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This paper uses 1996–2014 longitudinal HRS data to establish the relative importance of intervivos transfers, bequests and coresidency in the United States. We find that when computing the relative importance of intervivos transfers versus bequests, the aggregate perspective that pools all data into a single cross-section is very different than the parent-level longitudinal perspective, highlighting the special value of panel data. This difference reflects the fact that large bequests are highly concentrated and play an influential role at the aggregate level, while at the micro parent-level, intervivos transfers constitute the main form of financial support for most parents. Regarding coresidency, we find that although older children and parents tend to coreside when the child is helping the parent, coresidency tends to be more prevalent among poorer, younger parents and their children. Children who ever coreside with parents also receive larger total intervivos transfers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research results of family business governance play a prominent role in family business literature. In Hungary the majority of family firms are micro and small enterprises. This paper aims to map the most important international research findings regarding micro and small family business governance and to present the results of interviews conducted with Hungarian micro and small family businesses. The authors’ research highlights that in the case of Hungarian micro and small enterpri-ses, classic, family business specific agency problems (self-control, parental altruism, family opportunism) can be revealed. Nonetheless, the use of family business management tools is not typical in the examined group of entrepreneurs. This research points out second-generation family members’ openness to the introduction and application of family business governance tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper empirically supports environmental courses and activities based upon 'parental altruism' as an effective environmental education in developing citizen's pro-environmental values, attitudes, and behaviors. This is a case study of the Homemaker's Union Consumer Cooperation (HUCC), a prominent environmental consumer non-profit organization in Taiwan with over 70000 members. Re-examining Paulo Freire's critical dialogical pedagogy, this study uses Paul Stern's three levels of value orientation to investigate changes of HUCC members' consumption behaviors. The courses and activities with parental-care are efficiently received by members than those of critical knowledge with the environment in terms of developing pro-environmental behaviors. Parental altruism is the key in changing consumer's environmental values. This finding contributes to rethinking the meaning of dialogue in environmental education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Women make up one-half of the world’s population, though two-thirds of the world’s non-literate adults are women, which highlight the pervasive denial of the basic human right to education experienced by women across the globe. While there is a sizeable literature on gender discrimination in girls’ schooling, we know very little about girls’ access to private schooling, despite its rapid growth around the world in recent years. Using two nationally representative datasets from household surveys conducted in India in 2005 and 2012, our paper aims to bridge this gap by examining the role of gender in private school choice. We argue that the gender of the child is potentially endogenous in India because parents continue to have children until they have a son. To redress this potential endogeneity, we exploit the variation in private school choice among 7–18 year olds born to the same parents within the same household in an attempt to minimize both child-invariant and child-varying household-level omitted variable bias. We then explore the nature of female (dis)advantage across different types of households, communities, and years with a view to assess the role of parental preferences in this respect and its change, if any. The analysis thus allows us to provide new evidence for the causal effect of gender on private school choice in India. Significant female disadvantage exists in both survey years, though the size of this disadvantage varies across sub-samples and years. Female disadvantage is significantly higher among younger (relative to eldest) girls and also in northern and northwestern (relative to western) regions, but it is lower among girls from poor (relative to rich) households, Christian (relative to Hindu high caste) households, and those with more educated mothers. Our results are robust, irrespective of whether or not we restrict the sample to those born to a household head. We infer that the observed within-household variations in female disadvantage across sub-samples reflect variations in non-altruistic parental preferences linked to deeply held cultural norms (for example, sons acting as old-age security and the exogamy of girls), access to schools and other public goods, and also job opportunities and returns to schooling for girls, thus posing considerable challenges in the attempt to secure “education for all.” [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a model of parental altruism in relation to children's habit formation, as children are unaware of their developing habits while young and only become cognizant with age. We show that an altruistic mother (1) maintains the amount of income transferred to her child lower than the child would desire and (2) reduces further income transfer upon an exogenous increase in case of a particular negative habit of the child. The child, when grown, may end up being grateful for the small income transfer if the mother is sufficiently altruistic and has a relatively high income: When evaluated by the realized habitual preferences, a small income transfer leads to greater welfare. This implies that parents from richer families tend to appreciate the authoritative parenting practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the notions of parental altruism, sibling competition, and family constitution, we present a self-enforcing model where heterogeneous children have economic incentives to supply family-specific merit goods (e.g., companionship) to their parents for securing inheritable wealth and the altruistic parents decide on division rules according to an optimizing behavior. In our analysis of intergenerational cooperation and intragenerational competition, the altruistic parents care about the efficiency of the children-provided merit goods and the equity of the children's incomes. For an optimal allocation of wealth, the parents strategically partition it into two pools: one to be distributed equally whereas the other unequally according to their children's supply of merit goods. We look at motivation of the parents in allocating their wealth to the two different pools. The analysis of endogenous division rules has implications for the compatibility between equal postmortem transfers and unequal inter vivos gifts, both of which are consistent with parental altruism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I analyze the determinants of college enrolment and the changes in these determinants over time. I propose a quantitative life-cycle model with college enrolment. Altruistic parents provide financial support to their children. Using counterfactual experiments, I find that 24 percent of all households are financially constrained in their college decision. Constraints become more severe over time. I show that my model is consistent with a narrow college enrolment gap between students from rich and poor families, as previously reported in the empirical literature. The estimation of enrolment gaps is a popular reduced-form approach for measuring the fraction of constrained households. My results suggest that these reduced-form estimates are misleading, and that a structural model of parental transfers is needed to correctly identify constrained households. Further, I show that parental transfers are an important driver behind the changing role of family income as a determinant of college entry, a fact that is well documented for the US economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parsons and Goldin (in Econ Inq 637-659, ) use the US Commissioner of Labor Survey of () to argue that many American parents sacrificed the future earnings of their children by sending them to work rather than to school. We analyze the same data and argue that parental choices were dictated by constraints rather than the desire to exploit child labor opportunities. We also find significant income effects on child labor supply, indicating that affluence played an important part in the decline of child labor. The coexistence of positive assets with child labor is not inconsistent with parental altruism, indicating instead a failure of perfect two-sided altruism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the relationship between happiness and standard of living compared with kids and parents in the United States. Using General Social Survey (GSS) data from 1993 to 2010, I find that people who are poorer than their parents or those whose kids are worse off than them are unhappier than the people who have the same standard of living compared with their parents or kids. On the other hand, people who are richer than their parents and people who have richer kids are not significantly happier. These results might suggest that people in the United States are altruistic towards their children only if they are poorer than them but not if their children are richer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Are parents altruistic or selfish? We contribute to the continuing debate of this question by proposing a simple test which is implemented using experimental data from the Mexican anti-poverty programme PROGRESA. Benefit eligibility is randomised. Our estimation strategy explicitly addresses potentially confounding factors and selection bias problems. We reject selfishness of parents in non-urban Mexico as PROGRESA beneficiaries spend more on child-related goods and do not increase spending on adult-related goods compared to parents in the control group. At the same time, we reject some rival theories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the relationship between ability and skill acquisition, when technological progress is ability biased and cost of education is a decreasing function of ability. It shows that, if the impact of ability biased technological progress on the productivity of unskilled labour is sufficiently low, the economy will be caught in a steady state where many abler individuals born of poor parents will not acquire skill, while many less able individuals born of rich parents will acquire skill. This is true even when technological progress is not ability biased at all. This result is likely to hold for LDCs like India where ability biased technological progress is confined only to a few pockets of the economy where there is little scope for employment of low-skilled labour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One out of every five children in the United States is growing up in a household where the family income is at or below the poverty threshold. The stress of poverty creates heighten parental stress, straining their capacity to provide warmth, understanding, and guidance for their children. The lack of an adequate income simply may not allow parents to focus their time and energies on parenting; rather, they are constantly struggling to survive. From an economic viewpoint, poverty inhibits parental ability to invest in their children's well-being. One aspect of parental investment in the well-being of their children concerns the child's health and their access to appropriate medical care, specifically receiving timely immunisations against known childhood diseases. This article investigates the immunisation status of poor, pre-school age children, within the context of parental altruism and investing in the well-being of the child. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]