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The process of selecting training providers at PCU (Pertamina Corporate University) is currently not very effective and efficient, still relying on conventional methods that take a long time to choose a training provider, requiring one month for each training session. Conventional document collection by applicants can lead to the loss of documents, and there is no method in the selection of training providers, resulting in frequent occurrences of sole providers and difficulties in choosing providers for specific training needs. The research has led to the development of a web-based system using the Profile Matching method. The Profile Matching method was chosen because it involves determining competency values (standard assessment criteria) required for specific types of training, serving as a reference to evaluate selected provider candidates. This method selects the best alternative from various options by comparing the individual competencies of providers with the desired training profile values, resulting in competency differences (Gains Across Product). The smaller the GAP, the higher the weight of the score generated. Providers with the highest score have the highest ranking and a greater chance of being selected as training instructors at PCU. Data collection techniques used include observation and interviews.

This study is carried out to estimate the passenger car unit (PCU) values of different vehicle categories at a typical four-legged roundabout based on the concept of time occupancy. A stream equivalency factor (k) has also been developed based on the estimated PCU to convert the heterogeneous traffic flow into a homogenous stream equivalent without making use of PCU factors. Relationship between entry flow and circulatory flow has been plotted based on the observed data corresponding to the time period in which there was queue formation in the approach. Further, estimated critical gap and follow-up time have been used to derive the capacity by HCM 2010 equation. A multiplicative adjustment factor is suggested for the use of HCM 2010 equation directly in the field to estimate entry flow under heterogeneous traffic condition. The study results may be suitable for revising the code of practice, named IRC 65–1976, and useful for ongoing national-level efforts of developing Indian Highway Capacity Manual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heterogeneity is one of those characteristics which differentiate traffic conditions of a developing country from other developed nations. The heterogeneity which represents the diversity among vehicle categories is suspected to have adverse influences on lane discipline, congestion potential, and road users’ safety. However, the influence of heterogeneity on the above-mentioned parameters has been only measured indirectly by considering traffic composition as an indicator of the prevailed heterogeneity-level. No direct relationship between the heterogeneity and other parameters has been established as there is no methodology available yet for quantifying the heterogeneity of mixed traffic. The present study addresses this problem and conceptualizes the ‘Heterogeneity Index’ (HI) to quantify the heterogeneity present in a mixed traffic stream. HI is conceived as a measure of the dispersion of Passenger Car Units (PCU) for different vehicle categories from its central value. A higher value of HI signifies more diverse vehicle categories present in the traffic stream. PCU of a vehicle category was estimated using the speed-based method and the individual speeds were predicted based on classified volumes using the Gaussian Process Regression model developed in this study. This paper also recommends several categorical levels for easy perception about the intensity of heterogeneity. Further, the sensitivity analysis explored the dynamic aspects of HI. Results showcased how the HI of a traffic stream may vary subject to the combined or the individual change in traffic volume, traffic composition and classified speeds. The outcomes of the study will be useful to estimate the intensity of heterogeneity that prevailed within a mixed traffic stream with varying traffic conditions.

With the rise in urbanization and automobile demand, research on parking volume has gained much greater significance. It is a typical occurrence in the Khulna metropolitan region for many motorized and non-motorized vehicles to be parked on the streets and junctions of the chosen areas, which causes severe traffic congestion. In order to lessen the negative effects of insufferable congestion, it is crucial to examine the impact of that uncontrolled parking on highways. To determine parking volume and determine whether the parking patterns at the chosen places are unique or similar, a reconnaissance assessment of eight strategically significant areas in Khulna City was conducted. A maximum of 375, 79, and 38 number of two-wheelers, three-wheelers, and four-wheelers were found parked at Khulna Shopping Complex, New Market, and also New Market Zone, respectively, for a specific period of time. The related maximum Passenger Car Unit (PCU) values of Khulna Shopping Complex and New Market are 224.5 and 348.5, respectively, indicating that New Market is the busiest parking area of all the selected locations. Among the selected eight locations, Khulna New Market and KCC Building hold the highest and lowest PCU values of 348.5 and 20, respectively. The local government was discovered to be in charge of parking management, and some areas charge significant fees for a set length of time. One sample t-test performed by SPSS V25 indicates that parking facilities and parking patterns in the eight chosen locations differ from each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A high traffic congestion in metropolitan cities of India is still a problem which affects the capacity of road. The traffic congestion decreases the speed of vehicle and accumulates the vehicles on road. The gradual expansion of urbanization and the rise of megacities, with their massive populations, present considerable obstacles for developing nations. As the world's populace continues to grow, there is a continuous influx of individuals relocating to urban areas. The developing country such as India facing a problem traffic congestion and its affect the infrastructure of road. Thus, in that case Level of Service (LOS) will be beneficial for increasing the capacity of road. Therefore, this study aims to analyse the LOS estimation in peak and non-peak hours. Estimation of LOS in peak and non-peak hours in urban areas will be beneficial for Indian government to take necessary action. Results revealed that During both peak and non-peak hours, the PCU readings for different types of vehicles are calculated. The velocity of vehicles has a notable influence on the capacity of roadways, even when traffic numbers are modest. Increasing the width of the road leads to a corresponding increase in the Passenger Car Unit (PCU) of a certain vehicle. Due to the increased flexibility offered by a broader thoroughfare, it is more advantageous to traverse by vehicle.

Data on the use of antimicrobials in humans and livestock may provide evidence to guide policy changes to mitigate the risk of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). However, there is limited information available about antimicrobial use in livestock in low- and middle-income countries, even though these nations are most vulnerable to the impact of AMR. This study aimed to assess the consumption of veterinary antimicrobials in Bhutan and identify areas for improvement to reduce the use of antimicrobials in livestock. National data on livestock numbers and annual procurement of veterinary antimicrobials over five years (2017–2021) were used to calculate rates of antimicrobial consumption and annual national expenditure on veterinary antimicrobials in Bhutan. The rate of antimicrobial consumption in Bhutan was 3.83 mg per population correction unit, which is lower than most countries in Europe, comparable with the rates of consumption in Iceland and Norway, and approximately 120-fold lower than published rates of antimicrobial consumption in South Asian countries, including Nepal and Pakistan. The low rates of antimicrobial consumption by the animal health sector in Bhutan could be attributable to stronger governance of antimicrobial use in Bhutan, higher levels of compliance with regulation, and better adherence to standard guidelines for antimicrobial treatment of livestock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Roundabouts have proven to be an effective intersection design method for smooth traffic flow movements and improved safety. Previous studies show that VISSIM, commercial traffic simulation software, can be used as a proficient tool for modeling and efficiently analyzing roundabouts. This paper focuses on developing a methodology for modeling roundabouts in India using VISSIM. Three typical roundabouts were chosen from the northern part of India. Calibration and validation of the model were performed to ensure the correctness of the model. The average delay and volume to capacity ratio (v/c ratio) were compared for developing the level of service (LOS) thresholds for Indian conditions. The thresholds are compared with existing guidelines provided by the HCM 2010 and AUSTROADS. In addition, the methodology for determining modification factors for applying HCM 2010 delay model in Indian traffic conditions is defined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Roundabouts have proven to be an effective intersection design method for smooth traffic flow movements and improved safety. Previous studies show that VISSIM, commercial traffic simulation software, can be used as a proficient tool for modeling and efficiently analyzing roundabouts. This paper focuses on developing a methodology for modeling roundabouts in India using VISSIM. Three typical roundabouts were chosen from the northern part of India. Calibration and validation of the model were performed to ensure the correctness of the model. The average delay and volume to capacity ratio (v/c ratio) were compared for developing the level of service (LOS) thresholds for Indian conditions. The thresholds are compared with existing guidelines provided by the HCM 2010 and AUSTROADS. In addition, the methodology for determining modification factors for applying HCM 2010 delay model in Indian traffic conditions is defined.

Abstract Monitoring and surveillance of antimicrobial usage in animals is a public health concern and different methods are currently discussed widely in public, science and politics. The objective of the paper is to present the available methods of monitoring and to discuss possible differences in the assessment of the antibiotics treatment. Sales data are expressed as the average amount of substance per animal or kg live weight (e.g. population‐corrected unit, PCU). The number of Defined Daily Doses (nDDDvet) is calculated by extrapolating sales data with average animal weights and defined drug doses to a number of treatments theoretically applied to animals. In contrast, the number of Used Daily Doses (nUDDvet) displays the actual number of treatments which have been applied. As sales data are relatively easily obtained, they are frequently used. However, their results are influenced by the composition of the population and by the dose of the substances. As both may vary strongly between countries, direct comparison of sales data between countries may be misleading. The concept of analysing sales data is shown by exemplarily using the methods in the ESVAC report 2015. The presentation of usage data in terms of nDDDvet or of nUDDvet increases the comparability of the data from different countries or time periods. Furthermore, fluoroquinolones and third‐/fourth‐generation cephalosporins which, among other substances, bare a potential risk for human health, are used at low doses. Hence, their use contributes to a sales reduction while contrasting the guidelines of prudent use. nDDDvet or nUDDvet have the ability to better reflect the treatment frequency and thus to better link antibiotics use to public health concerns. Quantification of antibiotics should assist to focus on prudent use of antimicrobials to reduce the burden of resistant bacteria and, thus, enhance public health, animal health and animal welfare.

Data on the use of antimicrobials in humans and livestock may provide evidence to guide policy changes to mitigate the risk of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). However, there is limited information available about antimicrobial use in livestock in low- and middle-income countries, even though these nations are most vulnerable to the impact of AMR. This study aimed to assess the consumption of veterinary antimicrobials in Bhutan and identify areas for improvement to reduce the use of antimicrobials in livestock. National data on livestock numbers and annual procurement of veterinary antimicrobials over five years (2017–2021) were used to calculate rates of antimicrobial consumption and annual national expenditure on veterinary antimicrobials in Bhutan. The rate of antimicrobial consumption in Bhutan was 3.83 mg per population correction unit, which is lower than most countries in Europe, comparable with the rates of consumption in Iceland and Norway, and approximately 120-fold lower than published rates of antimicrobial consumption in South Asian countries, including Nepal and Pakistan. The low rates of antimicrobial consumption by the animal health sector in Bhutan could be attributable to stronger governance of antimicrobial use in Bhutan, higher levels of compliance with regulation, and better adherence to standard guidelines for antimicrobial treatment of livestock.

In recent years, the UBAC has seen severe traffic congestion, resulting in various environmental and traffic problems at the university and its environs. This congestion was due to the significant expansions in buildings andan increase in the number of colleges in addition to the extensive use of private transport modes by students and university employees. This research was an attempt to find a solution for transportation problems in the UBAC, through studying the current transportation system inside the campus, and then suggesting alternatives to enhance the situation in the Campus and its environs as well. The study solutions focused on replacing the current diesel buses with battery-electric buses and restricting some of the private cars toward the Campus. This study supposes this transformation will reduce the CO2 emissions by (54%) in the morning peak hours and by (64%) in the afternoon peak hours, enhance the Passenger Car Unit (PCU) by (31%) in the morning peak hours and by (41%) in the afternoon peak hours, and will improve parking capacity by 114% inside the campus.

To mitigate the effects of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the federal government has implemented several financial assistance programs, including unprecedented funding to food charities. Using the Canadian Perspectives Survey Series 2, we examine the demographic, employment, and behavioural characteristics associated with food insecurity in April–May 2020. We find that one-quarter of job-insecure individuals experienced food insecurity that was strongly associated with pandemic-related disruptions to employment income, major financial hardship, and use of food charity, yet the vast majority of food-insecure households did not report receiving any charitable food assistance. Increased financial support for low-income households would reduce food insecurity and mitigate negative repercussions of the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To describe the use of antimicrobial drugs for food animals in New Zealand, based on sales data reported to government for 2005–2018, to provide a baseline to determine the success of measures to reduce antimicrobial use for food animals and to compare usage to selected European countries. Data were sourced from official government and industry reports to update previous estimates of use (as amount sold) of antimicrobial products applied to animals in New Zealand. The data included antimicrobial sales and animal populations, weighted where appropriate by breed and age class. Antimicrobial use was estimated based on the amount of active ingredient sold, per kg of animal biomass standardised to the probable weight at time of treatment or lifetime average but not slaughter weight (population correction unit; PCU). New Zealand data for 2017 and 2018 were adjusted to account only for antimicrobials used for farm animals by discounting horticulture use, companion animal use and export. Between 2014 and 2018 the estimated usage of antimicrobials in animals flattened to a 5-year rolling average of 10.40 mg/PCU. New data on use for companion animals and on exports of zinc bacitracin and tylosin, included previously in the gross New Zealand values, allow a more refined estimate of use of antimicrobials in food animals of 10.21 mg/PCU in 2018, the third lowest rate of use for countries reporting by the same methodology. The intensive industries of pigs and poultry combined use more than 500 mg/PCU whereas the extensive red meat and dairy industries use an estimated 6.25 mg/PCU. New Zealand uses proportionally more cephalosporins and macrolides, two of the critically important antimicrobial groups, when compared with European countries, but less quinolones. The most obvious difference is the extensive use of zinc bacitracin and tylosin fed to pigs and poultry in New Zealand but not in the European Union. Use of antimicrobials in food animals has stabilised to a rate of approximately 10.2 mg/PCU. This baseline should be used by the animal health industry to measure future success in its efforts to reduce and make more refined use of antimicrobial drugs as New Zealand works to deliver the government's Antimicrobial Resistance Action Plan. High rates of use of zinc bacitracin and some critically important macrolides represent clear targets in attempts to reduce usage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to measure the values of passenger car unit (PCU) at a four-legged roundabout based on the time occupancy data in complex traffic operation. Within mixed traffic, the PCUs are needed as a equivalency factor to convert various type of vehicles to a standard unit. The unit of PCU was used to determine capacity and level of service of specific the traffic condition. The composition of vehicles going through the intersection, mostly varies and each type of vehicles tends to have diverse effects on capacity and level of services. Consequently, a conversion factor from various vehicles to a standard vehicle is required. The data of this study was collected using a drone at the investigated roundabout at one of the major roundabouts in Aceh Besar, Aceh province, Indonesia. The method used was the vehicle's time occupancy, in which calculated from the average time required by each vehicle to pass through the roundabout area. The results show that the PCU values obtained is 0.16 for motorcycle, 0.59 for rickshaw, 1.07 for pickup, 1.91 for a medium vehicle, and 3.76 for the heavy vehicle. These results should be utilized for converting various type of vehicles into PCUs to estimate capacity and level of services, especially at the roundabout trafict. This results may be suitable to revise the Indonesian Traffic Code, named Indonesian Highway Capacity Manual 1997, and useful for ongoing national-level efforts to upgrade the Indonesian Highway Capacity Manual.

Passenger car unit (PCU) of a vehicle type depends on vehicular characteristics, stream characteristics, roadway characteristics, environmental factors, climate conditions and control conditions. Keeping in view various factors affecting PCU, a model was developed taking a volume to capacity ratio and percentage share of particular vehicle type as independent parameters. A microscopic traffic simulation model VISSIM has been used in present study for generating traffic flow data which some time very difficult to obtain from field survey. A comparison study was carried out with the purpose of verifying when the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), artificial neural network (ANN) and multiple linear regression (MLR) models are appropriate for prediction of PCUs of different vehicle types. From the results observed that ANFIS model estimates were closer to the corresponding simulated PCU values compared to MLR and ANN models. It is concluded that the ANFIS model showed greater potential in predicting PCUs from v/c ratio and proportional share for all type of vehicles whereas MLR and ANN models did not perform well.

Background: Metastatic breast cancer (MBC) is generally incurable, but patients can survive longer than those with other cancer types. Treatment strategies for MBC are complex, and it is difficult to establish evidence of efficacy since symptoms and patient backgrounds vary markedly. Some patients struggle to decide where to receive end-of-life care, despite palliative care intervention, and some die in unexpected places. With the aim of ascertaining the best way to intervene on behalf of patients with end-stage breast cancer, we retrospectively examined interventions provided by our palliative care team. We investigated factors influencing the decision-making processes of patients with MBC regarding end-of-life care locations and where patients actually died. Methods: Clinical records of 44 patients with MBC, all Japanese women, who received palliative care interventions at our hospital, were retrospectively investigated. We examined factors, such as age, possibly impacting decision-making processes regarding the final location and actual place of death. Results: Thirty-five (80%) patients were able to decide where to receive end-of-life care, while the others were not. For these 35 patients, desired locations were the palliative care unit (77%), home palliative care (14%), and the hospital (9%). Age and recurrence-free survival (RFS) were factors influencing patients' decision-making processes (P =.030 and.044, respectively). Of the 35 patients, 25 (71%) were able to receive end-of-life care at their desired locations. Conclusions: Young patients and those with short RFS struggled with making decisions regarding where to receive end-of-life care. Such patients might benefit from prompt introduction of advanced care planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rational nitrogen (N) application rate for crops depends not only on yield but also on the environmental cost of N loss to the surrounding ecological environment. To explore the environmental and economic optimal N rate (EEONR) for dryland maize in the hilly areas of southern China, a field experiment was conducted with spring maize from 2015 to 2017. Common urea (CU, control, 240 kg N ha−1) and four polymer-coated urea (PCU) fertilization levels (100PCU, 90PCU, 80PCU, 70PCU, which respectively denotes 0, 10%, 20% and 30% reduction of PCU–N application based on the control) were employed in this trial. Maize yield, N loss and economic return were investigated over 3 years. The results were as follows: (1) relative to CU, a 0–20% reduction in the PCU-N application rate did not significantly affect the maize yield during the three consecutive years, however, a 30% reduction in the PCU-N application rate led to significant yield loss in the third year despite the consistent yields achieved in the first 2 years. (2) PCU application significantly abated N loss to the environment, and as N application rate decreased, N loss significantly reduced. Our results showed that a 0–30% reduction in the PCU-N application rate mitigated N loss by 12.8–46.1% via N2O, NH3, runoff and leaching, and the two main N-loss pathways were leaching (55.2–62.2%) and NH3 volatilization (29.8–36.0%). (3) A 0–30% reduction in the PCU-N application rate resulted in a deficit, ranging from 784 to 2438 CNY ha−1 for increased earnings over CU because of the high purchase price of PCU. The net economic benefit was calculated from the N input cost, yield economic income and environment cost of N lost in the treatments with 0, 10%, 20% and 30% reduction of PCU-N and were − 1820 to 14,479, 402 to 14,612, 2306 to 14,613, and 3941 to 14,205 CNY ha−1, respectively, and the net economic benefit of the CU plot was − 4003 to 14,671 CNY ha−1. In summary, our findings suggest that reducing the PCU-N application rate by 20% is a reasonable EEONR for spring maize cultivation in hilly areas of southern China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objectives of this study are to develop two signalized-based roundabouts entry capacity model by employing regression-based multiple non-linear regression model (MNLR) and artificial intelligence-based age-layered population structure genetic programming (ALPS GP) model under heterogeneous traffic conditions. Based on the modified rank index (MRI) values, the ALPS GP model is found to be most suitable model under heterogeneous traffic conditions. However, in a practical point of view, MNLR-based signalized model is recommended for determining roundabout entry capacity under heterogeneous traffic conditions. Sensitivity analysis reports that weaving length is the prime variable and sharing about 27.72 % in the MNLR-based signalized roundabout entry capacity model. These findings will be useful for traffic planners and designers in the capacity estimation of signalized roundabouts under heterogeneous traffic conditions in developing countries with similar traffic characteristics as India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monitoring and surveillance of antimicrobial usage in animals is a public health concern and different methods are currently discussed widely in public, science and politics. The objective of the paper is to present the available methods of monitoring and to discuss possible differences in the assessment of the antibiotics treatment. Sales data are expressed as the average amount of substance per animal or kg live weight (e.g. population‐corrected unit, PCU). The number of Defined Daily Doses (nDDDvet) is calculated by extrapolating sales data with average animal weights and defined drug doses to a number of treatments theoretically applied to animals. In contrast, the number of Used Daily Doses (nUDDvet) displays the actual number of treatments which have been applied. As sales data are relatively easily obtained, they are frequently used. However, their results are influenced by the composition of the population and by the dose of the substances. As both may vary strongly between countries, direct comparison of sales data between countries may be misleading. The concept of analysing sales data is shown by exemplarily using the methods in the ESVAC report 2015. The presentation of usage data in terms of nDDDvet or of nUDDvet increases the comparability of the data from different countries or time periods. Furthermore, fluoroquinolones and third‐/fourth‐generation cephalosporins which, among other substances, bare a potential risk for human health, are used at low doses. Hence, their use contributes to a sales reduction while contrasting the guidelines of prudent use. nDDDvet or nUDDvet have the ability to better reflect the treatment frequency and thus to better link antibiotics use to public health concerns. Quantification of antibiotics should assist to focus on prudent use of antimicrobials to reduce the burden of resistant bacteria and, thus, enhance public health, animal health and animal welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accuracy of measured traffic flow on a roadway largely depends on the correctness of the PCU factors used for converting traffic counts. PCU is the number of passenger cars that are displaced by a single heavy vehicle of a particular type under prevailing roadway, traffic and control conditions. The aim of the present study is to develop more appropriate models for estimating the equivalency units of different vehicle types on multilane highways, considering the limitations of available methods. Estimation of equivalency units for vehicle types is described by developing speed models based on multiple non-linear regression approaches. The equivalency units estimated by using models are found to be realistic and logical under heterogeneous traffic flow conditions. The PCU values estimated by the multiple non-linear regression method are compared with and found to be relatively higher values than the values obtained by the dynamic PCU. The accuracy of the models is checked by comparing the observed values of speed with estimated speeds. The multiple non-linear regression approach is also used for estimating the equivalency units on six-lane divided highways. Results indicate that the proposed methodology can be used for estimation of equivalency units for vehicle types under mixed traffic conditions.

The accuracy of measured traffic flow on a roadway is highly depends on correctness of PCUs used for converting traffic volume. Field data for the present study was collected from the mid-block road sections of different divided multilane highways in India. Video graphic method was used for collecting the field data. PCUs are estimated from the available methods as given in the literature by using traffic flow data observed in the field. Present study describes a modified methodology for estimation of PCU value of subject vehicles that includes the time headway as influencing parameter. The approach used in the present study is inspired from the method of dynamic PCU estimation where a PCU is expressed as the ratio of speed ratio and area ratio of standard cars to the subject vehicle type. Unlike dynamic PCU method, this method includes time headway factor for PCU estimation. The method found more realistic and logical as it provides relatively higher values of PCUs than those obtained from dynamic PCU method. Simulation of traffic flow was also performed through microscopic simulation model VISSIM for generating congestion and for comparing estimated PCU values at the level of maximum traffic volume. The methodology adopted in this study will be extended for development of comprehensive PCU model by including more numbers of influencing factors under varying traffic and roadway conditions.

In recent years, the UBAC has seen severe traffic congestion, resulting in various environmental and traffic problems at the university and its environs. This congestion was due to the significant expansions in buildings andan increase in the number of colleges in addition to the extensive use of private transport modes by students and university employees. This research was an attempt to find a solution for transportation problems in the UBAC, through studying the current transportation system inside the campus, and then suggesting alternatives to enhance the situation in the Campus and its environs as well. The study solutions focused on replacing the current diesel buses with battery-electric buses and restricting some of the private cars toward the Campus. This study supposes this transformation will reduce the CO2 emissions by (54%) in the morning peak hours and by (64%) in the afternoon peak hours, enhance the Passenger Car Unit (PCU) by (31%) in the morning peak hours and by (41%) in the afternoon peak hours, and will improve parking capacity by 114% inside the campus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the situation around the OCU in half a year after receiving Tomos on autocephaly. The article investigates the present state of development of the OCU and its process of entering the religious field of Ukraine. Article analyzes the inter–church relations between the old and the new leadership of the Church, in particular the destructive position of the honorary patriarch of the OCU Filaret (Denisenko) with respect to Tomos and attempts to revise him. The article examines problems in the legislative field concerning the transition of church communities from one jurisdiction to another and implementation of the guaranteed by the state observance of religious freedoms of all the believers regardless of their confessional affiliation. The article identifies issues that need to be solved both from the side of the state and from the side of the Church and civil society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract Background Posterior dynamic stabilization systems are developed to maintain the healthy biomechanics of the spine while providing stabilization. Numerous dynamic systems incorporate polycarbonate urethane with temperature- and moisture-dependent material properties. In the underlying study, a novel test rig is used to evaluate the biomechanical performance of a system containing polycarbonate urethane. Methods The test rig is composed of two hydraulic actuators. An environmental chamber, filled with water vapor at body temperature, is included in the set up. The translational and rotational degrees of freedom of vertebrae and pedicle screws are measured using a magnetic tracking system. The Transition® device is tested in five lumbar spines (L2–L5) of human cadavers. Pure moment tests are performed for flexion-extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation. Three test conditions are compared: 1. native specimens, 2. dynamic instrumentation at L4–L5, 3. dynamic instrumentation with decompression at L4–L5. Findings The ranges of motion, the centers of rotation, and the pedicle screw loosening are calculated and evaluated. During daily motions such as walking, the loads on the lumbar spine differ from the standardized test protocols. To allow a reproducible data evaluation for smaller deformations, all moment-rotation curves are parameterized using sigmoid functions. Interpretation In flexion-extension, the Transition® device provides the highest stiffening of the segment and the largest shift of the center of rotation. No shift in the center of rotation, and the smallest supporting effect on the segment is observed for axial rotation. In lateral bending, a mediate reduction of the range of motion is observed. Highlights • Spine test rig with environmental chamber to assess the kinematics of multiple spinal segments • Significant reduction of the range of motion after instrumentation for all loading directions • The centre of rotation was shifted after instrumentation • The area and initial stiffness of the range of motion curves increase after instrumentation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Finite or periodic structures containing the cube motif can be synthesized and transformed into a variety of structures both at the theoretical and real, experimental level. The rhombellation topo-geometric operation may be used to transform the cube-shape into larger units and then build light (spongy) structures with larger voids. Hyper-clusters are polyhedral structures which nodes are polyhedral structures (the same or different ones). The paper presents some hypothetical spongy structures related to the cubic primitive pcu-net, with defects induced by cutting-off some atoms and/or bonds so that only corners are shared between two cubes. A diamondoid hyper-structure containing cube-coalesced corners was proposed for an eventual synthesis. The discussed structures are described in topological terms, particularly by sequential vertex connectivity and ring environment.

The accuracy of measured traffic flow on a roadway largely depends on the correctness of the PCU factors used for converting traffic counts. PCU is the number of passenger cars that are displaced by a single heavy vehicle of a particular type under prevailing roadway, traffic and control conditions. The aim of the present study is to develop more appropriate models for estimating the equivalency units of different vehicle types on multilane highways, considering the limitations of available methods. Estimation of equivalency units for vehicle types is described by developing speed models based on multiple non-linear regression approaches. The equivalency units estimated by using models are found to be realistic and logical under heterogeneous traffic flow conditions. The PCU values estimated by the multiple non-linear regression method are compared with and found to be relatively higher values than the values obtained by the dynamic PCU. The accuracy of the models is checked by comparing the observed values of speed with estimated speeds. The multiple non-linear regression approach is also used for estimating the equivalency units on six-lane divided highways. Results indicate that the proposed methodology can be used for estimation of equivalency units for vehicle types under mixed traffic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PCU models are developed in the present study by taking volume-to-capacity ratios and percentage shares of vehicle types. Field data collected on four-lane highway sections are analysed to develop speed-flow relations. A microscopic traffic simulation model VISSIM is also deployed for generating traffic flow data after calibrating it for mixed traffic conditions. PCUs of different vehicle types at six lane and eight lane divided highways are also estimated. The effect of number of lanes on PCUs was studied, and it was observed PCU of each vehicle type decreases with increase in the number of lanes and at a different level of service. The Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), Artificial neural network (ANN) and Multiple linear regression (MLR) models are used for development of PCU Models from the results obtained through VISSIM simulation. A comparative study was performed with PCU obtained from different models reveals that the ANFIS model showed greater potential in predicting PCUs at varying v/c ratios and proportional share of vehicle types in the traffic stream. The models developed in the present study may be used for developing algorithms which describe traffic flow behaviour under mixed traffic conditions with better accuracy and precision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AIMS: To assess the use of antimicrobials in dairy cows over three seasons in a group of dairy farms within the Southland and South Otago region, and to assess antimicrobial use in one season in a group of monitored dairy farms in four regions of New Zealand. METHODS: Sales data were collated for all antimicrobials purchased by 399, 406 and 436 dairy farms in the Southland and South Otago regions for the 2012–13, 2013–14 and 2014–15 seasons, respectively, and from 108 dairy farms in the Manawatu, Taranaki, North Canterbury, and Southland and South Otago regions of New Zealand for 2014–15. Antimicrobials were categorised by class and product type (injectable, or dry cow or lactating cow intramammary). Antimicrobial usage was calculated as the mass of active ingredient (ai) per kg biomass, or population correction unit (PCU), with biomass estimated from the number of cows and heifers in the milking herd on 1 June multiplied by 458 kg. RESULTS: Estimated annual use of antimicrobials in the Southland and South Otago herds was 8.47, 9.58 and 9.54 mg ai/PCU for the three seasons, and for herds in the four regions was 8.65 mg ai/PCU for 2014–15. Penicillins were the most commonly used antimicrobials. Between 2012 and 2015, penicillin use increased from 5.75 to 7.44 mg ai/PCU, whereas there was a decrease in use of macrolides (1.19 to 1.04 mg ai/PCU) and cephalosporins (0.82 to 0.45 mg ai/PCU). Estimated annual use in 2014–15 by herds in Manawatu, Taranaki, North Canterbury, and Southland and South Otago was 8.93, 5.28, 6.44 and 9.97 mg ai/PCU, respectively, and also varied with size of herd. In these herds, injectable products were most commonly used (4.89 mg ai/PCU), followed by dry cow intramammary (3.04 mg ai/PCU), then lactating cow intramammary treatments (0.71 mg ai/PCU). CONCLUSIONS: The use of antimicrobials in dairy cows in New Zealand appears low by international standards, but varied across years and across regions. The vast majority of antimicrobials used by class were penicillins. This is the first attempt at a national assessment of antimicrobial use by volume and type for dairy cows in New Zealand and will aid in the progression of a strategy of reduction, refinement and replacement of antimicrobial use in animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comparison was made of the effectiveness of the functionalization reactions of pentacyclo[5.4.0.02,6.03,10.05,9]undecane-8,11-dione (PCU) using sulphated zirconia in protection-deprotection reactions and Mg/Al hydrotalcite in a cyanosilylation reaction, under classical thermal conditions and imposing microwave radiation; improved yields and reaction times were considered.

Two types of shape memory poly carbonate urethanes (PCUs) microspheres were synthesized by pre-polymerization and suspension polymerization, based on Polycarbonate diol (PCDL) as the soft segment, Isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) and 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) as the hard segments and 1,4-butanediol (BDO) as the chain expanding agent. The structure, crystallinity, and thermal property of the two synthesized PCUs were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Differential scanning calorimetery (DSC), respectively. The results showed that the two types of PCUs exhibited high thermal stability with phase separation and semi-crystallinity. Also, the results of the compression test displayed that the shape fixity and the shape recovery of two PCUs were more than 90% compared to the originals, indicating their similar bio-applicability and shape-memory properties. The tensile strength, elongation at break was enhanced by introducing and increasing content of HDI. The water contact angles of PCUs decreased and their surface tension increased by surface modified with Bovine serum albumin (BSA). Furthermore, the biological study results of two types of PCUs from the platelet adhesion test and the cell proliferation inhibition test indicated they had some biocompatibilites. Hence, the PCU microspheres might represent a smart and shape-memory embolic agent for vascular embolization. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this study, three medical-grade polymers, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), polycarbonate urethane (PCU) and poly (ether ether ketone) PEEK, were tested immediately after x-irradiation. The primary purpose of this study was to provide a qualitative comparison of the radiation-sensitivity of these polymers. To evaluate radiation-induced defects or trapped charges, radiation dosimetry method, known as thermally stimulated luminescence (TSL) or thermoluminescence (TL), was employed, and for free radical comparison, electron spin resonance (ESR) was used. When these polymers were x-irradiated at room temperature and subsequently heated, broad luminescence was detected as a function of temperature (known as a glow curve) in the temperature region of 75 °C to 250 °C. In particular, TSL of PCU exhibited glow peaks near 140 °C and 225 °C, that of PEEK near 100 °C and 150 °C, and of UHMWPE near 100 °C and 140 °C. In each case, totalTSL was found to increase as a function of x-ray exposure, suggesting the production of radiation-induced species in the respective polymer matrix. Compared to PCU or PEEK, UHMWPE was found to form more than one order of magnitude of free radicals per unit mass per unit x-ray exposure. In two hours in air at room temperature after irradiation, UHMWPE lost 42% of its initial radical concentration, while PCU lost 75%. X-ray induced PEEK radicals (peroxy/phenoxy) decayed in about one week. Unlike UHMWPE or PCU, non-irradiated (as-received) PEEK was found to contain residual radicals. In UHMWPE, primary radicals reportedly decay to oxygen-centered polyenyl radicals in about three months. In all the results did find significant radical formation via ESR and supporting radiation sensitivity measurements via TSL, warranting further investigation into the effects of radiation on PEEK and PCU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we grafted the zwitterionic polynorbornene onto polycarbonate urethane (PCU) film surface by a convenient route of thiol-ene click-chemistry. The PCU film surface was first treated with hexamethylene-1,6-diisocynate and subsequently with two different thiol agents ( l-cysteine and β-marcaptoethanol) in the presence of di-n-butyltin dilaurate (DBTDL) to immobilize sulfhydryl groups onto the surface. Here, DBTDL acted as selective catalyst for the reaction between surface-tethered isocyanates and amine/hydroxyl groups in thiol agents over that of free thiol groups. In the next step, zwitterionic polynorbornene (poly(NSulfoZI)) having functionalizable double bonds was grafted onto these surfaces by photo-initiated thiol-ene click-reaction. The modified surfaces were characterized by water contact angle and XPS analysis. Moreover, the cytocompatibility of these surfaces was investigated by model endothelial cells, EA.hy926, for 1, 3, and 7 d culture times, which showed enhanced cell adhesion and growth. Therefore, the poly(NSulfoZI) functionalized PCU surface using l-cysteine as thiol agent could be a good candidate for tissue engineering material application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]