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In vitro models are invaluable tools for deconstructing the biological complexity of the periodontal ligament (PDL). Model systems that closely reproduce the 3-dimensional (3D) configuration of cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions in native tissue can deliver physiologically relevant insights. However, 3D models of the PDL that incorporate mechanical loading are currently lacking. Hence, we developed a model where periodontal tissue constructs (PTCs) are made by casting PDL cells in a collagen gel suspended between a pair of slender, silicone posts for magnetic tensile loading. Specifically, one of the posts was rigid and the other was flexible with a magnet embedded in its tip so that PTCs could be subjected to tensile loading with an external magnet. Additionally, the deflection of the flexible post could be used to measure the contractile force of PDL cells in the PTCs. Prior to tensile loading, second harmonics generation analysis of collagen fibers in PTCs revealed that incorporation of PDL cells resulted in collagen remodeling. Biomechanical testing of PTCs by tensile loading revealed an elastic response at 4 h, permanent deformation by 1 d, and creep elongation by 1 wk. Subsequently, contractile forces of PDL cells were substantially lower for PTCs under tensile loading. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that tensile loading caused PDL cells to increase in number, express higher levels of F-actin and α–smooth muscle actin, and become aligned to the tensile axis. Second harmonics generation analysis indicated that collagen fibers in PTCs progressively remodeled over time with tensile loading. Gene expression analysis also confirmed tension-mediated upregulation of the F-actin/Rho pathway and osteogenic genes. Our model is novel in demonstrating the mechanobiological behavior that results in cell-mediated remodeling of the PDL tissue in a 3D context. Hence, it can be a valuable tool to develop therapeutics for periodontitis, periodontal regeneration, and orthodontics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The finite element method is a valuable method for understanding the biomechanics of aligners. • Trimming line design of orthodontic aligners has a key role in force transmission. • Extended straight aligner trimming line improves control of tooth movement. • Properly designed thin aligners offer enhanced efficiency and comfort. • Aligners present a higher likelihood of uncontrolled tipping than bodily movement. A finite element model was used to investigate the effect of different designs and thicknesses of orthodontic aligner margins on their biomechanical behavior. A three-dimensional data set of an upper jaw was imported into the 3-matic software. The upper right central incisor tooth (Tooth 11) was separated from the remaining model, and its periodontal ligament and surrounding bone were designed. Aligners were designed with four different trimming lines (scalloped, straight, scalloped extended, straight extended), each with four different thicknesses (0.3, 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6 mm). The models were imported into a finite element package (Marc/Mentat). A linear elastic constitutive material model was applied. A facial 0.2 mm bodily malalignment of tooth 11 was simulated. The maximum resultant force was in the range of 1.0 N to 2.2 N. The straight trimming designs deliver higher resultant forces compared with scalloped trimming designs. Increasing the aligner thickness and/or extending the aligner edge beyond the gingival line leads to an increase in the resultant force. All designs showed an uneven distribution of the normal contact forces over the tooth surface with a predominant concentration toward the cervical third and distal third, particularly with the extended trimming designs. All designs showed uncontrolled tipping of the tooth. Based on the current model outcomes, the use of a straight extended trimming line design for aligners is favored because of its positive impact on force distribution and, consequently, the control of tooth movement. These findings provide aligner companies and orthodontists a valuable biomechanical evidence and guidance to enhance control over tooth movement and therefore optimize treatment outcomes. This can be achieved by trimming the edges of aligners with a straight extended design and selecting the appropriate aligner thickness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The current study aims to explore the stress distribution along the roots of palatally positioned maxillary canines during orthodontic movement using a novel computational spring model. Methods: An experimental analysis based on the spring-model was utilized to calculate Orthodontic Tooth Movement (OTM) and the resulting stresses. Two sets of experiments were conducted: the first set compared stresses on a canine resulting from a single force and a force-couple, while the second set simulated canines' traction during instantaneous movement with varying original tooth angulations using different off-the-shelf orthodontic coils. In total, 130 simulations were performed. Results: The model provided estimated stress distribution throughout the OTM with the expected movements, producing consistent outcomes with prior findings. In the first set of experiments, the force couple exhibited an average stress of 43 KPa, while a single force yielded 51 KPa on average. The maximum stress observed was 63 KPa for the force couple and 130 KPa for a single force. Note that the stress distribution attributed to the force couple was alleviated in comparison to the stress distribution caused by a single force. Force couples generated higher average stress. In the second experiment, the application of an occlusally-directed inclined force led to reduced stress levels overall. For instance, when a 200 g distal force was exerted on the canine, it generated an average stress of 20 KPa, whereas applying a force of the same magnitude in an occlusal-distal direction resulted in a lower average stress of 15.5 KPa. Conclusions: Lower average stress levels when using a force couple indicate that larger loads might be safely applied for rotational movements. Given that areas under maximal stress are prone to damage, orthodontic treatment planning should carefully consider stress distribution to minimize potential harm in these high-stress zones. The results also suggest that force couples enable the use of stronger forces than a single force. Additionally, it is advisable to extrude the tooth initially before starting any horizontal movement towards the target position. Clinical significance: Given that orthodontic treatment often relies on virtual planning, incorporating a variety of methods to evaluate stress distribution within the treatment strategy could offer numerous benefits. Such an approach holds the potential to improve both the efficiency and safety of orthodontic treatments, especially in complex cases that require the application of high forces.

In recent days, cryptographic algorithm hardware is the need of IoT devices. However, limited resources demand an efficient approach towards designing the said cryptographic algorithm hardware. This paper introduces the PUF (Physical Unclonable Function) based approach to design the key generator used in cryptographic algorithm hardware to minimize the area and power consumption. A customizable key generation unit has been introduced in the form of a Standard Synchronization Unit (SSU) to match the desired key size requirements. The results were generated with PUF based designs from literature and compared with the proposed PDL (Programmable Delay Logic) PUF. All parameters considered, a proposed PDL PUF key generator is an efficient option that can be integrated with an Advanced Encryption System (AES) as the key generator. The modified AES design result was compared with the literature's results on the Xilinx Virtex XC7VX690T platform. The modified AES is an efficient solution with 12.10% less area consumption and a 44.51% increase in throughput. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment paradigm of many cancers, however, its effectiveness in prostate cancer patients is still under question. In the present systematic review and meta-analysis, we sought for assessing the efficacy and safety of Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in patients with prostate cancer. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and EMBASE databases were searched on Aguste 19, 2022. Thirty five studies met the eligibility criteria. The median overall survival (mOS) of all treatments was 14.1 months, with the longest and shortest mOS was seen among patients who received anti-CTLA-4 monotherapy and anti-PD-1/PD-L1+anti-CTLA-4 regimen at 24.9 and 9.2 months, respectively. Noteworthy, all types of adverse events had the lowest incidence in the anti-PD-1/PD-L1 monotherapy group. Considering the ICI monotherapy regimens, we found that fatigue, diarrhea, and infusion reaction had the highest incidence rates. Future studies evaluating the efficacy and safety of novel combination therapies with ICIs are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Psychodrama und Soziometrie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Port-Wine Stains are a congenital vascular malformation that affect 0.3–0.5% of newborns. It is a benign capillary malformation that commonly occurs on the head and neck. It is formed by progressive dilation of the post-capillary venules, and as the patient ages it may be associated with hypertrophy and nodularity which can lead to cosmetic disfigurement and psychological aggravation. There are many choices of treatment such as cryosurgery, cosmetic tattooing, and dermabrasion, amongst others. The treatment of choice is pulse dye laser (PDL) because it is both effective and safe to use. In darker skin types (Fitzpatrick skin types IV–VI), treatment is more difficult. Caution when treating darker skin types with PDL comes from the fact that there is an inverse correlation between vessel specificity of the PDL and skin pigmentation. In this review, we will be reviewing the literature and discussing the manuscripts that describe the treatment of PWS on patients with fitzpatrick skin type IV–VI. Authors searched the PubMed Medline in the English language from database inception through December 2022 for eligible articles. The keywords searched included "PDL," "pulse dye laser," "skin of color," "Fitzpatrick skin types IV–VI," "fitzpatrick," "pigmented skin," "Port-wine stain," "PWS", and "pulse dye laser." The articles that were included discussed PDL in the treatment of PWS in patients of skin of color. Any additional similar articles that were cited in our search were also included. Articles that were excluded did not discuss Fitzpatrick skin types IV–VI, darker skin type, or PDL. Data collected from each article included the number of participants, Fitzpatrick skin type, age, and laser parameters. There were 120 articles that were reviewed from our search and a total of nine articles met inclusion criteria with 241 patients that were considered Fitzpatrick skin type IV–VI. The patients were of a wide range of ages from 1 month to 74 years old. In our review, patients who are treated at a younger age had better results than when treated at an older age. The results show that darker skin individuals have better results when treated at a younger age compared to adults, they can experience complete resolution. Adults who were treated saw a variation of results, from improvements in the appearance to hyperpigmentation/hypopigmentation or scarring of the treated area. Patients who are Fitzpatrick skin type IV–VI are at higher risk of adverse events when treated with PDL for PWS when compared to patients of other skin types. Studies show that PDL can be beneficial for PWS in patients of skin of color; however, there are risks of hyperpigmentation, hypopigmentation, and scarring that are important to take into consideration when treating these patients. Further research is warranted to improve the understanding of PDL for PWS in patients of skin of color. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment paradigm of many cancers, however, its effectiveness in prostate cancer patients is still under question. In the present systematic review and meta-analysis, we sought for assessing the efficacy and safety of Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in patients with prostate cancer. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and EMBASE databases were searched on Aguste 19, 2022. Thirty five studies met the eligibility criteria. The median overall survival (mOS) of all treatments was 14.1 months, with the longest and shortest mOS was seen among patients who received anti-CTLA-4 monotherapy and anti-PD-1/PD-L1+anti-CTLA-4 regimen at 24.9 and 9.2 months, respectively. Noteworthy, all types of adverse events had the lowest incidence in the anti-PD-1/PD-L1 monotherapy group. Considering the ICI monotherapy regimens, we found that fatigue, diarrhea, and infusion reaction had the highest incidence rates. Future studies evaluating the efficacy and safety of novel combination therapies with ICIs are warranted.

Objective To evaluate efficacy of combination of intralesional triamcinolone with PDL in patients with keloid. Methods This is a cross-sectional observational study on patients with keloid referring to Afzalipour hospital during five years. Efficacy of treatment was evaluated by physician's and patients' global assessment. PDL was done in monthly interval with single pulse, no overlapping, 5-10 mm spot size, 0.5-6 ms pulse duration and fluence of 6-10 j/cm2. Intralesional triamcinolone was injected (0.1cc in each one cm2, maximum 2cc) after laser with concentration from 10-40 mg/ml. Results Eighty-two patients (range 2-65 years) with keloid were treated with mean number of 4.05±0.51 treatment sessions (range 2-10). Side effects included purpura, hyperpigmentation, blister, crust formation, persistent erythema and hypopigmentation. Patients were mainly satisfied or very satisfied (73.1%) and physician evaluation demonstrated more than 50% improvement in 70.7% of cases. There was no significant correlation between response rate with demographic features of the patients, site of the lesions or treatment protocol. Conclusion In the current study, nearly third-quarter of the patients demonstrated more than 50% improvement and were satisfied or very satisfied with treatment results. Males, younger patients and lighter skin types showed better outcome. Furthermore, more number of treatment sessions and higher fluence accompanied with better results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A gossip protocol is a procedure for sharing secrets in a network. The basic action in a gossip protocol is a pairwise message exchange (telephone call) wherein the calling agents exchange all the secrets they know. An agent who knows all secrets is an expert. The usual termination condition is that all agents are experts. Instead, we explore protocols wherein the termination condition is that all agents know that all agents are experts. We call such agents super experts. We also investigate gossip protocols that are common knowledge among the agents. Additionally, we model that agents who are super experts do not make and do not answer calls, and that this is common knowledge. We investigate conditions under which protocols terminate, both in the synchronous case, where there is a global clock, and in the asynchronous case, where there is not. We show that a commonly known protocol with engaged agents may terminate faster than the same commonly known protocol without engaged agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various dental resin materials are available for the fabrication of temporary restorations using modern additive printing methods. Albeit these materials are placed for several months in intimate contact with dental hard and soft tissues, including the gingival crevice, there exists only insufficient evidence on the biocompatibility of these materials. This in vitro study aimed to delineate the biocompatibility of 3D printable materials on periodontal ligament cells (PDL-hTERTs). Samples of four dental resin materials for additive fabrication of temporary restorations using 3D printing (MFH, Nextdent; GC Temp, GC; Freeprint temp, Detax; 3Delta temp, Deltamed), one material for subtractive fabrication (Grandio disc, Voco) and one conventional temporary material (Luxatemp, DMG) were prepared with a standardized size according to the manufacturer's instructions. Human PDL-hTERTs were exposed to resin specimens or eluates of the material for 1, 2, 3, 6 and 9 days. For determination of cell viability, XTT assays were performed. In addition, the expression of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 6 and 8 (IL-6 and 8) was assessed in the supernatants with ELISA. Cell viability and the expression of IL-6 and 8 in presence of the resin material or their eluates was compared with untreated controls. Immunofluorescence staining for IL-6 and IL-8, as well as scanning electron microscopy of the discs after culturing, were performed. Differences between groups were analyzed with Student´s t-test for unpaired samples. Compared to untreated control samples, the exposure against the resin specimen induced strong reduction of cell viability in case of the conventional material Luxatemp (p < 0.001) and the additive material 3Delta temp (p < 0.001) irrespective of the observation period. On the contrary, the presence of eluates of the various materials induced only minor changes in cell viability. Considering IL-6 (day 2: p = 0.001; day 6 and 9: p < 0.001) and IL-8 (day 1: p = 0.001; day 2, 3, 6, 9: p < 0.001) their expression was strongly reduced in presence of the eluate of Luxatemp. Except for IL-6 at day 1 and 6 also the material 3Delta temp caused significant reduction of both proinflammatory mediators at any time point. The conventional material Luxatemp and the additive material 3Delta temp appear to severely affect cell viability when in direct contact with PDL-hTERTs. The other tested materials of this new category of additive materials and the subtractive material Grandio seem to induce only minor changes in direct contact with these cells. Therefore, they could serve as a viable alternative in the fabrication of temporary restorations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a novel secure image signal transmission scheme was proposed in wireless systems, in which the poly-polarization filtering and the orthogonal matrix (PPF-OM) were combined to protect the image signal and eliminate the polarization dependent loss (PDL) at the same time, which was caused by the non-ideal wireless channel. This scheme divided the image information sequence into two parts in order to modulate and reshape the results into symbol matrices with the same size. Then, two sets of polarization states (PSs) and orthogonal matrices (OMs) were designed to process the symbols in order to enhance information protection and eliminate the PDL. Legitimate users were able to apply the shared PSs and OMs, step by step, so the information could be recovered. However, for eavesdroppers, the received signals were random symbols that were difficult to demodulate. Then, the bit error rate and the secrecy rate were derived to evaluate the performance of the PPF-OM scheme. Finally, the simulations demonstrated the superior performance of the PPF-OM scheme for enhancing the information security and eliminating the PDL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper will provide a brief overview of the unique multiferroic material Bismuth ferrite (BFO). Considering that Bismuth ferrite is a unique material which possesses both ferroelectric and magnetic properties at room temperature, the uniqueness of Bismuth ferrite material will be discussed. Fundamental properties of the material including electrical and ferromagnetic properties also will be mentioned in this paper. Electrical properties include characterization of basic parameters considering the electrical resistivity and leakage current. Ferromagnetic properties involve the description of magnetic hysteresis characterization. Bismuth ferrite can be fabricated in a different form. The common forms will be mentioned and include powder, thin films and nanostructures. The most popular method of producing thin films based on BFO materials will be described and compared. Finally, the perspectives and potential applications of the material will be highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cellular and molecular mechanisms of orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) are not yet fully understood, partly due to the lack of dynamical datasets within the same subject. Inflammation and calcification are two main processes during OTM. Given the high sensitivity and specificity of [68Ga]Ga-Pentixafor and Sodium [18F]Fluoride (Na[18F]F) for inflammation and calcification, respectively, the aim of this study is to assess their ability to identify and monitor the dynamics of OTM in an established mouse model. To monitor the processes during OTM in real time, animals were scanned using a small animal PET/CT during week 1, 3, and 5 post-implantation, with [68Ga]Ga-Pentixafor and Na[18F]F. Both tracers showed an increased uptake in the region of interest compared to the control. For [68Ga]Ga-Pentixafor, an increased uptake was observed within the 5-week trial, suggesting the continuous presence of inflammatory markers. Na[18F]F showed an increased uptake during the trial, indicating an intensification of bone remodelling. Interim and end-of-experiment histological assessments visualised increased amounts of chemokine receptor CXCR4 and TRAP-positive cells in the periodontal ligament on the compression side. This approach establishes the first in vivo model for periodontal remodelling during OTM, which efficiently detects and monitors the intricate dynamics of periodontal ligament. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a thorough analysis of two distinct Physically Unclonable Functions (PUF), namely ROPUF (Ring oscillator-based PUF) and RS-LPUF (RS Latch-based PUF), prototyped on FPGA. It is shown that the implemented PUFs possess significantly enhanced performancewhen compared to the state of the art. It is also identified that the enhancements are achieved through the incorporation of Programmable Delay Lines of FPGA Lookup Tables, the Temporal Majority Voting (TMV) scheme, and placed macro techniques for routing and placements of PUF units. The prototypes developed on Xilinx Artix-7 FPGAs are used for validation over the rated temperature range of 0-85°C with ±5% variation in the supply voltage. The proposed schemes when evaluated experimentally also achieve good uniformity, bit-aliasing, uniqueness, and reliability. Finally, it is shown that the proposed designs outperform the existing conventional PUFs in the area and speed tradeoff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Until now, the management of psoriatic nails has not been satisfactory. Pulsed dye laser (PDL) as well as intense pulsed light (IPL) have been evaluated separately for the management of psoriatic nails and proved to be effective. Aim This study aimed to measure and compare the usefulness as well as the safety of intense pulsed light versus pulsed dye laser for the management of psoriatic nails. Methods The psoriatic fingernails of 20 patients were managed using intense pulsed light on one hand and pulsed dye laser on the other. Two to three psoriatic nails were left without treatment as controls. The therapeutic sessions were conducted monthly for a period of 6 months. Evaluation of the clinical outcomes was assessed by a blinded dermatologist depending on the total, nail bed, nail matrix, modified and target NAPSI scores. Patient global assessment, in addition to Nail Psoriasis Quality of Life (NPQL10), was performed to assess the response to the therapy. Results A significant reduction in the total, target and modified NAPSI scores from baseline to the end of the study was detected, but no significant differences were detected between the two treatments. The responses of the nail matrix and bed lesions to both modalities were nearly the same. All patients stated that the two devices were efficient and improved their quality of life. The intense pulsed light treatment was more painful. Complete clearance of nail lesions was not obtained. Limitations Lack of long-term follow-up of cases and preset laser parameters were the major limitations of this study. Conclusion Intense pulsed light, like pulsed dye laser, is safe and efficient in treating nail psoriasis; however, the former is more painful. Dermoscopy had an additive function in analysing the response of nail psoriasis to therapy.

The phenomenon of having a word on the tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) is an inherent psychological experience that emerges from an unsuccessful cognitive effort aimed at finding the right word to express a specific thought. From a Vygotskian perspective, this can be understood as a dynamic relationship between psychological processes that evolves over time, especially between thought and language, with these functions at times intersecting and later bifurcating — even aligning in parallel — during microgenetic human development. Following Vygotsky's postulates, in this article we explore the TOT experience as an episodic gap between thought and language during daily psychological activity. Then, the notion of metacognition in psychology is adjunctly revisited and reviewed. Based on theoretical developments on the notion of feeling-of-knowing, the TOT experience and metacognition are reframed as affective phenomena and the accuracy of the traditional interpretation of metacognition as a cognitive-intellectual monitoring system is put into question. Finally, the article discusses possible contributions the TOT phenomenon and the feeling-of-knowing might offer to educational practices and processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Purpose Many adult orthodontic patients suffer from periodontitis, which is caused by oral pathogens such as the gram-negative Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Agac). Like orthodontic tooth movement, periodontitis is associated with inflammation and alveolar bone remodelling thereby affecting orthodontic treatment. Interactions of both processes, however, are not sufficiently explored, particularly with regard to oxidative stress. Methods After preincubation with Agac lysate for 24 h periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLF) were either stretched or compressed for further 48 h simulating orthodontic forces in vitro. We analysed the expression of genes and proteins involved in the formation of reactive oxygen species (NOX-4, ROS) and nitric oxide (NOS-2), inflammation (TNF, IL-6, PTGS-2) and bone remodelling (OPG, RANKL). Results Agac lysate elevated the expression of NOX-4, NOS-2, inflammatory IL-6 and PTGS-2 and the bone-remodelling RANKL/OPG ratio during compressive, but not tensile mechanical strain. Agac lysate stimulated pressure-induced inflammatory signalling, whereas surprisingly ROS formation was reduced. Pressure-induced downregulation of OPG expression was inhibited by Agac lysate. Conclusions Agac lysate impact on the expression of genes and proteins involved in inflammation and bone remodelling as well as ROS formation, when PDLF were subjected to mechanical forces occurring during orthodontic tooth movement.

The majority of dental, periodontal, and craniofacial tissues are derived from the neural crest cells and ectoderm. Neural crest stem cells are pluripotent, capable of differentiating into a variety of cells. These cells can include osteoblasts, odontoblasts, cementoblasts, chondroblasts, and fibroblasts, which are responsible for forming some of the tissues of the oral and craniofacial complex. The hard tissue forming cells deposit a matrix composed of collagen and non-collagenous proteins (NCPs) that later undergoes mineralization. The NCPs play a role in the mineralization of collagen. One such category of NCPs is the small integrin-binding ligand, the N-linked glycoprotein (SIBLING) family of proteins. This family is composed of dentin sialophosphosprotein (DSPP), osteopontin (OPN), dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1), bone sialoprotein (BSP), and matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE). The SIBLING family is known to have regulatory effects in the mineralization process of collagen fibers and the maturation of hydroxyapatite crystals. It is well established that SIBLING proteins have critical roles in tooth development. Recent literature has described the expression and role of SIBLING proteins in other areas of the oral and craniofacial complex as well. The objective of the present literature review is to summarize and discuss the different roles the SIBLING proteins play in the development of dental, periodontal, and craniofacial tissues.

Despite people's concern for the environment, there are psychological barriers that make it difficult to adopt a pro-environmental lifestyle, including difficulties in estimating the environmental impact of behaviours. In a first study (n = 374), we see that, when estimating the environmental impact of our own behaviours, we believe that pro-environmental actions can offset the environmental impact of those that are harmful to the environment. In addition, we believe that others have a greater impact. A second study (n = 497) finds that people who believe they have a lower impact on the environment than others and less than should be deemed acceptable display less intent to behave pro-environmentally. These findings highlight the difficulty people face in knowing the environmental consequences of their own behaviour, as well as the importance of perceptions regarding others' behaviours in explaining the intent to behave pro-environmentally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rosacea is a chronic cutaneous disorder affecting primarily the face, characterized by erythema, transient or persistent, telangiectasia, and inflammatory lesions including papulo‐pustules and swelling. The essential component of the disease is the persistent erythema of facial skin. Episodes of flushing (acute‐subacute intermittent vasodilation) are common. Swelling and erythema of the nose along with dilatation of the pilosebaceous poral orifices, known as rhinophyma, can be noted in chronic cases. Rosacea affects up to 10% of the world population and is especially noted in fair‐skinned individuals aged 35–50. Women are affected more often than men. Several treatment modalities including topical medications, systemic drugs, lasers, and light‐based therapies have been used for the management of rosacea with variable results. Topical medications such as azelaic acid, metronidazole, and sulfacetamide/sulfur, oral antibiotics such as tetracyclines, and oral retinoids alone or, most commonly, in combination form the mainstay of treatment. Light therapies such as intense pulsed light and pulsed dye laser are best used for the erythemato‐telangiectatic type. Topical brimonidine, oxymetazoline, ivermectin, tacrolimus, pimecrolimus, low‐dose modified‐release tetracyclines and botulinum toxin are the new additions to the therapeutic armamentarium. This article provides a comprehensive review of the various therapies used for rosacea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Psychodrama und Soziometrie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: The purpose of this prospective randomized study was to assess using a periodontal ligament (PDL) injection as an aide to decrease palatal infiltration pain.Methods: A total of 133 subjects randomly received a PDL injection and alternative palatal infiltration or a mock PDL injection and conventional palatal infiltration at 2 separate appointments. PDL injection was given in the mid-palatal sulcus of the maxillary first molar. Mock PDL injection consisted of only needle insertion. All subjects then received a palatal infiltration administered into the blanched gingival tissue 3 mm (alternative palatal infiltration) or 7 mm (conventional palatal infiltration) from the gingival collar. Subjects recorded needle insertion and solution deposition pain using a Heft-Parker visual analog scale (VAS).Results: The combined PDL injection and alternative palatal infiltration had significantly decreased mean VAS ratings for needle insertion and solution deposition pain (P < .0001). Incidence of moderate/severe pain for needle insertion and solution deposition was reduced from 65% to 1% and from 65% to 2%, respectively.Conclusion: Providing PDL anesthesia into the mid-palatal sulcus of the maxillary first molar and then administering an alternative palatal infiltration into the blanched collar around the PDL molar site led to significant reductions in needle insertion and solution deposition pain compared with a mock PDL and conventional palatal infiltration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess long‐term outcomes of ALA‐PDT in treating recalcitrant laryngeal leukoplakia. Study design: Retrospective Case‐Control. Methods: We reviewed all laryngeal leukoplakia patients treated with ALA‐PDT compared with angiolytic laser treatment alone (585 nm PDL or 532 nm KTP laser) from 2000 to 2019. Patients with laryngeal cancer (or a history of laryngeal cancer), leukoplakia previously treated with radiation and no pathologic report were excluded. Patient demographics, procedure details and outcomes were examined including histopathologic diagnosis, procedures performed, ALA usage, recurrence of leukoplakia and the development of cancer. Results: We identified 132 patients with laryngeal leukoplakia: 42 were treated with ALA‐PDT and 90 were treated with an angiolytic laser alone (Laser group). The proportion of cases of high‐grade dysplasia was 57.1% in the ALA‐PDT group compared to 32.2% in the Laser group. In high‐grade dysplasia cases, there was a statistically significant better recurrence‐free survival (RFS) at 12 months and 60 months in those who underwent ALA‐PDT 71.4% and 7.1% vs Laser 25% and 0% (p =.01). However, for overall groups, there was no difference in RFS (p =.25). Voice outcomes (patient subjective report) improved or were stable in 75% of subjects with no serious side effects reported. Conclusion: ALA‐PDT for recalcitrant and high‐grade dysplasia is highly effective with improved recurrence‐free survival compared to laser alone. ALA‐PDT may be an appropriate therapy in patients who have failed prior angiolytic laser alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem description language (PDL) has been developed. The main architectural features of the PDL language are considered. The advantages of using PDL are discussed. The rules for creating descriptions in PDL are described. A universal software configurator for the Web server security software package is considered. Here is an example of testing PDL using a translator that converts the task description to the executable Perl code. The structure of the PDL task description translator in Perl (analysis phase and synthesis phase) is given. The features of this translator at the synthesis stage [13-15, 24, 26, 27] are described. There are 3 modes of operation at the synthesis phase: 1. If the task description does not specify any of the action operators (a special class of operators in the PDL). 2. If the description contains at least one action operator and you need to search the algorithm in the database. 3. If the required module is not found in the algorithm bank under the same conditions as in point 2. In the first case, primitives are used. The second one searches for modules in the algorithm bank. In the 3rd case, the required module must be partially written by the programmer himself. The procedure for generating a web server security software package in Perl using the PDL task description is considered. Examples are given and the reasons for reducing the number of program errors when using the PDL translator in Perl are described.

Purpose: The stresses and deformations in the periodontal ligament (PDL) under the realistic kinetic loading of the jaw system, i.e., chewing, are difficult to be determined numerically as the mechanical properties of the PDL is variably present in different finite element (FE) models. This study was aimed to conduct a dynamic finite element (FE) simulation to investigate the role of the PDL (PDL) material models in the induced stresses and deformations using a simplified patient-specific FE model of a human jaw system. Methods: To do that, a realistic kinetic loading of chewing was applied to the incisor point, contralateral, and ipsilateral condyles, through the experimentally proven trajectory approach. Three different material models, including the elasto-plastic, hyperelastic, and viscoelastic, were assigned to the PDL, and the resulted stresses of the tooth FE model were computed and compared. Results: The results revealed the highest von Mises stress of 620.14 kPa and the lowest deformation of 0.16 mm in the PDL when using the hyperelastic model. The concentration of the stress in the elastoplastic and viscoelastic models was in the mid-root and apex of the PDL, while for the hyperelastic model, it was concentrated in the cervical margin. The highest deformation in the PDL regardless of the employed material model was located in the caudal direction of the tooth. The viscoelastic PDL absorbed the transmitted energy from the dentine and led to lower stress in the cancellous bone compared to the elastoplastic and hyperelastic material models. Conclusion: These results have implications not only for understanding the stresses and deformations in the PDL under chewing but also for providing comprehensive information for the medical and biomechanical experts in regard of the role of the material models being used to address the mechanical behavior of the PDL in other components of the tooth.

The authors presented the highest standards of mandibular teeth anesthesia used in dentistry. Different variants of anesthesia, depending on the group membership of the tooth, the expected duration of the intervention and nosology are presented. The algorithm of anesthesia for mandibular block failure is proposed. Described the indications for the use of periodontal ligament and intraseptal anesthesia methods. Recommendations to the choice of the injection needle and dosage of the anesthetic are given.

In this paper, a novel secure image signal transmission scheme was proposed in wireless systems, in which the poly-polarization filtering and the orthogonal matrix (PPF-OM) were combined to protect the image signal and eliminate the polarization dependent loss (PDL) at the same time, which was caused by the non-ideal wireless channel. This scheme divided the image information sequence into two parts in order to modulate and reshape the results into symbol matrices with the same size. Then, two sets of polarization states (PSs) and orthogonal matrices (OMs) were designed to process the symbols in order to enhance information protection and eliminate the PDL. Legitimate users were able to apply the shared PSs and OMs, step by step, so the information could be recovered. However, for eavesdroppers, the received signals were random symbols that were difficult to demodulate. Then, the bit error rate and the secrecy rate were derived to evaluate the performance of the PPF-OM scheme. Finally, the simulations demonstrated the superior performance of the PPF-OM scheme for enhancing the information security and eliminating the PDL.

Objectives: The current study aims to explore the stress distribution along the roots of palatally positioned maxillary canines during orthodontic movement using a novel computational spring model., Methods: An experimental analysis based on the spring-model was utilized to calculate Orthodontic Tooth Movement (OTM) and the resulting stresses. Two sets of experiments were conducted: the first set compared stresses on a canine resulting from a single force and a force-couple, while the second set simulated canines' traction during instantaneous movement with varying original tooth angulations using different off-the-shelf orthodontic coils. In total, 130 simulations were performed., Results: The model provided estimated stress distribution throughout the OTM with the expected movements, producing consistent outcomes with prior findings. In the first set of experiments, the force couple exhibited an average stress of 43 KPa, while a single force yielded 51 KPa on average. The maximum stress observed was 63 KPa for the force couple and 130 KPa for a single force. Note that the stress distribution attributed to the force couple was alleviated in comparison to the stress distribution caused by a single force. Force couples generated higher average stress. In the second experiment, the application of an occlusally-directed inclined force led to reduced stress levels overall. For instance, when a 200 g distal force was exerted on the canine, it generated an average stress of 20 KPa, whereas applying a force of the same magnitude in an occlusal-distal direction resulted in a lower average stress of 15.5 KPa., Conclusions: Lower average stress levels when using a force couple indicate that larger loads might be safely applied for rotational movements. Given that areas under maximal stress are prone to damage, orthodontic treatment planning should carefully consider stress distribution to minimize potential harm in these high-stress zones. The results also suggest that force couples enable the use of stronger forces than a single force. Additionally, it is advisable to extrude the tooth initially before starting any horizontal movement towards the target position., Clinical Significance: Given that orthodontic treatment often relies on virtual planning, incorporating a variety of methods to evaluate stress distribution within the treatment strategy could offer numerous benefits. Such an approach holds the potential to improve both the efficiency and safety of orthodontic treatments, especially in complex cases that require the application of high forces., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors.)

This paper will provide a brief overview of the unique multiferroic material Bismuth ferrite (BFO). Considering that Bismuth ferrite is a unique material which possesses both ferroelectric and magnetic properties at room temperature, the uniqueness of Bismuth ferrite material will be discussed. Fundamental properties of the material including electrical and ferromagnetic properties also will be mentioned in this paper. Electrical properties include characterization of basic parameters considering the electrical resistivity and leakage current. Ferromagnetic properties involve the description of magnetic hysteresis characterization. Bismuth ferrite can be fabricated in a different form. The common forms will be mentioned and include powder, thin films and nanostructures. The most popular method of producing thin films based on BFO materials will be described and compared. Finally, the perspectives and potential applications of the material will be highlighted.

Introduction: The periodontal ligament (PDL) plays an important role in orthodontic tooth movement; however, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. We have previously reported that the Mohawk homeobox (Mkx), a tendon-specific transcription factor, is expressed in the PDL and regulates its homeostasis. Materials and methods: In the present study, we examined the role of Mkx in orthodontic tooth movement via bone remodeling induced by mechanical stimulation in Mkx-deficient rats, which are widely used as experimental animals for orthodontic force application. Orthodontic tooth movement of the maxillary first molar was performed in 7-week-old male Mkx-deficient rats (n = 4) and wild-type Wistar rats (n = 4) using coil springs for 14 days. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining were performed to evaluate morphological changes and osteoclasts. Furthermore, changes in the expression of receptor activator nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) were demonstrated using immunostaining. Results: The amount of tooth movement was significantly lower in Mkx-deficient rats than in wild-type rats. The number of TRAP-positive cells was suppressed in Mkx-deficient rats on the compression side. Conclusion: Orthodontic tooth movement experiments in Mkx-deficient rats suggested that Mkx is involved in osteoclast induction at the alveolar bone surface on the compression side. This study reveals the possibility that Mkx plays a mechanosensory role in orthodontic tooth movement by inducing RANKL expression and osteoclastogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Intralesional injection of corticosteroid (ILIS) and pulsed-dye laser (PDL) have been used in nail psoriasis treatment with variable outcomes.Objective: We sought to compare the efficacy of ILIS to PDL for the treatment of psoriatic fingernails using a dermoscope in the assessment and follow-up.Methods: This study included 30 patients with bilateral nail psoriasis. The fingernails of one hand were treated with PDL, whereas ILIS was used to treat the fingernails of the other hand. One psoriatic nail was left alone as a control. Every patient received four treatment sessions once every month. Efficacy was recorded clinically using the Nail Psoriasis Severity Index (NAPSI) and by a dermoscope before treatment (baseline) and at eight, 24, and 36 weeks after treatment.Results: The assessment by NAPSI revealed improvements of 22.24% and 24.11% occurred in the laser group and the intralesional steroid group, respectively. Also, the dermoscopic assessments revealed an improvement of 18.33% in the laser group versus that of 21.69% in the ILES. No significant difference was found between the two groups.Conclusion: Both PDL and ILIS are considered safe treatments for nail psoriasis, yielding nearly equal results. The dermoscope is a reliable tool for the diagnosis and follow-up of nail psoriasis treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Many adult orthodontic patients suffer from periodontitis, which is caused by oral pathogens such as the gram-negative Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Agac). Like orthodontic tooth movement, periodontitis is associated with inflammation and alveolar bone remodelling thereby affecting orthodontic treatment. Interactions of both processes, however, are not sufficiently explored, particularly with regard to oxidative stress. Methods: After preincubation with Agac lysate for 24 h periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLF) were either stretched or compressed for further 48 h simulating orthodontic forces in vitro. We analysed the expression of genes and proteins involved in the formation of reactive oxygen species (NOX-4, ROS) and nitric oxide (NOS-2), inflammation (TNF, IL-6, PTGS-2) and bone remodelling (OPG, RANKL). Results: Agac lysate elevated the expression of NOX-4, NOS-2, inflammatory IL-6 and PTGS-2 and the bone-remodelling RANKL/OPG ratio during compressive, but not tensile mechanical strain. Agac lysate stimulated pressure-induced inflammatory signalling, whereas surprisingly ROS formation was reduced. Pressure-induced downregulation of OPG expression was inhibited by Agac lysate. Conclusions: Agac lysate impact on the expression of genes and proteins involved in inflammation and bone remodelling as well as ROS formation, when PDLF were subjected to mechanical forces occurring during orthodontic tooth movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Port Wine Stain (PWS) is only partially and superficially treated with the Pulsed dye laser (PDL) because of its limited depth of penetration. The 1064-nm long pulsed Nd:YAG laser has greater depth of penetration and is used to treat deeper vessels. The dual sequential wavelength laser (DSWL) which combines PDL/Nd:YAG (595/1064 nm) can be more effective for the treatment of deeper, nodular portwine stains due to its synergistic effect. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of DSWL in the treatment of portwine stains after five treatment sessions. Materials and Methods: A total of 11 patients with PWS lesions on the head and neck, who were treated with DSWL for at least five sittings at monthly interval were included in this study. The assessment of the therapeutic response and grading of improvement was done with a scale of 0 to 4 by comparing the photographs taken before treatment and after 5 sittings of laser treatment. Results: Out of the 11 patients, 5 patients (45.45%) had more than 70% improvement. Six out of eleven patients (54.54%) had 40 to 70% improvement at the end of five sittings with no adverse effects including purpura. Conclusion: Dual Sequential Wavelength Laser is a good modality of treatment for portwine stains. It has enhanced penetration and effective clearance of thicker, nodular, recalcitrant lesions of PWS. DSWL is safe and efficacious and it can be recommended as a therapeutic modality for portwine stains.

Aim: We aimed to identify a key molecule that maintains periodontal tissue homeostasis during biophysical force‐induced tooth movement (BTM) by orchestrating alveolar bone (AB) remodelling. Materials and Methods: Differential display‐PCR was performed to identify key molecules for BTM in rats. To investigate the localization and expression of the identified molecules, immunofluorescence, real‐time RT‐PCR and Western blotting were performed in rats and human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells. Functional test and micro‐CT analysis were performed to examine the in vivo effects of the identified molecules on BTM. Results: Secretory leucocyte peptidase inhibitor (SLPI) in the PDL was revealed as a key molecule for BTM‐induced AB remodelling. SLPI was enhanced in the PDL under both compression and tension, and downregulated by an adenyl cyclases inhibitor. SLPI induced osteoblastogenic genes including runt‐related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and synergistically augmented tension‐induced Runx2 expression. SLPI augmented mineralization in PDL cells. SLPI induced osteoclastogenic genes including receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa‐Β ligand (RANKL) and synergistically augmented the compression‐induced RANKL and macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (MCSF) expression. Finally, the in vivo SLPI application into the AB significantly augmented BTM. Conclusions: SLPI or its inhibitors might serve as a biological target molecule for therapeutic interventions to modulate BTM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cell population within the periodontal ligament (PDL) tissue is remarkably heterogeneous1. Fibroblasts, a mixed population of cells, are the main cellular component of the PDL and the cell type most often studied for periodontal regeneration. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts are found on the bone side, while fibroblasts, macrophages, undifferentiated adult/mesenchymal stem cells, neural elements, and endothelial cells are found throughout the PDL. Epithelial rests of Malassez cells and cementoblasts are focused near the root surface. PDL tissue also includes loose connective tissue between dense fiber bundles that contain branches of the periodontal blood vessels and nerves2. The complexity of the PDL tissue, with its various cell types and cell progenitor components, explains the challenges involved in therapies to restore tissue following periodontal disease. Cementoblasts, osteoblasts, and endothelial cells must migrate, differentiate, and coordinately interact with a variety of soluble mediators to regenerate the periodontium3. Stem cells located in the PDL tissue are key contributors to this process4. Stem cells in the PDL are important not only for formation and maintenance of the tissue but also for repair, remodeling, and regeneration of adjacent alveolar bone and cementum5. Our laboratory has shown that progenitor cells isolated from PDL tissue by selection with cell surface markers STRO-1+ and CD146+ are capable of differentiating into chondrogenic, osteogenic, and adipogenic phenotypes under appropriate culture conditions

The cell population within the periodontal ligament (PDL) tissue is remarkably heterogeneous1. Fibroblasts, a mixed population of cells, are the main cellular component of the PDL and the cell type most often studied for periodontal regeneration. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts are found on the bone side, while fibroblasts, macrophages, undifferentiated adult/mesenchymal stem cells, neural elements, and endothelial cells are found throughout the PDL. Epithelial rests of Malassez cells and cementoblasts are focused near the root surface. PDL tissue also includes loose connective tissue between dense fiber bundles that contain branches of the periodontal blood vessels and nerves2. The complexity of the PDL tissue, with its various cell types and cell progenitor components, explains the challenges involved in therapies to restore tissue following periodontal disease. Cementoblasts, osteoblasts, and endothelial cells must migrate, differentiate, and coordinately interact with a variety of soluble mediators to regenerate the periodontium3. Stem cells located in the PDL tissue are key contributors to this process4. Stem cells in the PDL are important not only for formation and maintenance of the tissue but also for repair, remodeling, and regeneration of adjacent alveolar bone and cementum5. Our laboratory has shown that progenitor cells isolated from PDL tissue by selection with cell surface markers STRO-1+ and CD146+ are capable of differentiating into chondrogenic, osteogenic, and adipogenic phenotypes under appropriate culture conditions

Introdution: Vitality of periodontal ligament (PDL) cells is very critical for replantation of complete avulsion teeth due to traumatic injuries. This is important for transferring an avulsed tooth to clinic for replantation that which Medias used for storage.This study aimed to compare the vitality of PDL cells of sheep teeth cultured in different storage medias including α-Minimum Essential Medium (αMEM), Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM), Hank’s Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS), and mint extract Methods: In this lab trial study, PDL cells were obtained from 124 healthy anterior and posterior sheep teeth and cultured in αMEM, DMEM, HBSS, and mint extract for periods of 2, 6, 24, 48, 72, or 96 hours (24 groups). For each solution, positive control group were PDL cells without incubation in any storage media. For each group, there was a negative control considered cells growing in dry plate with no medium. After exposure of PDL cells to scheduled solution for scheduled incubation time, centrifuge was performed for 10 minutes at rate of 2000G. Then cell percipitates were added into the solution of collagenase (3mgr/ml) and Dispase (4mgr/ml to cell precipitates, which were incubated at 37° C for 60 minutes. After washing cellular suspension in PBS, vitality of the cells was assessed by Trypan blue exclusion, on a neobar slide by magnification of 200X. The data were analyzed statistically using 2-way ANOVA test by SPSS version 15. Results: Statistically significant differences in efficacy of different medias were obtained at least between two media (P=0.0001). PDL cells cultured in αMEM and mint extract showed 90% and 52.22% vitality representing, respectively, the best and the weakest storage media. Conclusion: αMEM can be a suitable transport medium up to 96 hours to preserve the vitality of the PDL cells of avulsed teeth. There is a reverse correlation between the viability of PDL cells and incubation time, increasing the time decreases the viability.

Periodontitis is characterized by bacterially induced inflammatory destruction of periodontal tissue. This also affects fibroblasts of the human periodontal ligaments (HPdLF), which play a coordinating role in force-induced tissue and alveolar bone remodeling. Excessive inflammation in the oral tissues has been observed with simultaneous stimulation by pathogens and mechanical forces. Recently, elevated levels of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), an immuno-modulatory member of the transforming growth factor (TGFB) superfamily, were detected under periodontitis-like conditions and in force-stressed PdL cells. In view of the pleiotropic effects of GDF15 in various tissues, this study aims to investigate the role of GDF15 in P. gingivalis-related inflammation of HPdLF and its effect on the excessive inflammatory response to concurrent compressive stress. To this end, the expression and secretion of cytokines (IL6, IL8, COX2/PGE2, TNFα) and the activation of THP1 monocytic cells were analyzed in GDF15 siRNA-treated HPdLF stimulated with P. gingivalis lipopolysaccharides alone and in combination with compressive force. GDF15 knockdown significantly reduced cytokine levels and THP1 activation in LPS-stimulated HPdLF, which was less pronounced with additional compressive stress. Overall, our data suggest a pro-inflammatory role for GDF15 in periodontal disease and demonstrate that GDF15 partially modulates the force-induced excessive inflammatory response of PdLF under these conditions.

The stresses and deformations in the periodontal ligament (PDL) under the realistic kinetic loading of the jaw system, i.e., chewing, are difficult to be determined numerically as the mechanical properties of the PDL is variably present in different finite element (FE) models. This study was aimed to conduct a dynamic finite element (FE) simulation to investigate the role of the PDL (PDL) material models in the induced stresses and deformations using a simplified patient-specific FE model of a human jaw system. To do that, a realistic kinetic loading of chewing was applied to the incisor point, contralateral, and ipsilateral condyles, through the experimentally proven trajectory approach. Three different material models, including the elasto-plastic, hyperelastic, and viscoelastic, were assigned to the PDL, and the resulted stresses of the tooth FE model were computed and compared. The results revealed the highest von Mises stress of 620.14 kPa and the lowest deformation of 0.16 mm in the PDL when using the hyperelastic model. The concentration of the stress in the elastoplastic and viscoelastic models was in the mid-root and apex of the PDL, while for the hyperelastic model, it was concentrated in the cervical margin. The highest deformation in the PDL regardless of the employed material model was located in the caudal direction of the tooth. The viscoelastic PDL absorbed the transmitted energy from the dentine and led to lower stress in the cancellous bone compared to the elastoplastic and hyperelastic material models. These results have implications not only for understanding the stresses and deformations in the PDL under chewing but also for providing comprehensive information for the medical and biomechanical experts in regard of the role of the material models being used to address the mechanical behavior of the PDL in other components of the tooth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ignition and extinction of n‐butyl nitroxyethylnitramine (BuNENA)‐plasticized polyethylene glycol (PEG) propellants were investigated with respect to the concentration of binder and the ratio of plasticizer to polymer (pl/po). A distinctive change in the ignition delay time (tign) of the propellants was found at a low pressure of 0.03 MPa, where tign increases as the binder concentration increases from 24 % to 32 % and decreases when the pl/po ratio reaches from 1 to 6. The kinetic analysis shows that the ignition delay of BuNENA‐PEG propellants is due to a high activation energy of a condensed phase accompanied by the reduction of NO in the gas phase that plays an important role in the formation of luminous flames. Furthermore, the BuNENA‐PEG propellants with a high concentration of binder or a low ratio of pl/po were found to result in a relatively high value of the pressure deflagration limit (PDL) under which steady combustion cannot occur. With regard to combustion stability, it seems that the BuNENA‐PEG propellants producing relatively large amounts of CO and H2 are easy to extinguish and exhibit significant delay in ignition at low pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanical behavior of periodontal ligaments belongs nowadays to the field of biomechanics. In this study, we investigate the vibrations of periodontal ligaments (PDL) under load as, by identifying the parameters of the system, one can obtain a series of data reflecting coupling of the tooth with the alveolar region. We started from the hypothesis that a tooth fixed in the alveolus and periodontal tissue is equivalent to an oscillating system with several degrees of freedom. We investigated the periodontal support of the abutments on which a three-element FPD was manufactured using the ultrasonic Doppler method of measuring tooth movement, known as a new testing method providing quantitative and accurate results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Berman and Paterson proved that test-free propositional dynamic logic (PDL) is weaker than PDL. One would raise questions: does a similar result also hold for extensions of PDL? For example, is test-free converse-PDL (CPDL) weaker than CPDL? In what circumstances the test operator can be eliminated without reducing the expressive power of a PDL-based logical formalism? These problems have not yet been studied. As the description logics |$\mathcal{ALC}_{trans}$| and |$\mathcal{ALC}_{reg}$| are, respectively, variants of test-free PDL and PDL, there is a concept of |$\mathcal{ALC}_{reg}$| that is not equivalent to any concept of |$\mathcal{ALC}_{trans}$|⁠. Generalizing this, we prove that there is a concept of |$\mathcal{ALC}_{reg}$| that is not equivalent to any concept of the logic that extends |$\mathcal{ALC}_{trans}$| with inverse roles, nominals, qualified number restrictions, the universal role and local reflexivity of roles. We also provide some results for the case with RBoxes and TBoxes. One of them states that tests can be eliminated from TBoxes of the deterministic Horn fragment of |$\mathcal{ALC}_{reg}$|⁠. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]