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Optimal control of wave energy converters (WECs), while converting wave energy into a usable form, such as electricity, may inject (reactive) power into the system at various points in the wave cycle. Though somewhat counter-intuitive, this action usually results in improved overall energy conversion. However, recent experimental results show that, on occasion, reactive power peaks can be significantly in excess of active power levels, leaving device developers with difficult decision in how to rate the power take-off of the system i.e. whether to cater for these high reactive power peaks, or limit power flow to rated (active) levels. The origins of these excessive power peaks are currently poorly understood, creating significant uncertainty in how to deal with them. In this paper, we show that, using both theoretical results and an illustrative simulation case study, under matched controller conditions (impedance-matching optimal condition), for both monochromatic and panchromatic sea-states, that the maximum peak reactive/active power ratio never exceeds unity. However, under mismatched WEC/controller conditions, this peak power ratio can exceed unity, bringing unrealistic demands on the power take-off (PTO) rating. The paper examines the various origins of system/controller mismatch, including modelling error, controller synthesis inaccuracies, and non-ideal PTO behaviour, highlighting the consequences of such errors on reactive power flow levels. This important result points to the need for accurate WEC modeling, while also showing the folly of catering for excessive reactive power peaks.

With the fast development of wireless mobile communication networks, the 4th and 5th-generation wireless mobile communication systems are now applied in different fields. They can be efficiently used in land–air wireless communication to provide wireless Inter-net services for passengers on civilian aircrafts. The frequency offset estimation (FOE) is an important issue in land–air wireless communication environment. Accordingly, a novel joint FOE scheme based on the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing system is pro-posed in this paper. Firstly, this paper proposes a new FOE algorithm based on the peak power ratio (PPR) on the physical random-access channel (PRACH). Secondly, a joint FOE scheme is proposed, which uses the conventional FOE based on the physical uplink shared channel and the proposed PPR FOE based on PRACH. The proposed joint FOE scheme can extend the range of FOE from [−1000 Hz, 1000 Hz] to [−1875 Hz, 1875 Hz] and has better performance than the proposed PPR FOE method and the conventional FOE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]