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Copyright of Journal of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of University of Sharjah Journal of Law Sciences (JLS) is the property of University of Sharjah - Scientific Publishing Unit and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Among semiparametric regression models, partially linear additive models provide a useful tool to include additive nonparametric components as well as a parametric component, when explaining the relationship between the response and a set of explanatory variables. This paper concerns such models under sparsity assumptions for the covariates included in the linear component. Sparse statistical models are easier to interpret than dense ones, since only a small number of the parameters are non–zero. This scenario is common in regression problems, making variable selection an important task. As in other settings, outliers either in the residuals or in the covariates involved in the linear component have a harmful effect. To simultaneously achieve model selection for the parametric component of the model and resistance to outliers, we combine preliminary robust estimators of the additive component, robust linear MM-regression estimators with a penalty such as SCAD on the coefficients in the parametric part. Under mild assumptions, consistency results and rates of convergence for the proposed estimators are derived. A Monte Carlo study is carried out to compare, under different models and contamination schemes, the performance of the robust proposal with its classical counterpart. The numerical results show the advantage of using the robust approach. Through the analysis of a real data set, we also illustrate the benefits of the proposed procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Opole Studies in Administration & Law (OSAO) / Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne (OSAP) is the property of University of Opole / Uniwersytet Opolski and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista del ICDT is the property of Instituto Colombiano de Derecho Tributario and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Illegal stock trading, or insider trading, has become a significant issue in the capital markets, both in Indonesia and the United States. This research aims to compare law enforcement related to insider trading between the two countries. This research uses a normative method with legislative and conceptual approaches. Data was collected through analysis of laws and regulations and case studies related to insider trading practices. The findings show that the regulations in the UUPM in Indonesia still use the fiduciary duty theory, which limits the scope of actions that can be sanctioned. In contrast, in the United States, the application of the fiduciary duty theory and misappropriation theory provides stronger legal protection and stricter sanctions against insider trading offenses. Although both countries have regulations prohibiting insider trading, the enforcement mechanism in the US is more comprehensive than in Indonesia. In the US, there are more legal precedents that clarify limits and sanctions, while in Indonesia, there is still a lack of implementation and understanding of insider trading. Enforcement of insider trading laws in the US is more effective than in Indonesia. The UUPM in Indonesia needs to be revised to integrate the misappropriation theory and strengthen sanctions against insider trading violations, in order to provide better protection to investors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Penalties are important part of any regulatory framework. They represent an ultima ratio measure which complements preventive and corrective measures. The goal of this article is to analyse and compare regulatory frameworks of the Visegrád countries in a perspective of penalties which aim to secure compliance with budgetary discipline. The article concludes that there exist significant differences between Visegrád countries. Utilizing a comparative method of research, primarily based on a questionnaire survey conducted by the authors, and responded to by a team of legal scholars, this article offers valuable insight for the legal scholarship and policymaking withing the Visegrád countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The perceived effectiveness of penalties for traffic offences was related to the evaluation perspective (personal vs general). • The perceived effectiveness of penalties was not related to prior punishment experience. • The perceived strictness of penalties was not related to the evaluation perspective. • Males perceived penalties for traffic offences as stricter compared to women. • Drivers with experience of having their driving licence suspended reported the highest perceived strictness of penalties. Introduction: Previous research has identified the perception of penalties as one of the most important deterrents to road traffic offenses. This study investigated whether the perceived effectiveness and the perceived strictness of penalties for different traffic offenses are associated with prior punishment experience and evaluation perspective (personal – if participants were being punished themselves, vs. general – for punishing all drivers). Method: A convenience sample of 1,374 Lithuanian drivers participated in the survey (56.3% males; aged 18–77 years). Among them, 801 participants had no penalties for traffic offenses, 333 reported monetary fines in the last year, and 240 reported having their drivers license suspended at least once in their driving career. A scale with 10 specific penalties for traffic offenses was developed to measure the perceived effectiveness and strictness of penalties. Half of the participants evaluated the penalties as if they were personally sanctioned for each traffic offense (personal perspective), while the other half assessed the effectiveness and strictness of the penalties for drivers in general. Results: The results indicated that the perceived effectiveness of penalties was related to the evaluation perspective, being higher for changing one's own behavior than for changing behavior in general. However, the perceived effectiveness of penalties was not related to prior punishment experience. Males and drivers who had experienced their license being suspended reported the highest perceived strictness of the penalties, whereas females and drivers with no prior punishment experience perceived penalties as the least strict. Practical applications: These findings suggest the need for developing new ways of communicating penalties to different groups of drivers. Nevertheless, this research was exploratory in nature and further research is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present data from a paper-and-pencil survey of Swiss farmers. The survey was mailed to 2000 randomly selected Swiss farmers from the two largest Swiss language regions (German and French) in February 2019. A reminder was sent in April 2019. The response rate was around 40 % (N = 811). In the main part of the survey, we collected quantitative data on farmers’ workload and perceived burden due to (1) overall farming activities, (2) administrative activities related to the application of direct payments, and (3) other office work related to farm planning, bookkeeping, purchasing, and sales. We also asked farmers to rate their current workload and perceived administrative burden compared to five years earlier. We also collected data on the perceived burden of using e-government services, the administrative workload of various voluntary direct payment schemes, and the workload of inspections and sanctions. We collected personal information about the farmers. Finally, the farmers were asked to rate a series of statements regarding agricultural policy measures, the importance of inspection measures, the obligation to provide proof of eligibility for direct payments, information on current policy measures, and the justification of penalties for non-compliance with environmental or animal welfare standards. The survey results showed that, on average, Swiss farmers spent 3–5 % of their total working time on administrative tasks. The farmers rated the perceived burden of administrative activities as higher than the burden of overall farming activities or other office work. The data also showed that the farmers’ perceived administrative burden had increased compared to five years earlier. Finally, the results showed that 28 % of the Swiss farmers had received a penalty for non-compliance with direct payment regulations.

Violations of environmental regulations often involve multiple parties since companies, as well as employees of the companies, face regulatory obligations and can expend compliance-enhancing effort. When deterring such violations by punishing violators, court judges must determine which party or parties to punish with sanctions. Our study explores such sanction decisions made by Belgian judges in response to environmental offenses and the defendants' intent to comply as captured by three key Belgian legal elements reflecting culpability: purpose, willingness, and knowledge. Our empirical results reveal that the three culpability factors play strong roles in shaping judges' sanction decisions, especially the relative use of firm sanctions and employee sanctions. As important, our empirical results strongly demonstrate that judges appear to perceive firm and employee sanctions as complements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors analyse the opinions expressed by the Decision No 30/2023 of the High Court of Cassation and Justice -- Full Bench for the resolution of questions of law. The Supreme Court admitted the related referrals made by the Court of Gorj -- Civil Division I and ordered that, in interpreting and applying the provisions of Article 906 (4) of the Civil Procedure Code, in so far as the debtor has performed the obligation to do or not to do, which cannot be performed by another person, even during the resolution of the claim based on the provisions of Article 906 (4) of the Civil Procedure Code, the creditor can no longer obtain the final determination of the amount by way of penalty. The authors consider that the second opinion is correct, i.e. the one that interpreted the provisions of Article 906 (4) Civil Procedure Code as establishing a time limit of 3 months for the execution of the obligation, while the final amount may be determined to the extent that this time limit has been exceeded, regardless of whether by the time of the court's ruling the obligations have been executed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through this research paper researcher has tried to narrate simply what is Information Technology? What is the basis of The Information Technology Act 2000? What was the need? What all are the nature and features? How it's useful in business transactions for data transfer and in maintaining privacy? What is Digital Signature? What is the role of Digital Signature? How it works? What are the Penalties involved in The Information Technology Act, 2008. What are the amendments till date? In short it will be helpful to all those who want to understand IT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Emirati legislator of 1971 has provided for the Martial Law in article 146 thereof, as all modern constitutions did; to ensure the protection of the public order and safety of individuals in case the state is exposed to exceptional circumstances. Of course, the exceptional circumstances are the reason behind declaring martial law, accordingly, venturing into the exceptional circumstances requires a comprehensive study of the concept of the circumstances justify declaring martial law, the measures taken at that time, ensuring freedoms and rights in these periods, the crimes that may be committed, and the judicial authorities responsible for punishing offenders. Accordingly, this study shall shed light on the constitutional text as well as the legislative text for Federal Law No. 11 of 2009 concerning martial law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The latest amendments to the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) in 2022 are designed to strengthen existing provisions for worker safety and health, addressing new challenges in modern industries and ensuring the Act remains relevant. A thorough analysis of these amendments is essential for understanding their impact on workplace safety practices, the development of more effective safety strategies, and ensuring compliance with the updated regulations. By examining the background and context of the amendments, this analysis offers valuable insights into the emerging challenges and opportunities in enhancing safety and health standards for all workers in Malaysia. One significant change brought by the 2022 amendments is the repeal of the Factories and Machinery Act 1967 (FMA 1967), effectively creating a unified piece of legislation governing occupational safety and health in Malaysia. This research uses a qualitative approach, focusing on a critical analysis of the legislation before and after the 2022 amendments. The study finds that the consolidation of FMA and OSHA into a single legislation has successfully reduced the problem of overlapping enforcement between the FMA 1967 and the OSHA 1994 when both were in force. This represents a key step in streamlining safety regulations and improving the overall enforcement framework in Malaysia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract\nPLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY\nKEY FINDINGS\nIMPLICATIONSThe study investigates the influence of financial rewards and penalties on individuals’ intentions to report tax evasion. The research, involving 402 respondents in Ghana’s Accra Metropolitan District, uses regression analyses and statistical mediation to analyze cross-sectional survey data. Ghana’s Whistleblower Act of 2006 and the Revenue Administration Act of 2016 establish penalties for tax offenses and mechanisms to encourage truthful reporting. While the Act provides protections for whistleblowers, it faces hurdles such as a lack of confidence and cultural reluctance. The findings show that financial rewards have a limited impact on whistleblowing and tax evasion intentions, while penalties have a significant influence. This supports the deterrence theory of punishment, suggesting that individuals are deterred from engaging in illegal behavior when threatened with punishment. The study also highlights the role of financial rewards in shaping whistleblowing intention but suggests a combination of financial rewards and enforceable penalties to encourage whistleblowing and discourage tax evasion. The findings suggest integrating a model incorporating financial reward and penalties into tax laws, making it mandatory for individuals to report tax evasion, with failure resulting in punishment. This model could serve as a deterrent to individuals who would otherwise not report tax evasion activities.The study examines the effects of financial incentives and penalties and how they affect people’s intentions to report tax cheaters to the tax authorities (particularly in cases of close relationships) in a developing nation where the government is currently facing financial difficulties following the COVID-19 pandemic.Financial rewards alone do not significantly influence whistleblowers’ decisions to report tax cheaters.Penalties play a crucial role in deterring tax evasion, supporting the deterrence theory that suggests people are less likely to engage in illegal activities when faced with potential punishment.Financial rewards do impact whistleblowing intentions, aligning with rational choice theory, but they do not influence tax evasion intentions.Financial rewards alone do not significantly influence whistleblowers’ decisions to report tax cheaters.Penalties play a crucial role in deterring tax evasion, supporting the deterrence theory that suggests people are less likely to engage in illegal activities when faced with potential punishment.Financial rewards do impact whistleblowing intentions, aligning with rational choice theory, but they do not influence tax evasion intentions.The findings mostly support the theory that harsher punishments deter people from evading taxes but do not fully align with the theory that individuals weigh the potential benefits of tax evasion through financial reward.Researchers suggest a strategy involving financial rewards and penalties to incentivize and discourage tax evasion, with mandatory reporting and punishment for non-compliance.Punishing individuals who knowingly or deliberately fail to report tax cheaters could serve as a strong deterrent to existing and potential tax evaders.The question that must be answered by future studies is how legally enforceable a system that punishes innocent individuals who knowingly or deliberately fail to report tax cheaters, especially if they are close associates and in highly polarized political environments.The findings mostly support the theory that harsher punishments deter people from evading taxes but do not fully align with the theory that individuals weigh the potential benefits of tax evasion through financial reward.Researchers suggest a strategy involving financial rewards and penalties to incentivize and discourage tax evasion, with mandatory reporting and punishment for non-compliance.Punishing individuals who knowingly or deliberately fail to report tax cheaters could serve as a strong deterrent to existing and potential tax evaders.The question that must be answered by future studies is how legally enforceable a system that punishes innocent individuals who knowingly or deliberately fail to report tax cheaters, especially if they are close associates and in highly polarized political environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Law of Beaumont, established by a charter issued in 1182, was granted over a period of about 150 years for up to 700 villages in present-day France, Belgium, Luxembourg and Germany. It seemingly was to provide incentives to settle or stay in such villages. Based on an analysis of the Latin text (provided with a German translation) the paper questions that the focus of the charter was accurately described in older literature and common handbook entries. In those, the impression is given that the focus was on liberation from serfdom, tax relief and municipal self-government. The paper concludes that a high degree of self-government was indeed an outstanding feature, although it remains unclear whether the citizens originally had the right to elect mayor and jurors. Particularly favourable tax burdens could not be substantiated. There is no mentioning at all of any liberation from serfdom and burdens associated with it. The focus of the charter is on a precise definition of tax burdens and of penalties for crimes and their distribution, and on rules of legal process. Legal certainty in these regards must have been the core of its attractiveness both for citizens and lords and explain its popularity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism generates 8% of all greenhouse gas emissions. One way of reducing emissions is to deploy behavioral change interventions that entice tourists to behave in more sustainable ways. In search of the most effective approaches, we conducted a meta-analysis of 118 interventions tested in field experiments in the tourism context. Most studies targeted beliefs and focused on towel reuse, food waste, or resource use. Changing choice architecture (d = 1.40) and increasing pleasure (d = 0.66) emerge as the most effective approaches. Imposing penalties for unsustainable behavior (d = −0.12) and leveraging social norms to trigger sustainable behavior (d = 0.18) have limited effectiveness. Future work should re-direct attention from designing interventions that modify beliefs toward interventions that change choice architecture or increase the pleasure associated with the desired behavior, and aim at changing a wider range of behaviors, including green transportation and the avoidance of single use plastics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Frónesis is the property of Universidad del Zulia (Fronesis) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Scheduling for a construction project with a limited number of machines is a critical and well-studied problem. Most studies assume that task processing times are exact; in practice, delays frequently occur, rendering the initial work plan invalid. Therefore, adaptability is crucial to the success of a project. This work introduces a fuzzy optimization model for the planning of construction projects executed simultaneously and having only one backhoe. The model assumes imprecise task processing times, represented by triangular fuzzy sets, that accept delays up to a permitted degree of tolerance. The model solution obtains a fuzzy work plan. This is a robust plan that supports incidents (delays). A method to apply the model was created. The fuzzy model can help construction companies reduce delays in the delivery of their projects and avoid excessive penalties. The model was implemented in the CPLEX solver, which can quickly obtain an optimal solution for small and medium instances. For large instances, the model must be solved with metaheuristics. This scientific contribution is important for future work since it consists of the application of fuzzy optimization in a specific area of civil engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Romanian Journal of Compulsory Execution / Revista Română de Executare Silită is the property of Universul Juridic Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of ABHATH is the property of ABHATH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study began with the hypothesis that British law has an advantage in regulation over Kuwaiti law regarding penalties related to companies or legal persons. This study raised several questions regarding several penalties and measures (fines, compensation orders, corrective orders, restitution orders, publication orders, Judicial rulings, submitting periodic financial reports, and dismissing company directors). To answer its questions, this study used the analytical approach by analyzing the texts of British law and how they are applied before the courts. The study compared that with the texts currently existing in the Kuwaiti legal system and the extent to which the penalties found in British law can be applied. In the State of Kuwait. Indeed, it became clear from this study that there is an advantage, but it is partial. This study found that there are penalties regulated by the British legislator that the Kuwaiti legislator did not know about, and there are penalties regulated by the British legislator in a more detailed and deeper manner than Kuwaiti law in a manner consistent with the nature of the legal person (companies). Finally, the study concluded that the Kuwaiti legislator should benefit from the experience of the British legislator about criminal corporate penalties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

تُعدّ جريمة الاتجار بالبشر واحدة من الجرائم الأكثر خطورة التي تهدد حقوق الإنسان، في ظل تزايد حضورها المستمر وتطورها السريع على الساحة العالمية، وفي ضوء ذلك بادر المشرع الجزائري بمواجهة هذه المعضلة من خلال سن القانون رقم 23-04 الذي يتضمن تدابير للحيلولة دون الاتجار بالبشر ومحاربته. هذا القانون يهدف إلى توضيح المفاهيم وتحديد الأساليب الضرورية للوقاية من هذه الجريمة وابتكار استراتيجية فعالة للتعامل مع هذه الظاهرة الغريبة عن المجتمع الجزائري ولتخفيف تأثيراتها السلبية.

Copyright of Godišnjak Pravnog Fakulteta u Sarajevu is the property of Godisnjak Pravnog Fakulteta u Sarajevu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Legal Studies ( IJOLS ) is the property of International Institute of Innovation Science-Education-Development in Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tesla Revista Científica is the property of Puerto Madero Editorial Academica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Given an undirected graph G = (V , E ; w , p) with a depot r ∈ V and an integer k ∈ Z + , each edge e ∈ E has a weight w (e) ∈ R + and a penalty p (e) ∈ R 0 + , where the weights satisfy the triangle inequality, we consider two types of restricted k-Chinese postman problems with penalties. (1) The restricted min–max k-Chinese postman problem with penalties (MM-RPCPP) is asked to find a set of k tours starting from r and collectively covering all vertices, such that the maximum tour weight plus the total penalty paid for the uncovered edges is minimized. (2) The restricted min-sum k-Chinese postman problem with penalties (MS-RPCPP) is asked to find a set of k tours satisfying the constraint mentioned above and that each edge appears in at most one tour and each tour contains at least one edge, such that the sum of weights of all tours plus the total penalty paid for the uncovered edges is minimized. In the paper, we design a combinatorial (7 2 - 2 k) -approximation algorithm to solve the MM-RPCPP. Furthermore, we present a combinatorial 2-approximation algorithm to solve the MS-RPCPP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Themis: Revista de Derecho is the property of Themis Asociacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the paper, we consider a generalization of the classical assignment problem, which is called the constrained assignment problem with bounds and penalties (CA-BP). Specifically, given a set of machines and a set of independent jobs, each machine has a lower and upper bound on the number of jobs that can be executed, and each job must be either executed on some machine with a given processing time or rejected with a penalty that we must pay for. No job can be executed on more than one machine. We aim to find an assignment scheme for these jobs that satisfies the constraints mentioned above. The objective is to minimize the total processing time of executed jobs as well as the penalties from rejected jobs. The CA-BP is related to some practical applications such as edge computing, which involves selecting tasks and processing them on the edge servers of an internet network. As a result, a motivation of this study is to improve the efficiency of internet networks by limiting the lower bound of the number of objects processed by each edge server. Our main contribution is modifying the previous network flow algorithms to satisfy the lower capacity constraints, for which we design two exact combinatorial algorithms to solve the CA-BP. Our methodologies and results bring novel perspectives into other research areas related to the assignment problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]