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Introduction and aim. The synthesis of heterocyclic compounds containing oxygen and nitrogen is profoundly intriguing due to their mechanistic implications in both research and development within organic chemistry and drug discovery. The primary aim of this study is to fabricate a range of pharmacologically active drugs containing the isoxazole moiety. Material and methods. The synthesis of new derivatives of isoxazole was achieved through a one-pot condensation reaction of 2-[(Substituted phenyl)hydrazono]malononitrile (1) and 3-[(Substituted phenyl)azo]-2,4-Pentanedione (2) with sodium acetate and hydroxylamine hydrochloride (1:1) in ethanol. All the compounds were screened for their in vitro antibacterial activity, in vitro antioxidant and anticancer activity. The synthesized compounds underwent characterization through FTIR, 1 H NMR, and 13C NMR analyses, supported by mass spectral data and elemental analysis. Results. A set of novel isoxazole derivatives was synthesized with a favorable yield. Among compounds 1d, 1e, 2c, 2d, and 2e exhibited notable antioxidant activities. Compounds 1a, 1b, and 1c demonstrated significant anticancer potential against prostate cancer [PC3] cell lines compared to normal HEK cell lines, while 2a displayed the highest inhibitory zone against Escherichia coli. Conclusion. Novel compounds with multifaceted biological activities have been successfully designed, and a synthetic route to create isoxazole derivatives has been devised and verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pathogenic bacterial infection is the main cause of decreased cow productivity. This study aimed to investigate the relationship of Natural Resistance Associated Macrophage Protein 1 (NRAMP1) gene polymorphisms with pathogenic bacterial resistance traits in Indonesian cattle. A total of seventeen (17) animals of mixed-breed cattle comprising two categories healthy (7 heads) and infected with bacteria (10 heads) were used in this study. Forward sequencing analysis was performed to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the partial NRAMP1 gene (954 bp) using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results showed that a novel SNP of g.109Y (intron 5) and two common SNPs of g.221K (intron 5) and g.642R (intron 6) were detected in the NRAMP gene in Indonesian native cattle. In addition, these SNPs have a moderate polymorphic information content (PIC) value (0.30 - 0.50). Therefore, eight (8) haplotypes of the NRAMP1 gene were determined in the present study. Thus, the highest bacterial infection frequency was shown in the TT/GT/AG haplotype. In conclusion, three (3) nonsense SNP in the NRAMP1 gene have the potency as a genetic marker for bacterial resistance trait in Indonesian cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Food hygiene and safety is of utmost importance for public health, as it helps to protect the health of consumers from foodborne illnesses. Although, hundreds of plant species have been screened and tested for antimicrobial properties, the vast majority of these plants have not been adequately screened and evaluated. Considering the vast potentiality of plants as sources for antimicrobial drugs, the present research aimed to evaluate antioxidant, phytochemicals and determine the antibacterial activity of M. charantia (Linn) on pathogenic organism from Ready-to-eat food sold in Akure metropolis. Results Bacteria isolated from RTE food studied belong to the following genera; Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Citrobacter, Pectobacterium, Klebsiella, Bacillus, Kocuria, Kluyveria, Serratia, Pantoea, Enterobacter and Salmonella. The antibiotic susceptibility pattern revealed that the Gram negative organisms were more susceptible to Gentamycin (30 µg) while Streptomycin (30 µg) was found to be more potent on Gram positive organisms. Water and ethanol extracts showed significant to moderate antibacterial activity toward all tested isolates except; Escherichia vulneris and Kluyveria intermedia which are both resistant to the aqueous extracts of M. charantia and the latter which was resistant to the ethanoic extract. The highest inhibitory activity was observed for Bacillus cereus with zone of inhibition of diameters 28 ± 0.29l (mm), followed by Escherichia vulneris 25 ± 0.29l (mm). DDPH% Inhibition has higher value in the water extract (69.21 ± 0.882a) while lower value was recorded in the ethanol extract (67.89 ± 0.155b). % Iron chelation has higher value in the ethanol extract (121.87 ± 0.882a) while lower value was recorded in the water extract (97.28 ± 0.155b). In all the concentration, vitamin C was higher in the ethanol extract than in the water extract. Conclusions The study revealed that all the Ready-to-eat food had a total bacterial count that are below potentially hazardous count although the presence of some microorganisms that are of health significance were observed. The study also confirmed that M. charantia (Linn) extracts had antibacterial effect against tested isolates from Ready-to-eat food sold in Akure metropolis. Based on the findings of this great research work, Mormordica charantia (Linn) possesses antioxidant activity that could prevent oxidative stress and degenerative diseases.

Background: Food hygiene and safety is of utmost importance for public health, as it helps to protect the health of consumers from foodborne illnesses. Although, hundreds of plant species have been screened and tested for antimicrobial properties, the vast majority of these plants have not been adequately screened and evaluated. Considering the vast potentiality of plants as sources for antimicrobial drugs, the present research aimed to evaluate antioxidant, phytochemicals and determine the antibacterial activity of M. charantia (Linn) on pathogenic organism from Ready-to-eat food sold in Akure metropolis. Results: Bacteria isolated from RTE food studied belong to the following genera; Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Citrobacter, Pectobacterium, Klebsiella, Bacillus, Kocuria, Kluyveria, Serratia, Pantoea, Enterobacter and Salmonella. The antibiotic susceptibility pattern revealed that the Gram negative organisms were more susceptible to Gentamycin (30 µg) while Streptomycin (30 µg) was found to be more potent on Gram positive organisms. Water and ethanol extracts showed significant to moderate antibacterial activity toward all tested isolates except; Escherichia vulneris and Kluyveria intermedia which are both resistant to the aqueous extracts of M. charantia and the latter which was resistant to the ethanoic extract. The highest inhibitory activity was observed for Bacillus cereus with zone of inhibition of diameters 28 ± 0.29l (mm), followed by Escherichia vulneris 25 ± 0.29l (mm). DDPH% Inhibition has higher value in the water extract (69.21 ± 0.882a) while lower value was recorded in the ethanol extract (67.89 ± 0.155b). % Iron chelation has higher value in the ethanol extract (121.87 ± 0.882a) while lower value was recorded in the water extract (97.28 ± 0.155b). In all the concentration, vitamin C was higher in the ethanol extract than in the water extract. Conclusions: The study revealed that all the Ready-to-eat food had a total bacterial count that are below potentially hazardous count although the presence of some microorganisms that are of health significance were observed. The study also confirmed that M. charantia (Linn) extracts had antibacterial effect against tested isolates from Ready-to-eat food sold in Akure metropolis. Based on the findings of this great research work, Mormordica charantia (Linn) possesses antioxidant activity that could prevent oxidative stress and degenerative diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is devoted to forensic research of the damage circumstances by pathogenic microorganisms in the environment after a terrorist attack. The topic is relevant in that it has not yet been studied in forensic such notions as “especially dangerous infections”, “biological agents”, “bacteriological weapons”, “biological weapons”, “pathogenicity”, “contagious properties”, etc. were not considered in the literature. In forensic science, the properties of biological agents of biological weapons developed to date, the mechanism and nature of trace formation in the material situation where a terrorist act can be committed using these means are not systematized. The issues of technical and forensic support for conducting investigative actions were not considered, for example, when inspecting the scene of an incident, if an act of terrorism was committed, there are no recommendations on the tactical features of investigating this category of crimes, and the specialists are not known in what procedural form. Specialists should be established to prove the guilt of the terrorist (s), and other issues are not developed as well. of terrorism. The purpose of research, based on the properties of pathogenic microorganisms of natural origin and biological agents for creating biological weapons, their existing classification by degree of pathogenicity, method of penetration, etc., to identify the main properties of these microorganisms in the forensic aspect, systematize them to determine the tactics of the investigation at the initial stage of the investigation. Scientific works of microbiologists, virologists, biologists, epidemiologists and military epidemiologists devoted to the biological agents and the weapon, the methods of indication of bacteriological materials, also the works of criminologists devoted to the theory and practice of investigating special types of crime served as a basis to this article.

Sensitive and rapid identification of pathogenic bacterial is extremely important due to the serious threat of pathogens to human health. In this study, we demonstrate the simultaneous and sensitive detection of pathogenic Escherichia coli O157 and Listeria monocytogenes using a novel duplex droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) platform. The ddPCR platform, which uses a mineral oil-saturated polydimethylsiloxane (OSP) chip to overcome the problem of droplet evaporation, integrates the functions of droplet generation, on-chip amplification and end-point fluorescence readout. Simultaneous detection of two kinds of bacterial is achieved by the design of differentially labeled TaqMan-MGB fluorescent probes. Compared with a quantitative real-time PCR approach, the OSP chip-based duplex ddPCR platform exhibits high sensitivity, which is at the level of single molecule resolution without significant cross-assay interference. Moreover, the applicability of the proposed method is also evaluated in artificially contaminated drinking water sample, which displays a low detection limit down to 10 CFU/mL for both pathogenic bacterial within 2 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In orden to determine the frequency of bacterial pathogens in the respiratory tract of children between the ages of 0 – 11 years old who attend the emergency service in the Pediatrics ward at the Autonomous Hospital □Antonio Patricio de Alcalá□ in Cumaná, Sucre state during the period from June to November 2001, 150 samples from children with infections in the respiratory tract were analyzed. The microbiological diagnosis was performed using classical methods to identify the microorganisms in clinical samples. The resistance to antibiotics was determined by the agar dilution technique according to the guidelines of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). The upper respiratory tract infections (75.00%) exceeded the lower respiratory tract infections. The main cause for medical consultation was pharyngitis (43.00%), followed by otitis (32.00%) and pneumonia (25.00%), and. 62.00% the samples were positive. The microorganisms most frequent in the upper respiratory tract were Streptococcus B-hemolytic group A (24.49%) and Staphylococcus aureus (16.32%) and in the lower respiratory tract Klebsiella pneumoniae (10.20%). The greater percentage of resistance in the microorganism isolates was for the β-lactamics group. Resumen: Con el propósito de determinar la frecuencia de bacterias patógenas a nivel del tracto respiratorio en niños con edades entre 0 y 11 años que acudieron a la emergencia pediátrica del Servicio Autónomo Hospital Antonio Patricio de Alcalá, Cumaná estado Sucre, durante el período junio 2001 a noviembre 2002, se analizaron 144 muestras de niños con infecciones del tracto respiratorio. El diagnóstico microbiológico se realizó siguiendo los métodos clásicos para el procesamiento de muestras clínicas y la resistencia antimicrobiana por los métodos estándares del National Committee of Clínical Laboratory (NCCLS). Se encontró una mayor frecuencia de infecciones a nivel del tracto respiratorio superior (75,00%). La principal causa de consulta médica fue la faringitis (43,00%), seguido por otitis (32,00%) y neumonías (25,00%). Del total de muestras procesadas 62,00% fueron positivas para cultivo bacteriológico. El microorganismo aislado con mayor frecuencia en el tracto respiratorio superior fue Streptococcus β-hemolítico del grupo A (24,49%) y Staphylococcus aureus (16,32%) y en el tracto respiratorio inferior Klebsiella pneumoniae (10,20%). El mayor porcentaje de resistencia de los microorganismos aislados se presentó para el grupo de los B-lactámicos.

The antibacterial activity of the methanol extract of Wedelia chinensis leave was studied and tested against three pathogenic Gram positive bacteria (Bacillus cereus, B. subtilis and Stapylococcus aureus) and three pathogenic Gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Proteus rettgeri and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) by the disk diffusion assay and broth dilution methods. The extract exhibited favourable antibacterial activity against the bacterial cells but was more potent against Gram positive bacteria with the minimum inhibition concentration of 3.12 to 6.25 mg/ml compared to the Gram negative bacteria which had minimum inhibition concentration values of 25 mg/ml. The time-kill study suggested that the extract possessed bactericidal properties at higher concentrations and eradicated the growth of bacterial cells. The major abnormalities occurred to the bacterial cells after exposed to the extract were complete alterations in their morphology and collapsed of the cells beyond repair. The methanol extract of W. chinensis may be an effective antibacterial agent to treat bacterial infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The gram-negative bacteria abundance on hazy days were higher than on non-hazy days. • Haze pollution increased bacterial metabolism, cell damage and death. • Hazy days held more pathogenic compositions and higher abundance than non-hazy days. • More ARG sub-types and abundance were detected on hazy days than on non-hazy days. The physicochemical properties of inhalable particles during hazy days have been extensively studied, but their biological health threats have not been well-explored. This study aimed to explore the impacts of haze pollution on airborne bacteria and antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs) by conducting a comparative study of the bacterial community structure and functions, pathogenic compositions, and ARGs between hazy days and non-hazy days in a cold megacity in Northeast China. The results suggested that bacterial communities were shaped by local weather and customs. In this study, cold-resistant and Chinese sauerkraut-related bacterial compositions were identified as predominant genera. In the comparative analysis, higher proportions of gram-negative bacteria and pathogens were detected on hazy days than on non-hazy days. Pollutants on hazy days provided more nutrients (sulfate, nitrate and ammonium) for bacterial metabolism but also caused more bacterial cell damage and death than on non-hazy days. This study also detected increases in the sub-types and average absolute abundance of airborne resistance genes on hazy days compared to non-hazy days. The results of this study revealed that particle pollution promotes the dissemination and exchange of pathogenic bacteria and ARGs among large urban populations, which leads to a higher potential for human inhalation exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]