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Passenger density is a major factor influencing indoor climate conditions and the corresponding energy consumption in the transfer halls of metro transportation hubs. In this study, passenger flow in a subway transfer hall in Beijing was measured across three typical seasons. A differential equation model was established to account for the characteristics of passenger density. Based on this, a passenger density prediction model was developed and utilized for analysis. The results show that passenger density is primarily affected by operation time and the surrounding population composition, with a relatively weak correlation to outdoor weather conditions. Additionally, passenger density differs significantly between weekdays and weekends, with the weekday peak being 2.5 times higher than that on weekends. During the four peak hours on weekdays, both in the morning and evening, passenger density exceeds the design capacity, resulting in insufficient fresh air supply. However, for most of the weekday hours and for all hours on weekends, passenger density remains below the design capacity. This indicates a substantial potential for energy savings by adjusting the fresh air supply according to actual passenger density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Passenger density is a major factor influencing indoor climate conditions and the corresponding energy consumption in the transfer halls of metro transportation hubs. In this study, passenger flow in a subway transfer hall in Beijing was measured across three typical seasons. A differential equation model was established to account for the characteristics of passenger density. Based on this, a passenger density prediction model was developed and utilized for analysis. The results show that passenger density is primarily affected by operation time and the surrounding population composition, with a relatively weak correlation to outdoor weather conditions. Additionally, passenger density differs significantly between weekdays and weekends, with the weekday peak being 2.5 times higher than that on weekends. During the four peak hours on weekdays, both in the morning and evening, passenger density exceeds the design capacity, resulting in insufficient fresh air supply. However, for most of the weekday hours and for all hours on weekends, passenger density remains below the design capacity. This indicates a substantial potential for energy savings by adjusting the fresh air supply according to actual passenger density.

Taxi business, with its ubiquitous availability, route flexibility and comfortable travel experience, offers a complementary service for the public transportation system. Among the existing methods of doing taxi business, an meaningful issue is to mine efficient seeking strategies for taxi drivers, in order to improve transportation efficiency. Recent efforts have been made mainly on the individual recommendation with respect to shorter seeking time and higher seeking efficiency, whereas the global transportation efficiency will greatly be reduced once each driver only pays attention to his local optimization. Rather than the individual recommendation, in this paper we conduct research on mining the taxis mobility from large-scale taxi data, thereby proposing a novel solution, namely GREEN (short for A Global RoutEs rEcommeNdation), to improve the seeking strategies and optimize the global transportation situation. Specifically, we first investigate how the drop-off information affects seeking strategies and conduct quantitive analysis, revealing the impact of seeking efficiency, passenger density and top drivers’ experience. Moreover, to deal with the conflict between local optimization and global optimization, we dynamically adjust the weights of road segments based on the number of vacant taxis passing through each road segment. Also, to well evaluate the transportation efficiency, we define the seeking efficiency, net revenue and operation efficiency. Extensive experiments on the real-world dataset demonstrate that our scheme can work well, which not only improves the overall seeking efficiency by reducing total vacant driving time, but also increases the global operation efficiency, thereby optimizing the global transportation efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article shows the planning targets in the scope of the transport node and city. The ways of railway stations development as places of mass transfer of passengers is determined. The method of identifying dependencies between the length of foot walk and increasing the number of stations for stopping is proposed.

Railway platforms are becoming increasingly crowded, especially at peak hours. In this observational study, we investigated how the density of people is perceived by passengers and how this perceived density correlates with safety perception and risk-taking behavior. Risk-taking behavior here means stepping into the danger zone, the area of the platform bordering the tracks where individuals are at risk to their physical integrity by a train passing through, arriving at or leaving the station. The investigation of perceived density and actual behavior on the platform poses methodological challenges. Therefore, we used a stereo sensor technology to collect anonymized behavioral data on a train station platform over two months. Data regarding passenger density and oversteps into the danger zone was collected during rush hours and analyzed for this study. Additionally, subjective data, such as estimation and perception of passenger density and safety perception were collected in a survey with 179 participants. Survey links were distributed during rush hours in three different train stations on platforms over two weeks. While distributing the links for the online survey in the field (two-hour sessions during rush hours), an observation was conducted (i.e., oversteps into the danger zone, general passenger behavior). The results indicate that increased measured passenger density is related to more oversteps. Subjective perception of crowd density, regarding how comfortable someone feels in the given situation, correlates with safety perception and also significantly predicts overstepping into the danger zone. Increased estimated density also correlates with reduced safety perception but is not a predictor of oversteps. We suggest optimizing the passenger distribution on the platform by motivating passengers to move to less crowded areas, e.g. with approaches such as “nudging” so that passengers feel more comfortable on the platform. This can both improve both safety and the customer experience on the platform.

Problem. One of the key issues of the public transit operating is the choice of vehicles passenger capacity. This parameter has a wide range of var-iation and the basis arises for the segregation of buses into classes. The use of buses of a certain class of passenger capacity has rational areas, due to a quantity of parameters characterizing the process of demand formation in transit services (passenger flow volume, its spatial and temporal dynamics, etc.). An analysis of existing research of vehicles capacity choice for route operating has shown that they are not well-coordinated and require further research. Goal. The purpose of the article is to determine the rational areas of using the buses of different classes of passenger capacity. Methodology. Mathematical formulations of the problem have been concerned with minimizing of overall costs, that measure as a combination of user and operator costs. As operated variables, the passenger flow and the load factor on the maximum load section of the route were used. Results. As a result, recommendations for using different bus classes of capacity were proposed. For the applied input data, rational areas of using buses of different classes of passenger capacity have the following ranges of passenger flow on the maximum load section of the route: from 50 to 280 pass./hour – small capacity buses; from 280 to 1100 pass./hour – medium capacity buses; from 1100 to 2450 pass./hour – large capacity buses; from 2450 to 5400 pass./hour - especially large capacity buses. Originality. In contrast to the existing, the proposed approach allows two-factor optimization by passenger capacity and passenger density parameters and takes into account various route parameters, in particular, the characteristics of passenger spatial flow dynamics. Practical value. The obtained results can be used for public transit planning and operation tasks solving, in particular, of vehicles capacity choice on the bus routes. The vehicle capacity defined other parameters of transportation such as headway, service frequency, etc.

In this study, we set up a virtual subway car and analyzed the stress response of young passengers in different compartments. A total of 10 volunteers participated in the experimental study. We measured their diastolic blood pressures, systolic blood pressures, and heart rates, from a car density of one person per square meter to a density of 10 persons per square meter, using 37° sport wristbands. The results show that the participants' mean, minimum, and maximum heart rates were within the normal range, but the ratio of their mean to their maximum heart rate was 73.69%, a level that would have an impact on human health. Their mean, minimum, and maximum diastolic blood pressures and systolic blood pressures were within the normal range. Passenger density had no significant effect on diastolic blood pressure, systolic blood pressure, or heart rate (p < 0.05). Diastolic and systolic blood pressures were significantly positively correlated, whereas diastolic blood pressure and heart rate, and systolic blood pressure and heart rate, were negatively correlated, although not significantly. For the sake of comfort, we recommend five persons per square meter as the critical value of congestion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an optimization model formulation for the design of bus stop spacing of on-demand public bus (ODPB) service. The objective of this model is to minimize the total travel time of all the passengers. To capture the unique characteristics of ODPB service, model constraints such as the length of segment, the configuration of shed line, minimum stop spacing, vehicle capacity limitation, are explicitly considered. Numerical results show that the optimal bus stop spacing for ODPB is very different from a conventional bus. Factors like passenger density, travel time perception weight ratio, access/egress walking speed, and the time loss near/at the stop would affect the ODPB stop spacing significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article shows the planning targets in the scope of the transport node and city. The ways of railway stations development as places of mass transfer of passengers is determined. The method of identifying dependencies between the length of foot walk and increasing the number of stations for stopping is proposed.

The promotion of 'Green Transport' has increased the importance of urban rail transit in China. Increased passenger flow and longer travel time have led to increased attention to in-carriage air quality in trains. In this study, CO2 and PM2.5 monitoring were conducted in subway train carriages in a city in northern China. The study accounts for a variety of factors both inside and outside of the train carriages, such as passenger volume and exterior environment. The results reveal that good air quality outside of the train, an above ground location and the use of platform screen doors could aid in the attainment of acceptable PM2.5 concentrations. In addition, linear models of CO2 and PM2.5 concentrations were established based on passenger density. The nonlinear recursive models were constructed using time-series analysis to reflect the cumulative effects of the amounts of CO2 and PM2.5. The spatial and temporal distributions show that, given a constant passenger density, the PM2.5 concentration is higher near the door area than in the seating area. CO2 concentrations varied in three stages, consistent with the change of local passenger load. Finally, a real-time optimized control method for fresh air volume and some suggestions are proposed to improve the in-carriage air quality of subway trains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on bystander perceptions and expected responses to unwanted sexual behaviours on public transport. Level of blame, incident seriousness, likelihood of reporting and intervening were evaluated using a series of 6 vignettes that manipulated passenger density and severity of the behaviour. Half of the participants also viewed a video to raise their awareness of unwanted sexual behaviours. The results indicated that blame was attributed to the perpetrator and not the victim, with perpetrator blame, incident seriousness and likelihood of reporting all being influenced by a passenger density and behaviour severity interaction. Increasing awareness of unwanted sexual behaviours had no effect with the exception of likelihood of intervention. Findings are discussed in relation to women's safety during travel in peak and off peak hours as well as the role of the bystander. Finally, the article concludes with considerations of these findings for women's safety in transit settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: All metro cities in our country are flooded with population. Though two wheelers and four wheelers are more common, the usage of bus is the single largest mode of land transport next to Indian Railways in modern India. We can see people thronging in queues in all bus stops and groping in the dark without knowing when their expected bus will arrive at their respective bus stops. To facilitate this, we have worked out a method which has a real time update of bus location along with passenger density. This is done with the help of wireless technology using Global system for Mobile Communication (GSM) feature. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]