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Drawing upon the literatures in information privacy, developmental psychology, and family science, this research investigates how parental online privacy concerns can be passed on to adolescents and affect their self-disclosure on social networking sites. We propose that parental privacy concerns decrease adolescents' self-disclosure both directly (i.e., compliance) and indirectly through adolescents' privacy concerns (i.e., internalization) and that such effects are moderated by parent-child privacy dissonance, parental internet evaluative mediation, and adolescents' gender. To test the research model, we collected matched parent-child data from 726 families in China. The results show the indirect effect of parental privacy concerns on adolescents' self-disclosure via their influence on adolescents' privacy concerns. In addition, parent-child privacy dissonance weakens the effect of adolescents' privacy concerns on selfdisclosure. The extent to which parents employ internet evaluative mediation to guide adolescents' online activities reinforces the effect of parental privacy concerns on adolescents' privacy concerns. Statistical analyses further revealed that the mediating effect of adolescents' privacy concerns is weakened by parent-child privacy dissonance but strengthened by internet evaluative mediation. We also found that parental privacy concerns affect sons and daughters through different paths, especially when parents employ high internet evaluative mediation. Under high internet evaluative mediation, parental privacy concerns affect sons' self-disclosure primarily through an indirect path (via sons' privacy concerns), but influence daughters' self-disclosure both directly and indirectly via daughters' privacy concerns. We conclude by discussing theoretical contributions and practical implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children are spending significantly less time outdoors in free play than previous generations, which has implications for children's development. This study explores parental knowledge, attitudes and the time children spend in outdoor free play. Parents or caregivers of children aged between five and nine years old (N = 82) completed an online mixed methods survey. Data collected included knowledge of the benefits of outdoor play, attitudes towards outdoor play and time children spend outdoors. Participant's knowledge varied between 1 and 19 benefits of outdoor free play (mean = 7.54). Participants had a positive attitude towards outdoor recreation, demonstrating a statistically significant positive correlation with time their child spends in outdoor free play on a non-school and school day. Findings contribute to research within the Australian context regarding the influence that parental attitude has on children's engagement with nature, allowing for potential programmes around parental attitudes, to support greater time outdoors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the role of parental influence on youth SSS and to characterize parental perceptions of SSS. Data sources: Embase.com, Ovid-Medline All, CINAHL Plus, APA PsycInfo, Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed Central (PMC) since database inception. Study selection: Primary studies that assessed reasons for youth SSS that included parental influence as a factor and/or studies that investigated the nature or extent of parental influence on SSS were included. Data extraction: A single author extracted data, focusing on definitions and measures of SSS and parental influence, findings concerning primary reasons for SSS, any quantitative or qualitative findings on the extent of parental influence on SSS, and findings concerning various associations between parental influence, SSS, and other themes. Data synthesis: 61 articles were assessed in total, with 23 meeting criteria for inclusion. Parental influence plays a limited direct role in SSS, accounting for approximately 10.6% of the overall influence. Athlete self-influence or self-enjoyment of sport was found to be the predominant reason to pursue SSS, accounting for 82.3% of the overall influence. However, parents indirectly influence SSS by modulating athlete motivation and providing financial, practical, and emotional support. Conclusions: Athlete self-motivation primarily drives SSS directly, while parents indirectly influence SSS by modulating athlete self-motivation and offering financial, practical, and emotional support. Misconceptions persist regarding parental perceptions of SSS-related injury risks, scholarship attainment, and athletic development. Communication with parents regarding the risks associated with SSS and their role in monitoring their children's sports participation is crucial for mitigating adverse outcomes in youth athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adolescents in Washington state have grown up with parents legally able to purchase and consume cannabis. In this environment, it is important to determine the role parental cannabis use and parental monitoring plays in adolescents' cannabis-related beliefs and intentions. Data analyses of online survey data collected from 276 Washington state adolescents (out of the 350 surveyed who answered applicable questions) conducted four years after the first recreational cannabis retailers opened in the state, indicated perceived parental cannabis use was associated with youth's attitudes and intentions to use cannabis. Parental monitoring was associated with adolescents' attitudes about cannabis. Adolescents' perceived closeness to mother served as a protective factor for adolescent cannabis use, unless the mother used cannabis. Instead, closeness to mothers who use cannabis served as a risk factor for youths' pro-cannabis attitudes and intentions to use cannabis. Overall, the results of the current study indicate that parents serve as a social context from which adolescents learn about cannabis use and its consequences. Implications are discussed in the article. Highlights: Adolescents' perceived closeness to mother served as a protective factor for adolescent cannabis use, unless the mother used cannabis. Instead, closeness to mothers who use cannabis served as a risk factor for youths' pro-cannabis attitudes and intentions to use cannabis. Parental monitoring was associated with adolescents' attitudes about cannabis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Adolescence is an important period of psychophysical development. In this phase of life people acquire greater self-awareness and adopt behaviors that will later shape their lifestyle in adulthood. This study aimed to assess whether family structure can influence adolescents' eating habits. Methods: Data were acquired from a survey titled 'Italian Health Behaviour in School-aged Children' (HBSC) given to a representative sample of Tuscan adolescents aged 11, 13, 15 and 17 years of age. Participants (3210) filled out a validated questionnaire answering questions about their eating habits and family structure. After adjusting for covariates, some interesting trends were highlighted in the survey results. Results: Adolescents living in single-mother families reported a lower intake of fruits (OR 0.68, 95% CI = 0.55–0.83) and vegetables (OR 0.66, 95% CI = 0.53–0.81) and a higher intake of sugar-added soft drinks (OR 1.33, 95% CI = 1.08–1.64). Living in a mother and stepfather family was associated with a higher intake of sugar-added soft drinks (OR 1.53, 95% CI = 1.02–2.28), whereas living in a father and stepmother family was associated only with a lower intake of fruits (OR 0.48, 95% CI = 0.26–0.87). Participants living with other family types reported a lower intake of vegetables (OR 0.68, 95% CI = 0.47–0.98). Conclusions: The results of this study show a correlation between family structure and adolescents' eating habits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Having control over your own behavior and impulses is a critical skill that influences children's academic, social, and emotional development. This study investigates the stability and predictive relationships between parents' ratings of their own and their children's executive function and delay aversion. Using data from approximately 1700 families collected during the COVID-19 pandemic, we employed hierarchical structural equation models and cross-lagged panel models to analyze the temporal stability and directional influences of executive function and delay aversion assessments. Our analysis revealed a substantial latent correlation (r = 0.48, p < 0.001) between parents' and children's executive function problems, indicating a shared variance of approximately 23%. Significant cross-lagged effects were found, with parental executive functions at T1 predicting child executive functions at T2 (β = 0.16, p = 0.005). For delay aversion, we found a latent correlation of r = 0.53 (p < 0.001) and significant within-timepoint and temporal stability, but no cross-lagged effects. These findings suggest that higher levels of executive function problems reported by parents at T1 correspond to an increased perception of similar problems in their children at T2. This highlights the importance of parental self-perception in assessing children's abilities. Our results highlight the importance of incorporating family dynamics into interventions targeting executive function difficulties and delay aversion in children, and understanding this interplay enables the development of more effective, individualized approaches to support positive developmental outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This critical study aims to examine the complex relationship between parental influence and juvenile delinquency. The research explores various factors within the realm of parental influence that contribute to the development of delinquent behavior in juveniles. By critically analyzing existing literature, empirical studies, and relevant theories, this research sheds light on the multidimensional nature of this relationship. Additionally, it investigates the impact of different parenting styles, family dynamics, and parental involvement on juvenile delinquency. The research method followed is descriptive research. The data collected through questionnaire and the sampling size is 206 collected through convenient sampling. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for policymakers, practitioners, and researchers, aiding in the development of effective intervention strategies to prevent and address juvenile delinquency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Having control over your own behavior and impulses is a critical skill that influences children’s academic, social, and emotional development. This study investigates the stability and predictive relationships between parents’ ratings of their own and their children’s executive function and delay aversion. Using data from approximately 1700 families collected during the COVID-19 pandemic, we employed hierarchical structural equation models and cross-lagged panel models to analyze the temporal stability and directional influences of executive function and delay aversion assessments. Our analysis revealed a substantial latent correlation (r = 0.48, p

Parents can influence sons' body image and eating behaviors both directly (e.g., through comments) and/or indirectly (i.e., through modeling). However, available studies still lack in addressing parents' influence on their sons. This study aimed to explore parental indirect influence by investigating the associations between mothers' and fathers' body dissatisfaction, disordered eating, and corresponding dimensions in their sons. Moreover, we examined the relation between mothers' and fathers' social anxiety symptoms, low self-esteem, and perfectionistic traits, and their sons' body dissatisfaction and disordered eating. Group differences (sons, mothers, and fathers) in the above-mentioned variables were also investigated. A hundred and twenty-eight Italian males (Mage = 23.88 years ± 3.13, range 18–31) from various regions of Italy and their parents completed questionnaires investigating the above-mentioned variables. Analyses of Covariances were conducted, controlling for participants' age. Group differences emerged in relation to body dissatisfaction and disordered eating. Multiple regressions showed that sons' drive for thinness and body dissatisfaction were associated with mothers' body dissatisfaction, dysfunctional eating behaviors, and perfectionism, while bulimic symptoms were associated with fathers' perfectionism and with the living condition of sons (i.e., living with their parents). The present findings underscore the significant role that mothers may play in shaping their sons' body- and eating-related behaviors, as mothers' behavioral and cognitive dimensions related to body dissatisfaction and disordered eating are shown to be more strongly associated with their sons' body dissatisfaction and drive for thinness than fathers' dimensions. Moreover, our findings highlighted that fathers' influence might be limited to sons' bulimic symptoms, as fathers' perfectionism and the living condition of sons (i.e., sharing the house with parents) emerged as associated with sons' bulimic symptoms. This study further supports the importance of considering the parental role when addressing men's body image and eating behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Road traffic injuries are the leading cause of death for young adults, and parents play a major role in shaping their traffic behaviour. Higher impulsivity (predictor of higher traffic risk) has been shown to be dependent on family relations and the serotonin transporter gene promoter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR). The specific mechanisms for the inheritance of risky traffic behaviour from parents to children are not clear, and the genetic aspect has not been studied before. We used data of Estonian Children Personality Behaviour and Health Study subjects (n = 596, mean age = 25.2 ± 0.6) and their parents (mothers, n = 460, mean age = 52.1 ± 5.8; fathers, n = 339, mean age = 54.1 ± 6.5). Family relationships scale, traffic risk questionnaires and Adaptive and Maladaptive Impulsivity Scale were filled out. The increased risk-taking behaviour of parents and worse quality of family relationship were significant predictors of higher traffic risk among subjects. Family support and impulsivity of fathers significantly predicted the subjects' traffic risk score in interaction with 5-HTTLPR genotype: l'/l' homozygous subjects with adaptively impulsive fathers had higher traffic risk, whereas for s'-allele carrying subjects family support was more significant. Parental role modelling and family relationships are significant predictors of future traffic behaviour of the child. Whether the behavioural example of the father or the influence of family relationships is more important in predicting future risky traffic behaviour, depends on the 5-HTTLPR genotype of the child. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parents play a crucial role in shaping their children's dietary habits from early childhood through adulthood. Parental behaviors and family habits significantly influence children's dietary habits, shaping their attitudes toward food and eating behaviors. Low parental health literacy and socio-economic status are associated with poorer child health behaviors, such as unhealthy nutrition and less exercise. Educating parents on balanced nutrition is crucial for promoting healthier eating habits. This study explores the impact of nutritional education on parental knowledge at Yayasan An-Nusyur Aeng Panas, aiming to improve childhood nutrition in resource-constrained setting by increasing their knowledge after receiving nutrition education on Community Services of Enhancing Coastal Health Through Ecological Approach (ECOHAP) program. This research used a quantitative pre-experimental design study (one group pre-test post-test). The intervention carried out in this research was a single time delivered nutritional education for 3 hours period regarding balanced nutrition for children given by nutritionist team from Indonesia and Malaysia. The primary data was a questionnaire filled by 27 parents of kindergarten students at Yayasan An--Nusyur Aeng Panas, Sumenep Madura in Febuary 2024. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26, descriptive analysis techniques, and Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Test. The result of this research showed that there were differences between pre-test and post-test scores. The pre-test score has an average (mean) of 84.444, and the post-test score has an average (mean) of 86.667. But, based on the Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Test, it is known that the significance value for pre-test and post-test data is 0.439 (>0.05). There was an increase in participants' knowledge after receiving nutrition education on Community Services of Enhancing Coastal Health Through Ecological Approach (ECOHAP) program that was held, but there was not a significant difference between pre-test and post-test scores after parents received nutritional education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The current study aimed to assess perceived stress levels among dental students at Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and to explore the influence of parental roles in their decision to pursue dentistry as a potential source of social stress. Methods: This cross‐sectional study employed the validated Dental Environmental Stress (DES) Scale to evaluate perceived stress, and incorporated additional questions to fulfill the research aim. We approached all undergraduate dental students at King Saud University, both male and female, across all academic years, using online channels (such as emails, WhatsApp, Twitter, etc.) and hard copy distribution. Data collected were analyzed using SPSS version 20, utilizing descriptive and correlation statistics. Results: A total of 326 students participated in the study, with an even distribution of male and female students. Female students reported higher levels of stress compared to their male counterparts across most DES domains. A notable correlation emerged between mean DES scores in certain domains and influence of parents in the decision to pursue dentistry. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that female dental students experience higher stress levels than males in all examined areas, barring social stressors. Furthermore, the study underscores the significant impact of parental involvement in choosing dentistry as a career on students' stress level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study attempts to elucidate the role of key influencers impacting the student decision-making process of enrollment for higher education in India from the lenses of Stephen Covey's theory on circles of life. Design/methodology/approach: A sample of 556 students of Delhi NCR, India was selected based on a multi-staged sampling method. PLS-SEM was subsequently applied for statistical data analysis. Findings: This quantitative finding voiced the relationships among the constructs in the proposed theoretical framework, i.e. Stephen Covey's circle of life theory. Additionally, it tinted the crucial role of "College attributes" in reconnoitering the relationship dynamics between key influencers (Circle of Influence and Circle of Concern) and student college choice (Circle of Control). Research limitations/implications: The present study incorporates only the first-year student population of undergraduate management courses in private universities from Delhi NCR, India limiting the generalization of findings substantially. Practical implications: The study garners the attention of education policymakers on the cognizance of the role played by parents and cohorts in driving the student's decision-making process of college choice under the circle of influence. Originality/value: This study is pioneering research disseminating a comprehensive outlook of the circle of life theory of great Stephen Covey engrained upon a compendious conceptual model which enlightens the landscape of the decision-making process of student on enrollment under the influence of key influencers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Being overweight is a significant public health problem. Due to the complexity of obesity in adolescence, the treatment in health recovery must be interdisciplinary. Goals: the present study aimed to investigate the effects of an interdisciplinary intervention program in overweight adolescents on the consumption of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory foods. Methods: the project lasted 14 weeks and was divided into three stages: recruitment of participants and initial assessments; interdisciplinary interventions, which included the simultaneous participation of their parents and, finally, the reassessments. Food intake was measured at the beginning and end of the interventions using a three-day food record. The average values of calories and nutrients were used to generate the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII®), a numerical score that assesses a diet for its effect on several biomarkers linked to inflammation. For the categorization of the DII®, high values (+1) for the pro-inflammatory effect and lower values (-1) for the anti-inflammatory effect were considered. For all analyses, a p<0.05 was considered. Results: The consumption of carbohydrates, lipids, total cholesterol, and saturated fat was reduced ( p<0.05). On the other hand, there was an increase in the consumption of fiber, proteins, and vitamins A, D, E, B3, B6, B9, B12, and C, in addition to an increase in the consumption of iron, selenium, magnesium and zinc ( p<0.05). The level of inflammation in IBD was significantly decreased for saturated fat, vitamins B6, B9, and C, as well as magnesium ( p<0.05). Conclusion: Based on the results, the interdisciplinary intervention promoted a positive response with reduced lipids, total cholesterol, saturated fat, and reduced inflammatory food. New interventions with large groups and different samples are recommended to encourage possible extrapolation of our findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: There are many factors that contribute to a person's career choice. The decision of whether or not to join the family business is certainly most influenced by parents. The aim of this research is to determine how much of an impact parents have on their next-generation family members' (NGFMs) decision to join the family business. Design/methodology/approach: Following a positivistic paradigm, a cross-sectional design was followed using a quantitative, self-administered questionnaire through a judgemental sampling technique. A structured questionnaire was distributed to South African respondents who have parents who own a family business. The data were analysed using Statistica. Findings: The results indicate that parental style, culture, self-efficacy and parental identification were found to influence the NGFMs' intention to join the family business significantly. Their decisions can be influenced by several factors, and parents can better manage these aspects by being aware of these influencing factors. Practical implications: Given the imminent ageing of a large cohort of senior leaders, this research adds to the body of knowledge by highlighting the necessity for committed, willing and ready next-generation family members (NGFMs) to ensure efficient succession in family businesses. Therefore, effective management is required for succession-planning, particularly from the perspective of the successor. Originality/value: This study, therefore, responds to calls for more in-depth quantitative studies on family businesses in general and on Black-owned family businesses in South Africa in particular. This study will evaluate the significance of parent influence on NGFMs to join Black family-owned businesses in South Africa. This research will assist family business owners and their families in understanding their children's intentions, designing and evolving an appropriate system to instill necessary traits, skills and attitudes in the children, preparing them for upcoming challenges, adding new perspectives to the family business and ensuring its profitability and long-term growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Volunteer work among early adolescents has been largely neglected as a research topic. This study examines the influence parents have on their children's volunteer activities when they are between 10 and 15, with a special focus on the difference made by parental styles. Data are drawn from a subsample of respondents in the U.K. Household Longitudinal Study. Controlling for parent's volunteering, social class, and religiosity, sons are encouraged to volunteer by authoritative fathers and discouraged from volunteering by authoritarian fathers. Mothers' parenting styles have no influence on their children's volunteering, and permissive parenting by either parent has no influence on volunteering of either boys or girls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Delinquency among adolescents is a growing concern in Iranian society. Research on the role of maternal and paternal attachments, particularly in the Iranian context, has received limited attention. This correlational study aims to concurrently investigate the predictive capacity of both maternal and paternal attachment on delinquent behaviours among Iranian adolescents. The sample included 528 students aged 15 and 17 from 10 government high schools in Tehran who were selected using multi-stage cluster sampling. Participants completed self-administered questionnaires using two established instruments. The findings highlighted a significant association between high parental attachment scores and low adolescent delinquent activity. Secure attachments to mothers and fathers were found to reduce engagement in delinquency. Adolescent age, fathers' educational level, and maternal attachment emerged as significant predictors of delinquency. Adolescents with insecure maternal attachments and older adolescents with educated fathers showed greater susceptibility to delinquent behaviour. The study also emphasises the vast contribution of mothers to adolescent development, suggesting the need for further exploration of paternal influence on internal dynamics and delinquency in future research. In a broader sense, understanding the differential impacts of these attachments on adolescent delinquency may help counsellors to effectively address these issues and provide appropriate interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orientation: This study investigates retirement planning complexities among pre-retirees in Nigerian universities, focusing on parental guidance and individual financial strategies. Research purpose: The aim is to examine the impact of parental influence, retirement goal clarity and saving behaviour on retirement anxiety among Nigerian university pre-retirees. Motivation for the study: Considering Nigeria’s economic and pension challenges, this study explores key factors in retirement planning, particularly parental influence and individual financial strategies and their role in alleviating retirement anxiety. Research approach/design and method: A quantitative approach was used to analyse data from 926 participants (695 males and 231 females) through structural equation modelling. The study utilised measures for Parental Influence, Retirement Goal Clarity, Retirement Saving Behaviour and Nigerian Pre-retirement Anxiety. Main findings: Parental influence was found to be a significant predictor of retirement anxiety. Contrary to expectations, retirement goal clarity and saving behaviour serially mediated the relationship between parental influence and retirement anxiety. Practical/managerial implications: The results underline the need for comprehensive financial education programmes and robust pension schemes. Incorporating parents in financial literacy initiatives and offering retirement planning support in workplaces, particularly in academic settings, is essential. Contribution/value-add: This research enriches retirement planning literature in developing countries by showcasing the intricate mix of cultural, socio-economic and familial factors. It expands the Financial Socialisation Theory, highlighting parental influence’s role in Nigeria and saving behaviour’s significance in diminishing retirement anxiety. The findings offer broader implications for improving financial security in retirement beyond Nigeria, applicable to similar socio-economic environments.

Background/Objectives: Adolescence is an important period of psychophysical development. In this phase of life people acquire greater self-awareness and adopt behaviors that will later shape their lifestyle in adulthood. This study aimed to assess whether family structure can influence adolescents’ eating habits. Methods: Data were acquired from a survey titled ‘Italian Health Behaviour in School-aged Children’ (HBSC) given to a representative sample of Tuscan adolescents aged 11, 13, 15 and 17 years of age. Participants (3210) filled out a validated questionnaire answering questions about their eating habits and family structure. After adjusting for covariates, some interesting trends were highlighted in the survey results. Results: Adolescents living in single-mother families reported a lower intake of fruits (OR 0.68, 95% CI = 0.55–0.83) and vegetables (OR 0.66, 95% CI = 0.53–0.81) and a higher intake of sugar-added soft drinks (OR 1.33, 95% CI = 1.08–1.64). Living in a mother and stepfather family was associated with a higher intake of sugar-added soft drinks (OR 1.53, 95% CI = 1.02–2.28), whereas living in a father and stepmother family was associated only with a lower intake of fruits (OR 0.48, 95% CI = 0.26–0.87). Participants living with other family types reported a lower intake of vegetables (OR 0.68, 95% CI = 0.47–0.98). Conclusions: The results of this study show a correlation between family structure and adolescents’ eating habits.

This study examined parental influence on the selection of subjects for career choice among senior secondary school students in Damaturu metropolis, Yobe State, Nigeria. The study had two objectives with one being a research question and another being a hypothesis. The study had survey research design and the population of the study consisted of one thousand (1,000) students. Simple random sampling technique was used to select one hundred (100) students to form the sample size. The purpose of data collection was to analyse mean and standard deviation to answer the research question and to reveal the extent of parental influence on selection of subject for career choice among senior secondary school students in Damaturu metropolis. It was found that parental influence was high, and the finding of the research hypothesis revealed that there was a significant relationship between parental influence and students selection of subjects (r=0.748; p < 0.05). Based on the findings of the study, it is recommended that professional counsellors should be trained and re-trained to fully understand the factors that influence the selection of subjects among students and orientation programmes should be organized to help students select a career and be prepared for it. Also, principals and teachers should cooperate with the school counsellors by referring students to counsellors as quickly as possible instead of choosing them a career that does not best suit with them or force them to perform better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Children come to understand the concept of gender and learn to differentiate roles and norms on the basis of gender in early childhood. By interacting with individuals in their social contexts (i.e., family and peers), children are taught about gender norms and expectations, and as a result, learn to negotiate their own identities within different contexts. Parents have an especially important role in how children come to understand their own gender identity, as they have the ability to shape their childrens’ behaviors by endorsing certain gender stereotypes (e.g., girls wear pink, and boys play with trucks). For young boys, their fathers are a key socialization agent in their gender development, as they convey both implicitly and explicitly, gender-appropriate ways of being. Fathers may endorse ideas of traditional masculinity, which constrain boys to conform to the expected male norms, and discourages them from engaging in perceived feminine behaviors, such as cross-gender play. Accordingly, young boys are often expected to prove their manhood by marking their masculinity against femininity, in a power struggle where they are trying to get their gender right. Based on established and current literature in the field of gender identity development and masculinity in early childhood, this qualitative study aimed to explore young boys’ existing working schema of masculinity and the role that their fathers play in shaping it. Participants included six father–son pairs, with boys (ages 4–6) and their fathers (ages 34–37). Fathers were first asked to complete an adapted version of the Child-Rearing Sex-Role Attitude Scale, which assessed their attitudes and beliefs about gender-related toys, activities, and behaviors. Semi-structured interviews were then conducted with the father–son pairs, where they participated in a series of toy-preference activities in a virtual game. Descriptive coding and content analysis were used to analyze the responses boys provided for their toy preferences. Boys reported having a more stereotyped definition of “girl toys” than of “boy toys”, as reflected in their choices of toys that they felt that only girls would like to play with. Fathers’ self-described beliefs reported on the Child-Rearing Sex-Role Attitude Scale were similarly reflected in their behaviours and comments during the interviews with their sons, such that fathers who shared stereotypical beliefs about gender-related behaviours and activities on the scale, engaged in behaviours which corresponded to their beliefs when interacting with their sons. Implications for families and educators are discussed.

Children come to understand the concept of gender and learn to differentiate roles and norms on the basis of gender in early childhood. By interacting with individuals in their social contexts (i.e., family and peers), children are taught about gender norms and expectations, and as a result, learn to negotiate their own identities within different contexts. Parents have an especially important role in how children come to understand their own gender identity, as they have the ability to shape their childrens' behaviors by endorsing certain gender stereotypes (e.g., girls wear pink, and boys play with trucks). For young boys, their fathers are a key socialization agent in their gender development, as they convey both implicitly and explicitly, gender-appropriate ways of being. Fathers may endorse ideas of traditional masculinity, which constrain boys to conform to the expected male norms, and discourages them from engaging in perceived feminine behaviors, such as cross-gender play. Accordingly, young boys are often expected to prove their manhood by marking their masculinity against femininity, in a power struggle where they are trying to get their gender right. Based on established and current literature in the field of gender identity development and masculinity in early childhood, this qualitative study aimed to explore young boys' existing working schema of masculinity and the role that their fathers play in shaping it. Participants included six father–son pairs, with boys (ages 4–6) and their fathers (ages 34–37). Fathers were first asked to complete an adapted version of the Child-Rearing Sex-Role Attitude Scale, which assessed their attitudes and beliefs about gender-related toys, activities, and behaviors. Semi-structured interviews were then conducted with the father–son pairs, where they participated in a series of toy-preference activities in a virtual game. Descriptive coding and content analysis were used to analyze the responses boys provided for their toy preferences. Boys reported having a more stereotyped definition of "girl toys" than of "boy toys", as reflected in their choices of toys that they felt that only girls would like to play with. Fathers' self-described beliefs reported on the Child-Rearing Sex-Role Attitude Scale were similarly reflected in their behaviours and comments during the interviews with their sons, such that fathers who shared stereotypical beliefs about gender-related behaviours and activities on the scale, engaged in behaviours which corresponded to their beliefs when interacting with their sons. Implications for families and educators are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using semi-structured interviews with nine socioeconomically and educationally disadvantaged Latin@s at a predominantly White institution, this phenomenological study examined the role that parents played in their success in college. Three distinct themes were identified related to academic advice, motivation, needs; encouraging their resilience; and, unexpectedly, challenging their college success. Implications for future policy and practice are highlighted, as well as recommendations for extending this important line of inquiry on Latin@s in higher education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is typically diagnosed in pediatric patients. Transitioning from supported management in childhood to self-management in adolescence is an important step. Parental psychosocial influence is a possible factor in adolescents' disease control. This review summarized the effects of parental involvement on glycemic control in adolescents with T1DM by focusing on hemoglobin A1c (HgbAIc). A scoping review per the Guidance for Systematic Scoping Reviews was conducted with the following inclusion criteria: (a) studies in English, (b) focused on adolescents with T1DM, (c) outcomes included HgbAIc, and (d) focused on parental influence of children with T1DM. Of 476 articles, 14 were included. The study outcomes were classified based on direct or indirect influence. "Parental support for adherence" and "parental conflict" significantly affected HgbAIc control. This study provides current evidence on parental influence on glycemic control in adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eating disorders are no-longer considered culture-bound syndromes of the West with increasing prevalence rates across the globe. Despite the growing concern, there’s a paucity of research on the etiological mechanisms underlying eating disorders in Pakistani university students, including both men and women. Based on sociocultural theory, objectification theory and self-discrepancy theory, the present study examined the mediating role of body image dissatisfaction between sociocultural influences (family, peers, and media) and eating problems in university students. A cross-sectional study was designed where 181 participants (men = 92; women = 89) were selected (Mage = 21.87 years, SD = 1.88) through convenience sampling. An online self-administered survey was conducted with validated measures, including Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire (SATAQ-4) (Schaefer et al., 2015), Body Esteem Scale for Adolescents and Adults (BESAA) (Mendelson et al., 2001) and Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) (Garner et al., 1982). Hayes’ PROCESS was used to conduct the mediation analysis. Pearson correlation was used to ensure that sociocultural influences, body image dissatisfaction and eating problems were correlated with each other. The results indicated that body image dissatisfaction mediated between sociocultural influences (family, peers, media) and eating problems. The study has implications for the prevention and intervention of body image and eating disorders with reference to media literacy programs, counseling and psychoeducation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Problem of a low marriage rate is aggravating nowadays in China. It reached a lowest marriage rate of 5.8‰ in 2021. From previous studies, it has been found that the low marriage rate is caused by the factors including economic level, social liberalization, education level, and so on. However, family, as an important factor on this issue especially in a society like China that abides by Confucius’ filial piety very much, was seldom mentioned. In this paper, a study on how parents’ external conditions affect their children’s attitude toward a marriage relationship and how parents’ own attitudes toward a marriage relationship affect their children’s marriage choices indirectly is carried out based on the dataset of China Family Panel Survey (CFPS) in 2018 and the multiple linear regression and logistic regression models are employed for the purpose. The influences of parents’ marital status, parents’ education level and parent’s financial support on children’s expected marriage age and actual marriage status are investigated. It is hoped that the findings in this study could provide valuable reference for a better understanding of young generation’s attitude toward marriage from a different aspect.

Phubbing, the ignoring of one's companions to pay attention to one's phone, is ubiquitous. Yet far less is known about its interpersonal transmission. Based on the social learning theory and the theory of normative social behavior, this cross-sectional study tested the associations between perceived parental phubbing and teenagers' phubbing. Two hundred ninety-nine Chinese teenagers (M = 14.03, SD = 0.87) answered questions about perceived parental phubbing, descriptive norms and injunctive norms of phubbing, and phubbing of themselves. The regression analyses showed that perceived parental phubbing was positively associated with teenagers' phubbing and descriptive norms. The conditional process analyses showed that higher levels of perceived parental phubbing predicted higher levels of descriptive norms, which in turn predicted higher levels of teenagers' phubbing. Moreover, the magnitude of the association between descriptive norms and teenagers' phubbing was greater as injunctive norms became greater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mate choice in humans is specific by the involvement of kin both in partner choice and in the functioning of the relationship. The influence of relatives ranges from providing advice all the way to arranged marriages. Existing research so far tended to map neither the actual parental interventions and further reactions (counteractions) nor the independently pursued behavior (actions) by which the offspring or their partners assert their interests. This study identified such sets of behaviors through semi-structured individual interviews with members of 20 dyads of adult offspring and their biological parents (five son–mother, five son–father, five daughter–mother, and five daughter–father dyads). Thematic analysis revealed sets of parental actions aimed at the offspring, their partners, and the couple as a whole, as well as further counteractions (reactions to parental interference) and independently pursued behavior (actions) of the offspring and their partners aimed at the parents in the context of the offspring's previous or current relationship. Our findings showed that parental interference differed depending on the recipient: toward the couple were applied mainly indirect and supportive parental actions, whereas when facing their offspring or offspring's partner, parents' actions were more direct and disruptive. Our results thus indicate the importance of reporting about actual interactions which differ from the hypothetical settings used in prior studies by lower intensity. Moreover, by interviewing both members of dyads, we expanded the sets of actions and counteractions identified by prior studies and managed to limit self-reporting bias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Family influences on child quality of life (QoL) are increasingly understood. Parenting behavior and parent individual psychopathology are among the established predictors of offspring mental health. However, literature often addresses these factors as 'parental', lacking further gender-specific differentiation while predominantly studying maternal aspects. Social and biological fathers are still underrepresented in family research. The aim of this study was to analyze paternal contributions to child well-being. A total of 197 father/mother-dyads gave a standardized self-report on parenting behavior and their own psychopathology at child primary school age (t1; 6–10 y). Ratings were compared mutually and associated with child self-rated QoL at t1 and adolescence (t2; 12–14 y). Fathers and mothers differed in psychopathology and most parenting behavior dimensions (positive parenting, involvement, responsible parenting, poor monitoring, and corporal punishment). Father psychopathology made a relevant predictive contribution to girls' QoL at t2. Boys' t1 QoL was significantly influenced by maternal parenting factors (positivity and corporal punishment). Compared to mothers, fathers are faced with different individual stressors; paternal parenting behavior is different, while fathers' influences are significant, particularly for daughters. Father-addressed pre- and intervention programs in child psychotherapeutic treatment are of high relevance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary research objective aimed to empirically assess the influence of peer influence, self-control, financial education, and parental influence on the financial saving behaviour mediated through the financial literacy of university students in Saudi Arabia. A sample of 260 students participated in the study, selected using purposive sampling, and data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire. The study employed a quantitative research approach with a cross-sectional research design. The empirical regression results revealed positive and statistically significant impacts of parental and peer influences, financial education, and selfcontrol on financial literacy. Mediation analyses further indicated a significant mediating effect of financial literacy in the relationship between peer influence, self-control, parental influence, financial education, and financial saving behaviour. Drawing from the aforementioned study, the research contributes insights endorsing financial education initiatives and collaborative endeavours among stakeholders to cultivate a holistic environment conducive to financial literacy. The study contributes theoretically by incorporating financial education and self-control into established frameworks and practically by advocating curriculum reforms within Saudi Arabian universities. Limitations encompass the study's singular country focus and the absence of moderating variables, prompting a call for future research to delve into cultural variations, introduce moderators, and adopt mixedmethod approaches for a more comprehensive understanding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Purpose This study aimed to examine the levels of physical activity (PA) among children and adolescents in western China, and the influence of parents on their PA, in the era of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods This cross-sectional study used a multistage questionnaire to evaluate 4800 children and adolescents of grades 4–12 (9–17 years old) from 48 primary and secondary schools across 16 districts and counties in western China. In addition to PA, questionnaires collected data on demography, family structure, and exercise habits. Data were assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF) and analyzed using chi-square tests, t-tests, Spearman’s correlation, and logistic regression models in SPSS. Results In this study, a minority (42.1%, n = 1553) of children and adolescents met the daily exercise target (60 min) recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). Moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) level of boys was significantly higher than that of girls. Regardless of sex, children with the highest MVPA levels were those in grades 4–6, and PA levels decreased with increasing age. Furthermore, for every hour of increase in the daily MVPA of parents, the MVPA also increased by 6.1–13.9 min in children and adolescents. Moreover, areas of higher economic development were associated with lower levels of MVPA. Conclusions Overall, this study found a low level of MVPA in children and adolescents of western China; both family structure and parental activity have a significant influence on the children's PA levels. Besides, the impact of COVID-19 on PA levels has not been entirely negative.

This article aims to present the specifics and characteristics of personality development during adolescence in light of the family's influence on the adolescent's self-esteem, self-perception, and behavior. Self-concept holds a particular importance in an individual's psychological and social development and expression. Self-concept contributes to an individual's communication, personal confidence, and independence. The objectives of the article are as follows: to trace some basic aspects of the influence of family on personality and its formation; to present concrete empirical dimensions of the Self-concept of students in a Bulgarian environment as well as their relationships with their parents; to show whether there are differences among the main ethnic groups in terms of their Self-concept and parental influence. The empirical analysis of the article is based on research conducted with secondary school students in 2018 within the framework of the "Modern Bulgarian Education: Status and Deficits" project, of which there were 130 Bulgarian, 70 Turk, and 70 Roma students aged 14–16 and of both sexes. The students were randomly selected from several Bulgarian secondary schools. To establish Self-images and the formation of various qualities, we used a method highlighting the types of personality tests used to register Self-concept profiles, including various personal qualities in different areas of personality expression. Students rate the qualities as real and as their desire to possess them on a five-degree scale from "1"—I do not possess at all to "5"—I completely possess the corresponding quality. The survey results showed that young people to a large extent tend to strive for the construction of their Self-image as open to sociability, contacts, and communication to attain affirmation among peers and autonomy. The article also analyzes assessments of parents' involvement in children's lives as well as the importance of family as a value. The main conclusion of the article is that upbringing in the family is key to the development of a child's Self-concept and success, the value structure and emotional state, as well as overall personal activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigates parental involvement's effects on high school students' self-esteem, anxiety, attitudes, and mathematics achievement. The study included 1,337 students from 11 high schools in Hanoi, Vietnam, chosen via convenience sampling. Participants in this research were asked to answer the questionnaires. The partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLSSEM) method was utilized to explore the direct and indirect relationships between parents' involvement and students' mathematics performance. Results reveal that parental involvement and expectations positively affect students' mathematics achievement. Parental involvement negatively impacts students' attitudes toward mathematics; however, parental expectations positively impact students' attitudes toward mathematics. Parental involvement decreases students' negative self-esteem, while parental expectation increases students' negative selfesteem. Notably, parental involvement helps weaken students' anxiety in mathematics, but the more anxiety students have, the lower their mathematics achievement. It is recommended that parents and students should have more daily conversations. Parents should not place their excessive expectations and involvement on their children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the epidemiological paradox, less acculturated Latina/o youth display fewer sexual risk behaviors. A systematic review was performed on psychosocial and cultural mechanisms potentially underlying the epidemiological paradox in sexual risk behaviors of U.S. Latina/o youth across acculturation measures (between January 2000 to October 2022). Thirty-five publications (n = 35) with forty-eight analyses of underlying mechanisms met the inclusion criteria. Thirty-one results from twenty-three publications found supporting evidence that one of the five factors was an underlying mechanism in the epidemiological paradox (n = 13 parenting practices, n = 4 peer influences, n = 4 familismo values, n = 4 religiosity, n = 6 traditional gender norms) as, generally protective, mediators or moderators in the link between acculturation and sexual risk behaviors. Studies varied in the sexual risk behavior examined and measurement of acculturation, but primarily employed cross-sectional designs and recruited samples through schools. Mechanisms that enhance close ties and unity of the family, such as those of familismo values and positive parenting, reduce the likelihood of sexual risk behaviors as Latina/o youth become more acculturated. Future directions are discussed which may provide guidance for risk prevention and intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study examines how ideal standards and parental approval interplay in the decision to marry via three consecutive studies among Turkish emerging adults. The first study explored desirable traits for a potential spouse, and participants (N = 309) rated and rank-ordered 56 traits. Findings revealed that trustworthiness, honesty, and loyalty were the most desired traits. Informed by the first study's findings, we designed vignettes, tested their validity via three pilot studies, and finalized scenarios for the experimental study. In Study 2 (N = 331), we recruited highly liberal (secular) emerging adults and randomly assigned them to one of the four experimental conditions (2x2 design; ideal standards high vs. low, parents approve vs. disapprove). Each participant read a vignette about a potential partner and responded whether they would be willing to marry that person (yes or no). Analysis revealed that participants were 13.93 times [ CI (6.40, 30.32)] more willing to marry a partner who met ideal standards and 4.24 times [ CI (1.93, 9.30)] more willing if the parents approved the partner. Study 3 replicated Study 2 with a conservative sample, using the same experimental design and vignettes. We recruited participants through theology departments and online religious groups (N = 484). Main effects of both having an ideal partner [ OR = 5.00, CI (2.62, 9.54)] and parental approval [ OR = 4.00, CI (2.12, 7.53)] were significant as well as the interaction term [ OR = 7.38, CI (2.32, 23.51)]. The current study highlights the importance of parental approval and ideal standards on marriage decisions among secular and conservative emerging adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children's treatment means a triangular relationship between the child, practitioner, and parent, with specific interactions influencing the procedure. The objective was to create and validate a hetero-rating scale of parental behavior and verify the correlation between child and parental behavior during pediatric dentistry sessions. Treatment sessions were recorded and evaluated, including 60 children representing three age groups. Two raters interpreted the resulting video clips using the modified Venham scale for children and the new hetero-rating scale for parents. They analyzed the videos twice and attributed scores at different time points of the appointment. The correlation between parental behavior upon entrance and the children's behavioral at the dental office in the treatment stage was significantly positive in both raters (Kendall Tau: 0.20–0.30). Furthermore, a panel of 20 dental practitioners scored a randomized selection of five recordings per age group. The level of agreement between the two experts was higher than that between the 20 clinicians. Venham types of scale involving multiple aspects can be used in research, but their application in dental practice requires further development. The link between parental anxiety and child anxiety is confirmed, but further research is required to incorporate specific aspects of treatment and parental behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At what ages are young people most open to political influence? We test the "formative years" model that underscores the importance of childhood experiences for political development against the "impressionable years" model that asserts the primacy of lessons learned during adolescence. To assess the relative merits of these competing models, we develop a new analytical strategy: the Retrospective Family Context approach. We estimate the political engagement levels of 18-year-olds as a function of annual measures of their parents' political engagement levels over the course of the prior decade. German household panel data analysis shows that parental cues sink in quite effectively during late childhood, ages 9 to 11, and during the late teens. These results illuminate an essential dimension of political development, and they can inform efforts to encourage young people's political participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]