Search

Five psittacine birds, one eastern rosella (Platycercus eximius), one rose-ringed parakeet (Psittacula krameri), two eclectus parrot (Eclectus roratus), and one princess parrot (Polytelis alexandrae), all housed in a commercial aviary from La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina, suddenly died after a short period of dyspnea. The most significant histopathological findings for all specimens were interstitial exudative pneumonia, with marked congestion and hemorrhage, septa thickening, and massive perivascular lymphoplasmacytic infiltration. Structures compatible with protozoal schizonts were observed in the capillary lumen. No bacterial development was obtained and the real-time PCR for Chlamydia spp. and several psittacine viruses were negative. All the samples resulted negative on the specific PCR for T. gondii. Sarcocystis spp. PCR was positive in the lung and/or liver samples from all birds. The samples showed a restriction pattern of S. neurona and of S. falcatula-like by PCR-RFLP using JNB25-JD396 and JNB33-JNB54 primers, respectively. Sequences obtained from Sarcocystis sp. 18S rRNA and COI gene from 4 birds showed a high identity among them. The 18S rRNA fragment and complete gene sequences obtained showed the highest similarity with S. falcatula and S. speeri sequences but also with S. neurona SN5 isolate sequence. Likewise, COI sequences have 99.89-100% similarity with S. falcatula and S. speeri sequences. Based on all biological and molecular information recorded, we conclude that the etiological agent was S. falcatula-like, close related with the species shed by opossums in South America.

We report first data on the fine-grained structure (branch diameter, length and diversity) in three different sectors [core (central side), buffer (peripheral side), and nest chamber)] of a nest of Monk Parakeets (Myiopsitta monachus) from a non-native breeding site located in an urban park (Rome, central Italy). The central core sector was characterized by longer and thicker branches capable of supporting the nest. The peripheral part (buffer) was characterized by less long and less thick branches with the function of completing the structure. Branches building the nest chamber were shorter and less thick but very diversified in size, because they included both small branches supplied inside the chamber and longer branches covering it. This diversification of the internal chamber (nest chamber) could be functional to maintain stable temperatures of incubator chambers compared to large fluctuations outside the nest. The presence of leaves of herbaceous species (Hordeum leporinum) could play a bactericidal role for the nest plant material.

Background The Orange-fronted Parakeet (Eupsittula canicularis) is the Mexican psittacine that is most captured for the illegal pet trade. However, as for most wildlife exploited by illegal trade, the genetic diversity that is extracted from species and areas of intensive poaching is unknown. In this study, we analyzed the genetic diversity of 80 E. canicularis parakeets confiscated from the illegal trade and estimated the level of extraction of genetic diversity by poaching using the mitochondrial DNA sequences of cytochrome b (Cytb). In addition, we analyzed the genealogical and haplotypic relationships of the poached parakeets and sampled wild populations in Mexico, as a strategy for identifying the places of origin of poached parakeets. Results Poached parakeets showed high haplotype diversity (Hd = 0.842) and low nucleotide diversity (Pi = 0.00182). Among 22 haplotypes identified, 18 were found exclusively in 37 individuals, while four were detected in the remaining 43 individuals and shared with the wild populations. A rarefaction and extrapolation curve revealed that 240 poached individuals can include up to 47 haplotypes and suggested that the actual haplotype richness of poached parakeets is higher than our analyses indicate. The geographic locations of the four haplotypes shared between poached and wild parakeets ranged from Michoacan to Sinaloa, Mexico. However, the rare haplotypes detected in poached parakeets were derived from a recent genetic expansion of the species that has occurred between the northwest of Michoacan and the coastal region of Colima, Jalisco and southern Nayarit, Mexico. Conclusions Poached parakeets showed high genetic diversity, suggesting high extraction of the genetic pool of the species in central Mexico. Rarefaction and extrapolation analyses suggest that the actual haplotype richness in poached parakeets is higher than reflected by our analyses. The poached parakeets belong mainly to a very diverse genetic group of the species, and their most likely origin is between northern Michoacan and southern Nayarit, Mexico. We found no evidence that poachers included individuals from Central American international trafficking with individuals from Mexico in the sample.

In our paper, we reported the presence of two alien species in the city of Reggio Emilia, the ring-necked parakeet Psittacula krameri and the Alexandrine parakeet Psittacula eupatria. The ring-necked parakeet is widespread throughout Europe with many colonies known also for Italy, whereas the Alexandrine parakeet has been only recorded in the last 10-15 years and, apart from few individuals in Rome, the breeding population in Reggio Emilia is the largest one in Italy. We carried winter counts following standard methods through counts at roosts. About 78-80 ring-necked and at least 16 Alexandrine parakeets were counted, including also some hybrids between the two species, which were morphologically identified by the pale colour of the shoulders. Although no claims of crop damage are yet reported, parakeets of both species may feed on ripe and unripe persimmons in private gardens, reducing the total fruit production by up to 75-80%. Furthermore, four Savi’s pipistrelle Hypsugo savii have been killed by ring-necked parakeets in early spring 2019. Therefore, the current trend of these species in the town could lead to further expansion into suburban farmland areas, increasing potential conflicts with human activities.

The study of integration and modularity aims to describe the organization of components that make up organisms, and the evolutionary, developmental and functional relationships among them. Both have been studied at the interspecific (evolutionary) and intraspecific (phenotypic and ontogenetic) levels to different degrees across various clades. Although evolutionary modularity and integration are well-characterized across birds, knowledge of intraspecific patterns is lacking. Here, we use a high-density, three-dimensional geometric morphometric approach to investigate patterns of integration and modularity in Psittacula krameri, a highly successful invasive parrot species that exhibits the derived vertical palate and cranio-facial hinge of the Psittaciformes. Showing a pattern of nine distinct cranial modules, our results support findings from recent research that uses similar methods to investigate interspecific integration in birds. Allometry is not a significant influence on cranial shape variation within this species; however, within-module integration is significantly negatively correlated with disparity, with high variation concentrated in the weakly integrated rostrum, palate and vault modules. As previous studies have demonstrated differences in beak shape between invasive and native populations, variation in the weakly integrated palate and rostrum may have facilitated evolutionary change in these parts of the skull, contributing to the ring-necked parakeet’s success as an invasive species.

Although there are studies on certain aspects of the feeding ecology of several species of Neotropical parrots, there is scarce ecological information about Pyrrhura molinae – a Psittacidae species which is widely distributed in South America and abundant in the Yungas of Argentina. For two years (May 2014 to June 2016), the composition and seasonal variation in the Green-cheeked Parakeet diet in the Yungas Piedmont forest in Jujuy, Argentina were examined. Furthermore, fruiting phenology transects were established to evaluate food resource availability and the patterns of food resource used by the Green-cheeked Parakeet. In 214 food plant trees, it was found that flower and dry fruit availability was highest in the dry season, and fleshy fruit production peaked in the wet season, but these phenology patterns for aged plant species suggest that there were no significant differences in food availability. The consumption of 18 plant species was recorded, being Celtis iguanaea (30.73%) and Trema micrantha (22.01%) the most consumed species. In terms of food items, fruits were the most consumed items, followed by seeds and flowers and, to a lesser extent, nectar and leaves. Levins’ niche breadth showed varying levels of diet specialisation amongst seasons, which was narrower (B = 0.28) in the wet season, indicating specialisation in diet during this season. There was a medium overlap in parakeet diet between seasons (Morisita Index = 0.59). We did not find a statistically significant relationship between resource availability and food use, but expansion and contraction in Levins Index and variation in food items consumed throughout the year and season demonstrate high flexibility in the diet. Like other congeners, the Green-cheeked Parakeet has a flexible diet that could be adjusted to the seasonal availability of food resources. These data may contribute to the design of conservation plans for the species and its habitat.

Background: “Avians” often show efficient oxygen management to meet the demands of their metabolism. Hemoglobin, a transporter protein consists of four non-covalently linked subunits contain haem binding hydrophobic pocket serves as a site of allosteric cooperativity. The physiology and anatomy of both mammals and avian are functionally different, in birds, the respiratory system formed by small air sacs that serve as tidal ventilation for the lungs and have no significant exchange across their cells. Parakeet (Psittacula krameri) a tropical and non-migrating species and it is easily adapted to living in disturbed habitat. The sequence analysis reveals that α and β chain of parakeet hemoglobin highly similar grey lag goose and bar headed goose hemoglobin respectively. Thus it has been tempted us to study in to analyzing the sequence and structural comparison of this hemoglobin to find out the physiological capabilities of parakeet hemoglobin. Objective: The structure determination studies of parakeet hemoglobin by X-ray diffraction. The sequence and structure are compared with goose, chicken and human Hb, emphasizing the role of amino acids in the subunit contacts that facilitate survival by low oxygen demand. Methods: The Hb was purified and crystallized by hanging drop vapor diffusion method using poly ethylene glycol (PEG) 3350 and sodium phosphate buffer. X-ray diffracted data set was collected at 3Å resolution, the data was processed in Automar and molecular replacement, refinements, model building was carried out in CCP4i program package. The final refined model was deposited in protein data bank with accession id 2zfb. Results: The tertiary structure of Parakeet Hb is compared with the met form of BHG Hb (1c40) and oxy form of GLG (1faw) and oxy form of human Hbs (1hho). Superimposing parakeet Hb α1β1 subunit with ‘R’ state human Hb shows an r.m.s.d of 0.98 Å and for BHG and GLG Hb, the r.m.s.d shows 0.72 and 0.61 Å. The replacement of α115Asp in parakeet Hb as against the α115Glu in human Hb results in the movement of GH corners. The amino acid proline at α50 present only in Parakeet Hb and Chicken HbD and not present in any other avian family which includes human Hb. The residue α78Thr located in EF corner loop region, which slightly diverge when superimposing with human and BHG Hb and also replacement of α113Asn present only in Parakeet Hb placed near the FG helix corner. Conclusion: The present study describes the structure determination of parakeet hemoglobin and its structural features to understand its oxygen affinity characteristics. The crystals were obtained by buffered low-salt conditions, like those of chicken HbD, carbonmonoxy and cyanomet human Hb. The present study reveals several interesting and unique modifications in the finer aspects of the quaternary structure of parakeet Hb, which are involved in oxygen affinity characteristics and the α1β1 subunit contacts. Crystallization of parakeet Hb with allosteric effectors like Inositol pentaphosphate may bring further understanding of the influence of physiological and environmental factors on the quaternary structure.

Gut microbial communities play a fundamental role in health and disease, but little is known about the gut microbiota of pet bird species. This is important to better understand the impact of microbes on birds&rsquo, health but may also be relevant in a context of zoonoses. Total genomic DNA samples from pooled fecal samples from 30 flocks (4&ndash, 7 pet birds per flock) representing over 150 birds of six different species (two Passeriformes: Mimus polyglottos (northern mockingbird) and Taeniopygia guttata (zebra finch), and four Psittaciformes: Agapornis spp. (lovebirds), Nymphicus hollandicus (cockatiels), Psephotus haematonotus (red-rumped parrot), and Psittacula krameri (rose-ringed parakeet) were used for 16S rRNA gene analysis. Several taxa were found to be different among the bird species (e.g., lowest median of Lactobacillus: 2.2% in cockatiels, highest median of Lactobacillus: 79.4% in lovebirds). Despite marked differences among individual pooled samples, each bird species harbored a unique fecal bacterial composition, based on the analysis of UniFrac distances. A predictive approach of metagenomic function and organism-level microbiome phenotypes revealed several differences among the bird species (e.g., a higher proportion of proteobacteria with the potential to form biofilms in samples from northern mockingbirds). The results provide a useful catalog of fecal microbes from pet birds and encourage more research on this unexplored topic.

Resumen Se investigó la relación entre la preferencia de selección de sitios de anidamiento, la posición jerárquica y el éxito reproductivo del Periquito de anteojos (Forpus conspicillatus) en la Universidad del Valle y en la Reserva Natural Pozo Verde, en el Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Los sitios de anidamiento se instalaron según las variables: altura sobre el suelo (1 m y 4 m) y distancia al árbol más próximo (0 m, 15 m y 50 m). Las parejas de adultos prefirieron las cajas nido ubicadas a 4 m de altura sobre el suelo. La posición jerárquica de las parejas no se correlacionó significativamente con la prioridad de elección de las cajas nido, pero sí con la escogencia de cajas en los sitios preferidos. Las parejas dominantes produjeron un mayor número de huevos que las subordinadas, pero no hubo correlación entre posición jerárquica y número de polluelos que alcanzaron el éxodo. Tampoco se encontró correlación entre productividad anual, medida como el número de polluelos que llegaron al éxodo y la ubicación de las cajas nido. La ausencia de correlación pudo deberse a que la depredación, la principal causa de mortalidad de polluelos, tuvo igual incidencia en todas las situaciones. El infanticidio por Troglodytes aëdon fue responsable del 30.30% de los fracasos de los nidos de F. conspicillatus, pero los daños por T. aëdon no fueron más frecuentes en los sitios preferidos por F. conspicillatus. Abstract The relationship between the preference of selection of nesting sites, the hierarchical position and the reproductive success of Spectacled parrotlets (Forpus conspicillatus) were researched in Universidad del Valle and Pozo Verde Natural Reserve in Valle del Cauca, Colombia. The nesting sites were installed according to the variables height above the ground (1m and 4m) and distance to nearest tree (0m, 15m and 50m). The adult pairs preferred the nest boxes located 4 m above the ground. The hierarchical position of the pairs was not significantly correlated with the priority of choosing the nest boxes but with the selection of boxes in the preferred sites. The dominant pairs produced a greater number of eggs than the subordinate ones, but there was no correlation between hierarchical position and number of chicks that reached the exodus. Nor there was correlation between annual productivity, measured as the number of chicks that reached the exodus and the location of the nest boxes. The absence of correlation could be due to the fact that predation, the main cause of mortality of chicks, had the same incidence in all situations. Infanticide by Troglodytes aedon was responsible for 30.30% of the nest failures of F. conspicillatus but damage by T. aedon was not more frequent at sites preferred by F. conspicillatus.

The Rose-ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri is one of the world’s commonest invasive bird species and has established in the South African urban landscapes. However, relatively little is known about the feeding biology of parakeets here. We surveyed areas in eThekwini Municipality, Durban, South Africa, to determine their feeding sites and the related land-use types. Patterns of the association were explored using Correspondence Analysis to determine parakeets’ diet across seasons and interaction between different tree species fed on by parakeets and other bird species. Dietary items were determined visually using binoculars. We identified a total of 63 feeding sites with many in the urban built land-use cover type. The parakeets’ diet differed significantly across the seasons with spring accounting for 33% of annual food items. We identified 31 fruiting/flowering tree species fed on by the parakeets, with fleshy fruits and flowers accounting for 58% and 19%, respectively. Native tree species (63%) were mostly relied on when compared with non-native (27%). They also fed on carpenter ants Camponotus cinctellus which contributed 3% of their diet. The forest fever-berry Croton sylvaticus (fleshy fruits) and African star-chestnut Sterculia africana (flowers) were the most preferred tree species in autumn and summer. The observed number of bird species that communally fed with parakeets were significantly different across the sampled seasons. The diets for the Common Myna Acridotheres tristis and the Speckled Mousebird Colius striatus overlapped with parakeets for most tree species. Parakeets were observed actively feeding in the early mornings and late afternoons before roosting. Our study supports that parakeets are generalist-opportunistic feeders. The assessment of Rose-ringed Parakeets feeding ecology may help understand their potential impact on native tree and bird species within an urban landscape.

We analyze the connectivity patterns and fusion events among bones leading to the adult skeletal organization during the development of the superaltricial monk parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus, Psittaciformes), providing insights about the functional and evolutionary significance in the avian structural design. By using whole mount specimens stained for cartilage and bone, we apply anatomical network analysis (AnNA) to study the ontogenetic trajectory of the entire skeleton from embryonic stage 34 to adult. As bones condense, connect, and fuse to each other, we follow skeletal assemblages forming networks that change dynamically as the monk parakeet grows. Our results show that the pelvic girdle connects with the vertebral column prior to the pectoral girdle and that the pelvic girdle and hindlimbs connection begins and ends before that of the pectoral girdle and the forelimbs. We hypothesize that connections of the girdles and limbs could be linked to the altriciality of the species due to requirements for active movement in the use of the hindlimbs inside the nest, but not the need to use forelimbs to fly until much later. Further, as bones of the skull and pelvis fuse during development they form the largest and more connected assemblages, acting as attractors to connect to other bones, showing congruence between the connectivity pattern at each ontogenetic stage and the characteristic avian body plan., Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias

The behaviour and diet of the Tasman parakeet (Cyanoramphus cookii) have not been quantitively described. We quantified the relative frequency of behaviours and diversity of food items for the spec...

Rose-ringed parakeets Psittacula krameri are one of the most widely distributed urban avian invader species present in ~ 35 countries with population sizes increasing. These parakeets were introduced to South Africa as part of the pet trade, and feral populations have established in several urban areas since and are of concern. We, therefore, conducted monthly surveys between August 2018 – December 2019 in the greater Durban Metropole, KwaZulu-Natal Province, to determine their population size and roosting sites. In addition, we recorded bird species that communally roosted with rose-ringed parakeets, and tree species characteristics that they used for roosting. We identified five main roost site areas with an overall mean (± SD) monthly population size of 1 783.3 ± 505.2 rose-ringed parakeets. There was an increase in rose-ringed parakeet numbers, particularly in August and December after their breeding. Most rose-ringed parakeets were recorded in the north, with fewer in the south of the metropole; and many were located around shopping centres and parks. A total of seven bird species communally shared roost sites with rose-ringed parakeets, with the non-native common myna Acridotheres tristis being the species that frequently shared roosts with parakeets. Three tree species were used as roosts, with the Natal mahogany Trichilia emetica and the giant palm Raphia australis, so being the preferred roost tree species. The results showed variations in the measured tree traits and the number of individual parakeets roosting per tree species. The population size of non-native rose-ringed parakeets showed persistent growth, and it is, therefore, suggested that control measures for this species are introduced before its population expands further.

The ring-necked parakeet (Psittacula krameri) has been naturalised in La Palma Island Biosphere Reserve since the late 1990s. Due to landowners’ complaints about the impact of parakeets on crops, a control scheme was implemented to eliminate the known population, initially estimated at 70 birds. The programme finally comprised three different phases. Between December 2015 and September 2016, 107 parakeets were removed by trapping using 14 decoy traps. Due to inefficient handling and trap shyness developed by the parakeets, traps were removed from October 2016 to November 2017, with at least 20 parakeets remaining in the wild. The control measures restarted in December 2017; 34 parakeets were counted and 13 were trapped. Since the parakeets had started to breed, the method was changed from trapping to shooting, to remove the last 34 parakeets. In total, during the entire project (December 2015–May 2018), 175 ring-necked parakeets were managed: 154 removed from the environment, 1 handed over to the project staff, and 20 registered by authorities as pets. Considering the undetermined number of ring-necked parakeets kept as pets on the island, an early detection and rapid response system has been set up by the island council, engaging public workers and volunteers to investigate and control new escapes. This project is one of the few cases worldwide where naturalised breeding populations of this invasive species have been successfully eliminated from the environment. Negative effects on biodiversity and human interests were thus minimized, and especially important, this was achieved without generating any social conflict.

Parrots (Psittacidae Family) are one of the most colorful groups of birds in the world, their colors produced both structurally and via unusual pigments (psittacofulvins). Most species are considered to be monogamous, and many have been viewed historically as sexually monomorphic and monochromatic. However, studies using morphometric analysis and spectrophotometric techniques have revealed sexual size dimorphism and also sexual plumage color dimorphism among some species. The Monk Parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus), a native parrot of South America, is an interesting species for the study of plumage coloration and size since it is considered sexually monochromatic and monomorphic. Furthermore, recent studies show that the Monk Parakeet has extra-bond paternity behavior and even breeding trios, which suggests that sexual selection may play an important role in this species, and that it might have sexually dimorphic plumage (albeit imperceptible by humans) and be dimorphic in size. Methods: For the determination of plumage color we used spectrophotometry in the range of avian vision (300-700 nm) and performed a morphological analysis. Results: Our spectrophotometric results indicate that the Monk Parakeet shows subtle sexual plumage color dimorphism in three (crown, nape and wing) out of twelve body regions. Similarly, our morphometric analysis showed that there are subtle sex differences in body size (bill and weight). Conclusions: Although the Monk Parakeet shows extra-bond paternity and breeding trio behaviors which could increase sexual dimorphism, these behaviors occur among highly related individuals; perhaps the high rate of inbreeding is responsible for the attenuation of sexual plumage color dimorphism and sex differences in body size observed. Fil: Morales, Macarena. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Centro de Zoología Aplicada; Argentina Fil: Gigena, Deysi J.. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales; Argentina Fil: Benitez-Vieyra, Santiago Miguel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Valdez, Diego Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal; Argentina

Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) are key contributors to the current global biodiversity crisis. Psittaciformes (parrots) are one of the most vulnerable avian taxa and psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD) is the most common viral disease in wild parrots. PBFD is caused by the beak and feather disease virus (BFDV), which belongs to the Circoviridae family and comprises a circular, single-stranded DNA genome. BFDV is considered to have spread rapidly across the world and, in 2005, an outbreak of PBFD was documented in the recovering population of the Mauritius parakeet (Alexandrinus eques). The Mauritius parakeet was once the world’s rarest parrot and has been successfully recovered through 30 years of intensive conservation management. Molecular surveillance for the prevalence of BFDV was carried out across a 24-year sample archive spanning the period from 1993 to 2017, and DNA sequencing of positive individuals provided an opportunity to assess patterns of phylogenetic and haplotype diversity. Phylogenetic analyses show variation in the extent of viral diversification within the replicase protein (Rep). Timeseries of BFDV prevalence and number of haplotypes reveal that two subsequent waves of infection occurred in 2010/2011 and 2013/2014 following the initial outbreak in 2005. Continued disease surveillance to determine the frequency and intensity of subsequent waves of infection may benefit future translocation/reintroduction planning. The continued growth of the Mauritius parakeet population despite the presence of BFDV bodes well for its long-term persistence.

In cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) of biological samples, the quality of tomographic reconstructions can vary depending on the transmission electron microscope (TEM) instrument and data acquisition parameters. In this paper, we present Parakeet, a ‘digital twin’ software pipeline for the assessment of the impact of various TEM experiment parameters on the quality of three-dimensional tomographic reconstructions. The Parakeet digital twin is a digital model that can be used to optimize the performance and utilization of a physical instrument to enable in silico optimization of sample geometries, data acquisition schemes and instrument parameters. The digital twin performs virtual sample generation, TEM image simulation, and tilt series reconstruction and analysis within a convenient software framework. As well as being able to produce physically realistic simulated cryo-ET datasets to aid the development of tomographic reconstruction and subtomogram averaging programs, Parakeet aims to enable convenient assessment of the effects of different microscope parameters and data acquisition parameters on reconstruction quality. To illustrate the use of the software, we present the example of a quantitative analysis of missing wedge artefacts on simulated planar and cylindrical biological samples and discuss how data collection parameters can be modified for cylindrical samples where a full 180° tilt range might be measured.

The grey-breasted parakeet (Pyrrhura griseipectus) is an endangered psittacine species that have been affected by illegal trade and deforestation. Currently, this endemic species is only found in three areas in Ceará state, in Brazil. This study aimed to investigate the frequency and diversity of Enterobacteriaceae in wild adult grey-breasted parakeets and determine their susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. Cloacal swab samples were collected from 27 individuals and environmental swabs (drag swabs) from five nests used by these birds. Twenty-seven strains from nine species of Enterobacteriaceae were recovered from cloacal swabs, and the most prevalent bacteria strains were Hafnia alvei (22%) and Pantoea agglomerans (22%). From environmental nest samples, seven strains from three bacterial species were isolated, being the P. agglomerans the most frequent species (100%). Twenty-two of the 27 isolates (81.4%) exhibited antibiotic resistance, varying from one to eight of the 12 antimicrobials commonly used. Resistance to amoxicillin was the most prevalent (70.4%), followed by azithromycin (22.2%) and ceftriaxone (18.5%). None of the strains were resistant to gentamicin, tobramycin, ciprofloxacin or tetracycline. The H. alvei was the main species presenting multidrug resistance, including resistance against meropenem, which is an important finding. These results could provide interesting information on the health of these endangered wild grey-breasted parakeets. They could also indicate that the obtained isolates are part of a group of bacteria that are typical components of the enteric microbiota of birds, which present elevated rates of resistance to amoxicillin. RESUMO: O periquito-de-cara-suja (Pyrrhura griseipectus) é uma espécie de psitacídeo considerado pela IUCN como ameaçado de extinção, resultado do comércio ilegal e do desmatamento. Atualmente, essa espécie endêmica é encontrada apenas em três áreas no estado do Ceará, Brasil. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a frequência e a diversidade de Enterobacteriaceae em periquitos de peito cinza adultos selvagens e determinar sua suscetibilidade a agentes antimicrobianos. Amostras de suabes cloacais foram coletadas de 27 indivíduos e de suabes ambientais (suabes de arrasto) de cinco ninhos utilizados por essas aves. Vinte e sete cepas de nove espécies de Enterobacteriaceae foram isoladas a partir de suabes cloacais, sendo as cepas bacterianas mais prevalentes Hafnia alvei (22%) e Pantoea agglomerans (22%). Das amostras ambientais de ninhos foram isoladas sete linhagens de três espécies bacterianas, sendo P. agglomerans a espécie mais frequente (100%). Vinte e dois dos 27 isolados (81,4%) exibiram resistência a antibióticos, variando de um a oito dos 12 antimicrobianos comumente usados. A resistência a amoxicilina foi a mais prevalente (70,4%), seguida por azitromicina (22,2%) e ceftriaxona (18,5%). Nenhuma das cepas era resistente à gentamicina, tobramicina, ciprofloxacina ou tetraciclina. H. alvei foi a principal espécie que apresentou resistência a múltiplas drogas e que também esteve associada a um outro achado relevante desta pesquisa, que foi a detecção de um caso de resistência ao meropenem. Esses dados fornecem informações relevantes sobre a saúde desses periquitos selvagens ameaçados e permite concluir que os isolados obtidos fazem parte de um grupo de bactérias que normalmente compõe a microbiota entérica das aves, sendo a amoxicilina envolvida em elevadas taxas de resistência.

Blossom-headed Parakeet Psittacula roseate is listed as Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species because of its habitat loss, and declining population. In this study, we first sequenced and described the complete mitochondrial genome and phylogeny of P. roseata. The whole genome of P. roseata was 16,814 bp in length, and contained 14 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, 2 ribosome RNA genes, and 1 non-coding control regions. The overall base composition of the mitochondrial DNA was 31.88% for A, 22.00% for T, 32.88% for C, 13.23% for G, with a GC content of 46.11%. A phylogenetic tree strongly supported that genus Psittacula closely related with genus Eclectus by highly probability.

The red-masked parakeet Psittacara erythrogenys was originally distributed in the forests of Ecuador and northwestern Peru, mainly below 1500 m of elevation. Due to pet trade, this parakeet has current stable breeding populations in the United States, Spain, Chile, and Puerto Rico. We describe the first record of the species in Colombia in March 2018, as well as other observations from the city of Santiago de Cali.

Biological invasions represent today one of the main cause of the global biodiversity crisis, particularly in urban and suburban areas. Research on this topic have traditionally focused on ecological impacts, with poor regards to the social components. The ring-necked parakeet Psittacula krameri is one of the most successful invaders and it is widely appreciated by the general public, being introduced through the pet trade. In this work we assessed whether long-term introduction, total population size and number of loud flight-calls affected social perception of this species in three populations from Italian cities. We used a visual survey (N = 414 questionnaires), which has been proven to be successful for testing attitudes on ring-necked parakeets. Tolerance towards this invasive species declined sharply with increasing number of loud calls by this species, thus providing support to the hypothesis of involvement of the ring-necked parakeet in noise pollution. Conversely, total population size and years since the first local introduction were not found out to be important variable determining social attitudes. Awareness on invasive species impacts is mostly obtained only when invasive populations are already affecting native biodiversity and human wellness, thus when management becomes challenging. Thus, at early invasion stages, intervention towards invasive species, particularly if charismatic, are often hampered by social public and animal right movements, especially in urban ecosystems. Educational campaigns on ecological and social impact by invasive alien species in urban ecosystems are therefore strongly recommended to implement effective management actions.

[EN] Predation pressure by native species may limit the spread of alien invasive species, thus playing a pivotal role in the impact and implementation of management strategies. The ring–necked parakeet Psittacula krameri is one of the most widespread alien bird species in Europe, with nearly 70 established populations. Predators of this species include diurnal raptors, synanthropic corvids, and rodents. Here we report for the first time that long–eared owls Asio otus might have preyed upon parakeets in their night roosts. Analysis of 167 owl pellets showed that ring–necked parakeets made up over 10 % of the total volume of the diet of these owls in winter (32.93 % of absolute frequency), representing the most important prey species after murid rodents and passerine birds. Further studies are needed to investigate whether parakeet consumption by long–eared owls is only a local occurrence or whether it is widespread in European cities. If so, predation by long–eared owl may eventually lead to a form of parakeet control and may limit the impact of this introduced parakeet on native biodiversity., [ES] La presión predatoria que ejercen las especies nativas puede limitar la propagación de especies invasoras exóticas y, en consecuencia, tener un papel decisivo en los efectos y la aplicación de estrategias de gestión. La cotorra de Kramer, Psittacula krameri, es una de las especies de aves exóticas más extendida de Europa, donde tiene cerca de 70 po-blaciones establecidas. Entre los depredadores de esta especie se encuentran rapaces diurnas, córvidos sinantrópicos y roedores. En este estudio observamos por primera vez que el búho chico, Asio otus, puede cazar cotorras en sus dormideros. El análisis de 167 excrementos de búho chico mostró que las cotorras de Kramer constituyen el 10 % de volumen total de la dieta de estos búhos en invierno (32,93 % de frecuencia absoluta) y son la presa más importante después de los roedores múridos y las aves paseriformes. Es necesario seguir estudiando esta cuestión para analizar si el consumo de cotorras de Kramer por el búho chico es solo un fenómeno local o si se ha generalizado en las ciudades europeas. En ese caso, es posible que, la depredación por el búho chico termine suponiendo una forma de control de la cotorra y limite el impacto de esta especie introducida en la biodiversidad autóctona., We thank COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology Actions) ES1304 “ParrotNet” for their support in the development of this manuscript.

Ikiz, Serkan/0000-0001-6502-0780; celik, baran/0000-0001-9122-0284; Kahraman, Beren Basaran/0000-0002-1736-093X; SIGIRCI, BELGI DIREN/0000-0001-7153-7428; SIGIRCI, BELGI DIREN/0000-0001-7153-7428; HALAC, BARIS/0000-0002-3067-9937; Ak, Seyyal/0000-0002-6687-8401; Metiner, Kemal/0000-0003-4105-5852 WOS:000506167000152 The increase of antimicrobial resistance in companion animals has already been reported worldwide; however, there is a deficiency of data and studies focusing on the resistance profiles of Escherichia coli isolates from Passeriformes and Psittaciformes which regarded to be among the most common and popular pet/companion bird species. For this reason, the current research was aimed to evaluate the presence of E. coli isolates from apparently healthy companion birds and their antimicrobial resistance profiles. Two hundred sixty-five cloacal swab samples collected from apparently healthy companion birds (116 parakeets, 59 canaries, 56 parrots, 30 Indian nightingales, 3 finches, and 1 Golden finch) were examined by conventional bacteriological procedures for the identification of E. coli. Susceptibilities against 16 antimicrobials from 8 different classes and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production was also determined. Moreover, all isolates were analysed by PCR assays for ESBL, Metallo-beta-lactamases, serin-carbapenemase, AmpC beta-lactamase, plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR), and aminoglycoside resistance genes. E. coli were isolated from 37.7% of the samples. Majority of the isolates were found resistant to tetracycline (84%) followed by sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (46%), streptomycin (34%), and kanamycin (25%). Eleven parakeet and 2 parrot isolates were found resistant to all quinolone class antimicrobial agents, and three parakeet isolates showed resistance to all aminoglycosides. Additionally, 67% of the isolates exhibited multi-resistance, defined herein as 3 or more antimicrobial classes. PMQR determinants (qnrB and qnrS) were determined in 3 E. coli isolates from a parrot and two parakeets. Furthermore, seven aminoglycoside resistance genes [aac(3)-IIa(aacC2), strA, strB, aadA (aadA1 or aadA2), aphA1, aphA2, and ant(2 '')-Ia(aadB)] were found in 3 parakeet isolates. Also, the most promising result of this study is that ESBL production was not determined phenotypically and genotypically. Here, we present the first report that various aminoglycosides and quinolone resistance genes of E. coli isolates from parakeets, and a parrot was present in Turkey. In summary, the consequences of the current research emphasise that the companion birds may act as substantial reservoirs carrying antimicrobial resistance and estimate the potential risk for humans, it is critical to define their role as reservoirs. (C) 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University. Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Istanbul UniversityIstanbul University [20265] This research was supported by the Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Istanbul University (Project number: 20265).

Colorful feathers were an important part of the regalia and martial attributes of the Mexicas, who used them on headdresses, shields, capes, but also on the images of their gods. Despite the early interest of Europeans in the American featherwork, some bird species used by the amanteca remain undetermined to this day. The thorough study of two manuscripts written under the direction of Fray Bernardino de Sahagún, the Primeros Memoriales and the Florentine Codex, has revealed an inconsistency between the way the toztli, or “yellow parrot,” has been described and depicted in the colonial sources, and its current identification as the Amazona oratrix. This bird is more likely to have been a rarer specimen, native to lands located far from the Mexica heartland. Les plumes bigarrées constituaient une part importante de l’apanage régalien et martial des Aztèques (couvre-chefs, rondaches, capes, etc.), qui ornaient également leurs divinités de phanères d’oiseaux tropicaux. Pour autant, en dépit de l’intérêt porté très tôt par les Européens pour la plumasserie des Amériques, certaines espèces ornithologiques utilisées par les Aztèques dans leurs œuvres de plumes demeurent à ce jour indéterminées. L’étude attentive de deux manuscrits rédigés sous la direction de Fray Bernardino de Sahagún, les Primeros Memoriales et le Codex Florentin, a ainsi révélé une incohérence entre les représentations et descriptions coloniales du toztli, ou « perroquet jaune », et son identification actuelle comme l’Amazona oratrix. Il est probable que cet oiseau soit en effet un spécimen plus rare, originaire de territoires bien éloignés du cœur de l’Empire aztèque. Las plumas abigarradas constituían una parte importante de las prerrogativas reales y marciales de los Mexicas (sombreros, escudos, capas, etc.), que también adornaban sus divinidades con plumas de aves tropicales. A pesar de que los Europeos se interesaron temprano al arte plumario de las Américas, ciertas especies ornitológicas utilizadas por los Mexicas en sus obras aun son indeterminadas. El estudio atento de dos manuscritos redactados bajo la dirección de Fray Bernardino de Sahagún, los Primeros Memoriales y el Códice Florentino, reveló así una incoherencia entre las representaciones y descripciones coloniales del toztli, o “papagayo amarillo”, y su identificación actual como la Amazona oratrix. Es probable que esta ave sea en efecto una especie más rara, originaria de territorios bien alejados del corazón del Imperio Mexica.

The daily and seasonal patterns of colony attendance for the parakeet auklet were examined on Buldir and St. Paul islands, where fieldwork was conducted in 2001, 2002, and 2004, respectively. The timing of breeding events for the parakeet auklet was measured by monitoring the productivity plots on Buldir Island, and the timing of chick hatching was determined by observing birds that carried food to chicks on St. Paul Island. On Buldir Island, direct observations of birds on water were used to collect data on parakeet auklet attendance as it was impossible to count the birds directly on land because of lush vegetation covering the slope of the colony. The birds were counted on a designated plot on water below the colony. On St. Paul Island, observations of birds on both the water and the cliffs were used to collect data on parakeet auklet attendance patterns. On each count day, the birds present at the plot were counted every 15 min. Parakeet auklets have two peaks in their attendance pattern on the water near the colony on Buldir Island. As the breeding season progressed, the peak timing of birds moved slightly toward the afternoon. On St. Paul Island, prior to egg-laying, the numbers of parakeet auklets attending the breeding colony peaked in the morning. As the breeding season progressed, the peak of bird attendance at the colony broadened and shifted toward the evening. During the chick-rearing period, birds arrived at the land plot throughout the day, but there was a peak in the numbers attending in the evening. The observations showed that the weather conditions strongly influenced the numbers of birds present at the plot. Strong winds decreased the number of parakeet auklets in the nearshore area. On windy days, the birds left the plot earlier than usual.