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Human communication is a multimodal phenomenon that involves the combined use of verbal and non-verbal signs. It is estimated that non-verbal signs, especially paralinguistic and kinesic ones, have a significant impact on message production. Silence in Spanish has been described as a plurifunctional communicative resource whose meanings vary depending on contextual, social, and cultural factors. The pragmatic and sociolinguistic nature of this phenomenon calls for examining each case considering the context, the social variables, and the relationship between participants. The aim of this study is to determine the use of silence in Spanish by young women. To achieve this, a corpus of 9 h of spontaneous conversations among six young Spanish university women (1.5 h per participant) was analyzed. The analysis has allowed identifying, first, a series of communicative functions of silence produced by the participants. A relationship between the duration of silence and its communicative function has also been established. Finally, differences in the use of silence by the participants have been found, determined by the interlocutor (male/female), which confirms that women use silence as a basic interactive strategy differently when talking with women and when they do so with men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of vocalic behavior in resolving high-conflict situations. A quantitative study was employed using 277 university students from California and Florida. We experimentally tested a vocal coding system using passive, aggressive, and assertive audio clips presented to research subjects, which included volume, pitch, rate, pausing, and vocal variety. Participants rated these audio clips based on vocal qualities, relational outcomes, appropriateness, and resolving conflict. Results revealed that the assertive vocal style was associated with higher ratings to resolve conflict and perceptions of verbal assertiveness and appropriateness than were passive or aggressive vocal styles. Implications and applications are discussed to stimulate future research among researchers and practitioners when addressing conflict situations. Public Significance Statement: This study tested the effects of different vocal qualities on perceptions of conflict. The results found that the assertive vocal style (as opposed to aggressive or passive) was most conducive to resolving conflict and wanting to work with a partner in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multimodal discourse analysis offers a novel lens for the study of legal discourse. Within the closing arguments of a trial, prosecution and defense attorneys utilize various multimodal resources to present evidence, articulate opinions, and adopt stances to achieve their communicative goals. This research focuses on the closing arguments in the criminal trial concerning the death of George Floyd to analyze the multimodal representation of the closing arguments delivered by both prosecution and defense attorneys. It employs the analytical framework of the attitude system and paralinguistic typology proposed by Martin and colleagues, and uses the UAM Corpus Tool and Praat to qualitatively annotate and quantify the linguistic and paralinguistic information. The findings reveal that these attorneys employ different multimodal resources, including language and paralanguage, to convey their attitudes towards the case's participants. This leads to the construction of competing narratives, shedding light on how justice is seen to be done. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human communication is a multimodal phenomenon that involves the combined use of verbal and non-verbal signs. It is estimated that non-verbal signs, especially paralinguistic and kinesic ones, have a significant impact on message production. Silence in Spanish has been described as a plurifunctional communicative resource whose meanings vary depending on contextual, social, and cultural factors. The pragmatic and sociolinguistic nature of this phenomenon calls for examining each case considering the context, the social variables, and the relationship between participants. The aim of this study is to determine the use of silence in Spanish by young women. To achieve this, a corpus of 9 h of spontaneous conversations among six young Spanish university women (1.5 h per participant) was analyzed. The analysis has allowed identifying, first, a series of communicative functions of silence produced by the participants. A relationship between the duration of silence and its communicative function has also been established. Finally, differences in the use of silence by the participants have been found, determined by the interlocutor (male/female), which confirms that women use silence as a basic interactive strategy differently when talking with women and when they do so with men.

This article presents a preliminary analysis of a corpus of texts relating to the 2022 Australian Tennis Open using a multimodal appraisal framework. The study utilises quantitative and qualitative content analysis to examine media reports, official statements, and public reactions to the incident, which centred around Novak Djokovic's vaccination status. The analysis focusses on assessing how evaluative language contributes to community-building and identifies the underlying values, beliefs, and evaluations that shape stakeholders' emotional, cognitive, and behavioural responses. The appraisal framework, encompassing attitude, engagement, and graduation, serves as a comprehensive tool for categorising resources that express evaluation. Furthermore, the article delves into the application of appraisal analysis within the context of multimodal and online discourse, encompassing various platforms such as newspapers, television, radio, YouTube, Twitter, Instagram, blogs, official political statements, and court rulings. By examining these diverse media, the study seeks to investigate the dynamic discourse interplay surrounding the 2022 Australian Open, highlighting the pivotal role of evaluative communication in fostering alignment among readers through shared values and attitudes. The preliminary findings suggest that access to greater semiotic recourses increases consensus. The gains from using this interpretative framework are an asset, facilitating the coding of a large data set and attending the different manifestations of discourses around the player’s participation. As discourse continues to shape societal narratives, this multimodal appraisal investigation contributes to our understanding of the complex dynamics inherent in discourse construction and the influence of evaluative language in shaping collective perception.

Paralanguage is a vital component of metacommunication in human interaction that allows people to convey nuanced meaning and emotion and add layers of meaning to their spoken utterances through manipulation of the manner of speech. This is why paralanguage is suggested to be considered as the primary facet of communicative competence in effective communication. However, this is adversely hampered by the challenges between people with different cultural backgrounds. This is because cultural differences have many effects on communication since people from different cultures communicate using distinct styles of their language, words, gestures, phrases, and other non-lexical components of speech, such as diction, pitch, and tone. Intercultural communication also includes low and high context cultures. Hence, the need to conduct this study is crucial to explore the influence of paralanguage on communication among speakers from different cultures and understand the influence of culture on the communication experiences of people coming from varied speech communities. The study employed narrative analysis as a lens to collect and analyze the data gathered from the participants. The foreign nationals were interviewed as study participants to deliberately examine the intercultural challenges in paralanguage. Data were deduced using Miles and Huberman's thematic analytical framework. Findings revealed that paralanguage greatly influenced the communication engagements of foreign nationals with the local people and that this influence is also associated with the existing cultural background of the foreign and local communicators involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the study of paralinguistic means of expressing gratitude. The purpose of the article is to establish the place of body language in a number of sign languages when expressing gratitude and to describe the verbalization of its acoustic and somatic signs. The work used the methods of semantic, component, contextual and conceptual analysis, with the help of which the means of verbal embodiment of paralanguage signs of gratitude were investigated. The material for the research was the data of the National Corpus of the Russian Language. It is established that gratitude as an ethical category and moral feeling, along with verbal, also receives its bodily expression and is a semiotic phenomenon – a sign, the expression plan of which is also formed by “body language” – facial expressions and gestures, physiological manifestations, as well as behavioral acts. Paralinguistic means of expressing gratitude in a situation of real communication most often accompany verbal expressions of gratitude. Gratitude as a moral feeling is universal, but the means of its expression are specific and to a large extent ethnoculturally determined. Acoustic symbolic means of expressing gratitude are non-articulated voluntary and involuntary sounds: intonation and timbre of the voice, crying, sobbing, laughing, screaming, grunting, singing and applause. The paralanguage of gratitude in the field of kinetics is represented by facial expressions, gestures, body movements, physiological reactions and ritualized actions. Body signs of gratitude in the paralanguage of everyday communication are nonspecific: they are mostly signs of manifestation of love, sympathy, respect and reverence, interpreted as signs of gratitude exclusively situationally, and the semiotic system of sign language of everyday communication is secondary and only complements the primary, sound system. In mind and in language, gratitude exists in indissoluble unity with ingratitude, where it opposes both “simple ingratitude” – indifference, and “black ingratitude”, where indifference is replaced by hostility. The zero form of expression also extends to the kinetics of “simple ingratitude”, which is marked by the absence of any paralinguistic signs of positive emotional manifestations, while “black ingratitude” is also expressed by bodily signs of hostility.

This paper reports the results of an experimental study with a between subject design (N = 122) whose aim was to compare irony comprehension rates in face-to-face (FTF) and computer-mediated communication (CMC), and examine the influence of paraverbal irony signals on irony identification rates. An irony comprehension test was intersemiotically translated to three conditions: FTF (n = 46), paraverbal signal-rich CMC (n = 30), and paraverbal signal-poor CMC (n = 46). The study adopted a relevance theoretic account of irony. There was a statistically significant difference between the signal-rich CMC and FTF conditions - irony identification rates were higher in the signal-rich CMC condition. The results are important since they suggest that paraverbal irony signals are not essential for correct irony identification if relevant contextual information is available, and the CMC medium is not only unlikely to be an obstacle in communicating the ironic intent, but with the addition of the medium-specific irony signals, may be significantly better.

This study examines language use among soldiers in the Odogbo army barracks in Ojoo-Ibadan during training and parade activities. A good number of scholars have investigated language use in the armed forces, and many of them adopted different approaches and arrived at different conclusions. However, there is a paucity of scholarship on the shared knowledge that soldiers deploy in their language during training, parades, and other special activities. Th e study adopts a qualitative method since the data involved are descriptive. Th e data used in this study was harvested through participant observations of parade activities by soldiers, as were the audio recordings of army interactions during a parade. Odogbo Army Barracks in Ojoo, Ibadan, was purposefully selected since it was the first barracks in Ibadan and was saddled with the responsibility of coordinating the military activities in southwestern Nigeria. Th e collected data were analysed from sociolinguistic perspective through identification and interpretation in the military context vis-à-vis the interlocutor. Th e paper concluded that soldiers’ language in parade involves an authoritative style obeyed by the parade troop as a result of shared knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Verbal irony is a rhetorical device that is not only verbal but also paraverbal. In the present study, we explored the paraverbal expression of verbal irony which has been largely underinvestigated, especially facial expressions. Given the role played by facial expressions in the detection of emotions, we hypothesized that speakers can communicate irony by facial expression alone. We asked 104 speakers to pronounce the same utterance, sometimes ironically, sometimes not. Naive judges were able to detect which speakers were ironic with increasing accuracy across the following three conditions: prosody only, facial expressions only, and both prosody and facial expressions. We then undertook a systematic description of the utterances, to identify which paraverbal cues induced the highest ironicalness ratings among the judges. Slow speech rate, then expressive movements of the mouth, then eyebrow flashes were the three most influential cues. Overall, facial cues explained more variance than vocal cues. Our results did not support the existence of a single, specific set of paraverbal ironic cues. They did, however, show that speakers routinely produce paraverbal cues, and that these cues, especially facial ones, allow their irony to be detected. The implications for models of irony comprehension are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of CIRCULO de Linguistica Aplicada a la Comunicacion is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Sound therapy methods have seen a surge in popularity, with a predominant focus on music among all types of sound stimulation. There is substantial evidence documenting the integrative impact of music therapy on psycho-emotional and physiological outcomes, rendering it beneficial for addressing stress-related conditions such as pain syndromes, depression, and anxiety. Despite these advancements, the therapeutic aspects of sound, as well as the mechanisms underlying its efficacy, remain incompletely understood. Existing research on music as a holistic cultural phenomenon often overlooks crucial aspects of sound therapy mechanisms, particularly those related to speech acoustics or the so-called "music of speech.", Objective: This study aims to provide an overview of empirical research on sound interventions to elucidate the mechanism underlying their positive effects. Specifically, we will focus on identifying therapeutic factors and mechanisms of change associated with sound interventions. Our analysis will compare the most prevalent types of sound interventions reported in clinical studies and experiments. Moreover, we will explore the therapeutic effects of sound beyond music, encompassing natural human speech and intermediate forms such as traditional poetry performances., Methods: This review adheres to the methodological guidance of the Joanna Briggs Institute and follows the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews) checklist for reporting review studies, which is adapted from the Arksey and O'Malley framework. Our search strategy encompasses PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and PsycINFO or EBSCOhost, covering literature from 1990 to the present. Among the different study types, randomized controlled trials, clinical trials, laboratory experiments, and field experiments were included., Results: Data collection began in October 2022. We found a total of 2027 items. Our initial search uncovered an asymmetry in the distribution of studies, with a larger number focused on music therapy compared with those exploring prosody in spoken interventions such as guided meditation or hypnosis. We extracted and selected papers using Rayyan software (Rayyan) and identified 41 eligible papers after title and abstract screening. The completion of the scoping review is anticipated by October 2024, with key steps comprising the analysis of findings by May 2024, drafting and revising the study by July 2024, and submitting the paper for publication in October 2024., Conclusions: In the next step, we will conduct a quality evaluation of the papers and then chart and group the therapeutic factors extracted from them. This process aims to unveil conceptual gaps in existing studies. Gray literature sources, such as Google Scholar, ClinicalTrials.gov, nonindexed conferences, and reference list searches of retrieved studies, will be added to our search strategy to increase the number of relevant papers that we cover., International Registered Report Identifier (irrid): DERR1-10.2196/54030., (©Marina Saskovets, Zilu Liang, Ian Piumarta, Irina Saponkova. Originally published in JMIR Research Protocols (https://www.researchprotocols.org), 27.06.2024.)

The paper analyzes an aspect of online teaching of foreign languages to students pertaining to paralanguage, namely the use of silence and breaks in speech in the academic class activity. The study consists in two main parts, the first introducing the various contexts in which breaks in speech ensue, discussing the nature of these moments of silence and some of their characteristics along with their perception and management by both teacher and students. The second part of the paper looks at a short survey made up of two questions, which reveal relevant aspects regarding the students' perception of these breaks in speech, how it relates to their level of English and how it makes them feel, i.e. the reactions that it triggers and what these rely on. The quantitative method was mainly used for the survey, but there is a qualitative component as well, in the students' provision of details as to the cause of the main reactions triggered in them by the occurrence of long(er) instances of silence, so in the second part of the second question. The conclusions point out that silence and breaks in speech are relevant paralinguistic elements in online didactic communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For this study, we examined how recognizing the writing process of calligraphy influences the cognitive and affective processes related to appreciating it, with the aim of contributing to both graphonomics and the psychology of aesthetics. To this end, we conducted two Web-based experiments in which some participants were instructed to view calligraphy by tracing it with their eyes (the tracing method), while others were told to feel free to think and imagine whatever they wanted. Study 1 (N = 103) revealed that the tracing method elicits stronger admiration, inspiration, and empathy in viewers. Study 2 (N = 87) showed that the tracing method decreases the average heart rate of those who do not frequently engage in calligraphy appreciation as they gaze at calligraphy for a minute-and-a-half (during the second half of the stimulus duration); this suggests that the tracing method could keep viewers from becoming bored while looking at calligraphy. In sum, the tracing method has positive effects on viewing calligraphy. From a broader perspective, the results imply that how in detail viewers recognize the process of creating an artwork will be a key determinant of art appreciation. In addition, our findings demonstrate how we can measure cardiac activities using the emerging technology of the photoplethysmogram (PPG). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It was a descriptive research which studied the use of non-verbal communication in the pedagogic practices at secondary school level in Lahore. The study was conducted to examine the practices of teachers' non-verbal communication used in conjunction with verbal communication in actual classroom setting by teachers which affected the participation and performance level of learners. It investigated the students' understanding, interpretation of and attitude towards non-verbal communication used by teachers and identified the existing barriers for the use of non-verbal communication strategies to improve students' learning. The non-verbal communication was restricted to five factors--physical appearance, facial expressions, eye contact, spatial distance and paralinguistic. The study was limited to the subject of English (compulsory) at the female secondary schools in public sector. The sample comprised of 1200 students and 40 teachers from female public high schools of Lahore (Punjab), Pakistan. The study recommended that all female teachers at secondary level schools should be provided an orientation in non-verbal communication which would help them to use these skills in their teaching methodologies. While recognizing the importance of non-verbal communication, the curriculum planners and policy makers should take practical steps to make it a part of teacher education programs for the training of prospective teachers. Moreover, an awareness among students shall be created on how to interpret and reflect upon the teachers' non-verbal communication signals during teaching-learning process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Expressive adjectives or expressive expletives have been argued to voice the speaker's attitude towards the referent of the noun with which they co-occur, even though the attitude may be felt to be expressed about the referent of another sentential constituent or the state of affairs alluded to in the sentence where they are inserted. A previous pragmatic approach suggests that this is possible because these expletives perform an individual speech act, while a syntactic approach posits a feature whose detachment from a particular constituent enables the speaker's attitude to target the referent of another sentential constituent or even on the entire proposition expressed. This paper proposes an alternative relevance-theoretic account of the interpretation of utterances containing expressive expletives, which considers pragmatic factors and the cognitive processes in comprehension. It is grounded in contributions on the output of lexical pragmatic processes and the role of paralinguistic clues in utterance comprehension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article sets out to identify those modes of reading likely to make the process of translation optimally fruitful. It opens with the proposition that translation peculiarly has the capacity to transform our habits of reading and, by doing so, to re-empower language. Such a capacity depends on our establishing a vocative (co-participational) relationship with the text to be translated, rather than an accusative one (source text as analysable document). The pursuit of the vocative entails giving prominence to prosodic or paralinguistic features of language, and to the situation of speech, and preferring the notion of sense to that of meaning. The nature of this vocative relationship is further clarified and refined by reference to Martin Buber's Ich und Du (1923). To properly appreciate translation as the multiform and connective activity that it is, we must understand the 'divinity' of Babel's dialogic and dialectical reciprocities rather than see in Babel a condemnation to untranslatability. The article closes with a translation of Rilke's Sonette an Orpheus, I, 26, which in both subject and translational method plays out the foregoing arguments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introduction announces the background and rationale of the research, as well as the context in which I have chosen to investigate paralanguage, and the issues that I have tried to ascertain in relation to this topic. The starting point was a TedTalk video on six aspects related to the voice. On the one hand, the interest has been to determine whether and how these voice qualities really matter and influence the receivers' perception (in this case the students') in online meetings that do not use video feed. So, the first part of the study was conducted by the teacher on the students without their knowledge and conscious participation. On the other hand, in the second part of the research, the video on voice qualities is played for the students and used as a basis for discussion and a further quiz, made up of seven questions meant to determine: the students' previous awareness of paralanguage, their opinion on its usefulness, their ability to exercise critical judgment in considering and comparing paralinguistic features, the extent to which they see paralanguage practicality and relevance, how much of the information is internalized instead of merely received, and whether they are willing to implement and make use of it in their future communications. The activity then targets both informativeness, to teach students about the use of voice qualities, and to raise awareness of the importance of paralanguage, making them conscious users of it in order to improve the way in which they both communicate and perceive the others in communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human being is created to live in the community. Therefore he needs ways of interacting with other peers. Individuals communicate through both intentional and unintentional gestures they make, body language and facial expression. Nonverbal communication is the most developed form of communication, because it requires certain studies to understand and is deciphered in the same way by everyone. Register nonverbal is a colossal importance in human communication due to its considerable wealth and the speed with which convey ideas and emotions especially. Experts argue that the veracity of nonverbal communication surpassed the verbal communication, and that varies signifi cantly depending on the person or social group.

Hypertexts offer many possibilities for learning a language. Currently, there are different mechanisms to use them in the classroom, such as WebQuests, which are very beneficial for the acquisition of second languages, L2s (Hernández, 2008; Álvarez, 2011; Trovato, 2013; Méndez, 2016; Carrión, 2018; Méndez, 2019). We present a methodological proposal and an action plan to use Webquests in the teaching of Spanish as a Foreign Language. Specifically, we start from constructivist education (Piaget, 1978; Vygotsky, 1978; Brooks & Brooks, 1993; Jonassen, 1994) and propose a model that can be applied immediately in the teaching of Spanish as a Foreign Language through the teaching-learning of paralanguage in radio speech. The main contribution of the study is the elaboration of a WebQuest system and the prototype, which can be applied directly to the Spanish classroom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has examined persuasive language, but relatively little is known about how persuasive people are when they attempt to persuade through paralanguage, or acoustic properties of speech (e.g., pitch and volume). People often detect and react against what communicators say, but might they be persuaded by speakers' attempts to modulate how they say it? Four experiments support this possibility, demonstrating that communicators engaging in paralinguistic persuasion attempts (i.e., modulating their voice to persuade) naturally use paralinguistic cues that influence perceivers' attitudes and choice. Rather than being effective because they go undetected, however, the results suggest a subtler possibility. Even when they are detected, paralinguistic attempts succeed because they make communicators seem more confident without undermining their perceived sincerity. Consequently, speakers' confident vocal demeanor persuades others by serving as a signal that they more strongly endorse the stance they take in their message. Further, we find that paralinguistic approaches to persuasion can be uniquely effective even when linguistic ones are not. A cross-study exploratory analysis and replication experiment reveal that communicators tend to speak louder and vary their volume during paralinguistic persuasion attempts, both of which signal confidence and, in turn, facilitate persuasion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims and objectives: To understand clinical reasoning and decision‐making of triage nurses during telephone conversations with callers suspected of having acute cardiac events, and support from a computer decision support system (CDSS) herewith. Background: In telephone triage, nurses assess the urgency of callers' conditions with clinical reasoning, often supported by CDSS. The use of CDSS may trigger interactional workability dilemmas. Design: Qualitative study using principles of a grounded theory approach following COREQ criteria for qualitative research. Methods: Audio‐stimulated recall interviews were conducted amongst twenty‐four telephone triage nurses at nine out‐of‐hours primary care centres (OHS‐PC). Results: Telephone triage nurses use clinical reasoning elements for urgency assessment. Typically in telephone triage, they interpret the vocal—but not worded—elements in communication (paralanguage) such as tone of voice and shortness of breath and create a mental image to compensate for lack of visual information. We confirmed that interactional workability dilemmas occur. Congruence, established when the CDSS supports the triage nurses' decision‐making, is essential for the CDSS' value. If congruence is absent, triage nurses may apply four working strategies: (a) tinker to make CDSS final recommendation align with their own assessment, (b) overrule the CDSS recommendation, (c) comply with the CDSS recommendation or (d) transfer responsibility to the GP. Conclusion: Triage nurses who assess urgency may experience absence of congruence between the CDSS and their decision‐making. Awareness of how triage nurses reason and make decisions about urgency and what aspects influence their working strategies can help in achieving optimal triage of callers suspected of acute cardiac events at OHS‐PC. Relevance to clinical practice: Triage nurses' reasoning and their working strategies are vital for outcome of triage decisions. Understanding these processes is essential for CDSS developers and OHS‐PC managers, who should value how triage nurses interact with the CDSS, while they have the benefit of callers in mind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the translation of poetic rhythm: not the rhythm of the source text, but the rhythm of the translational act itself. This re-conception of translation's rhythmic task is enabled by a translation designed for the polyglot, rather than for the monoglot, reader. In this new understanding of translational process, rhythm not only embodies the perceptual and cognitive experience of the translating subject, it also makes more intimate the relationship between language and voice, the linguistic and the paralinguistic. Furthermore, it has as much to do with the space of translation, its distribution on the page, as with its changing temporal modes. The translator, then, does not translate the rhythm of a text so much as a text's capacity for rhythm, and that capacity includes both espousing the perspective of a translating 'I' and releasing what is not linguistically manifest in the source text. These propositions are tested in two translations of Leconte de Lisle's 'Midi'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, people communicate in an intercultural environment on daily bases using not just verbal language but nonverbal elements as well. Sometimes nonverbal elements, consciously and unconsciously, convey stronger meaning than the verbal part. For this reason, it is necessary to apprehend that this behaviour differs significantly from culture to culture and, therefore, its meaning and the message that it transmits must be studied. In this paper, research conducted among members of different cultures is presented and discussed. Starting from the idea that the understanding and the awareness of body language are important in intercultural communication, this research aimed at identifying and highlighting some of the differences in the interpretation and use of these elements. The categories of proxemics, paralanguage showed a great diversity of their perception, while oculesics, gestures, facial expressions and mimicry indicated the differences in the frequency of their use. Since most of the participants belong to contact cultures, in the category of haptics and posture there are no significant deviations. The research also revealed that female and male participants understand differently certain nonverbal elements, which could be a good starting point for further research. In addition, it proved that nonverbal elements are as important as language knowledge to achieve effective intercultural communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The aim of this paper is to examine in Euripides’ Iphigenia at Aulis the play’s paralanguage and its relevance to a reconstruction of performance style. In studying how the on-stage speech is being uttered, I have mainly focused on the “vocalizations”, that is, the actual sounds emitted, and on the “vocal characterizers”, that is, laughing, yelling, crying, etc., as well as the “vocal qualifiers”, that is, intensity, pitch height or extent of the on-stage speech. In this paper I have suggested that all the non-verbal sounds function as a means expressing the very emotions of the play’s characters. These paralinguistic elements play a special role in clarifying the ambiguity of the on-stage speech, justifying in this way their presence in the play. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This exercise, evolved from practices of philosopher George Gurdjief and theatre director Constantin Stanislavsky, asks students to use open dialogues to test listening skills and explore the nature of interpersonal communication, both verbally and non-verbally. It explores issues of effective listening and observation, language and paralanguage, use of critical thinking-in-action and pathos. It also involves the notions of proxemics and chronemics, which are among the most important concepts in fields of both communication and media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of prosody and paralanguage is in the first place concerned – unsurprisingly – with the phonetic and linguistic effects of non-segmental vocal variation expressed as values of the feature systems of pitch, volume and duration, but also of rhythm and tempo and further of voice qualities, etc. However, in more recent times the emergence of digitally mediated written communication (in the ‘new’ social media) has led attention to the role of prosody and paralanguage in defining the characteristic informal interpersonal style of this new ‘typed conversation.’ The present article reviews the formal and functional essence of prosody and paralanguage and, drawing on data from recent corpora of text messaging and microblogging, analyses the extents to which prosodic and paralinguistic features may be reflected in such discourse, in particular the ways in which affective meaning is expressed in the graphic modality of this medium.

Human communication is a complex process involving much more than knowledge and a linguistic system: the effectiveness of any communicative act depends, to a greater or lesser extent, on the use of non-verbal signs in combination with verbal units. This fact is highly important in pragmatic discourse events such as persuasion, which may be associated directly with the strategic use of nonverbal resources. In this article, the results of a study on understanding how non-verbal signs are used for persuasion in the Spanish discourse used in the business field area are shown. The methodology consisted in identifying discrete non-verbal elements and their role in communicative acts, determining frequency of use; and, making contrastive analyses using the gender variable. As a result, general and variable patterns of behavior were determined. This article emphasizes on nonverbal resources used for the image of the self and on how paralinguistic signs have a direct influence in persuasion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of LINRED. Linguistica en la Red is the property of Universidad de Alcala. UAH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)