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Simple Summary: Peanut vines are abundant and cheap, and are a key forage source for ruminants; however, knowledge of the bacterial species that colonize peanut vines over time during rumen incubation remains limited. In this study, in situ nylon bag degradation, scanning electron microscopy, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing and metagenomics technology were used to study the attachment characteristics and function of microorganisms involved in peanut vine degradation, with the aim of providing basic knowledge regarding the utilization of peanut vine and other roughage. Our results demonstrate that the colonization of peanut vine by microorganisms is dynamic in the rumen. The dominant phyla and genera, as well as the structure and function, of the microbial communities varied over time. This experiment identified the key microorganisms and CAZymes were important for plant fiber degradation. Therefore, our data proved new insights into biomass conversion, reveal that numerous bacteria and enzymes are involved in forage degradation in the rumen, and lay the foundation for targeted improvement of crop residue utilization for ruminants. The aim of this study was to improve the utilization of peanut vines as forage material for ruminants by investigating the degradation pattern of peanut vines in the dairy cow rumen. Samples of peanut vine incubated in cow rumens were collected at various time points. Bacterial diversity was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) were analyzed by metagenomics. The peanut vines degraded rapidly from 2 to 24 h, before slowing from 24 to 72 h. SEM images confirmed dynamic peanut vine colonization. Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were the two most dominant bacterial phyla throughout. Principal coordinates analysis indicated significant microbial composition changes at 6 and 24 h. This may be because, in the early stage, soluble carbohydrates that are easily degradable were degraded, while in the later stage, fibrous substances that are difficult to degrade were mainly degraded. Glycoside hydrolases (GHs) were the most abundant CAZymes, with peak relative abundance at 6 h (56.7 trans per million, TPM), and reducing at 24 (55.9 TPM) and 72 h (55.3 TPM). Spearman correlation analysis showed that Alistipes_sp._CAG:435, Alistipes_sp._CAG:514, Bacteroides_sp._CAG:1060, Bacteroides_sp._CAG:545, Bacteroides_sp._CAG:709, Bacteroides_sp._CAG:770, bacterium_F082, bacterium_F083, GH29, GH78, and GH92 were important for plant fiber degradation. These findings provide fundamental knowledge about forage degradation in the cow rumen, and will be important for the targeted improvement of ruminant plant biomass utilization efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to evaluate the effect of microbial enzyme comppsite additives on the fermentation quality of peanut vine and peanut vine mixed silage, this experiment used peanut vine as raw material to prepare peanut vine single silage (PA), peanut vine and corn cob mixed silage (PC), and peanut vine and rice husk powder mixed silage (PR). Microbial enzyme comppsite additives (including Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus paracasei, cellulase, xylanase, glucanase, pectinase) were added, and a same volume of distilled water was used as the control group (CK). The fermentation quality, microbial quantity and nutritional value of different silage treatments were detected. The results showed that PC had the lowest pH value, ammonia nitrogen and ADI. contents, and the highest in vitro dry matter digestibility, but it also had certain negative effects such as increasing the counts of mould and yeast, and reducing crude protein content. The use of microbial enzyme comppsite additives significantly increased lactate production, reduced pH value and ammonia nitrogen content in silage, while reducing aNDF content and improving in vitro dry matter digestibility. And the pH value of PC decreased to 4.16 under the treatment of microbial enzyme comppsite additives. Therefore, the use of microbial enzyme comppsite additives has significant application value in improving the fermentation and nutritional quality of peanut vine silage and peanut vine mixed silage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this experiment was to study the effects of different proportions of Zhangzagu straw instead of peanut vine on the growth performance, nutrients apparent digestibility, meat quality, and serum biochemical indexes of finishing sheep. Twenty-four healthy 'Du x Hu' hybrid finishing rams with the body weight of (32.73± 2.46) kg aged about three months were randomly divided into three groups, with eight replicates in each group and one sheep in each replicate. The control group only added peanut vine. In the experimental Group I, 50% Zhangzagu straw was used to replace peanut vine. In the experimental Group II, 80% Zhangzagu straw was used to replace peanut vine. The pre-feeding period was 10 days, and the formal trial period was 70 days. The results showed that compared with the control group, the average daily feed intake of Group I decreased significantly (P<0.05), and the apparent digestibility of neutral detergent fiber increased significantly (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the L* value of flesh color in Group I significantly increased (P<0.05) and the shear force significantly decreased (P<0.05), the pH45 min value in Group II significantly increased (P<0.05) and the shear force value significantly decreased (P<0.05), while the L* value of flesh color in Group II was significantly lower than that of Group I (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the levels of total protein (TP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and cholesterol (CHOL) were significantly increased in Group I (P<0.05), and the TP content in Group II increased significantly (P<0.05). The study indicates that replacing peanut vine with Zhangzagu straw has certain effects on the growth performance, nutrients apparent digestibility, meat quality, and serum biochemical indexes of finishing sheep, and 50% Zhangzagu straw instead of peanut vine has the best weight gain effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this experiment was to reveal the effects of dietary soybean hulls content on growth performance, abundance of microbial species in rumen and the diversity of bacterial colonies in rumen of Hu sheep. Ninty-six healthy Hu male sheep (with the bodyweight was about 30 kg) were randomly assigned to 4 groups, with 24 sheep in each group. Sheep in the 4 groups were fed experimental diets which supplemented with 0 (group O), 10% (group A), 20% (group B), 30% (group C) soybean hulls. The trail lasted for 10 days for adaption, and 60 days for test. The growth performance, abundance of rumen microbial species and rumen microbial diversity of sheep were measured. The results were showed as follows: ADG and ADFI of group A and B were significantly higher than group O, C (P<0.05). When the soybean hulls content was 20% in the feed, and F/G was the lowest. The main ruminal microbial community of Hu sheep based on phylum level were Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria. The abundance of Bacteroidetes in group B,C were higher than group O, A. The abundance of Firmicutes in group O,A were higher than group B C. The main ruminal microbial community of Hu sheep based on genus level were Prevolella, Erysipelotrichaceae_UCG-002, Acetitomaculum. In the aspect of biodiversity, the amount of species in group O was significantly higher than group B, C (P<0.01). The Shannon index of group O, A were significantly higher than group B, C (P<0.01). There was no significant difference in Simpson index (P>0.05). Principal component analysis based on unweighted distance, the cluster of group O, A were the best, it was distributed in group B, C, and it was showed that there were different structural differences between communities. Result: the soybean hulls content in feed was 10%-20%, the growth performance of Hu sheep was higher. Different additition of soybean hulls in feed influenced the abundance of Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Prevolella. Species diversity was affected by different proportion of soybean hulls .The abundance of microbial species and diversity decreased with the increase of soybean hulls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to improve the utilization of peanut vines as forage material for ruminants by investigating the degradation pattern of peanut vines in the dairy cow rumen. Samples of peanut vine incubated in cow rumens were collected at various time points. Bacterial diversity was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) were analyzed by metagenomics. The peanut vines degraded rapidly from 2 to 24 h, before slowing from 24 to 72 h. SEM images confirmed dynamic peanut vine colonization. Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were the two most dominant bacterial phyla throughout. Principal coordinates analysis indicated significant microbial composition changes at 6 and 24 h. This may be because, in the early stage, soluble carbohydrates that are easily degradable were degraded, while in the later stage, fibrous substances that are difficult to degrade were mainly degraded. Glycoside hydrolases (GHs) were the most abundant CAZymes, with peak relative abundance at 6 h (56.7 trans per million, TPM), and reducing at 24 (55.9 TPM) and 72 h (55.3 TPM). Spearman correlation analysis showed that Alistipes_sp._CAG:435, Alistipes_sp._CAG:514, Bacteroides_sp._CAG:1060, Bacteroides_sp._CAG:545, Bacteroides_sp._CAG:709, Bacteroides_sp._CAG:770, bacterium_F082, bacterium_F083, GH29, GH78, and GH92 were important for plant fiber degradation. These findings provide fundamental knowledge about forage degradation in the cow rumen, and will be important for the targeted improvement of ruminant plant biomass utilization efficiency.

Fresh alfalfa is difficult to ensile successfully because of its high moisture content and greater susceptibility to spoilage by Clostridia, Bacilli or Enterobacter. In this study, we evaluated the effects of mixing high-moisture alfalfa with peanut vine in different proportions on the bacterial communities and fermentation characteristics of silage. The high-moisture alfalfa and peanut vine were mixed at ratios of 10:0 (CK), 8:2 (TI), 7:3 (T2), 6:4 (T3) and 5:5 (T4), respectively. For each treatment, silos (25 × 35 cm) were anaerobically fermented in darkness at room temperature and analyzed after 45 days. The results showed that the CK silage was weakly fermented, as indicated by a low lactic acid concentration, a high pH value, and high levels of propionic acid (PA), butyric acid (BA) and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N). As the proportion of peanut vine in the mixture increased, the pH level decreased, and levels of BA, propionic acid, NH3-N, crude protein(CP), nonprotein nitrogen and soluble protein also declined (p < 0.05), while the lactic acid concentration increased and levels of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) also rose (p < 0.05). A protein component analysis of silage mixtures using the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) showed that the content of the nonprotein nitrogen component (PA) decreased when the proportion of peanut vine increased, whereas the content of rapidly degraded protein (PB1) increased. Mixing with peanut vine also influenced the distribution of the bacterial community. Compared with the CK silage, the relative abundances of Enterococcus, Garciella and Anaerosporobacter in T2, T3 and T4 were significantly lower, while the relative abundance of Lactobacillus was significantly higher. In the T2, T3 and T4 groups, Garciella and Anaerosporobacter were not detected. In summary, in this study, we ensiled high-moisture alfalfa, which was weakly fermented. We found that mixing with peanut vine improved fermentation quality and optimized the structure of the bacterial community. Therefore, to improve the fermentation quality and nutritional value of silage, high-moisture alfalfa should be ensiled with at least 30% peanut vine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fresh alfalfa is difficult to ensile successfully because of its high moisture content and greater susceptibility to spoilage by Clostridia, Bacilli or Enterobacter. In this study, we evaluated the effects of mixing high-moisture alfalfa with peanut vine in different proportions on the bacterial communities and fermentation characteristics of silage. The high-moisture alfalfa and peanut vine were mixed at ratios of 10:0 (CK), 8:2 (TI), 7:3 (T2), 6:4 (T3) and 5:5 (T4), respectively. For each treatment, silos (25 × 35 cm) were anaerobically fermented in darkness at room temperature and analyzed after 45 days. The results showed that the CK silage was weakly fermented, as indicated by a low lactic acid concentration, a high pH value, and high levels of propionic acid (PA), butyric acid (BA) and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N). As the proportion of peanut vine in the mixture increased, the pH level decreased, and levels of BA, propionic acid, NH3-N, crude protein(CP), nonprotein nitrogen and soluble protein also declined (p < 0.05), while the lactic acid concentration increased and levels of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) also rose (p < 0.05). A protein component analysis of silage mixtures using the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) showed that the content of the nonprotein nitrogen component (PA) decreased when the proportion of peanut vine increased, whereas the content of rapidly degraded protein (PB1) increased. Mixing with peanut vine also influenced the distribution of the bacterial community. Compared with the CK silage, the relative abundances of Enterococcus, Garciella and Anaerosporobacter in T2, T3 and T4 were significantly lower, while the relative abundance of Lactobacillus was significantly higher. In the T2, T3 and T4 groups, Garciella and Anaerosporobacter were not detected. In summary, in this study, we ensiled high-moisture alfalfa, which was weakly fermented. We found that mixing with peanut vine improved fermentation quality and optimized the structure of the bacterial community. Therefore, to improve the fermentation quality and nutritional value of silage, high-moisture alfalfa should be ensiled with at least 30% peanut vine.

This study aimed to evaluate different roughages on fatting performance, muscle fatty acids, rumen fermentation and rumen microbes of steers. Seventy-five Simmental crossbred steers were randomly divided into wheat straw group (WG), peanut vine group (PG) and alfalfa hay group (AG), with 5 replicates of 5 steers each. The results showed a highest average daily gain and lowest feed/gain ratio in AG group (P = 0.001). Steers fed alfalfa hay had the highest muscle marbling score and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), and also the rumen NH3-N and microbial protein (MCP) concentration among the three groups (P < 0.05). Correlation analysis showed that ruminal NH3-N and MCP were negatively correlated with muscle saturated fatty acid (SFA), while ruminal MCP was positively correlated with muscle PUFA and n-3 PUFA (P < 0.05). 16S rRNA analysis indicated that fed alfalfa hay decreased the abundance of Ruminococcaceae_UCG-001(P = 0.005). More importantly, muscle SFA deposition were positively correlated to the abundance of Ruminococcaceae_UCG-001 (P < 0.05), while the muscle PUFA and n-3 PUFA deposition were negatively correlated to it (P < 0.01). Therefore, alfalfa hay provides a better fattening effect on steers. Alfalfa rich in n-3 PUFA would reduce the abundance of Ruminococcaceae_UCG-001 involved in hydrogenation, increase the rumen protective effect of C18:3 n−3, which is beneficial to the deposition of muscle n-3 PUFA and PUFA.

The objectives of this study were to compare the growth performance, ruminal fermentation, and bacterial community of young bulls fed with diets including dried or ensiled peanut vines and to investigate whether the combination of dry peanut vine and corn silage could exhibit better feeding effects. Forty-five young Holstein bulls were selected and fed for 60 days. The total mixed ration (TMR) was formulated as follows: (1) a dry peanut vine-based diet (DPV), (2) a peanut vine silage-based diet (PVS), and (3) a whole-plant corn silage mixed with the DPV (WPCS-DPV). The ratio of dietary concentrate to forage was 50:50. The results showed that the dried and ensiled peanut vines used in beef diet exhibited no difference in the average daily gain of bulls (p = 0.490). The pH of rumen fluid in bulls fed with the WPCS-DPV and PVS diets was lower than that in bulls fed with the DPV diet (p < 0.001). The bulls fed with the DPV diet had increased Ace and Chao1 values of rumen bacterial community compared with bulls fed with the PVS diet (p < 0.05). This study confirmed the feasibility of ensiling as a preservation procedure for peanut vines and provides a reference for its utilization schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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To find an effective method for ensiling peanut vine (PV), fermentation characteristics and nutritional values of PV silage and the mixture of PV with corn stover (CS) silage in a ratio of 1:1 fresh weight, prepared by adding lactic acid bacteria (LAB), 10% wheat bran (WB) and LAB+WB at ensiling were evaluated in 2009 and 2010. The fermentation qualities of PV silage ensiled with the LAB and WB additives were improved compared with those of the control (PV ensiled alone). However, the pH did not decline to the critical level of 4.2, and the nutritional values of the silage were not protected against losses in the LAB and WB addition silages. Ensiling PV in mixture with CS generated optimal moisture content and buffering capacity (BC) of ensiled materials. After adding the LAB and WB additives to mixture silage, especially adding LAB+WB, the fermentation qualities and nutritional values of the mixture silage were improved significantly (P

Peanut is one of the most important oil and protein producing crops in the world. Yet the amounts of peanut processing by-products containing proteins, fiber and polyphenolics are staggering. With the environmental awareness and scarcity of space for landfilling, wastes/by-product utilization has become an attractive alternative to disposal. Several peanut by-products are produced from crush peanut processes and harvested peanut, including peanut meal, peanut skin, peanut hull and peanut vine. Some of peanut by-products/waste materials could possibility be used in food processing industry, The by-products of peanut contain many functional compounds, such as protein, fiber and polyphenolics, which can be incorporated into processed foods to serve as functional ingredients. This paper briefly describes various peanut by-products produced, as well as current best recovering and recycling use options for these peanut byproducts. Materials, productions, properties, potential applications in food manufacture of emerging materials, as well as environmental impact are also briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate different roughages on fatting performance, muscle fatty acids, rumen fermentation and rumen microbes of steers. Seventy-five Simmental crossbred steers were randomly divided into wheat straw group (WG), peanut vine group (PG) and alfalfa hay group (AG), with 5 replicates of 5 steers each. The results showed a highest average daily gain and lowest feed/gain ratio in AG group ( P = 0.001). Steers fed alfalfa hay had the highest muscle marbling score and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), and also the rumen NH 3 -N and microbial protein (MCP) concentration among the three groups ( P < 0.05). Correlation analysis showed that ruminal NH 3 -N and MCP were negatively correlated with muscle saturated fatty acid (SFA), while ruminal MCP was positively correlated with muscle PUFA and n-3 PUFA ( P < 0.05). 16S rRNA analysis indicated that fed alfalfa hay decreased the abundance of Ruminococcaceae&#95;UCG-001 ( P = 0.005). More importantly, muscle SFA deposition were positively correlated to the abundance of Ruminococcaceae&#95;UCG-001 ( P < 0.05), while the muscle PUFA and n-3 PUFA deposition were negatively correlated to it ( P < 0.01). Therefore, alfalfa hay provides a better fattening effect on steers. Alfalfa rich in n-3 PUFA would reduce the abundance of Ruminococcaceae&#95;UCG-001 involved in hydrogenation, increase the rumen protective effect of C18:3 n -3, which is beneficial to the deposition of muscle n-3 PUFA and PUFA., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Zhu, Liu, Xiao, Guo, Zhao, Hu, Cui, Li, Wang, Ma and Shi.)

The objectives of this study were to compare the growth performance, ruminal fermentation, and bacterial community of young bulls fed with diets including dried or ensiled peanut vines and to investigate whether the combination of dry peanut vine and corn silage could exhibit better feeding effects. Forty-five young Holstein bulls were selected and fed for 60 days. The total mixed ration (TMR) was formulated as follows: (1) a dry peanut vine-based diet (DPV), (2) a peanut vine silage-based diet (PVS), and (3) a whole-plant corn silage mixed with the DPV (WPCS-DPV). The ratio of dietary concentrate to forage was 50:50. The results showed that the dried and ensiled peanut vines used in beef diet exhibited no difference in the average daily gain of bulls (p = 0.490). The pH of rumen fluid in bulls fed with the WPCS-DPV and PVS diets was lower than that in bulls fed with the DPV diet (p < 0.001). The bulls fed with the DPV diet had increased Ace and Chao1 values of rumen bacterial community compared with bulls fed with the PVS diet (p < 0.05). This study confirmed the feasibility of ensiling as a preservation procedure for peanut vines and provides a reference for its utilization schemes., (© 2022 Japanese Society of Animal Science.)