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With the growing complexity of systems across diverse domains, key challenges emerge in simultaneously designing networks and their underlying infrastructure, requiring resolution at concept stage. In space mission design, technological advancements and ambitious goals enable numerous mission architecture concepts due to diverse material flow options. Current design support tools function either after the initial concept design, or tend to rapidly converge toward point solutions, limiting the solution space. We introduce a digital tool for early-stage concept design, capable of generating, evaluating, and visualising a wide range of user-defined architectural options. It utilises a pattern language for space missions, incorporating building blocks like ‘launch’ or ‘electrolysis’. Validation with historic missions showcase the tool automatically identifies all four main mission architectures considered during the Apollo design and more, and accurately recommending the Lunar Orbit Rendezvous architecture which was actually selected. Predicted masses, informing costs, vary by 15% and duration by 30% from actual values, which is within expectations. Identifying missions and leveraging expert knowledge is also demonstrated in the Mars Sample Return case. This approach can help minimise the risk of overlooking effective mission concepts early on. Furthermore, the method is applicable in other domains facing concurrent infrastructure and logistics design challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In software engineering, pattern papers serve the purpose of providing a description of a generalized, reusable solution to recurring design problems, based on practical experience and established best practices. This paper presents an architectural pattern for a Secure Auditable Registry service based on Message-Oriented Middleware to be used in large-scale IoT systems that must provide auditing capabilities to external entities. To prepare the pattern, the direct experience in applying the pattern solution in an industry-funded R&D project has been a key aspect because it has allowed us to gain a deep understanding of the problem and the solution, and it has contributed to the correctness and real-world applicability of the pattern as described. To further improve the quality of the paper, we have followed the commonly accepted practices in pattern development (including peer reviews) to ensure that the core aspects of the solution are correctly represented and that the description allows it to be applicable to similar problems in other domains, such as healthcare, autonomous devices, banking, food tracing or manufacturing to name a few. The work done in applying this pattern confirms that it solves a recurring problem for IoT systems, but also that it can be adopted in other domains, providing an effective solution in order to achieve enhancement of the auditability capabilities of the target systems. This pattern will be part of a pattern language (i.e., a family of related patterns) that we are developing for transitioning from legacy systems to IoT with an emphasis on security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is pivotal in advancing industrial automation, offering significant improvements in connectivity and efficiency. However, the integration of heterogeneous devices within IIoT systems presents substantial challenges, primarily due to the diversity in device hardware, protocols, and functionalities. In this paper, we propose a new pattern language specifically designed to enhance interoperability and operational efficiency across industrial settings. Drawing from a case study of the State Company for Automotive Industry (S.C.A.I.) in Iraq, this study details the development and integration of eleven interrelated patterns. These patterns were carefully combined based on identified relationships, forming a comprehensive pattern language that addresses key aspects of system heterogeneity, including device communication, data security, and system scalability. The pattern language was validated using the Delphi process theory, engaging industry experts to refine and optimize the framework for practical application. The implementation of this pattern language led to significant improvements in system integration, enabling seamless communication between diverse devices and enhancing operational workflows. The case study demonstrates the practical viability of the proposed pattern language in enhancing interoperability within real-world Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) applications. Furthermore, the replicable nature of this framework makes it a valuable resource for other industrial environments seeking to harness the power of IIoT technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Beijing University of Civil Engineering & Architecture is the property of Journal of Beijing University of Civil Engineering & Architecture Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the inevitable high-density urbanization process, existing urban green space (UGS) design approaches are ineffective in creating more green areas and combining multidisciplinary design principles to provide balanced sets of ecosystem services (ESs). This paper proposes a systematic framework for UGS design in the context of high-density urban development, results in spatial patterns, a pattern language, that combines specific design principles with a wide range of complementary ESs suitable for high-density environments. Such design approach can create more possibilities for UGS provisioning, deal with the complexity in high-density contexts, and provides consistency at different scale for UGS designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Design patterns for learning are about articulating, testing and sharing the principles of problem solving in the educational context. In this way, multiple patterns are developed to solve common problems, described in various pattern language formats. Therefore, this work is about characterizing and establishing functional relationships between the components involved in the construction of a learning design pattern. The research was carried out in a Delphi study of double round individual non-contact between experts (n = 14), from different areas (educational technology, e-learning, distance education, higher education), selected through the coefficient of expert competence. The main result is a pattern language composed of attributes, components, and groups of processes. It is concluded that the language obtained allows externalizing knowledge from its consistent and shareable structure, which makes it suitable for use in different scenarios that require a formal pattern language and facilitates its implementation in online learning contexts.

The paper describes a project conducted by a group of architecture students at the Cracow University of Technology. The research problem focused on common spaces in the learning environment, employing the theoretical framework of the sociology of architecture and the participatory design methodology. The project aimed to propose current design model solutions for inclusive and universally-accessible student places, reflecting on the initial studies and the design workshop experiences. The socio-spatial patterns proposed in this study were inspired by the concept of a pattern language developed by the team led by Christopher Alexander in the 1970s. In contrast to the original patterns, the new proposals for patterns of common student spaces are not statements, but questions. The answers to these questions involve different relationships between individuals (users) and the built environment, including those connecting users to the architectural work, the natural environment, other individuals, or user groups.

Urban identity has been an elusive challenge in urban studies. This research investigates Hanoi's identity from 1873 to 1902 employing a methodology grounded in pattern and form languages, alongside the newly-developed Coherent Index. It finds that Hanoi's late nineteenth-century form emphasized multiple scales, clear connections between urban elements, and the prominence of focal points and distinctiveness. The city's form has been shaped by the interdependence of social and political needs among its diverse populations, connection to nature, and prestige, security, and symbolism. This research broadens the scope of urban identity across diverse contexts, enhancing comprehension of its intricate nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Systems Engineering (SE) may be one of the fastest‐evolving engineering disciplines today. With each technological innovation, the practice of systems engineering is challenged to adapt. Two such practices that have been appearing in university curricula are Model‐Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) and Architectural Patterns. The combination of MBSE and patterns has proven to be a powerful construct. This paper looks at the use of a space‐based patterns library (language) in a graduate‐level system engineering curriculum to teach MBSE. The International Council On Systems Engineering (INCOSE) "Systems Engineering Vision 2035" defines, that by 2035, the systems engineering practices will be based on a set of theoretical foundations and other general principles that are continuously taught as part of a systems engineering curriculum. This paper provides an approach and a solution to the needs of academic coursework for teaching model‐based systems engineering. The method presented in this paper details the usage of the pattern library concept developed for NASA and its usage by the systems engineering graduate students that eases the development of new space‐based systems architectures. Again, our objective is to incorporate INCOSE Vision 2035 in academia using Model‐Based Architectural Patterns for Teaching SE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Central China Normal University is the property of Huazhong Normal University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In software engineering, pattern papers serve the purpose of providing a description of a generalized, reusable solution to recurring design problems, based on practical experience and established best practices. This paper presents an architectural pattern for a Secure Auditable Registry service based on Message-Oriented Middleware to be used in large-scale IoT systems that must provide auditing capabilities to external entities. To prepare the pattern, the direct experience in applying the pattern solution in an industry-funded R&D project has been a key aspect because it has allowed us to gain a deep understanding of the problem and the solution, and it has contributed to the correctness and real-world applicability of the pattern as described. To further improve the quality of the paper, we have followed the commonly accepted practices in pattern development (including peer reviews) to ensure that the core aspects of the solution are correctly represented and that the description allows it to be applicable to similar problems in other domains, such as healthcare, autonomous devices, banking, food tracing or manufacturing to name a few. The work done in applying this pattern confirms that it solves a recurring problem for IoT systems, but also that it can be adopted in other domains, providing an effective solution in order to achieve enhancement of the auditability capabilities of the target systems. This pattern will be part of a pattern language (i.e., a family of related patterns) that we are developing for transitioning from legacy systems to IoT with an emphasis on security.

Copyright of South Architecture / Nanfang Jianzhu is the property of South Architecture Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article considers architect Christopher Alexander's work in relation to a broader body of research and design focusing on phenomenologies of place and placemaking. The article begins by describing two contrasting ways of understanding wholeness—what are called analytic relationality and synergistic relationality. In analytic relationality, wholes are pictured as sets of arbitrary parts external to each other and among which are located linkages involving stronger and weaker connections and relationships. In contrast, synergistic relationality interprets wholes as dynamic, generative fields that sustain and are sustained by intensive parts that integrally belong to and support the whole. The argument is made that, in terms of synergistic relationality, places can be envisioned as interconnected fields of intertwined relationships gathering and gathered by a lived intimacy between people and world. The article illustrates how Alexander's approach to wholeness assumes a synergistic relationality and contributes to understanding, envisioning, and making places that are whole, robust, and life-enhancing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is pivotal in advancing industrial automation, offering significant improvements in connectivity and efficiency. However, the integration of heterogeneous devices within IIoT systems presents substantial challenges, primarily due to the diversity in device hardware, protocols, and functionalities. In this paper, we propose a new pattern language specifically designed to enhance interoperability and operational efficiency across industrial settings. Drawing from a case study of the State Company for Automotive Industry (S.C.A.I.) in Iraq, this study details the development and integration of eleven interrelated patterns. These patterns were carefully combined based on identified relationships, forming a comprehensive pattern language that addresses key aspects of system heterogeneity, including device communication, data security, and system scalability. The pattern language was validated using the Delphi process theory, engaging industry experts to refine and optimize the framework for practical application. The implementation of this pattern language led to significant improvements in system integration, enabling seamless communication between diverse devices and enhancing operational workflows. The case study demonstrates the practical viability of the proposed pattern language in enhancing interoperability within real-world Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) applications. Furthermore, the replicable nature of this framework makes it a valuable resource for other industrial environments seeking to harness the power of IIoT technologies.

Christopher Alexander was often characterized—and sometimes seemed to characterize himself—as “sui generis,” a radical and perhaps even eccentric thinker on architecture, technology, culture, and nature. That perception in turn has led many to dismiss Alexander’s work as too idiosyncratic to be operationalized in the pragmatic world of planning and building. Here we show, however, that Alexander’s core ideas have strong parallels in contemporary network science, mathematics, physics, and philosophy, and in the pragmatic world of technological design (including computer software). We highlight a remaining gap in translating Alexander’s work into practical tools and strategies for implementation—a gap that is tantalizingly near to being bridged.

This article explores the use of the pattern language approach in bridging the gap between formal and informal urban planning practices in the African context. This study focuses on a case application within the urbanised region encompassing the Nakivubo wetland located in Kampala, Uganda. As in other cities in Africa with a colonial past, Kampala’s planning system signals a profound gap between a technocratic, European paradigms-based type of planning and the everyday practices of citizens. This results in a “dual city,” with formal and informal communities using resources and spaces differently, leading to spatial segregation and non-implementation of urban plans. To overcome this challenge, the pattern language approach is utilised in this research to link formal and informal practices through facilitating meaningful community participation and integrating tacit knowledge into the planning process. To achieve this, the researchers conducted fieldwork and interacted with the local community in informal settlements to develop informal patterns, while analysing the history and current organisation of formal planning institutions in Kampala to formulate formal patterns. The patterns were used as input for a community workshop, which resulted in a pattern language of wetland management practices and a framework that begins to bridge both formal and informal domains of urban practice. By using the pattern language approach as a tool to understand informal practices and their possible incorporation into a planning process that captures the needs of citizens, this research offers relevant insights into achieving sustainable and inclusive urban environments.

Based on Pattern 1 “Independent Regions” in the book A Pattern Language by Alexander et al. (1977), we investigate a fundamental socio-spatial alternative for reorganizing our world, countries, and metropolitan regions. When put into the context of large worldwide problems, such as climate change, nuclear danger, pandemics, overpopulation, and refugee crises, the innovative idea of “independent regions” presents itself as a promising alternative to the current imbalance of few large and dominant countries in contrast to a wide majority of smaller and medium-sized countries. Working on the development of a refugee pattern language (RPL), this alternative can help to solve larger worldwide problems including the human-made refugee problem. In RPL pattern “3.2 A World of Independent Regions,” we explore this bottom-up alternative based on fundamental principles with an ideal population size for governing itself democratically and equity among regions in a world community. Other considerations include the potential to reduce the root problem of refugee creation of big countries vs. small counties, in cooperation with independent regions, and world regions. Updating this concept involves considering suggestions and new ideas that might make the outcome richer in overlaps, assembly, and scope. The relevance and vision of this concept and pattern are probably most visible and needed in the current turmoil of a transforming world.

Christopher Alexander was often characterized--and sometimes seemed to characterize himself--as "sui generis," a radical and perhaps even eccentric thinker on architecture, technology, culture, and nature. That perception in turn has led many to dismiss Alexander's work as too idiosyncratic to be operationalized in the pragmatic world of planning and building. Here we show, however, that Alexander's core ideas have strong parallels in contemporary network science, mathematics, physics, and philosophy, and in the pragmatic world of technological design (including computer software). We highlight a remaining gap in translating Alexander's work into practical tools and strategies for implementation--a gap that is tantalizingly near to being bridged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the use of the pattern language approach in bridging the gap between formal and informal urban planning practices in the African context. This study focuses on a case application within the urbanised region encompassing the Nakivubo wetland located in Kampala, Uganda. As in other cities in Africa with a colonial past, Kampala's planning system signals a profound gap between a technocratic, European paradigms-based type of planning and the everyday practices of citizens. This results in a "dual city," with formal and informal communities using resources and spaces differently, leading to spatial segregation and non-implementation of urban plans. To overcome this challenge, the pattern language approach is utilised in this research to link formal and informal practices through facilitating meaningful community participation and integrating tacit knowledge into the planning process. To achieve this, the researchers conducted fieldwork and interacted with the local community in informal settlements to develop informal patterns, while analysing the history and current organisation of formal planning institutions in Kampala to formulate formal patterns. The patterns were used as input for a community workshop, which resulted in a pattern language of wetland management practices and a framework that begins to bridge both formal and informal domains of urban practice. By using the pattern language approach as a tool to understand informal practices and their possible incorporation into a planning process that captures the needs of citizens, this research offers relevant insights into achieving sustainable and inclusive urban environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on Pattern 1 "Independent Regions" in the book A Pattern Language by Alexander et al. (1977), we investigate a fundamental socio-spatial alternative for reorganizing our world, countries, and metropolitan regions. When put into the context of large worldwide problems, such as climate change, nuclear danger, pandemics, overpopulation, and refugee crises, the innovative idea of "independent regions" presents itself as a promising alternative to the current imbalance of few large and dominant countries in contrast to a wide majority of smaller and medium-sized countries. Working on the development of a refugee pattern language (RPL), this alternative can help to solve larger worldwide problems including the human-made refugee problem. In RPL pattern "3.2 A World of Independent Regions," we explore this bottom-up alternative based on fundamental principles with an ideal population size for governing itself democratically and equity among regions in a world community. Other considerations include the potential to reduce the root problem of refugee creation of big countries vs. small counties, in cooperation with independent regions, and world regions. Updating this concept involves considering suggestions and new ideas that might make the outcome richer in overlaps, assembly, and scope. The relevance and vision of this concept and pattern are probably most visible and needed in the current turmoil of a transforming world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on how to solve the demand of how to quickly explore more urban space design and layout in terms of the conservation and reuse of historical blocks under computer-aided design technology. Referring to urban inductive patterns, the author establishes an urban space design grammar of historical districts based on shape grammar and pattern language. It forms a complete generative urban space design method involving morphological analysis, rule-making, and scheme generation. Furthermore, taking the typical Russian-style historical block along the Chinese Eastern Railway—the historical district in front of Anda Station as an application example—this paper completed the generative urban space design process of block redevelopment and environmental reconstruction, which, using computer-aided technology, was under the premise of protecting the original historic block fabric. The final two group results of the experimental plot and the other plots of the historical district show that this method can quickly and accurately generate lots of urban space design schemes that meet the designers' pre-thinking, and these schemes can be modified by real-time calculation and interactive operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New space mission profiles arise from the convergence of reduced launch prices, miniaturization of electronics and the maturation of on-orbit servicing technologies. Additionally, a shift towards challenging Lunar objectives pushes for interconnected and complex-mode missions, and trends towards low-cost, sustainability and autonomy also encourage complex modes. The field of space logistics aims to develop conceptual and computational tools to optimize multi-node material-flow networks. However, existing tools insufficiently address the challenge of generating and comparing mission concepts methodically. Through a comprehensive literature review and a case study, we: (1) establish a need for a design support tool for early-phase complex space mission concept generation; (2) establish the potential of a novel approach using pattern languages; (3) propose and describe a concept for an innovative interdisciplinary tool using the identified methods; (4) verify the proposed support tool concept by replicating the Apollo study results as a proof of concept. We created a pattern language in which words are mission concept of operations elements, the grammar is an assembly algorithm allowing to generate options automatically, and the writing system is intuitively readable diagrams illustrating candidate mission modes. Key figures of merit are also automatically compiled. Among the concepts we generated for the Apollo proof of concept study, the four principal candidates considered in 1962 were captured and ranked in the same order as historically and in recent literature. Findings are consistent with Apollo's choice of designing two modules to be separated in Lunar orbit, thus confirming the proposed tool's potential. Decision-makers could be supported in the early stages of the mission design process, where most of the value is locked in, by complementing existing methods such as concurrent engineering. Efficiently designing complex-mode missions is key to enabling cost-effective and highly ambitious missions, therefore supporting cislunar economy development. • Gap for a design support tool for early-phase complex space mission design. • Potential of a novel approach using pattern languages and matheuristics. • Proposition and description of a concept for an innovative interdisciplinary tool using pattern languages and matheuristics. • Verification of the proposed support tool concept by recreating the Apollo study results as a proof-of-concept. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shape grammar can reveal the socio-spatial uniqueness that moulds the geometric shapes and elements of the house facade in a dense area of the urban kampung. The façade tends to not have the exact pattern due to adjustment of daily activities and needs in Tambora Jakarta. However, the grassroots have formed the pattern of events along the alley that represents contexts like milieu, economics, and social conditions. The alley has overlapping layers between private and public activities, which contribute to the geometric shapes and elements of the façade in Tambora. The house facade depicts activities and relationships inside and outside that manifest in geometric shapes and elements of the facade. Hereafter, this research combines the shape grammar for the geometric pattern of the facade and the pattern language for the qualitative contexts. The first step is categorising the geometric shapes and elements of the facade and the socio-spatial aspects into defined shape rules. Then, mapping the pattern language of activities and needs between inside–house program and outside–the use of space along the alley to delineate spatial relation. The result intends to comprehend the correlation between the logic of the geometric shape and facade elements concerning the qualitative context.

Copyright of New Architecture is the property of New Architecture Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The growing interest of organizations in improving their software processes has led them to aim at achieving high maturity, where statistical process control (SPC) is required. One of the challenges involved in performing SPC is selecting measures suitable for it. Measures used in SPC can be found in the literature and can be reused by organizations, but the information is dispersed, not favoring reuse. From measures suggested in the literature or used in practical experiences, it is possible to identify patterns that can be used to support organizations in measurement planning. Patterns can be organized as pattern languages, which favor reuse and contribute towards increasing productivity. In this work, from the results of a systematic mapping and a survey, we identified measurement planning patterns in the Goal-Question-Metric format and organized them in a Measurement Planning Pattern Language (MePPLa). MePPLa was created by following a Systematic Approach for creating Measurement Planning Pattern Languages (SAMPPLa), also defined in this work. This paper presents SAMPPLa, MePPLa and the main results of a study carried out to evaluate MePPLa. The results showed that using MePPLa is viable and useful to aid in software measurement planning. Mainly, MePPLa contributes to increasing productivity when creating a measurement plan and the quality of the resulting measurement plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Central Europe witnessed an urban boom at the beginning of the 20th century. By that time, the leading state of the area was Austria-Hungary, with Vienna as its capital. Before the First World War, even larger expansion of the cities was predictable. Otto Wagner, a leading architect of the empire and an expert in urban planning and architectural theory, published his vision about the future of the evolution of cities in 1911. In this book, he formulates clear rules about how a city should sustainably expand in a controlled manner. In this article, these rules of the inherited patterns are systematised and turned into recursive algorithms to simulate the urban growth controlled by them and the resulting patterns. The algorithms are tested on 1911 Vienna and, as comparison, on 2021 Miskolc, a medium-sized city in Hungary with different geographic surroundings. In the article, the resulting patterns are presented in 2D and 3D.

This paper focuses on how to solve the demand of how to quickly explore more urban space design and layout in terms of the conservation and reuse of historical blocks under computer-aided design technology. Referring to urban inductive patterns, the author establishes an urban space design grammar of historical districts based on shape grammar and pattern language. It forms a complete generative urban space design method involving morphological analysis, rule-making, and scheme generation. Furthermore, taking the typical Russian-style historical block along the Chinese Eastern Railway—the historical district in front of Anda Station as an application example—this paper completed the generative urban space design process of block redevelopment and environmental reconstruction, which, using computer-aided technology, was under the premise of protecting the original historic block fabric. The final two group results of the experimental plot and the other plots of the historical district show that this method can quickly and accurately generate lots of urban space design schemes that meet the designers’ pre-thinking, and these schemes can be modified by real-time calculation and interactive operation.