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The present paper provides an overview of an online module for formative assessment of summary writing skills for second language (L2) introductory academic writing instruction in Japan and presents initial empirical results on how Japanese undergraduate students' summary writing performance changed with a series of automated summary content feedback delivered in the module. A key feature of this module was the provision of fine-grained feedback delivered as scaffolding during revisions in terms of two key aspects of summary content: main idea representation and paraphrasing. Participants were 64 Japanese undergraduate engineering majors in introductory academic writing courses at a private university in Tokyo. The students completed two summary writing tasks provided through the online module. Results of a multivariate analysis of variance showed significant improvement of the content analytic score on revision on the initial summary task, and that this improved performance level was retained on a transfer task. The language use analytic score also improved significantly on the transfer task. Detailed analyses of learner-produced summaries based on descriptive statistics further suggested that the learners made substantively meaningful changes concerning main idea coverage and verbatim copying of the source text while still meeting the length requirement, although the results differed somewhat across the source texts assigned. Despite some study limitations, these results provide initial support for immediate content feedback provision for the development of basic summary writing skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The protein folding problem was, to paraphrase Churchill, ‘A riddle wrapped in a mystery inside an enigma’. The riddle, in this context, was the folding code; what interactions at the amino acid level are driving the folding process? The mystery was the kinetic question (Levinthal's paradox); how does the folding process occur so quickly (typically in timescales ranging from μS to mS)? Finally, the enigma represents the computational problem of developing approaches to predict the final folded sate of a protein given only its amino acid sequence. Herein, I trace the path to solving this riddle wrapped in a mystery inside an enigma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite its position in an introductory work to logic, the account of continuity presented by Abū Naṣr Al-Fārābī in his paraphrase of Aristotle’s Categories is apparently even less accessible to the beginner than Aristotle’s original. This is in part because Al-Fārābī integrated elements of the accounts of continuity in Aristotle’s Physics and Metaphysics into an account mainly derived from Aristotle’s Categories. While Al-Fārābī’s account chiefly follows Aristotle’s Categories 6 in describing a continuous object that can be divided into parts with a shared boundary, it borrows the terminology of limits from Physics 5 and the notion of quantity as divisible into its parts from Metaphysics 5.13. In doing so, Al-Fārābī defines continuity using a notion of a limit without determining whether or not it was part of the continuous quantity. This definition could also accommodate atomists, since it would work even if the limit were an atom or several atoms that were part of the continuous object. The broadness of this definition is probably intended to allow students of logic who may have atomist tendencies to accept the account of quantity in the categories tradition, even though they may not be ready to reject atomism until after studying physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What is poetry's so-called 'form-content unity'? In this paper, I argue that the idea of 'form-content unity', as derived from A. C. Bradley's 1901 lecture, has been misconstrued by Peter Kivy, who believes that it is confused and vague. I argue that it has also been misconstrued, however, by the philosophers who find the idea insightful and instructive and present themselves as defending and developing it against Kivy's criticisms. Crucially, Bradley's argument emphasizes that hearing is necessary to any 'poetic' reading of a metrical poem, but this focus on sound and metre tends to be ignored. A precision of terminology—particularly a reformulation of the paraphrase 'form-content unity'—offers an improved understanding of Bradley's claims. The lecture, I argue, properly understood, in fact supports the call for a shift of attention away from understanding poems as 'form-content unities' in the philosophy of poetry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the emerging new technologies based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) for the generation of new and paraphrasing of existing text, the identification of genuinely written text has become an important research undertaking. Past approaches to address this issue, need a significant volume of human-labeled data. Most of the approaches used in literature are either for noisy text or for clean text. Conversations in chats, text in blogs, text messages on cell phones, text exchange on Messengers, etc., are examples of noisy text that may contain misspelled words or incomplete words. The second approach focuses on clean text, which is free from the mentioned characteristics in the noisy text. As research articles do not contain noisy data, we propose a model that focuses on clean text for the identification of paraphrases in research articles. To address the problem of paraphrase detection, this work presents a novel Bidirectional Encoder Representation from Transformers (BERT) based model with fine-tuning. For word representation, Global Vectors (Glove) embeddings and contextualized Embeddings From Language Models (ELMo) are employed in this work. Initially, the model is evaluated without performing preprocessing. Later, the preprocessing step is performed before evaluating the model. Extensive experimentations are performed to evaluate the proposed model utilizing two benchmark datasets, namely, Microsoft Research Paraphrase (MSRP) and Quora Question Pairs (Quora). A comparison of the proposed model is done with four closely related state-of-the-art works. The obtained results show that Fine-tuned BERT using ELMo embeddings with preprocessing produces promising outcomes. Paraphrase identification rates achieved on MSRP and Quora datasets are 86.51% and 94.32%, respectively, which are better than the other competing methods. The proposed solution enables the identification of paraphrased text with a higher accuracy having its application in multiple domains requiring genuinely written documents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Money is the epitome of Marx's fetishised commodity. And, in Marxist discussions of the connected topics of currency and commodity fetishism, it often is left under-appreciated that such fetishism reaches its apotheosis only with the development of 'interest-bearing capital.' Herein, I perform two complementary gestures, one as regards Marxism and another with respect to psychoanalysis. Apropos Marxism, I counter-balance the usual, long-standing (over)emphasis on commodity fetishism as per the first volume of Das Kapital with a foregrounding of this fetishism as per the third volume. Apropos psychoanalysis, I shift away from its traditional fixation on reducing financial matters to libidinal contents. I explore instead the implications of the forms of capitalist fetishism for reconsidering the forms of intra-subjective defence mechanisms. This leads me to posit a complementary inversion of Lacan's dictum according to which 'repression is always the return of the repressed': The return of the repressed sometimes is the most effective repression. To pose a rhetorical question paraphrasing Brecht: What is the laundering of money compared with the laundering that is money? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Internationale Beziehungen (ZIB) is the property of Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Marriage is one of many important topics discussed in the Qur’an and is a vital component of the customs and traditions of every community. This study aims to qualitatively investigate the procedures employed by classical and recent translators in rendering Qur’anic marriage expressions into English and see whether there has been improvement in tackling them. The collected data consists of a set of marriage expressions that are critically analyzed from a translational perspective. Eight famed English translations from 1930 to 2015, which are trustworthy and easily accessible, are examined, along with three exegesis. They are unlike other earlier translations of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries that were done by non-Muslims who had little knowledge or no background Islam and were often criticized for biased and erroneous content. The results reveal that both classical and recent translators offer successful renditions in some cases, but they fail to do so in several cases due to hurdles involving lexical and cultural gaps, as well as figurative usage. Although workable formal equivalence should remain a priority, paraphrase, transliteration, footnoting, or combinations of them need to be considered when formal equivalence falters. Further, the results show that there has not been any noticeable improvement in this area from classical to recent translations. The differences between them mainly involve lexical variation only, apart from conceptual emendations. The study recommends that Qur’an translation be conducted by an expert team, rather than one individual, whose members must have high language and cultural competence in both languages, have solid religious and cultural background in Qur’anic discourse, consult authoritative exegeses, and have adequate knowledge of translation strategies and procedures.

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Germanistische Linguistik is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Mereological nihilists typically employ a paraphrase strategy in order to mitigate the apparent absurdity of their denial of the existence of composite objects. I argue here that the nihilist's paraphrase strategy is incomplete, because no schema for generating nihilistically acceptable paraphrases of sentences concerning material constitution has ever been given. Nor can an adequate schema be arrived at by generalising things that nihilists have already said. I fill this lacuna in the nihilist's account by developing and defending a novel paraphrase schema that makes essential reference to the determinable‐determinate relation that holds between arrangement‐properties instantiated by the simples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aspect Sentiment Quad Prediction is a research topic of paramount significance and complexity within the Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis task. Leveraging the generative paradigm of the T5 model, we achieve end-to-end extraction of aspect sentiment elements by paraphrasing the original text into sentences predefined by templates. Current research predominantly confines templates to single sentences or directly concatenates sentiment elements using a few symbols, limiting the model's reasoning opportunities. In this work, we introduce a Self-Inference Template (SIT) to guide the model in thoughtful reasoning, facilitating a step-by-step inference generation process. This approach enables the model to more accurately identify aspect sentiment elements and their interdependencies. Experimental results demonstrate a significant improvement in quadruplet prediction performance under constant time costs, effectively mitigating overfitting issues caused by limited data volume to some extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main goal of this paper is to work out Quine's account of explication. Quine does not provide a general account but considers a paradigmatic example which does not fit other examples he claims to be explications. Besides working out Quine's account of explication and explaining this tension, I show how it connects to other notions such as paraphrase and ontological commitment. Furthermore, I relate Quinean explication to Carnap's conception and argue that Quinean explication is much narrower because its main purpose is to be a criterion of theory choice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While research has indicated that college students may benefit from collaboratively reading academic texts, little is known about how they co-construct comprehension through text-based discussions. This case study focused on two groups of undergraduate students with different degrees of participation in discussions – one active group and one silent group – in a course on English for academic purposes (EAP) at a Chinese university. Drawing upon classroom observation and semi-structured interviews, the study investigated the spontaneous use of reading strategies in 10 post-reading group discussions and probed into the key processes for comprehension building shared by the two groups. The findings suggest that the students utilized a series of reading strategies and drew on the ideational and linguistic resources shared within the group to build comprehension. Three key processes for comprehension co-construction were found: (1) paraphrasing to contribute personal understanding, (2) elaborating to clarify meanings, and (3) summarizing to build consensus. Pedagogical implications concerning the instruction and task design for collaborative academic reading are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of paraphrasing identification techniques is to identify if two sentences or texts have the same meaning; even if they do not contain a number of identical phrases or words. In this paper we proposed a hybrid technique based on using attention constituency vector (ACV)-tree kernel in short texts or sentence similarity computation. Then a similarity threshold is used to identifying if these sentences are paraphrased or not. The experiments are conducted on Arabic paraphrasing benchmark. The proposed method provides a recall of 70% and a precision of 76%, when the determined threshold is 0.5, while a recall of 94% and a precision of 0.751 achieved using a threshold of 0.3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to examine how higher education students paraphrase their academic writing to reduce high Turnitin similarity scores. The research uses a descriptive-qualitative research design. Data were collected through observations and in-depth interviews. The observation was conducted by analyzing 20 higher education students' theses in terms of paraphrasing practices. The in-depth interviews with five selected participants were conducted by asking some questions related to the observation results about paraphrasing practices. Based on the observation and the in-depth interviews, the researcher found that most of the students prefer to do paraphrasing practices online compared to paraphrasing practices manually. In addition, most students already know the meaning of paraphrasing but some students have not applied it adequately. The researchers conclude that online paraphrasing is a great idea that can be used to simplify paraphrasing activities. However, the students need to re-read the results of the paraphrase from the online paraphrase to be analyzed and revised if needed. It is crucial to focus on the overall quality of the paraphrased results, making sure to check for proper word choice and grammar. In addition, further research is required to determine the extent to which the text's original context and meaning have been successfully maintained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recording the lexical stock of liturgical hymns that are collected in the Slavonic Office Menaia for December, February and April as handed down in East Slavonic manuscripts from the 11th to the 13th century, quite a considerable amount of semantic deviations between lexical elements of the Slavic texts and their Greek parallels has been noticed. The article classifies the various types of such non-equivalent Greek-Slavic lexical pairs and points out to which circumstances they are causally connected. To obtain an unadulterated picture of the Greek-Slavic lexical equivalents actually used by the translators of the Office Menaion the author sorts out those inequivalent lexical pairs caused by variation in the Byzantine transmission of the hymns, mistakes made by copyists, misinterpretations by translators or paraphrasing of the Greek text and presents them apart from the actual lemmata in the extended and revised version of the Wörterbuch zum Gottesdienst menäum. By contrast Slavic expressions, which do not correspond to the Greek origin on a formal or semantic level, but nevertheless got commonly accepted as possible, sometimes even as exclusive translations, are presented within the lemmata marked by a special symbol. This especially applies to Greek-Slavic equivalents caused by the systematic transformation of popular Byzantine metaphors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We teach English literature in South Africa, to third- or fourth-language English speakers. Increasingly dissatisfied with the effectiveness of our pedagogy under conditions of massification, we seek to agitate propositions about our students' reading and what these propositions means for our pedagogy. Drawing on narrative theory we analyse our students' written responses to a portfolio assessment designed to scaffold their reading of a setwork novel, Lauren Beukes' Zoo City. Six patterns emerge, around paraphrase, compensation strategies that replace literary reading, repertoires of knowledge and how these relate to access, personal salience and dissonance, reader discomfort, and decolonial opportunities. Understanding the students' reading for our course as a complex web of material, social and affective relations opens avenues for pedagogy and assessment design that frames literary reading as communal encounter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AI-generated paraphrasing tools, especially QuillBot and Paraphrasing Tool, play a crucial role in preventing plagiarism in academic writing. However, their effectiveness and proficiency have been questioned, particularly regarding the adequacy of their strategies. This qualitative study analyzed the paraphrasing strategies and proficiency levels of QuillBot and Paraphrase Tool. Using a purposive sampling technique, all 30 abstracts from one issue of the Journal of Second Language Writing were paraphrased using the two paraphrasing tools in their standard modes, and the results were analyzed using the frameworks of Keck (2014) and Nabhan et al. (2021). The results of the study indicated that both tools primarily used synonym substitution, with QuillBot favoring word-level changes and Paraphrase Tool emphasizing sentence restructuring. QuillBot tended to show minimal revision, followed by moderate revision, while Paraphrase Tool exhibited more moderate revision, followed by minimal and substantial revision. Paraphrase Tool exhibited broader paraphrasing capability than QuillBot, but both tools show some paraphrasing limitations. Overall, while these tools may enhance some writing, writers should thoroughly review the core concepts of the original texts and grammatical structures in specific contexts. For novice writers, paraphrasing practice in classrooms should be conducted under teachers' guidance. AI-generated tools should be secondary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Expressions of impossibility refer to events that can never or rarely happen, tasks that are difficult or impossible to perform, people or things that are of no use and things that are impossible to find. This study explores the similarities and differences between English and Arabic expressions of impossibility, and the difficulties that student-translators have with them. A corpus of English and Arabic expressions of impossibility was collected, analyzed and compared. Data analysis showed that English and Arabic expressions of impossibility fall into 4 categories: (i) those that are identical in form and meaning in both languages (to look for a needle in a haystack, when salt blossoms, when heaven falls on earth); (ii) those that are similar in meaning but differ in wording (when pigs fly, on cloud nine, not in a million years); (iii) those used in English, but have no equivalents in Arabic (when hell freezes over, dance on a land mine); and (iv) those used in Arabic but have no equivalents in English (الظهر عز في النجوم يريه to show someone the stars at noon/in daylight). Responses to a translation test showed that student-translators could translate fewer than 35% of the test items correctly and left many blank. Expressions of impossibility that are similar in English and Arabic were easy to translate, whereas opaque ones (ghost of a chance, near the knuckle, dance on a land mine, تتغطى ما الشمس عين بغربال the sun cannot be covered with a sieve; العنب الشوك من تجنى لا إنك you cannot reap grapes from thorns; حلمة تشوف لما ودنك when you see your ear’s lobe; مخرز تقاوم ما العين the eye cannot defy a n awl). English expressions of impossibility were more difficult to translate than Arabic ones as they contained unfamiliar lexical items. Literal translation, explanation/paraphrase, partial translation, and extraneous translation were the most common strategies in that order. Detailed results and recommendations are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Impossibilia: Revista Internacional de Estudios Literarios is the property of Impossibilia: Revista Internacional de Estudios Literarios and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article focuses on the derivational competencies in young adults with moderate intellectual disabilities (ID). The linguistic material for the study consisted of statements from 10 individuals aged 18-24. The ability to create derivatives and to recognize word-formation structure was evaluated across five categories of derivatives: two modification categories (feminatives derived from masculine names, diminutives) and three mutation categories (agentive names, instrument names, and place names). The responses of the participants were analysed in terms of the following criteria: whether the answer was consistent / inconsistent with the presented pattern; whether the created derivative was a potential formation / occasionalism / neologism, or was based on the associations of the respondent; whether the derivative / paraphrase were replaced by a description or a definition in the respondent's answer; whether the response included a full or partial repetition of the instruction. In terms of creating derivatives, participants scored about 60% of correct responses. As for paraphrasing derivatives, participants had no trouble identifying the word-formation base, but were unable to specify the meaning of the affix. In cases of incorrect responses, individuals with ID mainly referred to their associations and provided synonymous terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using material from the mutual correspondence between Ludvík Vaculík and Helena Bukovanská, this study aims to shed light on some aspects of the genesis of the novel Český snář [A Czech Dreambook] and Vaculík's artistic method in general. A number of practices from the field of correspondence permeate the writer's original artistic work. The constitution of literary fact is shown through three kinds of textual and thematic intersections between personal letters and the novel: separate texts dealing with the same theme, paraphrases, and finally, on the basis of two letters which, after the modifications analysed in the study, went into the final text of the novel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This microanalysis study extends our understanding of how questioning works in a face-to-face dialogue. It does so, first, by testing the central proposition of McGee's (1999) co-constructive model of questions on a body of experimental data. It does so, secondly, by demonstrating how the questions and formulations (paraphrases and summaries) of an interviewer are skillfully interwoven in co-constructive sequences designed to invite the interviewee to construct ever more detailed understandings around a topic introduced by the interviewer in an opening and overarching question to the sequence. The implications for social constructionism and doing therapy are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to investigate the allocation of figurative language comprehension (FLC) within the Cattell–Horn–Carroll (CHC) model of cognitive abilities, using three newly developed tests: the Reverse Paraphrase Test (RPT), the Literal Paraphrase Test (LPT), and the Proverb Test (PT). The analysis of a sample of 909 participants revealed that the RPT and LPT measured a unidimensional construct of FLC, while the PT was excluded due to insufficient fit. Combining RPT and LPT items, various models were evaluated, with a bifactor S-1 model showing the best fit, indicating the influence of a general factor (representing FLC) and test-specific method factors. The study explored FLC allocation within the CHC model, supporting its consideration as a distinct factor under the g factor. Examining the nomological network, significant correlations emerged between the Intellectual Curiosity and Aesthetic Sensitivity facets of Openness and FLC, which were comparable in size to the relation with general ability. In conclusion, the study enhances the understanding of FLC within the CHC model, advocating its recognition as a distinct factor. Correlations with Openness facets suggest valuable insights into the interplay between cognitive abilities and personality, necessitating further research for a deeper exploration of this relation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paraphrase generation is a fundamental problem in natural language processing. Due to the significant success of transfer learning, the "pre-training → fine-tuning" approach has become the standard. However, popular general pre-training methods typically require extensive datasets and great computational resources, and the available pre-trained models are limited by fixed architecture and size. The authors have proposed a simple and efficient approach to pre-training specifically for paraphrase generation, which noticeably improves the quality of paraphrase generation and ensures substantial enhancement of general-purpose models. They have used existing public data and new data generated by large language models. The authors have investigated how this pre-training procedure impacts neural networks of various architectures and demonstrated its efficiency across all architectures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with the genre of biblical paraphrase or metaphrase in verse as a derivation of the rhetorical technique of rewriting of previous Classical and prestigious models, developed from Late Antiquity to the late Byzantine period. The article consists of a methodological and conceptual introduction, where the concept of rewriting and metaphrastic techniques are described. In the following sections, there is a chronological account of the different Greek biblical paraphrases, with an analysis of formal aspects, the authors and their motivations, as well as the contexts of diffusion of each text. The review of the not very numerous paraphrastic poems based in passages of Holy Scriptures in the Greek language proves the continuity of the genre in scholastic contexts and in intellectual and aristocratic environments. Although early paraphrases had a didactic and evangelizing function, the aesthetic function is always the fundamental one in this literary type, which maintains formal models throughout its whole itinerary but changes its forms according to the tastes of the times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One important challenge for contingentists is that they seem to be unable to account for the meaning of some apparently meaningful modal discourse that is perfectly intelligible for necessitists. This worry is particularly pressing for higher-order contingentists, contingentists who hold that it is not only contingent which objects there are, but also contingent which semantic values there are for higher-order variables to quantify over. Objections against higher-order contingentism along these lines have been presented in Williamson (Mind 119(475):657–748, 2010; Modal logic as metaphysics, Oxford University Press, 2013, ch. 7), and Fritz and Goodman (Mind 126(504):1063–1108, 2017). This paper presents a way for contingentists to respond to these challenges. The upshot is that the contingentist can account for the meaningfulness of the problematic modal claims by pretending necessitism to be true, but in some cases it turns out to be indeterminate whether they are true. I defend this strategy against the objections against pretence-strategies presented in Fritz and Goodman (Mind 126(504):1063–1108, 2017, §4). Furthermore, I defend the plausibility of the resulting indeterminacy from the contingentist's perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the Bangla grammatical error correction task is to spontaneously identify and correct syntactic, morphological, semantic, and punctuation mistakes in written Bangla text using computational models, ultimately enhancing language precision and eloquence. The significance of the task encompasses bolstering linguistic acumen, fostering efficacious communication, and ensuring utmost lucidity and meticulousness in written expression, thereby mitigating the potential for obfuscation or dissemination of fallacious connotations. Prior endeavors have centered around surmounting the constraints inherent in rule-based and statistical methods through the exploration of machine learning and deep learning methods, aiming to enhance accuracy by apprehending intricate linguistic patterns, comprehending contextual cues, and discerning semantic nuances. In this study, we address the absence of a baseline for the task by developing a large-scale parallel corpus comprising 7.7M source-target pairs and exploring the untapped potential of transformers. Alongside the corpus, we introduce a Vaswani-style efficient monolingual transformer-based method named Bangla grammatical error corrector, Panini by leveraging transfer learning, which has become the state-of-the-art method for the task by surpassing the performance of both BanglaT5 and T5-Small by 18.81% and 23.8% of accuracy scores, and 11.5 and 15.6 of SacreBLEU scores, respectively. The empirical findings of the method substantiate its superiority over other approaches when it comes to capturing intricate linguistic rules and patterns. Moreover, the efficacy of our proposed method has been compared with the Bangla paraphrase task, showcasing its superior capability by outperforming the previous state-of-the-art method for the task as well. The BanglaGEC corpus and Panini, along with the baselines of BGEC and the Bangla paraphrase task, have been made publicly accessible at https://tinyurl.com/BanglaGEC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Automatic paraphrase detection is the task of measuring the semantic overlap between two given texts. A major hurdle in the development and evaluation of paraphrase detection approaches, particularly for South Asian languages like Urdu, is the inadequacy of standard evaluation resources. The very few available paraphrased corpora for these languages are manually created. As a result, they are constrained to smaller sizes and are not very feasible to evaluate mainstream data-driven and deep neural networks (DNNs)-based approaches. Consequently, there is a need to develop semi- or fully automated corpus generation approaches for the resource-scarce languages. There is currently no semi- or fully automatically generated sentence-level Urdu paraphrase corpus. Moreover, no study is available to localize and compare approaches for Urdu paraphrase detection that focus on various mainstream deep neural architectures and pretrained language models. This research study addresses this problem by presenting a semi-automatic pipeline for generating paraphrased corpora for Urdu. It also presents a corpus that is generated using the proposed approach. This corpus contains 3147 semi-automatically extracted Urdu sentence pairs that are manually tagged as paraphrased (854) and non-paraphrased (2293). Finally, this paper proposes two novel approaches based on DNNs for the task of paraphrase detection in Urdu text. These are Word Embeddings n-gram Overlap (henceforth called WENGO), and a modified approach, Deep Text Reuse and Paraphrase Plagiarism Detection (henceforth called D-TRAPPD). Both of these approaches have been evaluated on two related tasks: (i) paraphrase detection, and (ii) text reuse and plagiarism detection. The results from these evaluations revealed that D-TRAPPD ( $F_1 = 96.80$ for paraphrase detection and $F_1 = 88.90$ for text reuse and plagiarism detection) outperformed WENGO ( $F_1 = 81.64$ for paraphrase detection and $F_1 = 61.19$ for text reuse and plagiarism detection) as well as other state-of-the-art approaches for these two tasks. The corpus, models, and our implementations have been made available as free to download for the research community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study natural language paraphrasing from both corpus creation and modeling points of view. We focus in particular on the methodology that allows the extraction of challenging examples of paraphrase pairs in their natural textual context, leading to a dataset potentially more suitable for evaluating the models' ability to represent meaning, especially in document context, when compared with those gathered using various sentence-level heuristics. To this end, we introduce the Turku Paraphrase Corpus, the first large-scale, fully manually annotated corpus of paraphrases in Finnish. The corpus contains 104,645 manually labeled paraphrase pairs, of which 98% are verified to be true paraphrases, either universally or within their present context. In order to control the diversity of the paraphrase pairs and avoid certain biases easily introduced in automatic candidate extraction, the paraphrases are manually collected from different paraphrase-rich text sources. This allows us to create a challenging dataset including longer and more lexically diverse paraphrases than can be expected from those collected through heuristics. In addition to quality, this also allows us to keep the original document context for each pair, making it possible to study paraphrasing in context. To our knowledge, this is the first paraphrase corpus which provides the original document context for the annotated pairs. We also study several paraphrase models trained and evaluated on the new data. Our initial paraphrase classification experiments indicate a challenging nature of the dataset when classifying using the detailed labeling scheme used in the corpus annotation, the accuracy substantially lacking behind human performance. However, when evaluating the models on a large scale paraphrase retrieval task on almost 400M candidate sentences, the results are highly encouraging, 29–53% of the pairs being ranked in the top 10 depending on the paraphrase type. The Turku Paraphrase Corpus is available at github.com/TurkuNLP/Turku-paraphrase-corpus as well as through the popular HuggingFace datasets under the CC-BY-SA license. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teaching and assessing summary writing remains in the focus of research into academic literacy, the issue revisited by every new generation of researchers in the light of the emerging affordances and plurilingual reality. In higher Ukrainian education, where teaching academic skills has gained momentum only in the past 15–20 years, summary writing pertains mostly to teaching Ukrainian to international students, teaching English for professional communication and training post-graduates. A 15-year practice of teaching academic English to students of linguistics has provided the author with extensive empirical data which, upon analysis conducted within action research, have enabled maximized effect on teaching summary writing. Along with the teaching methodology, the assessment technique was also optimized, based on rating scales with the criteria accepted by the students and detailed feedback provided to them via the Google Classroom platform. The comparison of pre-and post-tests of writing summaries of Ukrainian research articles verifies the hypothesis about the transferability of summarization skills built in English to academic L1. The author formulates the limitations of the action research project, implications and prospects of further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article focuses on the analysis of how adverbs of evidential certainty are translated into Romanian in Oscar Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray. Drawing on previous work, we argue that adverbs of certainty exhibit different interpretations function of their context of occurrence and their position in the clause. In this analysis, I am going to look at the different translation strategies employed in the ten Romanian translations of the book. We are interested in investigating the differences between the earliest translation and the most recent retranslations. We can safely assume that evidentiality is a universal semantic category that is coded differently in different languages. Therefore, it is going to be interesting to see how the rendering of evidential adverbs into Romanian differs from one translator to another across time. Adverbs of certainty express more often than not a degree of confidence on the part of the speaker alongside the speaker’s attitude toward the content of the sentence.

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses various articles on topics including the organizational behavior, the importance of transparent acknowledgment of artificial intelligence (AI) assistance in manuscripts and popularity of AI tools.

Students in the 3rd and 4th grade often encounter what has been called a reading "slump" when their class curriculums increasingly ask them to comprehend and learn from texts. Students are more likely to struggle if they have not been offered sufficient opportunities to build world and domain knowledge and engage in challenging comprehension tasks while developing their reading skills. Thus, it is essential to give young readers opportunities to build their world and domain knowledge and to teach them comprehension strategies such as asking questions, paraphrasing, and self‐explaining. This paper introduces iSTART‐Early, an intelligent tutoring system designed to provide instruction and practice opportunities for students to learn comprehension strategies and build knowledge about diverse topics. The theoretical foundations, history and efficacy, and design of iSTART‐Early are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paraphrasing is one of the core practices associated with active listening. While its use is widely advocated, research on its efficacy shows limited results. Paraphrasing-like actions have been studied extensively in conversation analytic research under the term formulations. Building on that tradition, this article features a conversation analysis of the affective stance that paraphrasing turns display toward their referents. Primary data drawn from a podcast series, Conversations with People Who Hate Me, are supplemented with instances drawn from mediation and a medical interview. Affiliative paraphrases feature components such as positive assessments, empathy displays, and shared laughter. Neutral paraphrases withhold markers of positive or negative orientation to their referents. Disaffiliative paraphrases restate what was said before in ways that convey skepticism or leave the prior talk vulnerable to criticism. Ambiguous paraphrases may reflect both affiliative and disaffiliative components; responses provide evidence for how recipients orient to their stance. Affiliative and neutral paraphrases may most closely approach the spirit of active listening. Greater understanding of how stance shapes paraphrasing can enrich research and practice in active listening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study delves into the relatively unexplored domain of natural language processing for the Kazakh languagea language with limited computational resources. The paper dissects the effectiveness of diffusion models and transformers in generating text, specifically paraphrases, which is a critical aspect of machine learning applications such as chatbots, virtual assistants, and automated translation services. The researchers methodically adapt these advanced models to understand and generate Kazakh text, tackling the unique challenges posed by the language's complex morphology. The paper is comprehensive in its approach, covering everything from the initial adaptation of the models to the Kazakh language context, to the creation of specialized tokenizer tools, to the translation and preparation of datasets for effective training. Through rigorous testing and performance analysis, the study identifies the strengths and weaknesses of each model type. This is critical as it informs the direction of future research and model development, with the goal of enhancing the fluency and accuracy of automated Kazakh text generation. The paper also discusses the broader impact of its findings, suggesting that the methodologies and insights gained could inform similar efforts in other low-resource languages, thereby contributing to the global field of NLP. The research concludes with reflections on the implications of their findings for the ongoing development of machine learning technologies, asserting the potential of these technologies to accommodate the intricacies of any language, given the right approach and resources. This work not only advances the technical capabilities for Kazakh text generation but also serves as a testament to the potential of machine learning to bridge language gaps and foster greater digital inclusivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes four interpretations of the adverb siempre 'always' that do not belong to general Spanish. The continuative and the progressive-comparative interpretations are argued to be calques of Italian, often attested in Rioplatense Spanish. In the first one, siempre is equivalent to Eng. still or 'continue to + infinitive', while in the second one it admits paraphrases with more and more, less and less, and the adverbs gradually and progressively. The third interpretation, in which siempre is roughly equivalent to after all, finally, and 'end up + gerund', will be argued to be concessive-adversative. This reading is more frequent in Mexico and Central America, but it is also attested in other American countries. The fourth reading is the attenuated interpretation, registered in part of the Andean area. In this meaning, siempre is equivalent to roughly or so so. It is argued that, with the possible exception of the last reading (whose origin is insecure), these different meanings of siempre coincide in the interpretation of this adverb as a universal quantifier, while they differ in the semantic nature of the quantified variable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Erasmus was not only the first to have the Greek text of the New Testament printed together with his Latin translation, but he also paraphrased the books of the New Testament—with the exception of the Apocalypse. These Paraphrases were highly successful as evidenced by their many editions and translations. Even an English translation was to be found in every parish in the Church of England. There was also opposition. Theologians from Spain and France scrutinized them for Lutheran ideas, and, of course, found them. However, the interest in the paraphrases was not diminished by this criticism and they had an intense reception in the sixteenth century and a long-lasting one stretching after Erasmus' death. Parts were included in commentaries on the New Testament, sometimes with reference to the original author, more often without his name. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent advances in text generative models make it possible to create artificial texts that look like human-written texts. A large number of methods for detecting texts obtained using large language models have already been developed. However, improvement of detection methods occurs simultaneously with the improvement of generation methods. Therefore, it is necessary to explore new generative models and modernize existing approaches to their detection. In this paper, we present a large analysis of existing detection methods, as well as a study of lexical, syntactic, and stylistic features of the generated fragments. Taking into account the developments, we have tested the most qualitative, in our opinion, methods of detecting machine-generated documents for their further application in the scientific domain. Experiments were conducted for Russian and English languages on the collected datasets. The developed methods improved the detection quality to a value of 0.968 on the F1-score metric for Russian and 0.825 for English, respectively. The described techniques can be applied to detect generated fragments in scientific, research, and graduate papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Franz Liszt created a new tradition by playing transcriptions and paraphrasing the most well-known operas and works of his time on his fabulous concerts. This habit created new genres like Transcriptions (Reminiscences de Norma S. 394, Grandes études de Paganini S. 141) and Paraphrases (The Rigoletto Paraphrase S.434, The Ernani Paraphrase S. 432). The Variations on „Weinen Klagen Sorgen Zagen” fits into both categories: On the one hand Liszt paraphrases J.S.Bach’s Crucifixus and the 12th Cantata. On the other hand, he transcribes with a great craftsmanship his piano work for organ. The historical and private background of this work testifies to an extraordinary faith. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address inaccurate semantic representation and challenges in interpreting rare words within deep learningbased paraphrase identification tasks, this paper introduces a multi-level semantic feature network extractor (MSF-Net). The MSF-Net model represents an end-to-end dual-stage, multilevel semantic information learning architecture. Specifically, a topic-level semantic feature extraction module is incorporated to discern the topic distribution of the text. Initially, this module synergizes the text's hidden state, acquired from the Bi-GRU module, with the topic extractor for joint learning of local-global semantic information in the text. MSF-Net employs a multi-attention module to proficiently capture word relationships and semantic details by modeling the complete text sequence, informed by learned topic and context information, thereby aiding the model in paraphrase identification. Comparative and ablation experiments on the extensive LCQMC text dataset are presented in this paper. The MSF-Net model achieves precision, recall, F1 score, and accuracy rates of 78.69, 94.14, 85.72, and 87.13, respectively. The results substantiate MSF-Net's superiority over baseline models in capturing semantic information and reinforcing paraphrase recognition tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ὑμετέρης γενεῆς τε καὶ αἵματος εὔχομαι εἶναι (Eudocia's Laudes Antiochiae ; cf. Il. 6.211, 20.241). The article argues that in Eudocia's fifth-century Martyrdom of St Cyprian – the only surviving Greek verse paraphrase of a hagiography – certain Odyssean lexical items and intertexts may be thematically grouped. A new category, the 'diatext', is introduced to describe this function of the Odyssey as an intermediate thematic model used to transpose the Cyprianic hagiographies (the 'hypotext') into Eudocia's verse paraphrase (the 'hypertext'). A particularly important and complex example is the way in which Eudocia's metapoetic/narratorial and biographical alter ego, the ex-pagan Christian convert Cyprian, is modelled after Odysseus (especially in book 2). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract Pastoral counseling is an important part of church life. Pastoral counseling does not solely focus on overcoming problems and finding ways to overcome these problems, but also on the relationship between the counselor and the counselee. There are three contexts that need to be considered in the relationship, namely community life, spiritual relationships or friendships and pastoral conversations. Good communication skills are needed to build and maintain these relationships. Good communication is necessary because pastoral counseling should aim at liberating service. In a modern perspective, counseling ministry is not enough to simply read a passage of the Bible and people start talking to each other. Counseling ministry also needs other approaches that support it, such as medical, psychological, and other approaches. This paper aims to provide an understanding of the importance of communication in pastoral counseling. Communication techniques that support pastoral counseling will be put forward to provide the practical side of this paper. The method used is a qualitative method based on literature study. Abstrak Konseling pastoral adalah bagian penting dalam kehidupan gereja. Konseling pastoral tidak semata-mata fokus pada upaya mencari jalan keluar untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut, tetapi juga pada relasi antara konselor dengan konseli. Ada tiga konteks yang perlu diperhatikan dalam relasi tersebut, yaitu kehidupan komunitas, relasi atau persahabatan spiritual dan percakapan pastoral. Kemampuan berkomunikasi yang baik diperlukan untuk membangun dan menjaga relasi tersebut. Komunikasi yang baik diperlukan karena konseling pastoral harus bertujuan pada pelayanan yang membebaskan. Dalam perspektif modern, pelayanan konseling tidak cukup hanya dengan membaca bagian Alkitab dan orang mulai berbicara satu dengan yang lain. Pelayanan konseling juga membutuhkan pendekatan-pendekatan lain yang mendukungnya, seperti pendekatan medis, psikologi, dan yang lainnya. Tulisan ini bertujuan memberikan pemahaman tentang pentingnya komunikasi dalam konseling pastoral. Teknik berkomunikasi yang mendukung konseling pastoral akan dikemukakan untuk memberikan sisi praktis dari tulisan ini. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif dengan berbasis pada studi pustaka.

This study examines the effectiveness of reflective writing pedagogy and elucidates students’ plagiarism behavior, causality, and compositional resources. Drawing on a mixed-methods sequential exploratory design, it addresses the problem of student plagiarism using second-semester graduate students at IAIN Palopo, Indonesia, as a sample and data collected via writing tests, interviews, and documentation studies using Turnitin software. A combination of descriptive and inferential statistical methods was used for evaluation, and a qualitative description was used to analyze the behavior and needs. The results show a 33.13% decrease in plagiarism following attendance of reflective writing classes, with a considerable value of 0.001. Students’ most ubiquitous form of plagiarism was direct quotations without proper citations. The factors driving plagiarism include difficulties with paraphrasing, crafting coherent paragraphs, time constraints, and incorrect utilization of Turnitin software. The study concludes that reflective-writing instructions are imperative for reducing plagiarism propensity as students require writing guidance.