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This study investigated the anomalous seasonal variations in particulate matter (PM) concentrations—specifically PM2.5 and PM10—in Padang City, Indonesia, situated within the Equatorial climate zone. A one-year dataset of half-hourly PM measurements from January to December 2023, collected by the Air Quality Monitoring System (AQMS) managed by the Environmental Agency of West Sumatra (DLH), was utilized. Maps of hotspots and air mass backward trajectories were used to identify possible transboundary emissions affecting Padang City. Despite the region experiencing nearly continuous rainfall, significant elevations in PM levels were observed during the typically drier months of August to October. Specifically, PM2.5 levels peaked at 36.57 µg/m3 and PM10 at 39.58 µg/m3 in October, significantly higher than in other months and indicating a substantial deviation from the typical expectations for equatorial climates. These results suggest that the high PM concentrations are not solely due to local urban emissions or normal seasonal variations but are also significantly influenced by transboundary smoke from peatland fires and agricultural burning in neighboring provinces such as Bengkulu, Riau, Jambi, and South Sumatra. Backward trajectory analysis further confirmed the substantial impact of regional activities on degradation of air quality in Padang City. The study underscores the need for integrated air quality management that includes both local and transboundary pollution sources. Enhanced monitoring, public engagement, and inter-regional collaboration are emphasized as crucial strategies for mitigating the adverse effects of PM pollution in equatorial regions like Padang City. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With increasing global concerns related to global warming, air pollution, and environmental health, South Korea is actively implementing various particulate matter (PM) reduction policies to improve air quality. Accurate data analysis, including the investigation of weather phenomena, monitoring, and integrated prediction, is essential for effective PM reduction. However, the factors influencing the PM generated from domestic road sections have not yet been systematically analyzed, and currently, no predictive models utilize weather and traffic data. This study analyzed the correlations among factors influencing PM to develop models for estimating fine and coarse PM (PM2.5 and PM10, respectively) concentrations in road sections. Regression analysis models were used to assess the sensitivity of PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations to the traffic volume, whereas machine learning-based models, including linear regression, convolutional neural networks, and random forest models, were constructed and compared. The random forest models outperformed the other models, with coefficients of determination of 0.74 and 0.71 and mean absolute errors of 5.78 and 9.60 for PM2.5 and PM10, respectively. These results indicate that the random forest model provides the most accurate PM concentration estimates for road sections. The practical applications of the developed models were considered to inform effective transportation policies aimed at reducing PM. The developed model has practical applications in the formulation of transportation policies aimed at reducing PM. In particular, the model will play an important role in data-driven policymaking for sustainable urban development and environmental protection. By analyzing the correlation between traffic volume and weather conditions, policymakers can formulate more effective and sustainable strategies for reducing air pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies reported that plants' exposure to particulate matter (PM) may decrease the PM phytoremediation efficiency. This study aims to investigate the effect of PM on plants at the proteomic level. Here, five plant species were fumigated with cigarette PM (the initial PM2.5 of 470–500 µg/m3) in a 15.6 L testing chamber for 6 days. PM removal efficiency and absorption were evaluated for protein pattern between plants exposed and non-exposure to PM for 24 h. The results showed that Z. zamiifolia and S. trifasciata can effectively remove indoor PM (35–40 μg/m3). Also, several plant proteins (heat shock, aconitate hydratase 3, chaperone protein, NADP-dependent malic enzyme, probably aquaporin TIP2-2, serine hydroxymethyltransferase 2, ATP-dependent zinc metalloprotease FTSH 8, V-type proton ATPase subunit B2, malate dehydrogenase, peptidyl-prolyl cis–trans isomerase, CYP38, peroxiredoxin-2E, and histone) reported significantly upregulated and downregulated about 100 times after PM exposure than control. Proteins related to water accumulation and H2O2 scavenging significantly changed (p value < 0.05) after PM exposure. PM concentration was found low (< 0.5 mg/m2) on the leaf surface after 150 h exposure. Herein, water accumulation and H2O2 scavenging protein might play an important role in plant PM stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Childhood obesity has emerged as a global health concern with profound implications for long-term health outcomes. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the potential role of environmental factors in the development of childhood obesity. This comprehensive review aims to elucidate the intricate relationship between various components of air pollution and childhood obesity. Methods: We systematically analyze the existing literature from the past 5 years to explore the mechanistic pathways linking air pollution, including particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), to childhood obesity. This systematic review examines 33 epidemiological studies on the link between air pollution and childhood obesity, published from 1 January 2018, to 31 January 2024. Results: Studies from counties with low overall air pollution noticed only low to no impact of the exposure to childhood obesity, unlike studies from countries with higher levels of pollution, suggesting that the mitigation of air pollutants can reduce the chance of it being a negative factor for the development of obesity. This relationship was noticed for PM2.5, PM1, PM10, NOx, and SO2 but not for PAHs, which showed a negative effect on children's health across 10 out of 11 studies. Conclusions: This review underscores the need for interdisciplinary approaches to address both environmental and socio-economic determinants of childhood obesity. Efforts aimed at reducing air pollution levels and promoting healthy lifestyle behaviors are essential for safeguarding the health and well-being of children worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enterprises and companies are also impacted by air pollution in addition to people and the environment. Air pollution can result in decreased output and sharp rises in healthcare costs. Publicly traded firms' profitability and stock prices are significantly impacted by air pollution. Dividend yield, which has significant importance to investors, is a critical component of stock market growth. The relationship between air pollution and dividend yield can give investors relevant information on the financial success of businesses. Pakistan has been chosen as a case study for research on how air pollution affects dividend yield. To better understand the possible effects of air pollution on financial performance in emerging nations, it is fascinating to look at Pakistan, which has a booming economy and a rising stock market. Pakistan stock exchange (PSX) and S&P 500 stock exchanges' dividend yields are compared to see how air pollution affects them. In their respective regions, they are two of the most well-known and recognized stock market indices. This study employed regression analysis to look at the relationship between dividend yield and air pollution. Finding relationships between the variables and examining how air pollution impacts dividend yield were the two goals of the investigation. The results of the investigation depict that dividend yield is significantly impacted by air pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Research on the relationship between bioaerosols and particulate matter (PM) concentrations is necessary, especially in hospitals where airborne bioaerosols can facilitate disease transmission. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between PM (PM2.5 and PM10) and bioaerosols, as well as the factors influencing them (temperature and humidity), in the air of liver transplant operating rooms (LTOR) at Imam Khomeini Hospital in Tehran. Methods: Bioaerosol samples (32 samples) were collected using the passive sampling method, employing open-door plates containing culture medium, during June and July of 2019. PM samples were obtained concurrently with bioaerosol samples using the GM8803 air quality detector, during four one-hour periods. Simple linear regression analysis was performed to determine the relationship between bioaerosol and PM concentrations. Results: It was revealed that the average concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 were 17.8 (SD = 2.2) and 27.0 (SD = 2.6) μg/m3, respectively. Additionally, the average concentrations of bacterial and fungal bioaerosols were 2132 (SD = 837) and 550 (SD = 189.4) CFU/m2.h, respectively. Linear regression analysis demonstrated a strong correlation between bacterial bioaerosols and PM concentrations, whereas the relationship with fungal bioaerosols was relatively weaker. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that the indoor air in LTOR exhibits a higher level of microbial contamination than the recommended guidelines for high-risk environments. To improve the air quality in LTOR, it is recommended to implement periodic microbial monitoring, ensure the proper functioning of ventilation systems, and pay attention to their maintenance and operation.

Inhalation of ambient particulate matter (PM) and ozone (O3) has been associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. However, the interactive effects of PM and O3 on cardiac dysfunction and disease have not been thoroughly examined, especially at a proteomic level. The purpose of this study was to identify and compare proteome changes in spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats co-exposed to concentrated ambient particulates (CAPs) and O3, with a focus on investigating inflammatory and metabolic pathways, which are the two major ones implicated in the pathophysiology of cardiac dysfunction. For this, we measured and compared changes in expression status of 9 critical pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines using multiplexed ELISA and 450 metabolic proteins involved in ATP production, oxidative phosphorylation, cytoskeletal organization, and stress response using two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and mass spectrometry (MS) in cardiac tissue of SH rats exposed to CAPs alone, O3 alone, and CAPs + O3. Proteomic expression profiling revealed that CAPs alone, O3 alone, and CAPs + O3 differentially altered protein expression patterns, and utilized divergent mechanisms to affect inflammatory and metabolic pathways and responses. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) of the proteomic data demonstrated that the metabolic protein network centered by gap junction alpha-1 protein (GJA 1) was interconnected with the inflammatory cytokine network centered by nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-kB) potentially suggesting inflammation-induced alterations in metabolic pathways, or vice versa, collectively contributing to the development of cardiac dysfunction in response to CAPs and O3 exposure. These findings may enhance understanding of the pathophysiology of cardiac dysfunction induced by air pollution and provide testable hypotheses regarding mechanisms of action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Air pollution is a serious environmental health concern for humans and other living organisms. This study analyzes the spatial and temporal characteristics of air pollutant concentrations, changes in the degree of pollution, and the wavelet coherence of the air quality index (AQI) with pollutants in various monitoring stations. The analysis is based on long-term time series data (January 2016 to December 2023) of air pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, and O3) from Korla, an oasis city in the northeastern part of the Tarim Basin, China. The concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, and O3 in Korla showed a cyclical trend from 2016 to 2023; PM10 concentrations exhibited all-season exceedance and PM2.5 exhibited exceedance only in spring. PM2.5 and PM10 showed a seasonal distribution of spring > winter > fall > summer; O3 concentrations showed a seasonal distribution of summer > spring > fall > winter. Strong positive wavelet coherence between PM and Air Quality Index (AQI) data series suggests that the AQI data series can effectively characterize fluctuating trends in PM concentrations. Moreover, PM10 levels IV and VI were maintained at approximately 10%, indicating that sand and dust have a substantial influence on air quality and pose potential threats to the health of urban inhabitants. Based on the results of this study, future efforts must strengthen relative countermeasures for sand prevention and control, select urban greening species with anti-pollution capabilities, rationally expand urban green spaces, and restrict regulations for reducing particulate matter emissions within city areas.

This study addresses the ongoing demand for increased efficiency and reduced emissions in turbomachinery combustion systems. A custom-built high-pressure combustor was designed and manufactured at the Low Carbon Combustion Centre (LCCC) of the University of Sheffield to investigate the impact of different aromatic hydrocarbons on emission rates. The research involved the comprehensive testing of Jet−A1 fuel and six aromatic species blends under high-pressure conditions of 10 bar. Based on the numerical CFD simulations by ANSYS 19.2, tangential dual air injection and a strategically placed V-shaped baffle plate were utilised to enhance fuel-air mixing and combustion stability. Experimental results demonstrated a negative correlation between combustion temperature and particulate matter (PM) emissions, with higher temperatures yielding lower PM emissions. Unburned hydrocarbons (UHCs), nitrogen oxides ( N O x ), carbon monoxide ( C O ), and carbon dioxide ( C O 2 ) emissions were also analysed. Ethylbenzene produced the highest UHC and C O emissions, while Indane exhibited the lowest levels of these pollutants, suggesting more complete combustion. O−xylene generated the highest N O x emissions, correlating with its higher combustion temperatures. This research enhances our understanding of gas turbine combustor design and the combustion behaviour of aromatic species, providing valuable insights for developing low-emission, high-efficiency gas turbine combustion technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Personal protective equipment (PPE) has been universally recognized for its role in protecting workers from injuries and illnesses. Smart PPE integrates Internet of Things (IoT) technologies to enable continuous monitoring of workers and their surrounding environment, preventing undesirable events, facilitating rapid emergency response, and informing rescuers of potential hazards. This work presents a smart PPE system with a sensor node architecture designed to monitor workers and their surroundings. The sensor node is equipped with various sensors and communication capabilities, enabling the monitoring of specific gases (VOC, CO2, CO, O2), particulate matter (PM), temperature, humidity, positional information, audio signals, and body gestures. The system utilizes artificial intelligence algorithms to recognize patterns in worker activity that could lead to risky situations. Gas tests were conducted in a special chamber, positioning capabilities were tested indoors and outdoors, and the remaining sensors were tested in a simulated laboratory environment. This paper presents the sensor node architecture and the results of tests on target risky scenarios. The sensor node performed well in all situations, correctly signaling all cases that could lead to risky situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mobile measurement techniques are increasingly utilized to monitor urban emissions, regional air quality, and air pollutant exposure assessments. This study employed a bicycle measurement method to obtain the detailed distribution of air pollutant concentrations in roadside, commercial, residential, and recreational areas. The study area is located in Chuncheon, South Korea, with approximately 280,000 residents. Black carbon (BC), PM2.5, and NO2 were monitored using portable devices equipped on an electric bicycle. Results showed that in the evening (6–8 p.m.), the concentrations were higher in both commercial and residential areas compared to the background location, while concentrations were notably elevated only in roadside areas in the morning (8–10 a.m.). Spatial mapping of measured concentrations revealed that the highest concentrations corresponded to areas with densely operated charbroiling meat-cooking restaurants. Additionally, it was confirmed that BC and PM2.5 emitted from the commercial areas influenced nearby recreational areas (e.g., streamside roads). In conclusion, this study demonstrated that air pollutant hotspots resulting from human activities, such as dining at commercial restaurants, significantly worsen the local air quality on a small scale. Efforts to reduce the uncontrolled emissions of air pollutants from charbroiling meat-cooking restaurants are necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The convergence of air pollution control and climate change mitigation is critical in the pursuit of sustainable development. Therefore, technological innovations are pivotal in addressing the dual challenges of air pollution and global warming. This work presents an overview of technological solutions aimed at reducing air pollution and mitigating GHG emissions. While evaluating their technological strengths and limitations in real applications, this work offers a framework to promote a transition toward blue skies and net-zero emissions. This work also identifies the main sources and negative impacts of air pollution on public health and the environment. A literature overview of published articles from 1976 to 2024 showed that integrating emission reduction technologies are vital in real-word applications. More than 98% of the SO2 in the flue gas can be removed using cutting-edge desulfurization technology. SO2 is eliminated from the environment either unaltered or as sulfuric acid and sulfates. Meanwhile, thermal incinerators boast an impressive efficiency, capable of eliminating 99% of gaseous pollutants. Although existing pollution control technologies are promising to mitigate climate change, they still require further research, development, demonstration, and deployment to overcome barriers and achieve their potential. By examining the effectiveness of control technologies and proposing adaptable strategies, this work highlights the potential of integrating air quality improvement efforts with climate actions. Not only this addresses the global need for cleaner air, but also contributes to the overarching goal of climate stabilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air pollution is a critical issue impacting urban environments, leading to severe health problems and environmental degradation. This comprehensive review examines the potential of green systems—specifically green walls, active green walls, and urban greenery systems—to mitigate atmospheric pollutants such as particulate matter (PM), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and carbon dioxide (CO2). By systematically analyzing 44 recent studies, this review highlights the pollutant capture efficiency of various green technologies and plant species in both indoor and outdoor settings. Active green walls, particularly those utilizing plant species such as Chlorophytum comosum and Sansevieria trifasciata, were found to be highly effective, with VOC reduction efficiencies of up to 96.34%, PM reductions of 65.42%, and CO2 reduction rates reaching 4.8% under optimal conditions. This review identifies key strengths in current research, including diverse experimental setups and the use of sophisticated measurement techniques, but also notes significant limitations such as variability in experimental conditions and a lack of long-term performance data. This study underscores the importance of proper maintenance to sustain green systems' efficacy and highlights the potential issue of pollutant resuspension, which remains under-researched. Practical implications for urban planning are discussed, advocating for the integration of effective green systems into urban infrastructure to enhance air quality and public health. Recommendations for future research include the need for standardized metrics, long-term studies, economic feasibility analyses, and real-world validation of simulation models to better understand and optimize green systems for urban air pollution mitigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the effects and improvements of tightening vehicle emission standards from China Ⅲ to China Ⅴ on ozone (O3) and particulate matter (PM) pollution in the atmospheric environment, this study obtained emission factors of O3 and PM precursors such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and primary PM from gasoline and diesel vehicles through actual testing. Response surface models (RSM) were then created for the environmental concentrations of the target pollutants O3 (RSM-O3_HSS6-200) and PM (RSMPM_HSS9-300) as functions of precursor pollutant emissions. Beijing was chosen as the main receptor region, with the China Ⅲ emission standard serving as the baseline scenario and the China Ⅳ and Ⅴ standards as control scenarios. The results indicate that as vehicle emission standards tightened from China Ⅲ to China Ⅳ and Ⅴ, O3 concentrations in Beijing's environment decreased from 92.7 ppbv to 78.47 ppbv and 72.20 ppbv, respectively, while PM concentrations decreased from 64.12 μg/m³ to 48.23 μg/m³ and 38.60 μg/m³, respectively. Furthermore, the environmental benefits achieved from China Ⅲ to China Ⅳ were higher than those from China Ⅳ to China Ⅴ. Additionally, an analysis of pollutant source contributions revealed that NOx played a major role in reducing O3 concentrations, while primary PM was crucial in controlling PM pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial fires at facilities including waste management sites, warehouses, factories, chemical works, and fuel storage depots are relatively frequent occurrences. Often, these fires occur adjacent to urban communities and result in ground-level airborne pollutant concentrations that are well above guideline values. Land, water, livestock, and crops may also be contaminated by the emissions and by firefighting activities. Moreover, impacted communities tend to have a higher proportion of minority ethnic populations as well as individuals with underlying health vulnerabilities and those of lower socio-economic status. Nevertheless, this is an aspect of air quality that is under-researched, and so this review aims to highlight the public health hazards associated with industrial fires and the need for an effective, coordinated, public health response. We also review the range of monitoring techniques that have been utilised in such fires and highlight the role of dispersion modelling in predicting plume trajectories and in estimating population exposure. We recommend establishing 1 h guideline values for particulate matter to facilitate timely public health interventions, and we highlight the need to review regulatory and technical controls for sites prone to fires, particularly in the waste sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Exposure to particulate matter (PM) and house dust mite (HDM) can change the expression patterns of inflammation-, oxidative stress-, and cell death-related genes. We investigated the changes in gene expression patterns owing to PM exposure. Objective: This study examined the changes in gene expression patterns following PM exposure. Methods: We searched for differentially expressed genes (DEGs) following PM exposure using five cell line-based RNA-seq or microarray datasets and six human-derived datasets. The enrichment terms of the DEGs were assessed. Results: DEG analysis yielded two gene sets. Thus, enrichment analysis was performed for each gene set, and the enrichment terms related to respiratory diseases were presented. The intersection of six human-derived datasets and two gene sets was obtained, and the expression patterns following PM exposure were observed. Conclusions: Two gene sets were obtained for cells treated with PM and their expression patterns were presented following verification in human-derived cells. Our findings suggest that exposure to PM2.5 and HDM may reveal changes in genes that are associated with diseases, such as allergies, highlighting the importance of mitigating PM2.5 and HDM exposure for disease prevention. Highlights: Two gene sets with differences in expression were obtained after the treatment of cells with PM. Enrichment terms for each gene set were extracted. DEGs in patient-derived cells after PM treatment were compared with those in cell lines. When PBMC-derived cells were treated with PM, a relatively high overlap of DEGs was found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The PM generated by MSW gasification and pyrolysis exhibited a trimodal distribution. • Higher temperatures promote hydrocarbon gas products conversion to PAHs and soot. • Soot showed high specific surface area and well-developed pore structure. • The soot and ultrafine particle formation pathway and mechanism were revealed. This research investigates the formation mechanism of soot and particulate matter during the pyrolysis and gasification of waste derived from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in a laboratory scale drop tube furnace. Compared with CO 2 gasification atmosphere, more ultrafine particles (PM 0.2 , aerodynamic diameter less than 0.2 μm) were generated in N 2 atmosphere at 1200℃, which were mainly composed of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), graphitic carbonaceous soot and volatile alkali salts. High reaction temperatures promote the formation of hydrocarbon gaseous products and their conversion to PAHs, which ultimately leads to the formation of soot particles. The soot particles generated by waste derived from MSW pyrolysis and gasification both have high specific surface area and well-developed pore structure. Compared with pyrolysis, the soot generated by gasification of waste derived from MSW had smaller size and higher proportion of inorganic components. The higher pyrolysis temperature led to the collapse of the mesoporous structure of submicron particles, resulting in a decrease in total pore volume and an increase in specific surface area. Innovatively, this research provides an explanation for the effect of reaction temperature/ CO 2 on the formation pathways and physicochemical properties of soot and fine particulate matter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) is the most inhaled hazardous air pollutant that can cause adverse health impacts. Plants can remove such contaminants and act as biological filters through phytoremediation. In this study, we screened 12 Australian native species (two deciduous trees, three evergreen shrubs, and seven evergreen trees) growing in three regions to determine their potential in accumulating leaf surface (SPM) and in‐wax PM (WPM). Among the screened species, Lagunaria patersonia (139.22 μg cm−2) was the most effective PM accumulator, followed by Ficus obliqua (131.02 μg cm−2). L. patersonia is an Australian native tree with a dense crown that can efficiently trap PM due to air turbulence between its leaves and branches; broad leaves with a rough texture enhance the plant's ability to trap PM. On the contrary, morphological characteristics like evergreen leaves with hairy appendages may act as an efficient trap for PM in F. obliqua. Due to smoother leaves, the least effective species were F. rubignosa and Eucalyptus saligna. In addition to leaf shape, leaf structures and micromorphology influence PM accumulation. For instance, Pittosporum undulatum accumulated more PM due to its wrinkled and folded leaf structures despite a significantly lower waxes layer. The findings highlight the importance of planting efficient PM accumulator species to shield vulnerable areas from pollution and decrease human exposure to pollutants. The sink capacity of these species can be used in urban tree planning to combat air pollution and improve air quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban air pollution, a significant environmental hazard, is linked to adverse health outcomes and increased mortality across various diseases. This study investigates the neurotoxic effects of particulate matter (PM), specifically PM2.5 and PM10, by examining their role in inducing oxidative stress and subsequent neuronal cell death. We highlight the novel finding that PM increases mitochondrial ROS production via stimulating NOX4 activity, not through its expression level in Neuro-2A cells. Additionally, PMs provoke ROS production via increasing the expression and activity of NOX2 in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells, implying differential regulation of NOX proteins. This increase in mitochondrial ROS triggers the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), leading to apoptosis through key mediators, including caspase3, BAX, and Bcl2. Notably, the voltage-dependent anion-selective channel 1 (VDAC1) increases at 1 µg/mL of PM2.5, while PM10 triggers an increase from 10 µg/mL. At the same concentration (100 µg/mL), PM2.5 causes 1.4 times higher ROS production and 2.4 times higher NOX4 activity than PM10. The cytotoxic effects induced by PMs were alleviated by NOX inhibitors GKT137831 and Apocynin. In SH-SY5Y cells, both PM types increase ROS and NOX2 levels, leading to cell death, which Apocynin rescues. Variability in NADPH oxidase sources underscores the complexity of PM-induced neurotoxicity. Our findings highlight NOX4-driven ROS and mitochondrial dysfunction, suggesting a potential therapeutic approach for mitigating PM-induced neurotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent regulations on exhaust emissions have led to an increase in non-exhaust emissions, which now surpasses exhaust emissions. Non-exhaust emissions are mainly generated from brake and tire particle abrasion, road wear, and re-suspended road dust. In Asia, non-exhaust emissions have increased significantly over the past 50 years, resulting in almost 92% of the population breathing polluted air, which accounts for 70% of air pollution related-deaths. Most Asian countries with poor air quality are developing or underdeveloped. Taking this into consideration, the current study aims to shed light on particulate pollution from non-exhaust emissions in the Asian context to assess the current status and its health consequences and provides technological solutions. The study is based on an in-depth analysis of existing reviews and research concerning non-exhaust emissions and their health impacts in Asia to pinpoint knowledge gaps. The study found that particulate pollutants had exceeded WHO's standards in many Asian countries, bringing deleterious health consequences among children and the elderly. The findings underscore the significance of future researchers' efforts to devise solutions that curtail non-exhaust emissions, ultimately reducing air pollution, augmenting air quality, fostering better health outcomes, and paving way for a more sustainable future before it is too late. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The character of atmospheric pollution and its impact on surface waters may vary substantially in space, and hence, we add a potentially important location for the studies of atmospheric air pollution to the map of the High Arctic. We have investigated the anthropogenic particle characteristics and selected persistent organic pollutant concentrations, in a priorly unmonitored location in the Arctic (Svalbard), exposed to a climatic gradient. Single-particle analysis of PM indicates that besides the prevailing natural aerosol particles, anthropogenic ones were present. The likely anthropogenic origin of some particles was established for spherical Fe-rich or aluminosilicate particles formed in high-temperature processes or metal-rich particles of the chemical composition corresponding to industrial products and atypical for natural minerals; soot, tar balls, and secondary sulfate were also likely of anthropogenic origin. Some of the observed anthropogenic particles could only come from remote industrial sources. POP concentrations indicated a background of LRAT, consistent with the ΣPCB concentrations and volatility profile. However, the ΣDDX composition indicating aged sources and an order of magnitude higher concentrations of both ΣDDXs and ΣHCHs than at other High Arctic monitoring stations indicate their potential source in two types of re-emission from secondary sources, i.e., from seawater and snowpack, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air pollution is a leading environmental health risk worldwide, with detrimental effects not only on human health but also on skin aging. This review explores the link between air pollution and skin aging, focusing on the harmful effects of particulate matter (PM) and other pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitrogen oxides (NO2), and ozone (O3). These pollutants penetrate the skin, inducing oxidative stress and inflammation, which accelerates the degradation of collagen and elastin in the extracellular matrix. This contributes to premature aging, wrinkles, hyperpigmentation, and inflammatory skin conditions. The smallest fractions of PM, particularly PM2.5, are the most harmful, causing significant cellular damage. Long-term exposure to these pollutants also disrupts the skin's microbiome, leading to dysbiosis and further weakening the skin's protective barrier. Current therapeutic strategies focus on protecting the skin using antioxidants, such as Vitamin C and Vitamin E, as well as probiotics and moisturizers that support the skin's natural defenses. Sunscreens also play a vital role in protecting the skin from UV-induced oxidative stress, further mitigating pollution-related damage. This review highlights the importance of developing comprehensive skincare regimens that target both pollution-induced oxidative stress and the maintenance of a healthy skin barrier. It also emphasizes the need for further research into personalized approaches to counteract the aging effects of air pollution on the skin.

Increasing levels of PM2.5 (Particulate Matter having a diameter less than 2.5 µm) offer the highest risk, leading to a multitude of serious health complications, and hence the high-performance monitoring of these tiny pollutants may help to safeguard people's health. The sensitivity of PM2.5 pollutants to bulk gold as an application of sensors is investigated using the industry standard virtual nanolab. Within the framework of linear combination of atomic orbital (LCAO) computation, the density functional theory (DFT) is implemented using the Kohn–Sham formulation to analyze the electronic properties of bulk gold Au (111) substrate for specific PM2.5 pollutants (sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitric oxide (NO), and carbon monoxide (CO)) sensing. The results demonstrate that different gases are adsorbed differently on Au (111), depending on their critical temperature (TC). Consequently, NO is observed to be highly sensitive to Au (111) substrate due to its large band gap variation of −31% to −57%, considerable adsorption energy of −1.05 eV, and an improved charge transfer of 0.02 eV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to the escalating concern over the effect of environmental factors on ocular health, this study aimed to investigate the impact of air pollution-associated particulate matter (PM) on ocular allergy and inflammation. C57BL/6 mice were sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) topically and aluminum hydroxide via intraperitoneal injection. Two weeks later, the mice were challenged with OVA and exposed to PM. Three groups—naive, OVA, and OVA-sensitized with PM exposure (OVA + PM) groups—were induced to an Allergic Eye disease (AED) model. Parameters including clinical signs, histological changes, inflammatory cell infiltration, serum OVA-specific immunoglobulins E (IgE) levels, mast cells degranulation, cellular apoptosis and T-cell cytokines were studied. The results demonstrate that exposure with PM significantly exacerbates ocular allergy, evidenced by increased eye-lid edema, mast cell degranulation, inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-5 and TNF-α), cell proliferation (Ki67), and serum IgE, polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), and apoptosis and reduced goblet cells. These findings elucidate the detrimental impact of PM exposure on exacerbating the severity of AED. Noticeably, diminished goblet cells highlight disruptions in ocular surface integrity, while increased PMN infiltration with an elevated production of IgE signifies a systemic allergic response with inflammation. In conclusion, this study not only scientifically substantiates the association between air pollution, specifically PM, and ocular health, but also underscores the urgency for further exploration and targeted interventions to mitigate the detrimental effects of environmental pollutants on ocular surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experiencing rapid development and growth, cities worldwide face a surge in air pollution, primarily driven by the increased concentrations of the particulate matter (PM) originating from various anthropogenic sources, such as traffic, household fuel combustion, and industrial and construction activities. Urban green spaces can naturally filter PM through physicochemical processes, serving as effective urban planning instruments for the improvement of the air quality. Focusing on a street in Novi Sad, the second-largest city in Serbia, this study investigates the efficiency of vegetation in mitigating air pollution, specifically PM10 emissions from traffic and construction activities. Using the contemporary monitoring and modelling techniques for measuring and predicting PM10 concentrations, the focus of this research is to evaluate the efficacy of vegetation in affecting and minimizing detected PM concentrations. The results indicate a significant reduction in the monitored PM10 concentrations behind the green barrier compared to the modelled concentrations near the pollution source (on the road) for both traffic and construction-related emissions. The paper highlights the capacity of green elements to act as natural air pollution mitigators and suggests better integration of strategic environmental management into urban planning to foster the development of healthier and more sustainable cities, providing recommendations to facilitate this objective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Pollution is the most obvious factor in the deterioration of environmental quality. This issue affects different media and is closely related to the destructive effects on the environment, the accelerated greenhouse effect, the deterioration of ecosystems, and environmental quality. OBJECTIVES: Determine and characterize the sedimentable particulate matter due to anthropic and natural incidence Using Geographic Information Systems in the Central Ecuadorian Highlands. METHODS: 22 monitoring points were established, these collected sedimentable particulate matter (SPM) through the passive gravimetric method that consists of particulate matter (PM) being deposited by gravity in Petri dishes with filter paper inside for one month. The samples were analyzed and compared with the maximum permissible limits (LMP) of the standards: international (WHO) and national (Agreement 097-A). RESULTS: Showed that all samples comply with the regulations established in Agreement 097-A reformed in 2018 (1 mg / cm2 / month), however, 21 of the 22 samples collected do not comply with WHO regulations being above the maximum permissible limit that is (0.5 mg / cm2 / month), being the SPM a factor that affects air quality in the area. CONCLUSION: A map of concentration and dispersion of the SPM was elaborated with the help of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) where 3 types of ranges to the concentration of the MP were categorized: high, medium, and low, also the areas with the highest degree of concentration of particulate matter were identified, turning out to be the north and south of the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air pollution caused by particulate matter (PM) is a worldwide concern. PM is particularly problematic from fossil-fuel-based energy conversion devices. For PM collection, a low-pressure loss method is ideal. Although PM collection via electrostatic force is an effective method with low pressure loss for PM with a wide range of diameters, it is difficult to apply to low-resistive PM, such as diesel particulates, owing to re-entrainment on the collection electrode. A magnetic fluid filter with an AC non-thermal plasma discharge solves the problem of re-entrainment. Based on our previous study, we hypothesized that an increase in the number of magnetic fluid spikes leads to an improvement in collection efficiencies with energy conservation. In this study, experiments are performed to verify this hypothesis. By improving our previous experimental methodology, the experiments include not only collection efficiency but also pressure loss, power consumption, and ozone generation efficiency. PM collection efficiencies using diesel fine particles and the ozone generation efficiencies required for air purification are investigated under different discharge conditions. The results revealed that the PM collection and ozone generation efficiencies increase proportionally with the number of spikes of the magnetic fluid with discharge, as hypothesized. The resulting PM collection and ozone generation efficiencies are sufficiently high for air purification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air pollution plays an important role in the mortality and morbidity of chronic airway diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Particulate matter (PM) is a significant fraction of air pollutants, and studies have demonstrated that it can cause airway inflammation and injury. The airway epithelium forms the first barrier of defense against inhaled toxicants, such as PM. Airway epithelial cells clear airways from inhaled irritants and orchestrate the inflammatory response of airways to these irritants by secreting various lipid mediators, growth factors, chemokines, and cytokines. Studies suggest that PM plays an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic airway diseases by impairing mucociliary function, deteriorating epithelial barrier integrity, and inducing the production of inflammatory mediators while modulating the proliferation and death of airway epithelial cells. Furthermore, PM can modulate epithelial plasticity and airway remodeling, which play central roles in asthma and COPD. This review focuses on the effects of PM on airway injury and epithelial plasticity, and the underlying mechanisms involving mucociliary activity, epithelial barrier function, airway inflammation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, mesenchymal-epithelial transition, and airway remodeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air pollution issues specifically with Particulate Matter (PM), have turned out to be a critical and pressing concern, posing grave threats to human health, the ecosystem and the environment which tragically resulted in millions of premature deaths worldwide. The study investigated the ambient air mass concentration of PM1, PM2.5 and PM10 in Lagos, Abuja, Osogbo, Anyigba and Benin City in Nigeria from 1st of May, 2021 to 30th of April, 2023. Air Quality Index (AQI) due to PM2.5 and PM10 were evaluated for all the locations with the rationale for establishing characterization for health impact and risk of exposure’s assessment. Hourly measurement of PM concentrations was collected from the Purple Air Real-Time Air Quality Sensors Network for all selected locations. The results revealed an increase in the daily average spatial variation of PM concentration across studied locations in order of Anyigba, Osogbo, Lagos, Abuja, and Benin City. The average daily AQI due to PM2.5 and PM10 for Lagos, Abuja, Anyigba, Osogbo, and Benin City are 98.07 and 36.95, 108.77and 43.22,47.66 and 14.35, 85.02 and 32.29 and 114.26 and 46.35 respectively. For the risk of exposure’s assessments, locations are at varying levels of risk of PM 2.5 exposure, Benin city was identified with the highest level of risk having some days with AQI ranging from unhealthy to very unhealthy even to Hazardous. PM10 air quality in all locations portends little or no risk of exposure to the public. Across all the studied locations, distinct seasonal difference was observed, characterized with higher monthly average AQI during the dry season compared to the rainy season

Toxic particle (PM2.5) deposition in the human respiratory tract is investigated under natural inspiratory flow. The flow physics of nostrils is asymmetric, and its effect on particle deposition needs prompt attention. An ideal 3-D CT-scan-based geometrical model of the human respiratory tract is re-constructed from the nasal cavity to the 7th generation bronchi. The pulsatile numerical simulation is performed with light (10 L/min) and moderate (40 L/min) inspiratory flow. The Lagrangian method is adopted to compute particle deposition fraction (DPF) in the airways. The suspended particle mass of 300 µg/m3 (poor air quality) (dp = 2.5 µm in diameter) is released from the inlet of airways at every time interval (∆t). The results revealed that the pattern of particle transportation is not similar in both the bronchus and particle hot spots are constituted in the airways. Findings guide optimal targeted drug delivery and the assessment of ventilation illness under hazardous exposure in distinct populations.

Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most serious atmospheric heavy metal pollutants in China. PM2.5, PM10, and total suspended particle (TSP) are all important media for population Cd exposure. However, no studies so far have systematically explored the spatial and temporal distribution of atmospheric Cd bound to all these media in China, and the specific industrial sectors that contribute to the airborne Cd level are still unclear at present. In this study, we constructed the spatial and temporal distribution of PM (PM2.5, PM10, and TSP) binding Cd concentrations in China. Quantitative source apportionment of atmospheric Cd was carried out by analyzing the association of 23 industrial or energy-consuming sectors with Cd concentrations. Our results showed PM2.5, PM10, and TSP binding Cd concentrations decreased by 5.8%, 5.9%, and 6.1% per year at the national level, respectively. High PM-Cd concentrations were concentrated and distributed mainly in central and northwestern China. In addition, the medians of atmospheric PM2.5, PM10, and TSP binding Cd concentrations at the national level were 0.0026 μg/m3, 0.0036 μg/m3, and 0.0042 μg/m3, respectively. The main sources of PM-Cd include nonferrous metal smelting (Zn, Pb, Al) (47%), glass production (13%), pesticide production (12%), cement production (10%), and coal consumption (9%). This study analyzes comprehensively the atmospheric PM-bound Cd pollution, identifies the major industrial sectors that affect atmospheric Cd concentrations at the macroscale for the first time, and provides a basis for further reduction in the atmospheric Cd pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The magnetic susceptibility (κ) of particulate matter (PM) is a useful tool in estimation concentration of iron-rich particles and provides useful information on the emission sources and pathways of spread of PM in the atmosphere. However, there is currently no established protocol for measuring the magnetic susceptibility of PM collected on filters used in standard monitoring of PM concentration. This paper presents a step-by-step process for collecting PM on filters in automatic samplers and measuring their κ. The procedure outlines requirements for data quality, measurement uncertainty, exposure time and conditions, and the amount of material collected on the filters. The study analyzed a 2-year dataset of magnetic susceptibility measurements by MFK-1 kappabridge (Agico, Czech Republic) for PM10 and PM2.5 collected at two locations, Warsaw and Cracow, in Poland using low-volume PM samplers. By strictly following the procedure for conditioning filters, measuring magnetic susceptibility and mass of PM, the study found that it is possible to obtain repeatable data with good measurement accuracy and acceptable errors. This makes magnetic susceptibility an additional reliable parameter for tracking of emission sources of iron-rich particles. Successful implementation of this magnetic method as a standard procedure for monitoring PM in addition to the PM mass collected on filters could be used to analyze sources of emission of Fe-particles and their contribution to the PM mass, especially in urban and industrial environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wind erosion of granular materials stored within the open yards of industrial plants (i.e., industrial wind erosion) and the subsequent emission and dispersion of particulate matter (PM) in the surrounding areas represent an important issue for the exposed population and for the environment as a whole. The Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) and the design of emission control measures require a deep knowledge of the erosion phenomenon, and the precise estimation of the Emission Factors (EF) associated with the specific PM source under investigation. Aiming to characterize the emission potential of industrial granular materials, a new Environmental Wind Tunnel (EWT) has recently been built at the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Architecture (DICAAR) laboratories, in Cagliari University. The article discusses the EWT's updated design and the set-up methodologies applied to reproduce the Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) acting over the surfaces of coarse and heterogeneous granular materials. In addition, a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model of the EWT has been developed to reproduce and analyze the wind field throughout the entire tunnel volume and preliminarily evaluate possible modifications to the original design. The accuracy of the simulation has been verified by comparing the CFD model and the results of the experimental tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Population and industrialization growth is the major reason for the indoor air quality depletion. So, air quality control in sensitive area is needed to avoid air pollution-based hazards. Small economical air pollutant controlling equipment may be helpful in indoor air quality control. Present work covers the performance study of lab scale air purifier tower, 37 × 37 × 140 cm3 (LSAPT) for the removal of PM2.5, PM10 and TVOC from the polluted air in a control volume (75 m3). LSAPT follow 3 step pollutants removal procedure in which coarse particles are separated by prefilter and the fine particles are separated with the help of negative ioniser and activated carbon beds. More than 99 % of percentage of PM2.5, PM10 and TVOC removal are achieved within 100 s for initial pollutants loading of PM2.5: 1000 μg/m3 & PM10: 1000 μg/m3 and TVOC: 7.2 mg/m3 respectively. The assessment study suggests the proposed lab scale air purifier tower can be used continuously up to 10–15 days without much variation in pollutants removal efficacy. Approximately 7700 ₹ (92.40 US$) is used as installation cost and 30 ₹/hr (0.36 US$/hr) is used as consumable energy cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Municipal solid waste is one of the primary contributors to Dhaka city's severe air pollution. An investigation was conducted to assess the amount of air pollution caused by the disposal of solid waste at two landfills, six secondary transfer stations (STS), three open-air dumping sites, and one control site (Ramna Park). The average emission amounts of pollutants such as PM10, PM2.5, PM1.0, HCHO, TVOC, NO2, and CO were measured in landfills, STSs, and open-space dumping stations. The concentration of pollutants in landfills was higher than in STSs and open-air dumping sites. The STSs had the most poisonous atmospheres, as evidenced by the fact that the indoor air pollution level was much higher than the outside level. The negative correlation between distance and the pollutants indicates the inverse relationship between distance and pollutants concentrations. Landfills exhibited a PM2.5 toxicity potential of 11, double that of STSs and open-space dumping sites. The result of this study would help the policymakers to effectively design waste treatment facilities to reduce the health risk of humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Particulate matter (PM) plays an important role in the earth's atmosphere; however, it is poorly understood, particularly in urban areas. The present study focuses on the characterization of PM (i.e., PM10 > PM2.5 > PM1) in Lahore (Pakistan) during the winter months of the 2018–2019 period. The PM mass concentrations were found to be several times higher than the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended level, which indicates that the air quality in Lahore city is alarming and requires immediate attention. The highest PM concentrations were found in December, followed by January and February. Moreover, the proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) analysis revealed the presence of the 15 elements, with Al being the most abundant element. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis revealed the presence of various organic compounds with functional groups, such as alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids, as well as unsaturated and saturated carbon bonds. Pollution control and management strategies, like tree planting and green belts, are in high demand, coupled with the replacement of high-energy-consuming industries with clean and renewable energy sources to reduce emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of air quality is of extreme importance for human health and quality of life, especially in large cities. One of the main indicators is the concentration of particulate matter (PM), namely, its composition and size. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are among the most dangerous compounds associated with PM because of their carcinogenicity and mutagenicity, with benzo(a) pyrene being analyzed and standardized as a priority pollutant. Hundreds of PAHs are divided into three groups: low, medium, and high molecular weight, and their relative presence in the gas and solid phases is determined by their properties and environmental conditions. PAHs emission sources are mainly related to low-temperature processes of natural and anthropogenic origin. The analysis of PAHs in both phases is a challenge for scientific researchers, mainly due to their low concentrations. The attempts are focused on development of methods that are both accurate and with high-resolution, and at the same time do not require long time and efforts for sample collection, preparation, analysis and data interpretation. The use of various filters, sampling techniques and analytical methods for identifying the PAHs therein, are mainly aimed on optimizing the overall analysis process and obtaining the most reliable results. Data for PAHs not only give information about the quality of atmospheric air on a global scale, but also allow identifying the sources of pollution and appreciate the health risk for the population. The latter allows to take management decisions how to improve the air quality and the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to the growing concern of air pollution in Dubai, this study was undertaken to measure and analyze indoor and outdoor particulate matter (PM) concentrations in residential buildings during the spring dust storm period. The research focused on the infiltration of PM into indoor spaces and its impact on indoor air quality, exploring the relationship between PM particle diameter, building infiltration rates, and the indoor influence of outdoor PM. Conducted in a two-bedroom residential unit near a busy road, the study utilized particle size analysis and the indoor-outdoor (I/O) ratio for measurements. The findings revealed that smaller particles, particularly ultrafine PM2.5, had a more substantial influence on indoor PM concentrations than larger particles. It was noted that buildings with higher infiltration rates, especially those with natural ventilation, were more susceptible to outdoor PM infiltration. Additionally, the study highlighted the significant role of occupant behavior, such as cooking and cleaning, in generating indoor PM. However, further research is necessary to better understand the correlation between architectural characteristics, infiltration rates, and the indoor influence of outdoor PM in residential buildings. The study underscores the importance of improved ventilation systems, raising awareness of indoor air quality, and implementing effective mitigation strategies to reduce indoor air pollution and enhance indoor air quality in urban environments like Dubai. These findings contribute significantly to our understanding of indoor and outdoor PM dynamics, emphasizing the urgent need to address indoor air pollution in urban areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to trace the origin of Particulate Matter (PM) in Korea, the research was conducted to analyze the nuclide of PM samples. To analyze the PM sample, we performed Backtracking Analysis and Gamma spectroscopy. PM is affected by the size of the atmospheric mixing layer height and the air flow according to the air mass. The air flow of the 2 seasons (summer and autumn) was predicted by using Hysplit (backtracking analysis). And the radioactivity of nuclides in the PM sample collected from the measuring site is confirmed using gamma spectroscopy and radioactivity calculation method. Takuya (J Nuclear Radiochem Sci, 8(1):5–9, 2007) As a result of analyzing samples collected in 2 seasons, it was confirmed that the radioactivity of specific nuclides changed according to the season and was affected by air flow. In conclusion, the origin of PM can be estimated by confirming the change in PM and nuclides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxic particle (PM2.5) deposition in the human respiratory tract is investigated under natural inspiratory flow. The flow physics of nostrils is asymmetric, and its effect on particle deposition needs prompt attention. An ideal 3-D CT-scan-based geometrical model of the human respiratory tract is re-constructed from the nasal cavity to the 7th generation bronchi. The pulsatile numerical simulation is performed with light (10 L/min) and moderate (40 L/min) inspiratory flow. The Lagrangian method is adopted to compute particle deposition fraction (DPF) in the airways. The suspended particle mass of 300 µg/m³ (poor air quality) (dp = 2.5 ^m in diameter) is released from the inlet of airways at every time interval (At). The results revealed that the pattern of particle transportation is not similar in both the bronchus and particle hot spots are constituted in the airways. Findings guide optimal targeted drug delivery and the assessment of ventilation illness under hazardous exposure in distinct populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the results of studies of the content of particulate matter PM1–PM10 in the atmosphere of the western coast of Southern Baikal with high temporal resolution. It has been established that PM are emitted into the atmosphere of Southern Baikal from both anthropogenic and natural sources. In winter, the influence of thermal power facilities increases, as evidenced by synchronous increases in the concentrations of submicron aerosol PM1 and sulfur dioxide. In summer, remote forest fires make a significant contribution to atmospheric pollution with particulate matter. The relationship between the increase in the concentration of PM1 in the atmosphere in the region under study and mesometeorological features (temperature inversions and mesoscale transfer of plumes from large thermal power plants) has been revealed. Increases in PM1 concentrations in most cases occur during the night and morning hours, which is associated with a decrease in the thickness of the atmospheric boundary layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose of Review: With increasing industrialization, exposure to ambient and wildfire air pollution is projected to increase, necessitating further research to elucidate the complex relationship between exposure and sinonasal disease. This review aims to summarize the role of ambient and wildfire air pollution in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and olfactory dysfunction and provide a perspective on gaps in the literature. Recent Findings: Based on an emerging body of evidence, exposure to ambient air pollutants is correlated with the development of chronic rhinosinusitis in healthy individuals and increased symptom severity in CRS patients. Studies have also found a robust relationship between long-term exposure to ambient air pollutants and olfactory dysfunction. Summary: Ambient air pollution exposure is increasingly recognized to impact the development and sequelae of sinonasal pathophysiology. Given the rising number of wildfire events and worsening impacts of climate change, further study of the impact of wildfire-related air pollution is a crucial emerging field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an overview of the various sources of air pollution and their impact on the environment and human health, distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic (man-made) sources. The study assessed the environmental impact of these sources – the overall level of air pollution, taking into account the predominant anthropo-genic source, such as emissions from vehicles and industrial activities. The important role of geographic information systems (GIS) in monitoring air pollution, performing spatial data analysis, and identifying pollution hotspots is emphasized. This method proposes to analyze the impact of the air quality result on public health and the environment. The main focus of the study is on the predominant pollutants in the atmosphere such as particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and sulfur dioxide (SO2). The object of the study was the Old Town of the city of Vilnius. A calculation model was created in the MatLab environment to determine the pollution. The results reveal trends in environmental indicators. In the Old Town, decreasing pollution levels of PM10 and CO are observed, and NO2 remained relatively constant from 2020 the month of January until 2022 December. The primary importance of environmental monitoring depends on government regulation, technological advancements, and public participation to effectively reduce air pollution and protect the environment. Article in English. Oro taršos šaltiniai ir jų poveikis aplinkai Santrauka Šiame darbe pateikiama įvairių oro taršos šaltinių ir jų poveikio aplinkai ir žmonių sveikatai apžvalga, išskiriant natūralius ir antropogeninius (žmogaus sukurtus) šaltinius. Tyrime įvertinta šių šaltinių įtaka aplinkai – bendras oro taršos lygis, atsižvelgiant į vyraujantį antropogeninį šaltinį, pvz., transporto priemonių išmetamus teršalus ir pramoninės veiklos atliekas. Pabrėžtas svarbus geografinės informacijos sistemų (GIS) vaidmuo stebint oro taršą, atliekant duomenų erdvinę analizę ir nustatant taršos židinius. Šiuo metodu siūloma analizuoti oro kokybės rezultato poveikį visuomenės sveikatai ir aplinkai. Atliekant tyrimą pagrindinis dėmesys skirtas vyraujantiems atmosferoje teršalams, tokiems kaip kietosios dalelės (PM), azoto oksidai (NOx) ir sieros dioksidas (SO2). Tyrimo objektu pasirinktas Vilniaus miesto senamiestis, taršai nustatyti sudarytas skaičiavimo modelis MatLab programos aplinkoje. Rezultatai atskleidžia aplinkosaugos rodiklių tendencijas. Senamiestyje pastebimas mažėjantis PM10 ir CO taršos lygis, o NO2 kiekis nuo 2020 m. sausio mėn. iki 2022 m. gruodžio mėn. išliko gana pastovus. Aplinkos stebėsenos svarba labiausiai priklauso nuo vyriausybės reguliavimo, technologijų pažangos ir visuomenės dalyvavimo siekiant veiksmingai sumažinti oro taršą ir apsaugoti aplinką. Reikšminiai žodžiai: oro tarša, antropogeniniai šaltiniai, kietosios dalelės (PM), azoto oksidas (NOx), sieros dioksidas (SO2), ozonas (O₃), geografinės informacinės sistemos (GIS).

Particulate matter (PM) stands as a predominant pollutant in developing countries, demanding effective source identification and remediation strategies. This review centers on the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image-based methodology for PM analysis, particularly emphasizing the passive technique of utilizing plant leaves for PM capture. The SEM-image-based approach serves as a powerful tool for unraveling the morphological characteristics of PM, crucial for source identification. Additionally, SEM, when equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), enables chemical and mineralogical characterization, providing insights into the origin of PM. The first part of the review describes the plant as the best bio-sampler for PM. In this context, removal of PM from the environment through plant-based interventions is described. Subsequently, the application of SEM for size-based analysis using ImageJ and morphological analysis for source identification of PM is detailed. Following this, the PM chemical and mineralogical composition for source identification are described based on EDS analysis. Image-based techniques play a pivotal role in selecting the most effective plant species for PM removal from the air. The review comprehensively outlines the morphological, chemical, and mineralogical attributes utilized for PM source identification and their subsequent remediation by plants. Finally, the benefits of SEM-image-based techniques for PM analysis are elucidated. This review offers a holistic understanding of the SEM-EDS and plant-based approach, presenting a promising avenue for addressing PM pollution and enhancing environmental quality.

Introduction: Assessing in-vehicle air pollution and load factor is crucial in developing countries like Nepal within the environmental and social aspects of sustainable urban mobility. Materials and methods: In this study in-vehicle air quality of public vehicles in Kathmandu valley was monitored for three road sections based on vehicle density i.e. Ring Road Section (RRS), Urban Commercial Route 1 (UCR1), and Urban Commercial Route 2 (UCR2) using Air Visual Pro N1 Model for which validationand was done with reference Particulate Matter (PM) values obtained from the GRIMM EDM 180 analyzer. The quantitative count method was used to sample passenger load. Particulate Matter (PM1 , PM2.5, PM10) were monitored along with indoor-outdoor ratio for PM2.5 to know the relationship between indoor and outdoor air quality. Results: A higher positive correlation between PM2.5 and PM10 showed common sources of pollution such as road dust, and vehicle exhaust and a ratio study between them showed the dominance of coarser particles in both ambient and in-vehicle environments. RRS recorded the highest PM10 and PM2.5 exposure, possibly due to the inadequate road conditions from Kalanki to Gongabu and loose sediment deposition from roadside activities. A significant difference is observed for peak and non-peak hours due to the difference in mobility of vehicles on two different hours. Higher load factors on UCR1 and UCR2 showed the higher transportation demand on urban commercial sections for both weekdays and weekends in comparison to RRS. Conclusion: Both in-vehicle air quality and load factor for sections under study were not satisfactory and cannot be counted under sustainable urban mobility practices.