference when compared to the SPH calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intravesical drug delivery (IDD), as a noninvasive, local pathway of administration, has great clinical significance for bladder diseases, especially bladder cancer. Despite the many advantages of IDD such as enhanced focal drug exposure and avoidance of systemic adverse drug reactions, the effectiveness of drug delivery is greatly challenged by the physiological barriers of the bladder. In this review, the routes and barriers encountered in IDD are first discussed, and attention is paid to the potential internal/mucosal retention and absorption-transport mechanisms of drugs. On this basis, the avoidance, overcoming and utilization of the "three barriers" is further emphasized, and current design and fabrication strategies for intravesical drug delivery systems (IDDSs) are described mainly from the perspectives of constructing drug reservoirs, enhancing permeability and targeting, with the hope of providing systematic understanding and inspirations for the research of novel IDDSs and their treatment of bladder diseases. Intravesical drug delivery has shown advantages in the treatment of bladder diseases, but drug delivery is limited by bladder physiologic barriers, for which a range of strategies have been proposed. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalent use of inefficient traditional stoves for biomass cooking energy in Nigeria contributes to high rates of biomass consumption, deforestation, and harmful pollutant emissions. This study aimed to assess the constraints hindering the adoption of improved biomass cookstoves (IBCS) in Benue State, Nigeria. Data were randomly collected from 135 households and analyzed using descriptive (frequency, mean and percentage) as well as inferential statistics (binary probit regression). Findings revealed that 88% of households rely on fuelwood for cooking, with approximately 35% still using traditional stoves. However, 46% of households have adopted IBCS and recognized its advantages, including improved cooking speed, fuel economy, time savings in fuelwood collection, cost savings, and reduced smoke emissions. Additionally, various factors such as age, household size, access to credit, location, distance to market, membership of women's associations, fuelwood collection distance, and fuelwood sources were identified as constraints to IBCS adoption. To promote IBCS adoption, we recommend that development planners and extension officers raise awareness among households and provide them credit incentives through government and NGO support. This research significantly contributes to pertinent knowledge by shedding light on the challenges and opportunities associated with IBCS adoption in Nigeria, thereby informing policy and development initiatives in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive interstitial lung disease characterized by sustained fibrotic lesions. Orally administered drugs usually fail to efficiently penetrate the interstitial tissue and reach the lesions, resulting in low treatment efficiency. Luteolin (Lut) is a natural flavonoid, active metabolites of which possess antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, anti‐fibrotic, and anti‐apoptotic properties. In this study, a nano‐formulation is developed by loading Lut into hyaluronidase nanoparticles (Lut@HAase). These Lut@HAase nanoparticles (NPs) exhibit small size and good stability, suitable for noninvasive inhalation and accumulation in the lungs, and hyaluronidase at the site of lesions can degrade hyaluronic acid in the interstitial tissue, enabling efficient penetration of Lut. Lut's therapeutic effect, when administered via NPs, is studied both in vitro (using MRC5 cells) and in vivo (using IPF mice models), and its anti‐fibrotic properties are found to inhibit inflammation and eliminate reactive oxygen species. Conclusively, this study demonstrates that Lut@HAase can improve lung function and enhance survival rates while reducing lung damage with few abnormalities during IPF treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reinforced concrete (RC) structures are mainly designed to withstand both static and dynamic loads. However, due to the highly nonlinear behavior of RC structures subjected to extreme dynamic loads, these structures have a very complex damage behavior under dynamic impact loading. In fact, current existing methods for damage‐simulation and prediction are generally based on either empirical data, simplified mechanical approaches or complex numerical simulations mainly using the finite element method. In this regard, empirical and semi‐empirical models can be considered to calculate the load‐bearing capacity in a simplified way with only a few input parameters. Hence, using current experimental test data, this paper aims to analyze and assess existing empirical and semi‐analytical approaches that are established in standards and guidelines. Accordingly, a functional relationship in terms of an impact factor is found. Based on the obtained results, different approaches are also developed to describe the resistance to projectile penetration of RC structures as well as the force interaction between projectile and RC structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Anadolu Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Ondokuz Mayis Universitesi, Ziraat Fakultesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study employs a data-driven methodology that embeds the principle of dimensional invariance into an artificial neural network to automatically identify dominant dimensionless quantities in the penetration of rod projectiles into semi-infinite metal targets from experimental measurements. The derived mathematical expressions of dimensionless quantities are simplified by the examination of the exponent matrix and coupling relationships between feature variables. As a physics-based dimension reduction methodology, this way reduces high-dimensional parameter spaces to descriptions involving only a few physically interpretable dimensionless quantities in penetrating cases. Then the relative importance of various dimensionless feature variables on the penetration efficiencies for four impacting conditions is evaluated through feature selection engineering. The results indicate that the selected critical dimensionless feature variables by this synergistic method, without referring to the complex theoretical equations and aiding in the detailed knowledge of penetration mechanics, are in accordance with those reported in the reference. Lastly, the determined dimensionless quantities can be efficiently applied to conduct semi-empirical analysis for the specific penetrating case, and the reliability of regression functions is validated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the problem of simultaneous charging of Electrical Vehicles (EVs) in distribution networks (DNs) is examined in order to depict congestion issues, increased power losses, and voltage constraint violations. To this end, this paper proposes an optimal EV charging schedule in order to allocate the charging of EVs in non-overlapping time slots, aiming to avoid overloading conditions that could stress the DN operation. The problem is structured as a linear optimization problem in GAMS, and the linear Distflow is utilized for the power flow analysis required. The proposed approach is compared to the one where EV charging is not optimally scheduled and each EV is expected to start charging upon its arrival at the residential charging spot. Moreover, the analysis is extended to examine the optimal siting of small-sized residential Photovoltaic (PV) systems in order to provide further relief to the DN. A mixed-integer quadratic optimization model was formed to integrate the PV siting into the optimization problem as an additional optimization variable and is compared to a heuristic-based approach for determining the sites for PV installation. The proposed methodology has been applied in a typical low-voltage (LV) DN as a case study, including real power demand data for the residences and technical characteristics for the EVs. The results indicate that both the DN power losses and the voltage profile are further improved in regard to the heuristic-based approach, and the simultaneously scheduled penetration of EVs and PVs could yield up to a 66.3% power loss reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The commercial application of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) has rapidly increased as their unique properties are useful to improve many products. ENPs, however, can pose a major health risk to workers through exposure routes such as inhalation and dermal contact. Research is lacking on the protective nature of lab coats when challenged with ENPs. This study investigated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon black (CB), and nano aluminum oxide (Al2O3) penetration through four types of lab coat fabrics (cotton, polypropylene, polyester cotton, and Tyvek). Penetration efficiency was determined with direct reading instruments. The front and back of contaminated fabric swatches were further assessed with microscopy analysis to determine fabric structure with contaminated and penetrated particle morphology and level of fabric contamination. Fabric thickness, porosity, structure, surface chemistry, and ENP characteristics such as shape, morphology, and hydrophobicity were assessed to determine the mechanisms behind particle capture on the four common fabrics. CNTs penetrated all fabrics significantly less than the other ENPs. CNT average penetration across all fabrics was 1.83% compared to 15.74 and 11.65% for CB and Al2O3, respectively. This can be attributed to their fiber shape and larger agglomerates than those of other ENPs. Tyvek fabric was found to be the most protective against CB and Al2O3 penetration, with an average penetration of 0.06 and 0.11%, respectively, while polypropylene was the least protective with an average penetration of 40.36 and 15.77%, respectively. Tyvek was the most nonporous fabric with a porosity of 0.50, as well as the most hydrophobic fabric, explaining the low penetration across all three ENPs. Polypropylene is the most porous fabric with a porosity of 0.77, making it the least protective against ENPs. We conclude that porosity, fabric structure, and thickness are more important fabric characteristics to consider when discussing particle penetration through protective clothing fabrics than surface chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this study is to understand the rheological behavior of various types of cheeses with mold subjected to multiple stresses during processing/handling, transport, or storage, aiming to maintain or even improve product quality, using computer-assisted penetration methods and advanced regression algorithms. Uniaxial penetration tests with a cone at a constant speed were conducted using a universal Hounsfield testing equipment connected to a computer to analyze the texture behavior (tangential stress, flow index, apparent viscosity) of four of the most common types of cheese with mold depending on the cone's tip angle (9, 19, and 90 degrees) and penetration speed (12, 30, and 60 mm/min). From the results obtained for the four categories of mold cheeses (Brie, Camembert, Dorblue, and Roquefort), the amplitude of the speed and angle of penetration were considered as the main influencing factors for the shear deformation (τc), flow index (Kf), and apparent viscosity (ηa). The moisture and firmness of mold cheeses are closely linked and depend on the type of mold, the maturation process, or storage conditions. Careful control of these factors is essential to achieve the desired texture and taste characteristics in cheeses with mold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a new flexible screen surface structure with an additional striking beam was proposed for improved efficiency and addressing the clogging issue while processing moist coal material. Vibration tests were used to analyze the time-frequency characteristics of the screen surface and the striking beam under no-load and load conditions. The effects of different process parameters on the elastic screening effect of viscous and wet materials were explored. Further, the industrial application of the equipment was preliminarily carried out. The results showed that the load did not affect the main vibration frequency of the elastic screen surface and the striking beam. When the axis distance was adjusted to 7.5 cm, the displacement from the feeding end to the discharge end gradually decreased, promoting the rapid loosening and stratification of the material group. Semi-industrial tests showed that the optimal screening effects had a screening efficiency of 92.16% and a total misplaced content of 5.95% when exciting force was 18 kN, the exciting frequency was 10.8 Hz, the feeding rate was 9.36 t/h, the distance was 7.5 cm, and the moisture content was 8.21%. The GQPSS1848 vibrating screen applied in the industry achieved a screening efficiency of 86.66% at a processing capacity of 85 t/h with a broad commercial prospect. The study aims to provide theoretical and technical support for the research and development of flexible screening equipment and the efficient classification of −3 mm sticky and wet materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Near infrared (NIR) light has been shown to provide beneficial treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and other neurological problems. This concept has spawned a plethora of commercial entities and practitioners utilizing panels of light emitting diodes (LEDs) and promising to treat patients with TBI and other disorders, who are desperate for some treatment for their untreatable conditions. Unfortunately, an LED intended to deliver photonic energy to the human brain does not necessarily do what an LED pointed at a mouse brain does. There is a problem of scale. Extensive prior research has shown that infrared light from a 0.5-watt LED will not penetrate the scalp and skull of a human. Both the properties of NIR light and the manner in which it interacts with tissue are examined. Based on these principles, the shortcomings of current approaches to treating neurological disorders with NIR light are explored. Claims of clinical benefit from low-level LEDbased devices are explored and the proof of concept challenged. To date, that proof is thin with marginal benefits which are largely transient. Extensive research has shown fluence at the level of the target tissue which falls within the range of 0.9J/cm2 to 15J/cm2 is most effective in activating the biological processes at the cellular level which underlie direct photobiomodulation. If low-level infrared light from LED devices is not penetrating the scalp and skull, then these devices certainly are not delivering that level of fluence to the neurons of the subjacent brain. Alternative mechanisms, such as remote photobiomodulation, which may underlie the small and transient benefits for TBI symptoms reported for low-power LED-based NIR studies are presented. Actionable recommendations for the field are offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Gulf region, an epicenter of intricate security dynamics, is marked by a plethora of actors and interests contending for dominance and stability. The Saudi-Iranian discord, a salient axis of tension, echoes beyond their bilateral relations, shaping the security architecture of the wider region. This study ventures into the convoluted Middle East Regional Security Complex (MERSC), with a particular emphasis on the Gulf, exploring the impacts of Saudi-Iranian rapprochement and presenting a sophisticated analysis against the canvas of the prevailing great power competition. Adopting a strategic perspective, the research dissects the intricate interactions of regional units, concurrently addressing the pivotal shifts in power dynamics underscored by the waning US clout and the rising prominence of China. The Regional Security Complex Theory (RSCT) is the analytical prism through which the study elucidates the evolving geopolitical landscape, offering valuable insights into the potential and impediments of engendering stability in this significant geopolitical nexus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) remains one of the most aggressive and treatment-resistant forms of brain cancer, with a notoriously poor prognosis. A major hurdle in effectively targeting GBM is the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a highly selective barrier that impedes the delivery of therapeutic agents to the tumor site. This review examines the potential of permeable macromolecules as a novel approach for targeted therapy in GBM treatment. We explore the design and function of these macromolecules, which are engineered to traverse the BBB and deliver therapeutic agents directly to the tumor, thereby enhancing treatment efficacy and minimizing systemic toxicity. The review highlights various types of permeable macromolecules, including their mechanisms of BBB penetration, and the strategies employed to optimize their therapeutic payload. We also address the challenges in the development and clinical translation of these macromolecules, including issues related to biocompatibility, pharmacokinetics, and targeted delivery. Additionally, we discuss the potential of these macromolecules in overcoming drug resistance and preventing tumor recurrence, key concerns in GBM treatment. This review underscores the promising future of permeable macromolecules in GBM therapy, offering insights into their role in advancing personalized and targeted treatment strategies. With continued research and development, these macromolecules hold the potential to significantly improve outcomes for patients suffering from this devastating disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Transfer: Zeitschrift für Kommunikation & Markenmanagement is the property of Deutsche Werbewissenschaftliche Gesellschaft and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Background During the COVID-19 pandemic, increased hand hygiene practices using water, soap and hand disinfectants, became prevalent, particularly among frontline workers. This study investigates the impact of these practices on the skin’s ability to retain the allergenic metals nickel, cobalt, and chromium. The study constitutes three parts: (I) creating an impaired skin barrier, (II) exposing treated and untreated skin to nickel alone, and (III) in co-exposure with cobalt and chromium. Methods Using full-thickness skin from stillborn piglets, in vitro experiments were conducted to assess retention of metals in skin at conditions mimicking intense hand hygiene practices. Treatment of skin with varying concentrations of sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS), to impair its barrier integrity was assessed. This was followed by exposure of treated and untreated skin to the metals, that were dissolved in Milli-Q water, 0.5% SLS, and ethanol respectively. Results Results showed that pre-treatment with 5% SLS impaired the skin barrier with regards to the measure of trans epidermal water loss (TEWL). Metal amounts retained in the skin were generally higher in treated than untreated skin. The highest amounts of metal retained in skin were observed for exposure to nickel in ethanol. Co-exposure to nickel, cobalt, and chromium in 0.5% SLS resulted in the highest amounts of total metal retention. Conclusions The in vitro findings highlight the increased risk of metal retention in skin due to an impaired barrier. The SLS concentration used in the current study corresponds to those used in many hand hygiene products. Hence, occupational settings with frequent exposure to water, soap and disinfectants need to consider protective measures not only for the irritant exposures themselves but also simultaneous exposure to allergenic metals.

Abstract Different explosive materials have been studied numerically and experimentally to assess the efficiency of a small diameter shaped charge in terms of produced jet characteristics and penetration depth into RHA steel targets. 26 different explosives have been simulated numerically using Autodyn hydrocode, whereas recommended explosives have been loaded into small diameter shaped charges by pressing technique and tested by static firing against RHA targets in order to validate the numerical calculations. The numerical analysis has presented an intensive global view about the variation of the shaped charge jets as a potential of the loaded explosive charge efficiencies. A successful trial has been performed to measure the shaped charge jet velocity using detonation velocity VOD 812 apparatus, where its measured value was only 3.6% different from the numerical one for HMX-V5 explosive. Besides, TITAN (L3) flash X-ray radiograph has also been implemented to explore the jet profile using the same explosive type and to measure its jet tip velocity, which has only 2.1% different from that estimated numerically. Extensive fragmentation analysis has been presented, which showed increase in both the fragment number and the fragment speed when the used explosive charge is of high detonation velocity. CL-20 explosive exhibited the largest jet tip velocity and its scaled collapse velocity was found to be 140% of TNT explosive. The calculated average fragment speed has been validated and the measured fragment speed has only 2.3% difference when compared to the SPH calculations.

Abstract In this study, a discriminative model of fracture expansion through a composite reservoir interface was established. During fracture transformation, the model, based on the theory of energy release rate at the fracture tip, helps clarify the critical conditions and assess the law of hydraulic fracture expansion through coal composite reservoir interfaces. This model considers shear and tensile processes during fracturing at the coal–rock interface and the effects of interface material property differences on fracture extension. In addition, fracture extension pattern differentiation is achieved by comparing the hydraulic fracture tip penetration and bending energy release rates (G p /G d ) with the ratio of reservoir fracture and interface fracture energies (ΓR/ΓF). The accuracy of this discriminant criterion was verified by comparing the predicted results of the discriminant model with fracturing test results under identical conditions. The effects of various factors on G p /G d and hydraulic fracture penetration extension were investigated by using the sand-mudstone composite reservoir of the Shibox Formation in the Linxing Block, China, as the geological background. The results indicate that for certain values of ΓR/ΓF, G p /G d increases logarithmically with an increase in water pressure in the wellbore. Moreover, the difference in ground stress and elastic modulus between the layers exponentially increases with increasing Poisson’s ratio difference and the angle between fracture and interface and decreases logarithmically with increasing fracture height. These results indicate that hydraulic fractures are likely to penetrate from reservoirs with a high elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio into reservoirs with a low elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio. Furthermore, hydraulic fractures are likely to penetrate formations with large differences in pinch angle and ground stress. Under specific geological conditions, high water pressure in the wellbore and small seam height are favourable for fracture penetration.

This review aimed to summarize the current literature on antibiotic distribution in orthopedically relevant tissues and settings where dynamic sampling methods have been used. PubMed and Embase databases were systematically searched. English‐published studies between 2004 and 2024 involving systemic antibiotic administration in orthopedically relevant tissues and settings based on dynamic measurements were included. In total, 5385 titles were identified. After title and abstract screening, 97 eligible studies (43 different antibiotic drugs) were included. The studies covered both preclinical (42%) and clinical studies including healthy and infected tissues (21%) and prophylactic and steady‐state situations (35%). Microdialysis emerged as the predominant sampling method in 98% of the studies. Most of the presented antibiotics (80%) were only assessed once or twice. Among the most extensively studied antibiotics were cefuroxime (18 studies), linezolid (9 studies) and vancomycin (9 studies). This review presents valuable insights into the microenvironmental distribution of antibiotics in orthopedically relevant target tissues and settings and seeks to provide a basis for improving dosing recommendations and treatment outcomes. However, it is important to acknowledge that our findings are limited to the specific drug, dosing regimens, administration method and target tissue, and are crucially linked to the selected PK/PD target. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three Dimensional Concrete printing (3DCP) stands at the forefront of modern construction methodologies, also named additive manufacturing, offering unparalleled time, cost, and labour savings compared to conventional approaches. The evaluation of fresh state parameters like extrudability and buildability through a specialised concrete extruder, combined with a methodical layer-by-layer deposition, ensures structural stability by precisely strengthening each layer. Mechanical strength evaluations highlight the printed material's anisotropic nature, revealing extreme reductions of Fy = 27.94%, Fx = 19.07%, and Fy = 16.33% in compression, flexural, and split tensile strengths, respectively, compared to cast specimens. This emphasises the importance of direction-specific mechanical testing in understanding material behaviour completely. Non-destructive testing (NDT) methods, like Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) testing, are crucial for the qualitative assessment of the integrity and mechanical strength of concrete structures, including both printed and cast specimens, by establishing a strong correlation with compressive strength without causing any damage. Limited research indicates that the microstructure of the material plays a significant role in its mechanical strength, particularly in printed specimens. This claim is reinforced by mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) results, which reveal that printed specimens have slightly higher overall porosity, concentrated between 1 µm and 0.1 µm, while cast specimens show higher porosity in pores smaller than 0.1 µm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infrared (IR) radiation has been used in food processing applications for its unique high heating efficiency. There is a great need to address the radiation absorption and heating effect during the application of IR in the processing of foods. The radiation wavelength determines the nature of the processing, and it is mainly affected by the type of emitter, operating temperature, and the power supplied. The penetration depth of the IR on food material plays a critical role in the heating level along with the optical characteristics of the IR and food product. The IR radiations cause a significant change in the food components like starch, protein, fats and enzymes. The facility to generate wavelength-specific radiation output can hold the potential of momentously increasing the efficiency of IR heating operations. IR heating is gaining importance in 3D and 4D printing systems, and the application of artificial intelligence in IR processing is being explored. This state-of-art review gives a detailed view of the different emitters of IR and mainly emphasizes the behavior and changes of major food components during IR treatment. The penetration depth of IR, optical characteristics and selective spectral heating based on the target product are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commercially available crowdsourced connected vehicle (CV) trajectory data have recently been used to provide stakeholders with actionable and scalable roadway mobility infrastructure performance measures. Transportation agencies and automotive original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) share a common vision of ensuring the privacy of motorists that anonymously provide their journey information. As this market has evolved, the fleet mix has changed, and some OEMs have introduced additional fuzzification of CV data around 0.5 miles of frequently visited locations. This study compared the estimated Indiana market penetration rates (MPRs) between historic non-fuzzified CV datasets from 2020 to 2023 and a 5–11 May 2024, CV dataset with fuzzified records and a reduced fleet. At selected permanent interstate and non-interstate count stations, overall CV MPRs decreased by 0.5% and 0.3% compared to 2023, respectively. However, the trend in previous years was upward. Additionally, this paper evaluated the impact on data characteristics at freeways and intersections between the 5–11 May 2024, fuzzified CV dataset and a non-fuzzified 7–13 May 2023, CV dataset. The analysis found that the total number of GPS samples decreased 10% statewide. Of the evaluated 54,284 0.1-mile Indiana freeway, US Route, and State Route segments, the number of CV samples increased for 33.8% and decreased for 65.9%. This study also evaluated 26,291 movements at 3289 intersections and found that the number of available trajectories increased for 28.3% and decreased for 70.4%. This paper concludes that data representativeness is enough to derive most relevant mobility performance measures. However, since the change in available trajectories is not uniformly distributed among intersection movements, an unintended sample bias may be introduced when computing performance measures. This may affect signal retiming or capital investment opportunity identification algorithms.

The efficacy of a pavement system is significantly influenced by the condition of the road pavement. Improving pavement quality is essentially the key to reducing problems with fatigue cracks and rutting on roads. One of its tenets is changing and enhancing asphalt’s performance by use of various additives. One of the plastics having the highest recycling rates across various nations is polyethylene terephthalate, or PET. Since virgin PET (V-PET) and recycled PET (R-PET) cannot currently be analytically separated from one another, numerous indirect approaches have been developed to achieve this. According to one idea, recycling PET causes polymer chains to break, which alters the material’s structural, mechanical, and thermal characteristics. R-PET and V-PET can therefore be distinguished from one another. Temperature and load stress cause asphalt pavement damage, especially rutting. In order to reduce the issue of road rutting, several measures have been implemented, such as enhancing the quality of pavement and improving the procedures used for structural design. In recent years, engineers have shown a growing interest in enhancing the performance of asphalt by incorporating various additives and substituting raw materials with virgin and recycled materials. This approach aims to improve environmental sustainability and reduce the cost of modified pavement mixtures. The purpose of the study is to assess the effect of modifying bitumen of grade 40–50 with V-PET. This study examined the use of V-PET as an asphalt modifier, at varying concentrations of 1, 2, and 4% by weight of asphalt. The study aimed to assess the influence of these concentrations on the performance of asphalt under high temperature conditions. The results demonstrated that the addition of 2% V-PET to the asphalt binder significantly improved the characteristics of the asphalt, resulting in increased resistance to rutting in the pavement.

Abstract Chemical warfare agents (CWAs) pose a threat as gaseous substances and as liquid aerosols, necessitating chemical warfare-protective clothing for soldiers. The paramount consideration lies in the effectiveness of the clothing as a barrier against the pertinent CWAs. This paper presents a dynamic swatch test method aimed at evaluating the performance of such clothing against liquid-phase aerosol penetration. Central to the methodology is a specialized test cell designed to rotate to the left and right, integrated within a laboratory wind tunnel, replicating mission-relevant conditions with varying wind speeds. Utilizing di(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate particles as liquid aerosols, tests were conducted at wind speeds of 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 m/s. Penetration assessment relied on analyzing particle counts downstream and upstream of the fabric, with preliminary studies showing that higher wind speeds and fabric air permeabilities increase penetration at an equivalent face velocity of 5.0 cm/s. Interestingly, penetration decreased when fabric samples were subjected to rotation. The system and methodology devised demonstrated consistent and repeatable results, offering valuable insights into optimizing the effectiveness of chemical warfare-protective clothing. This research contributes to advancing methodologies for testing protective clothing, crucial for ensuring the safety of military personnel in hazardous environments.

Abstract To address the prevalent genistein (GST) metabolism and inadequate intestinal absorption, an oral long-acting and gastric in-situ gelling gel was designed to encapsulate and localize the intestinal release of the loaded genistein-ginseng (GST-GNS) solid dispersion. Because of the high breast perfusion of GST upon oral absorption, the GST-GNS solid dispersion was developed to enhance GST's dissolution and penetration while offering a synergistic impact against breast cancer (BC). Physiochemical analysis of the GST-GNS solid dispersion, release analysis, gel characterizations, storage stability, penetration, and in vitro cytotoxicity studies were carried out. GST-GNS solid dispersion showed improved dissolution and penetration as compared to raw GST. GST-GNS solid dispersion homogenous shape particles and hydrophilic contacts were revealed by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier Transform-Infrared analysis, respectively. GST-GNS solid dispersion’s diffractogram shows the amorphous character. A second modification involved creating a gastric in-situ gelling system loaded with GST-GNS solid dispersion. This system demonstrated improved GST penetration employing the solid dispersion, as well as the localizing of the GST release at the intestinal media and antitumor synergism against BC. For a better therapeutic approach for BC, the innovative oral GST long-acting gel encasing the GST-GNS solid dispersion would be recommended. Graphical Abstract

Fabric manufacturers are striving to produce value-added, high-end technical fabrics, such as smart textiles, protective clothing and accessories for sports, where the performance of the fabric has become a decisive factor. Fabric impact resistance is one such property of importance. Therefore the development of a suitable method to predict the impact on the fabric at the point of fabric development is of great importance. In this article, the authors have attempted to design and develop a test method to predict fabric impact more accurately. A mathematical model has been developed to show the relationship between impact force, impact velocity and the depth of penetration on impact. Finally, test equipment has been developed to measure the impact based on the developed model. The indentation depth on impact was measured against both impact velocity and kinetic energy, and the experimental impact force was calculated against the impact velocity. It was found that the impact velocity of the projectile affects both the impact on fabric and indentation into the backing material as well as the energy absorbed by the fabric. The energy absorption also increased with impact velocity and higher velocities caused greater damage. No great variation in temperature was detected.

Abstract Background Pedicle screw instrument surgeries can result in the development of aortic pseudoaneurysm, which is a rare yet potentially severe complication; therefore, the purpose of this work is to describe the case of pseudoaneurysm of the thoracic aorta caused by the severe migration of a pedicle screw after surgery. Case presentation We herein report a patient who underwent endovascular repair for the pseudoaneurysm of the descending thoracic aorta following thoracic vertebral fixation surgery. A 28–80 mm covered stent was initially inserted through the right femoral artery, and intraoperative aortography revealed a minor extravasation of contrast material. Subsequently, an additional 28–140 mm covered stent was implanted. The patient recovered well during the 8-year follow-up period. Conclusions Vascular complications resulting from spinal surgery are severe and rare, necessitating early diagnosis and intervention.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating mechanical trauma. Although locomotion of model animals that mimic contusion SCI was actively examined, locomotion after penetrating SCI caused by sharp objects was not extensively studied. Severity of walking difficulty after partial transection of the spinal cord including penetrating SCI likely depends on the regions affected. Therefore, we compared beam walking and overground walking between mice after penetrating SCI at inner spinal cord region and mice with the injury at the outer region. Mice with the both penetrating SCIs did not display changes in beam walking. When appearance and movements of hindlimbs during overground walking was rated using Basso Mouse Scale for locomotion (BMS), however, mice with inner penetrating SCI showed low score shortly after the SCI. However, the score became high at later time points, as seen in contusion SCI mice. By contrast, BMS score did not decrease shortly after the outer penetrating SCI. However, the score became low 3 weeks after the SCI. As quantitative values during overground walking, movement duration in an open field were shorter at 1 day after the two penetrating SCIs. However, slower moving speed and fewer number of movement at 1 day were specific to mice with inner and outer penetrating SCIs, respectively. Moreover, BMS score was correlated with walking distance in open field only in mice with inner penetrating SCI. Thus, inner and outer penetrating SCI cause difficulty in overground walking with different severity and progress.

T lymphocytes play a central role in immunotherapy, utilizing physical interactions to actively inhibit the development of metastases. However, tumor immune privilege and heterogeneity pose challenges by protecting against immune attacks and limiting immune cell infiltration into tumors, particularly in invasive metastatic clusters. Here, a tumor penetrating magnetic particles (TUP) containing the cascade‐responsive cell membrane‐mimetic copolymer (zwitterionic 2‐methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine‐co‐3‐hydroxypyridin‐4‐one, PH) and cuproptosis molecules (elesclomol‐copper, EsCu) for programming T cell infiltration is developed. The intravenously injected TUP accumulates at the tumor via the charge conversion of PH and hyperthermia effects of TUP. In metastatic clusters, ES and Cu, triggered by intracellular environments and hyperthermia, are readily released. ES and Cu simultaneously induce cuproptosis of cancer cells and stimulate immune responses. This process destroys self‐defense mechanisms and exacerbates cytotoxicity. The therapies facilitate the release of tumor‐associated antigens, including neoantigens and damage‐associated molecular patterns. Following this, the 3‐hydroxypyridin‐4‐one groups on TUP act as antigen reservoirs, transporting autologous tumor‐associated antigens to dendritic cells, thereby inducing prolonged immune activation. TUP acts as an antigen reservoir in copper apoptosis‐mediated lung metastasis, promoting the accumulation of immune cells in metastatic clusters and effectively preventing the progression of metastatic tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The decarburization of heat and transport using electric vehicles (EVs) and heat pumps (HPs) needs an important investment in low-voltage (LV) networks. This article proposes an optimization approach to estimate the availability of headroom for domestic EV charging and optimization on LV networks under various penetrations of heat pumps. The proposed optimization approach is called dynamic differential annealed optimization (DDAO). The objective of the proposed approach is to maximize the hosting capability of low-voltage networks for EVs and HPs by optimizing the flexibility of EV charging. The DDAO is used to optimize different aspects of EV charging and LV networks. The DDAO approach is implemented in three steps: (a) HP headroom assessment, (b) EV optimization, and (c) validation. The performance of the proposed method is validated on a MATLAB platform and compared with the existing Binary Spring Search Algorithm (BSSA), Manta Ray Foraging Optimization Algorithm (MRFO), and Chaos Game Optimization methods. In comparison to the total prices of 3.5£ in BSSA, 4.5£ in MRFO, and 5.5£ in CGO, the proposed DDAO method achieves a lower total price of 3.2£. This suggests that the DDAO method is more cost-effective than the existing techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have developed a finite element model to simulate the penetration of nanoneedles into the cellular nucleus. It is found that the nuclear lamina, the primary supporting structure of the nuclear membrane, plays a crucial role in maintaining the integrity of the nuclear envelope and enhancing stress concentration in the nuclear membrane. Notably, nuclear lamina A exhibits a more pronounced effect compared to nuclear lamina B. Subsequently, we further conducted experiments by controlling the time of osteopontin (OPN) treatment to modify the nuclear lamina density, and the results showed that an increase in nuclear lamina density enhances the probability of nanoneedle penetration into the nuclear membrane. Through employing both simulation and experimental techniques, we have gathered compelling evidence indicating that an augmented density of nuclear lamina A can enhance the penetration of nanoneedles into the nuclear membrane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To compare the shear bond strength and penetration ability of self-etch sealant with and without enamel deproteinization. Materials and methods: A total of 37 sound extracted teeth were selected and 31 teeth were used for testing shear bond strength of self-etch sealant. For this, crowns portions of selected teeth were cut longitudinally with a diamond disc into a mesial and distal half, thereby yielding 62 samples. They were further divided into two groups; in Group 1, samples were deproteinised with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite and a sealant cylinder was built on the proximal surface. In Group 2, sealant cylinders were built without deproteinising the surface. Shear bond strength was tested using Universal Testing Machine. The remaining six teeth were used for penetration evaluation of self-etch sealant. In Group 1, the occlusal surface was deproteinised with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite and self-etch sealant was directly applied. In Group 2, sealant was applied without deproteinisation. The samples obtained after sectioning were observed under scanning electron microscope for sealant penetration. Mann–Whitney test and Chi-square analysis were utilised for statistical analysis. Results: The results showed that the shear bond strength of the two groups was statistically not significant (p = 0.23). However, the comparison of % penetration revealed a statistically significant difference between the groups (p = 0.016). Conclusion: Deproteinising the enamel surface prior to application of self-etch sealant enhanced the penetration ability of the sealant but did not show any effect on shear bond strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Selcuk University Social Sciences Institute / Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi is the property of Journal of Selcuk University Social Sciences Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The onset and propagation of fractures significantly impact the remaining operational lifespan of locomotive wheels and rail infrastructure, primarily influenced by contact stresses arising from their interaction. This study employs the nonlinear Newton-Raphson algorithm to comprehensively evaluate the structural characteristics and critical regions of the rail-wheel contact-zone. The rail wheel CAD model is developed in the ANSYS-Design_Modeler, and then it undergoes a static structural analysis using its system for this purpose. A comparative analysis between linear and nonlinear approaches through simulation indicates a consistent overestimation of contact parameters–penetration, and frictional stress. In particular, the linear performance analysis shows a penetration value 25 percent lower and frictional stress 6.38 percent less than that of the nonlinear response. This study highlights the importance of nonlinear analysis when it comes to capturing the subtle complexities inherent in actual wheel-rail interactions and reveals the shortcomings of linear analysis in giving correct predictions. The optimization process is conducted on a railway locomotive wheel using the optimal space-filling algorithm of the response surface optimization process. From the optimization process, the effect of each design variable is evaluated and for most of the structural evaluation parameters, tread_width shows a higher sensitivity percentage and therefore has a higher effect as compared to tread_depth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights Supercritical CO2 (sc‐CO2) was widely used in CO2 flooding projects to enhance the recovery efficiency recently owing to its amazing dissolving capability and permeability. Fiber reinforced pipe (FRP) has exceptional properties that may be widely used in the petrochemical sector for transportation of corrosive fluid in CO2 flooding projects. In this research, a system was designed to simulate the transport behavior of fluids containing CO2 which can reaches the supercritical state by the adjustment of pressure and temperature. The fluid penetrates into the resin interior through the pores and gathers in the cavities at 65°C and 8 MPa. When the temperature and pressure are below the critical point, the CO2 volume expands dramatically, causing inter‐layered micro‐crack. When the environmental conditions repeatedly change above and below the critical point, these cracks will continue to propagate along the fiber arrangement direction, resulting in the fracture progressively grow into the delamination. At the same time, the fluid corrodes the resin in some areas of the surface, generating pitting and a 0.66% loss in resin content. The composition of elements and groups altered after corrosion revealed that a chemical interaction occurred between fluid and epoxy resin. Finally, due to physical and chemical processes produced by penetration, expansion, and dissolution, the stiffness of FRP fell by 3.53% during treatment. In the present work, a reactor coated with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) was built to model the corrosion of FRP in delivery fluids containing sc‐CO2. The corrosion mechanism was shown as a combination action by chemical react and physical behavior comprising penetration, expansion and dissolution. The physical corrosion mechanism of fluid containing sc‐CO2 was investigated. The fluid containing sc‐CO2 penetrated the FRP via pores and accumulated in cavities. The quick expansion of sc‐CO2 causes delamination while the ambient circumstances remain below the critical threshold. The pitting and resin loss can be linked to the epoxy resin solution in supercritical CO2. The chemical process, known as hydrolysis, took place on the interior surface of epoxy resin and a fluid containing supercritical CO2. This finally resulted in molecular structural modification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The penetration fuze, as the initiation control component of the penetration weapon, usually experiences an overload of tens of thousands or even hundreds of thousands of g during the penetration process. In order to prevent the fuze from being overloaded and causing the weapon to explode or misfire early, this article introduces the use of internal sealing reinforcement and external energy absorbing buffer materials to protect the internal circuit modules of the fuze. Several kinds of energy absorbing and buffering materials, including foam metal materials and composite sandwich structure materials, as well as metamaterials that have recently attracted the attention of industry and academia, are reviewed. The high overload impact energy absorption characteristics of materials and the mechanical properties of different material structures are emphatically introduced. In addition, this article also evaluates the applicability and limitations of existing buffer materials and methods, and proposes some potential improvement plans, such as the impact of parameters such as viscoelasticity, porosity, surface coating, printing process, heat treatment process on the energy absorption effect of materials, further improving the engineering practicality of buffer protection materials. A summary of the key technologies in the research of penetration fuze protective materials was made, and some mechanical testing methods were proposed, which can better characterize the impact resistance and resilience of materials. Finally, the future development direction of buffer materials for penetration fuzes was explored, which will help promote the research on the concept of buffer materials used on penetration missiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical warfare agents (CWAs) pose a threat as gaseous substances and as liquid aerosols, necessitating chemical warfare-protective clothing for soldiers. The paramount consideration lies in the effectiveness of the clothing as a barrier against the pertinent CWAs. This paper presents a dynamic swatch test method aimed at evaluating the performance of such clothing against liquid-phase aerosol penetration. Central to the methodology is a specialized test cell designed to rotate to the left and right, integrated within a laboratory wind tunnel, replicating mission-relevant conditions with varying wind speeds. Utilizing di(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate particles as liquid aerosols, tests were conducted at wind speeds of 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 m/s. Penetration assessment relied on analyzing particle counts downstream and upstream of the fabric, with preliminary studies showing that higher wind speeds and fabric air permeabilities increase penetration at an equivalent face velocity of 5.0 cm/s. Interestingly, penetration decreased when fabric samples were subjected to rotation. The system and methodology devised demonstrated consistent and repeatable results, offering valuable insights into optimizing the effectiveness of chemical warfare-protective clothing. This research contributes to advancing methodologies for testing protective clothing, crucial for ensuring the safety of military personnel in hazardous environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep penetration and downregulation of heat shock protein (HSP) expression in multimodal synergistic therapy are promising approaches for curing cancer in clinical trials. However, free small‐molecule drugs and most drug vehicles have a low delivery efficiency deep into the tumor owing to poor drug penetration and hypoxic conditions at the tumor site. In this study, the objective is to use reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐responsive supramolecular gels co‐loaded with the photosensitizer Zn(II) phthalocyanine tetrasulfonic acid (ZnPCS4) and functionalized tetrahedral DNA (TGSAs) (G@P/TGSAs) to enhance deep tissue and cell penetration and block the HSP90 pathway for chemo‐ photodynamic therapy (PDT) ‐ photothermal therapy (PTT) trimodal synergistic therapy. The (G@P/TGSAs) are injected in situ into the tumor to release ZnPCS4 and TGSAs under high ROS concentrations originating from both the tumor and PDT. TGSAs penetrate deeply into tumor tissues and augment photothermal therapy by inhibiting the HSP90 pathway. Proteomics show that HSP‐related proteins and molecular chaperones are inhibited/activated, inhibiting the HSP90 pathway. Simultaneously, the TGSA‐regulated apoptotic pathway is activated. In vivo study demonstrates efficient tumor penetration and excellent trimodal synergistic therapy (45% tumor growth inhibition). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air assist for apple orchard spray applications is a necessity to deliver pesticides to target crops. However, conventional orchard sprayers use axial fans to provide air assists which are generally designed for tall crops. Thus, these systems have very limited capabilities to control airflows to match canopy densities. An electric air assist system (EAAS) was developed with an electric fans, pulse width modulation (PWM) controllers, a custom-design air channel, and a 400-Ah LiFePO4 battery to address such limitations. The system could ramp up its airflow to nearly 80% of its maximum in 2.5 s, while it took approximately 4 s to reach 100% airflow from no air assist. The EAAS provided airflow of 11.3 and 5.3 m s-1 at the fan outlet and 1 m away, respectively, with 100% duty cycles (DC) of PWM. It was capable of modulating its average air velocities from 0 to 11.3 ms-1 by changing DCs. Spray coverage samples of constant rate applications with different air assist levels were collected from the behind apple tree canopies throughout the 2023 growing season to characterize the potential for off-target spray drift. A multivariable regression model for controlling DCs was developed with the spray coverage data and leaf area index (LAI) to minimize the off-target drift. The EAAS was a promising approach to developing more advanced air assist spraying systems to enable the adjustment of both air and liquid flows based on canopy characteristics to maximize spray depositions on intended targets while minimizing spray drift. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This in vitro pilot study aimed to evaluate whether different pre-treatments (demineralization, deproteinization, (chemo-)mechanical reduction of the surface layer) influence the penetration depth of a resin infiltrant into MIH-affected enamel compared to initial carious lesions. Thirty extracted human permanent molars with non-cavitated initial carious lesions (n = 5) or MIH (n = 25) were chosen and randomly assigned to six experimental groups: IC: initial caries; M: MIH; MN: MIH, 5.25% sodium hypochlorite; MM: MIH, microabrasion; MA: MIH, air abrasion; MAN: MIH, air abrasion and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite. A modified indirect dual fluorescence staining method was adopted to assess the penetration depth (PD) of the resin infiltrant and the lesion depth (LD) by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Exemplarily, scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images were captured. The relationship between group assignment and penetration/lesion depth was estimated using a linear mixed model incorporating the tooth as random effect (two observations/tooth). The significance level was set at p < 0.05. For MIH-affected molars, the mean PD (in µm; median, [minimum-maximum]) were M (178.2 [32.5–748.9]), MN (275.6 [105.3–1131.0]), MM (48.7 [0.0–334.4]), MA (287.7 [239.4–491.7]), and MAN (245.4 [76.1–313.5]). Despite the observed differences in PD between the groups, these could not be statistically verified (Bonferroni, p = 0.322). The percentage penetration was significantly higher for IC than for MIH groups (Bonferroni, p < 0.05). Compared to IC, resin infiltration into MIH-affected enamel ist more variable. Different pre-treatments influence the resin penetration into developmentally hypomineralized enamel to a fluctuating level. • Lesion depths of creamy-white and yellow-brown demarcated opacities are increased compared to initial caries. • Resin infiltration into MIH enamel is more heterogeneous than into initial caries. • Various pre-treatments influence resin infiltration into MIH-affected enamel variably. • Further studies are needed on how to improve resin infiltration into MIH enamel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An evaluation method for the initial penetration of molten cast iron into the sand mold was suggested based on the laboratory-scale penetration experiments for the cast iron. The horizontal penetration depth of the molten cast iron into the sand core was analyzed using the capillary model. The early stage of the penetration was discussed, and it was clarified that the penetration is not stopped by the solidification but is stopped by the decreasing of the equivalent pore radius. It was explained that the equivalent pore radius decreases with increasing the penetration depth, and the penetration is stopped when the critical pressure, i.e., the pressure required for the penetration, becomes higher than the pressure which is acting on the penetration front. Based on the analysis, an evaluation method of the penetration of depth at the early stage of the penetration was suggested. The analysis method was applied for the other type of metals (mercury and steel) as well, and reasonable results were obtained. A simplified finite-element model of liquid iron penetration into a sand core was developed, accounting for heat exchange between the melt and the porous medium, at different pore geometries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address the prevalent genistein (GST) metabolism and inadequate intestinal absorption, an oral long-acting and gastric in-situ gelling gel was designed to encapsulate and localize the intestinal release of the loaded genistein-ginseng (GST-GNS) solid dispersion. Because of the high breast perfusion of GST upon oral absorption, the GST-GNS solid dispersion was developed to enhance GST's dissolution and penetration while offering a synergistic impact against breast cancer (BC). Physiochemical analysis of the GST-GNS solid dispersion, release analysis, gel characterizations, storage stability, penetration, and in vitro cytotoxicity studies were carried out. GST-GNS solid dispersion showed improved dissolution and penetration as compared to raw GST. GST-GNS solid dispersion homogenous shape particles and hydrophilic contacts were revealed by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier Transform-Infrared analysis, respectively. GST-GNS solid dispersion's diffractogram shows the amorphous character. A second modification involved creating a gastric in-situ gelling system loaded with GST-GNS solid dispersion. This system demonstrated improved GST penetration employing the solid dispersion, as well as the localizing of the GST release at the intestinal media and antitumor synergism against BC. For a better therapeutic approach for BC, the innovative oral GST long-acting gel encasing the GST-GNS solid dispersion would be recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Zhejiang University: Science A is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Ordnance Equipment Engineering is the property of Chongqing University of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Pedicle screw instrument surgeries can result in the development of aortic pseudoaneurysm, which is a rare yet potentially severe complication; therefore, the purpose of this work is to describe the case of pseudoaneurysm of the thoracic aorta caused by the severe migration of a pedicle screw after surgery. Case presentation: We herein report a patient who underwent endovascular repair for the pseudoaneurysm of the descending thoracic aorta following thoracic vertebral fixation surgery. A 28–80 mm covered stent was initially inserted through the right femoral artery, and intraoperative aortography revealed a minor extravasation of contrast material. Subsequently, an additional 28–140 mm covered stent was implanted. The patient recovered well during the 8-year follow-up period. Conclusions: Vascular complications resulting from spinal surgery are severe and rare, necessitating early diagnosis and intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe context of casual-dining restaurants in emerging markets represents a unique sector in the foodservice industry and this study represents the first analysis of the impact of entry timing on firm performance for casual-dining foodservice firms in a developing market. A theoretical model of the hypothesized relationships was developed. Data were collected from three hundred and one users of forty-one separate casual-dining restaurant chains in the country of Kuwait. Regression and path analyses were used to test the model. Although market penetration is revealed to have a positive direct effect on market share, market entry timing is shown to exhibit a negative direct effect on market share. This means that later entrants with less time-in-market actually exhibit larger market share than earlier entrants; thus, providing contrary evidence to a first-mover effect. Therefore, early entry is not as important in this setting as may be expected since later entrants are likely to introduce new and innovative offerings capable of overcoming the presumed pioneering advantages of early entrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]