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• C. papaya leaf extract shows cytotoxic potential and novel therapeutic effects against Hela cells. • C. papaya seed extract exhibited the highest anti-helminthic activity against Pheretima posthuma. • C. papaya extract showed the highest antimicrobial and antioxidant efficacy. • LC-MS analysis was utilized to identify the major alkaloid compound carpaine. The carpaine, a phytochemical constituent of Carica papaya Linn. (CP) has been the source of much interest due to its potential medicinal uses. The goal of this research is to explore papaya extractʼs antioxidant capacities, anti-infective efficacy, and effectiveness towards cervical cancer cells. Various solvents were employed to extract carpaine from the stems, leaves, and seeds of CP. Alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenolic acids were among the key components that have been determined by phytochemical studies. To determine the extracts' antioxidant ability, the phosphomolybdenum test was performed. Microbiological cultures and HeLa cell lines were used to assess anti-cancer and anti-infective effects in vitro and in vivo , respectively. Phytochemical analysis showed that the whole plant part was rich in phytochemicals. The levels of oxidative stress were measured at 111.5 ± 0.557 µg/mg by DPPH tests, which are used to determine carpaineʼs antioxidant capabilities. Several pathogenic bacteria and fungi were shown to have strong antimicrobial properties by in vitro investigations. In vivo tests were also conducted to evaluate carpaine's anti-helminthic effects using the parasite model Pheretima posthuma. Both the paralysis rate (F(3,132) = 862.2, p < 0.0001) and the death duration (F(2, 132) = 1058, p < 0.0001) were significantly reduced by the papaya leaf extract (PLE). Additionally, the extracts exhibited significant cytotoxicity against HeLa cells, attaining 84.12 ± 0.210 % at 100 µg/ml. These findings highlight the importance of advanced research to explicate the underlying mechanisms of carpaine action and its potential translation into clinical applications for the treatment of cervical cancer, helminth infections, and oxidative stress-related disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carica papaya seeds were used in this research for the synthesis of AgNPs. The production of silver nanoparticles was characterized using UV–Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD and SEM-EDX analysis. The antibacterial activity of the prepared AgNPs was evaluated by the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method with the antibacterial activity of different compounds against Bacillus aerogenes. UV–Vis spectral peaks are found at 8–18 nm. SEM and TEM analysis revealed several spherical structures between 10 nm and 50 nm. XRD analysis also confirmed its 50 nm size. Experimental data revealed that AgNPs inhibited bacterial growth. This study shows that papaya seed extract contributes to the bioreduction and stabilization of the synthesized silver nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The primary objective of this study was to investigate the viability of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GR-1 (LGR-1) when combined with four prebiotic-rich fruit powders – apple, papaya, mango, and red beetroot – in probiotic yogurt. Additionally, the study aims to assess customer acceptability of the yogurt fortified with these fruit powders through a sensory evaluation using a nine-point hedonic scale. Design/methodology/approach: The yogurt samples, inoculated with the LGR-1 probiotic strain, underwent fermentation at 38 °C for 0, 2, 4 and 6 h. Following fermentation, the samples were stored in a refrigerator at 4 °C for 1, 15 and 30 days. Throughout the study, microbial counts and pH level measurements were performed to assess the viability of LGR-1. A sensory evaluation consisted of 89 participants. A nine-point hedonic scale, ranging from 1 (dislike extremely) to 9 (like extremely), along with a questionnaire were used to assess criteria such as appearance, flavor, texture and overall acceptability of the samples. Findings: All treatments at all time points maintained a minimum viable microbial count of 107 CFU/mL (colony-forming units per mL), which indicated that the addition of fruit powders supported the growth and survival of LGR-1 in yogurt. Treatment 5, fortified with papaya powder, was the only group that exhibited a significant change of microbial count after 30 days of fermentation (p = 0.018). Although there were no statistically significant differences in pH values at the 0- and 2-h time points within each treatment, the pH remained relatively stable after day 15, with an average mean pH of 4.29. Treatment 2 fortified with mango powder obtained the highest overall acceptability score because of its smooth and firm texture as well as mild mango-sweet flavor. Originality/value: This study explored the viability of probiotics and the sensory properties of yogurt fortified with various fruit powders, while also examining the potential prebiotic effects of fruit powders in enhancing overall sensory appeal. The findings suggested that papain may play a role in increasing probiotic viability in yogurt. Given the inconvenience and inaccessibility of fresh fruits and the generally inadequate prebiotic intake, this research addressed the gap in prebiotic consumption by offering novel ideas for health-enhancing dairy products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Antioxidants are widely recognized for their potential health benefits, including their impact on cognitive function and gut microbiome modulation. Understanding these effects is essential for exploring their broader clinical applications. Objectives: This review aims to evaluate the effects of antioxidants on the gut microbiome and cognitive function, with a focus on findings from randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Methods: The studies involved human participants across a range of age groups, with interventions encompassing natural antioxidant sources, such as berries, as well as specific antioxidant vitamins. An extensive search across PubMed, SCOPUS, and Web of Science databases identified six relevant RCTs, each evaluated for potential bias. Results: These studies focused on a variety of antioxidant-rich products, including both naturally derived sources and supplemental forms. Antioxidants, including vitamins C, B2, and D, along with polyphenols such as xanthohumol, fermented papaya, peanuts, and berry extracts, demonstrate the potential to support cognitive function and promote gut health through mechanisms that modulate microbiome diversity and reduce inflammation. However, observed changes in microbiome diversity were modest and inconsistent across the studies. Conclusions: While preliminary evidence suggests that antioxidants may benefit gut health and cognitive function, the heterogeneity of existing studies limits their immediate clinical applicability. Additionally, more robust RCTs are needed to substantiate these findings and guide future interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is a highly nutritious fruit crop cultivated commercially in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Being a shallow rooted fruit crop, it requires frequent application of nutrients. Papaya is highly remunerative due to its high productivity and responds positively to nutrient application. Papaya Ring Spot Virus (PRSV) is a major threat to papaya production, which causes severe yield loss and reduces fruit quality. To combat PRSV and enhance productivity, a nutrient formulation was developed by combining organic, inorganic nutrient sources with biocontrol agents to improve the health and vigor of the plants. Experiments were conducted to standardize the application time and evaluate the efficacy of nutrient formulation in enhancing yield, and to combat papaya ring spot virus (PRSV) incidence in papaya from January 2021 to December 2023 at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. The results revealed that foliar application of nutrient formulation at monthly intervals from the 3rd to the 7th month after planting (MAP) along with regular application of recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) at bimonthly intervals from the 3rd MAP significantly increased the yield (37.79% and 30.57% in TNAU Papaya CO 8 and Red Lady, respectively) and reduced PRSV disease incidence (22.49% in TNAU Papaya CO 8 and 16.53% in Red Lady). Metabolomics study indicates that foliar spray of nutrient formulation enhanced the activators and precursors of defense enzymes, viz., peroxidase (PO), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), phenyl ammonia lyase (PAL), catalase (CAT) and nitrate reductase (NRase) in the sprayed plants over unsprayed control. Therefore, the sprayed plants exhibited tolerance to PRSV incidence by maintaining vigor and induced systemic resistance by the defense enzymes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the current investigation is to explore the novel application of pumpkin, papaya, and orange peels as growth substrates for microalgae cultivation, with the overarching goal of advancing a sustainable "Agro to Agro" biorefinery paradigm. The research evaluates the integration of waste management practices into microalgal production, optimizing growth parameters to maximize output. Optimal concentrations of 2.8 mg L−1 for orange peels, 35.5 mg L−1 for papaya peels, and 35.5 mg L−1 for pumpkin peels were identified, alongside a light intensity of 163.7 µmol m−2 s−1 and a nitrogen concentration of 0.8 g L−1. Under these conditions, Chlorella sorokiniana demonstrated peak biomass production of 3.16 g L−1, lipid productivity of 1.55 g L−1, and carotenoid productivity of 9.18 mg L−1, additionally, yielding significant amounts of palmitic acid (47.9%) and lutein. The study further explored the conversion of residual microalgae into biochar, with optimal pyrolysis conducted at 350 °C. The as-synthesized biochar was utilized effectively as a soil amendment for cultivating Vigna radiata. The present study underscores the viability of a closed-loop biorefinery approach, demonstrating the recycling of pumpkin, papaya, and orange peels as effective substrates for microalgae cultivation and subsequent biochar conversion for potential industrial applications. The promising results of the study advocate to the feasibility of this integrated model for sustainable future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to evaluate and optimize the effect of baking temperature, oven rack speed and partial substitution of fat with papaya puree of varying ripening levels on the physicochemical and sensory properties of cookies. Cookies produced with very ripe papaya puree reduced the baking time, increased the protein, fat, ash, calcium, total phenolic contents and sensory properties desirability. Cookies produced with hard ripe papaya puree increased the vitamin C, fiber, carbohydrate and spread ratio while cookies produced with the unripe papaya puree had the lowest moisture content and highest cookies thickness. The optimum conditions for cookies with desirable moisture, crude protein, vitamin C, calcium and total phenolic contents was established at 154°C oven temperature, 8 rpm oven rack speed and the use of very ripe papaya puree. The use of papaya puree with varying ripening levels could increase the diversity of healthy cookies that can be produced from papaya. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For this article, we evaluated whether wounds would affect the pathogenicity and virulence of Colletotrichum sp. isolates on Musa spp. banana cultivars. We further assessed the potential of cross-colonization with other fruit species and investigated the molecular and phylogenetic characterization of the most virulent isolates. Firstly, we collected dwarf bananas showing anthracnose symptoms from commercial markets in the city of Gurupi, Tocantins State, Brazil, and isolated Colletotrichum sp. under controlled conditions prior to identification. The virulence was assessed on wounded and unwounded banana fruits, identifying the most virulent isolate by exposure tests on fruits of the "prata", "maçã", "marmelo", and "terra" banana cultivars. We also subjected specimens of mango (Mangifera indica), papaya (Carica papaya), and apple (Malus domestica) fruits to the exposure tests. Our results indicated that pathogenicity varies with the isolate (with C2, C8, and C10 as the most virulent), fruit condition (wounded fruits are the most susceptible), and cultivars (terra, marmela, and maça are the most susceptible). All isolates were more virulent on wounded bananas, while those on unwounded ones showed lower virulence. Among the banana cultivars, "prata" fruits were the most susceptible, regardless of wounding. Additionally, Colletotrichum isolates from dwarf bananas were pathogenic to mango, papaya, and apple fruits. Furthermore, our results demonstrated that the most virulent isolates belong to the species C. musae. Collectively, our findings reinforce the relevance of minimizing post-harvest wounds on banana fruits and highlight the risks of cross-infection when storing bananas alongside other fruit species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This research is to determine the suitable extraction time required to obtain extracts with the highest contents of chlorophyll and magnesium. Research Method: Papaya leaves extracted by maceration method with acetone as a solvent, 4 groups with 6 levels of extraction time treatment. Chlorophyll contents were analyzed using the Arnon equation, magnesium contents were analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES), and the energy gap was analyzed for the highest chlorophyll contents by touch plot method. Findings: 48 hours extraction treatment showed the highest chlorophyll and magnesium content, resulting in an average content of 13.272 mg/L for total chlorophyll, 11.380 mg/L for chlorophyll a, 1.881 mg/L for chlorophyll b and 934.771 mg/kg of magnesium content. The direct energy gap and indirect energy gap of the highest extract are respectively obtained at 2.428 eV and 2.442 eV. Originality/Value: Based on the obtained results, it was concluded that papaya leaf extraction for 48 hours produced the highest chlorophyll and magnesium contents, which can be used as a natural dye sensitizer for renewable energy Dye-Sensitized Solar cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Papaya is the fourth most consumed fruit in Brazil and the third most exported fruit by the country. Considering that pesticides are frequently used in agriculture to increase production this work aimed to establish a method for the multiresidue determination of pesticides in papaya using the QuEChERS method and analysis by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). The parameters that influence the extraction efficiency were studied and, after finding the best extraction conditions, the method was validated. The analysis by UHPLC-MS/MS allowed the determination of analytes with high selectivity and detectability. The main modification of the original QuEChERS method was the use of the polymeric sorbent Strata SDB-L in the clean-up step by dispersive solid-phase extraction. The method was validated for 110 compounds and presented adequate values of accuracy, with recoveries between 70 and 120%, and precision, with RSD<20%. The method limits of quantification ranged from 5 to 10 µg kg−1 and detection limits from 1.5 to 3 µg kg−1. The validated method was used for the determination of pesticides in commercial papaya samples, and 17 pesticides of different classes were found, including 5 pesticides not authorised in Brazil for papaya. Considering the results obtained, the use of the proposed method proved to be fast and efficient for the multiresidue determination of pesticides in papaya in routine analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, fruits are gaining high demand due to their promising advantages on human health. Astonishingly, their by-products, that is, seeds and peels, account for 10–35% of fruit weight and are usually thrown as waste after consumption or processing. But it is neglected that fruit seeds also have functional properties and nutritional value, and thus could be utilized for dietary and therapeutic purposes, ultimately reducing the waste burden on the environment. Owing to these benefits, researchers have started to assess the nutritional value of different fruits seeds, in addition to the chemical composition in various bioactive constituents, like carotenoids (lycopene), flavonoids, proteins (bioactive peptides), vitamins, etc., that have substantial health benefits and can be used in formulating different types of food products with noteworthy functional and nutraceutical potential. The current review aims to comprehend the known information of nutritional and phytochemical profiling of non-edible fruits seeds, viz. apple, apricot, avocado, cherry, date, jamun, litchi, longan, mango, and papaya. Additionally, clinical studies conducted on these selected non-edible fruit seed extracts, their safety issues and their enrichment in food products as well as animal feed has also been discussed. This review aims to highlight the potential applications of the non-edible fruit seeds in developing new food products and also provide a viable alternative to reduce the waste disposal issue faced by agro-based industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phytosanitary problems and the complex floral biology influence the fruit quality and productivity of papaya. Use of grafting mitigates adverse aspects, becoming a complementary activity of crop. The objective of this study was to evaluate the agronomic behaviour of grafted papaya plants. Two experiments were carried out. In the first experiment, the treatments were derived from six rootstock/scion combinations and four controls, based on commercial genotypes. In the second experiment, four rootstocks and two genotypes formed eight rootstock/scion treatments, and two controls were used. The morphological variables as well as the qualitative and productive variables of fruits were recorded. Results showed that plant height was maintained or reduced in some treatments, whereas stem girth and leaf numbers in grafted treatments were increased. The fruit quality was not influenced by grafting. In the productivity, the grafted plants showed higher fruit production. For an example, the Rootstock 'MSXJ' × Scion 'Maradona' and the Rootstock 'BS2' × Scion 'Maradol' >40 kg · plant−1 and almost 9 kg · m–2, respectively; and the Rootstock 'Robusta' × Scion 'Maradol' treatment was higher than the other treatments, reaching 38.39 kg · plant–1 and 8.53 kg · m–2, in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Grafting on papaya positively changed the morphological variables, increased the number of fruits per plant in grafted plant treatments, as well as yield per area, surpassing controls by 25% and 22% in both experiments, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanocellulose is the renewable biopolymer produced in nature by different bacteria. The widespread use of nanocellulose in industrial processes increases the demand for this valuable biomaterial. To overcome the high cost of producing nanocellulose using the Hestrin–Schramm medium, alternative agricultural waste has been studied as a potential low‐cost supply. This study investigated the optimization and physicochemical characterization of cellulose membrane obtained, utilizing a low‐cost substrate—‐papaya peel‐based medium, with Novacetimonas hansenii BMK‐3.The maximum yield of nanocellulose was found at an inoculum age 24 h, inoculum size 10% (v/v), incubation time 15 days, pH 3.5, media:flask volume ratio 1:2.5, and temperature 30°C. Cellulose yield produced using the papaya peel‐based medium was nearly four times more than using the Hestrin–Schramm medium. The structural and physical properties of cellulose were characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and derivative of thermogravimetric analysis. Cellulose produced using papaya peel‐based medium had similar properties to cellulose produced in the Hestrin–Schramm medium. The results suggested papaya peels as a cost‐effective substrate for cellulose production with enhanced yield. This study reports an eco‐friendly approach for the management of papaya peels waste disposal and production of value‐added product. This is the first report mentioning the valorization of papaya fruit peel waste for the production of cellulose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of a toxic anionic dye, like Eriochrome Black T (EBT) in the aquatic environment, is the major cause of water contamination. Considering this, we synthesised activated carbon, (AC) derived from the Carica papaya seeds, which is effective, low-cost, simple to design and with a higher surface area. The prepared materials (GO/AC) will be employed for the efficient removal of toxic EBT dye. The synthesised GO/AC composite was further analysed using FTIR, XRD, FE-SEM, EDX and Raman spectra. The adsorption performance of GO/AC materials towards EBT dye removal was checked through a batch adsorption experiment. Various parameters, including initial dye concentration, contact time, adsorbent dosage, stirring speed and pH, were batch-wise varied for the adsorption experiment. The higher correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.99) indicated that the Langmuir isotherm model was followed by the experimental data suggesting that the adsorption process is a monolayer. The maximum adsorption capacity of EBT dye was found to be 51.84 mg/g. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model was well-fitted. The thermodynamic study suggested that the adsorption process is endothermic and spontaneous. Furthermore, the desorption efficiency of the GO/AC materials was tested through reusability in five cycles. An adsorption mechanism was also performed for the removal of EBT dye. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dengue fever is currently a major global issue, especially in tropical and subtropical countries. The absence of specific antiviral medications supports alternative dengue treatment strategies. South Asian countries have been using Carica papaya leaves as a traditional remedy for dengue for many years. Carica papaya possesses several biological features, including anti-inflammatory, antiviral, cancer-fighting, anti-diabetic, and antioxidant qualities. Additionally, numerous studies have demonstrated that bioactive compounds found in papaya leaf extracts, including carpaine, dehydrocarpaine I and II, chymopapain, and papain, significantly influence platelet counts, while phenolic compounds, such as chlorogenic acid, kaemferol, protocatechuic acid, quercetin, and 5,7-dimethoxycoumarin significantly inhibit viral replication in dengue patients, with negligible side effects. Carica papaya may be considered a viable pharmacological candidate with several targets for treating dengue. It has been shown to prevent infections, reduce oxidative stress, control cytokine storms and the immune system, lessen thrombocytopenia, and increase the body's protein and hemoglobin levels. This literature review highlights the pathophysiological mechanism of dengue, as well as the pharmacological action of Carica papaya, both of which combat this debilitating disease. Despite these findings, additional investigation, including clinical studies, is necessary to confirm the effectiveness and safety of papaya-based treatments. It is necessary to address issues like standardizing papaya extracts, figuring out the best dosages, and assessing any drug interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The document "New Insights into Crop Molecular Breeding and Genetics" published in the Agronomy journal discusses the use of biotechnologies to optimize crop cultivation and increase agricultural productivity. The research focuses on various crops such as rice, maize, soybean, castor, Chinese cabbage, papaya, pineapple, Leucaena, and Tartary buckwheat, highlighting methods to enhance yield, quality, resistance, and stress tolerance. The findings provide valuable insights for genetic improvement in crops and sustainable agricultural development, emphasizing the importance of new technologies in plant biotechnology. [Extracted from the article]

The use of pesticides causes significant environmental problems, which drives the search for natural and non-toxic alternatives. In this study, a glycolipid biosurfactant (BS), produced by the yeast Starmerella bombicola ATCC 22214, was utilized as an active ingredient in natural agricultural defensive blends. The mixtures were tested for their fungicidal potential against phytopathogenic fungi isolated from fruits such as papaya, orange, and banana, demonstrating strong inhibition of fungal growth. The genera Penicillium, Colletotrichum, and Aspergillus were the pathogens present in the deterioration of the fruits used in the experiment. The biosurfactant was produced in a fermenter, yielding 10 g/L and reducing the surface tension to 31.56 mN/m, with a critical micelle concentration (CMC) of 366 mg/L. Blends of BS with oleic acid (T1) and lemongrass oil (T2) were found to be effective in controlling fungi. Additionally, the phytotoxicity of these formulations was assessed using Cucumis anguria (gherkin) seeds, where the blend of BS with castor oil (T4) showed the best performance, promoting seed germination. These results indicate the potential of such mixtures as natural alternatives for fungal control in plants and for application in sustainable agricultural systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cuban grape and tropical fruit wines are well recognised by consumers at international events, but research on them is still scarce and necessary to improve wine quality. The work aimed to identify the aroma profile of six Cuban wines produced from grapes (Aramon and Parra grapes), papaya (Carica papaya L.), cherry (Prunus cerasus L.), elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.), cactus fruits (Pereskia aculeate L.) and star fruit (Averrhoa carambola L.). The free and glycosidically bound volatile compositions were studied by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). It was discovered, for the first time in Cuban wines produced from tropical grape varieties and fruits, the presence of alcohols, esters, acids, aldehydes, lactones, ketones, terpenes, and a variety of volatile phenols. The results obtained contribute to a better understanding of the quality of Cuban wines of locally high commercial demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) technology was developed for the rapid and simultaneous detection of 17 plant growth regulators (PGRs) in the fruits of carambola (Averrhoa carambola), papaya (Carica papaya), avocado (Persea americana), and wampee (Clausena lansium). The quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method was adopted for the pre-treatment of fruit samples in this study, and the pre-treatment factors, such as the phase-out salt, extraction method, extraction solvent, extraction time, and purification materials were optimized. The final pre-treatment method was determined to use 25 mL of acetonitrile for the extraction of 10 g samples by votexing for 10 min, followed by the phasing-out with the mixed salts including 4 g MgSO4 + 1 g NaCl + 1 g Na3Cit·2H2O + 0.5 g Na2HCit·1.5H2O, Then 150 mg of MgSO4 and 30 mg of C18 was used as purification materials to purify the extracts. The 17 target PGRs were detected using multi-reaction monitoring (sMRM) mode and quantified with the matrix-matched external standard method. The method was validated according to the European guideline of SANTE/11312/2021(V2). The linearity for the 17 PGRs was excellent in the range of 0.05 to 20 μg/kg or 0.5 to 20 μg/kg, with correlation coefficients all greater than 0.999. The results at low, medium, and high spiked levels showed that the intra-day and inter-day recovery rates were 80% to 120% with relative standard deviations all below 20%. The results confirmed that the proposed method was suitable for the routine detection of these pesticides in the four fruit samples. The established method was used to detect the fruit samples purchased from the local markets in Haikou city, China. The residues of 13 PGRs were detected, among which trinexapac-ethyl and 5-nitroguaiacol sodium salt were detected in the samples of all four fruits. This study provides technical reference for the establishment of multi residue analysis methods for PGRs in tropical fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Papaya seeds (Carica papaya L.), a by-product of the food industry, contain primary metabolites and offer secondary health benefits, but are often considered a waste with no value. Therefore, the aim of this research was to optimize the extraction process of polyphenols from papaya seeds (Carica papaya L.) to maximize their antioxidant activity using the response surface methodology (RSM). A design of experiment (DOE) approach was applied to produce the optimum conditions of factors such as solvent concentration (0–100%), temperature (30–60 °C), time (1–6 h), and exhaustion (1–6 times) to improve the extraction process. The response variables were the number of phenols and flavonoids, and the inhibition capacity of the DPPH and ABTS radicals. The main findings indicated that optimal conditions—100% solvent concentration, a temperature of 30 °C, an extraction time of 6 h, and 6 depletion cycles—maximized the yield of total polyphenols, total flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity, as evaluated using ABTS and DPPH assays. The extracts presented values of 2.521 to 6.168 mg AGE/g DW for total polyphenols and 30.830 to 68.599 mg QE/g DW for total flavonoids. Likewise, they presented an antioxidant capacity using DPPH and ABTS methods with values of around 15.151 to 72.389 and 29.434 to 165.393 μM TE/g DW, respectively. Identification was also performed using liquid chromatography to determine the presence of sugars (glucose, fructose, and sucrose) and organic acids (oxalic, citric, tartaric, malic, quinic, and succinic). However, optimal values were presented outside the study area, which indicates the maximum point of the surface was at intervals higher than those studied in this investigation. The papaya seed can be applied in future research for the optimization of bioactive compounds extracted from vegetable waste and it represents a matrix with potential in the area of technological development and health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eimeria species cause coccidiosis, a poultry disease that occurs worldwide. Infection is linked to decreased feed efficiency and body weight increase. The present study aimed to assess the prevalence of coccidian species in Togolese poultry farms and evaluate the anticoccidial efficacy of three local medicinal plants. From July to September 2023, two hundred and ninety-five fecal samples were randomly collected using a crosssectional observational study in the maritime region of Togo, specifically in Vo, Lacs, Zio, and Grand-Lomé districts. Data on risk factors were collected through an interview with the poultry farmers. All fecal samples collected were subjected to Eimeria oocyst counting using the standard McMaster technique. The anticoccidial activity of the extract of Azadirachta indica leaves Carica papaya seeds, and Sarcocephalus latifolius roots in a completely randomized design was evaluated on 23-day-old male Isa brown chicks infected with 30.104 oocysts. Body weight gain, feed efficiency, lesion score, proportion of bloody droppings, anticoccidial index, and excretion of coccidia oocysts were assessed. The results revealed an overall prevalence of 39.66% (117/295) for coccidiosis, with 75% of positive samples having fewer than 10,000 oocysts/g. The logistic regression test indicated that the interval between two anticoccidial prophylaxis applications, age, management, and breed were significant risk factors associated with coccidial infection, with young chicks (≤ 8 weeks) being 5.66 times more susceptible than those older ones (8 weeks) with 0.86 as an odd ratio. Six Eimeria species were identified, with E. maxima (54.17%), E. brunetti (33.33%), and E. tenella (25%) being the most common. The anticoccidial efficacy of Azadirachta indica leaves, Carica papaya seeds Sarcocephalus latifolius roots extract, and amprolium was demonstrated by a reduction in lesion scores, bloody diarrhea, and oocysts per gram in feces (OPG) as well as an improvement in body weight, feed conversion ratio, and production efficiency factor when compared to infected and untreated groups. The anticoccidial index was marked in the chickens treated with Sarcocephalus latifolius roots extract (170) and amprolium (176). The findings of this large-scale epidemiological study and anticoccidial efficacy tests revealed that these Togolese medicinal plants can be sustainable and cost-effective strategies for coccidiosis control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) is a plant virus transmitted by aphids that has spread throughout many countries, including Malaysia, causing yield losses and economic impacts to the papaya industry worldwide. PRSV infection in papaya-distinctive ring-shaped patterns on papaya leaves resulted in stunted growth and reduced fruit quality. Management strategies such as the use of resistant varieties, cultural practices, and vector control are employed to mitigate the spread of PRSV. However, the evolution of new virus strains and the uncertainties posed by climate change pose ongoing challenges for the management of PRSV worldwide. Therefore, in this present study, we aim to confirm the presence of PRSV in symptomatic papaya leaves, to depict the current status of PRSV in Malaysia. Using reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR) targeting PRSV partial nuclear inclusion b protein (NIb) and coat protein (CP), 13 out of 40 papaya leaves collected were found positive for the PRSV strain-P (PRSV-P). Nucleotide analysis revealed a high similarity with strains from Taiwan and India, showing 96.83%, 97.03%, and 97.03% identity with the Taiwan strains (DQ340771, AY027810) and the India strain (KJ755852), respectively. Compared to the CP gene of Malaysian isolates reported in 2016 (EU082207), several nonsynonymous mutations have been discovered suggesting genetic diversity within the PRSV population in Malaysia. Overall, this study confirms the current circulation of PRSV infection in Malaysia since it was first identified in Johore in 1991. The re-occurrence of PRSV-P in this study highlights the need for continuous monitoring and targeted management strategies to prevent the further spread of PRSV-P in Malaysia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black soybeans are one of the soybean varieties that have black skin and have various ingredients that provide many benefits for the human body. The shrinking of soybean seeds causes a decrease in the quality and quantity of seeds which can result in reduced supply of seeds for seeding purposes during the storage process. One of the factors that affect the viability of seeds during storage is the attack of warehouse pest insects, so it is necessary to control using vegetable insecticides by utilizing papaya leaf powder. This study aims to study the development of C. analis F. beetles due to the application of papaya leaf powder in seed storage and its effect on the viability of black soybeans of the Detam-1 variety. This experiment was carried out at the Basic Laboratory of the Faculty of Winaya Mukti University from June to August 2023. Environmental Design uses Complete Randomized Design consisting of 6 treatments and 4 repeats. Treatment dose of papaya leaf powder per 100 g black soybeans, namely: A = 0 g; B = 1 g; C = 2 g; D = 3 g; E = 4 g and F = 5 g. The results showed that the dose of papaya leaf powder 3 g per 100 g black soybeans seeds had an effect on the development of C. analis F beetles (mortality, number of eggs, number of larvae, number of pupae and number of imago), percentage of seed damage and percentage of seed weight, but did not affect the viability of black soybean seeds of the Detam-1 variety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Papaya fruit is commonly known for its nutritional and medicinal value. It is a perennial, herbaceous, and trioecious cross-pollinated species with male, female, and hermaphrodite plants. The Chilean papaya, originating from South America, has been extensively spread throughout the Andean nations, cultivated primarily in the Coquimbo and Valparaíso valleys in Chile, between 34°41′ and 36°33′ latitude south. Its intense aroma, yellow color, and oblong shape characterize this fruit. It also stands out for its high content of carotenoids, vitamins, proteins, and polysaccharides, which make it a great functional food. Also, papaya contains bioactive compounds with antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing effects. For years, the fruit has been used to produce canned fruit, juice, and candies to satisfy the local market. Chilean papaya has significant economic importance, supplying both local and international markets. This review aims to consolidate the evidence-based information on the native Chilean papaya (Vasconcellea pubescens) as a food matrix. The fruit's ripening process, nutritional composition, industrial applications, and health-promoting properties, including its antioxidant and antidiabetic effects, are thoroughly examined. Additionally, the extraction of papaya oil, encapsulation of bioactive compounds, industrial and artisanal processing techniques, and patents are explored, highlighting the diverse applications and potential benefits of this fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is a versatile tropical fruit crop with economic and nutritional benefits. Assessing genetic diversity of the germplasm is essential for effective collection, conservation management and utilization of resources for breeding purposes. Genetic variability and population structure were studied for 55 papaya accessions including landraces, cultivars, and exotic collections, using 15 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. SSR analysis data revealed a total of 95 alleles with an average of 6.3 alleles per marker and an average heterozygosity of 0.75. All the markers were polymorphic, with an average PIC value of 0.72. The unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) dendrogram based on shared allele distance grouped the accessions into four main clusters. Genetic structure based on the structure algorithm identified two populations, whereas discriminant analysis of principal components revealed four distinct genetic clusters. Remarkably, these clusters were not linked to the geographic regions. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated a variation of 75% within individuals and 22% between populations. Fst = 0.216 and Nm = 0.205 showed moderate genetic relationship within populations. These findings have implications for marker-assisted breeding, improvement of conservation strategies, detection of duplicates, and framing policies for sustainable crop utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Papaya is a globally important crop, with production primarily based on hermaphrodite plants. Papaya has three sex types—male, female, and hermaphrodite—determined by flower morphology, but this is only distinguishable at the flowering stage. In this study, a recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) assay was developed and optimized to identify the three sexes of papaya. Recombinant uvsX, uvsY, gp32, and Bsu DNA polymerase were used to study the effects of temperature, reaction time, and sensitivity conditions for RPA reaction efficiency. The optimal conditions were found to be 41 °C and a 30 min reaction time, allowing the detection of the target sex from specific DNA markers, even when using crude extract. This study shows that RPA could be used for sex determination in papaya, and the findings could contribute to developing a point-of-need strategy due to their sensitivity and specificity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the fermentative capacity of the strain Limosilactobacillus fermentum J24 in a dairy beverage with papaya puree obtained through the flash vacuum expansion (FVE) process. Changes in phenolic content and antioxidant capacity during fermentation were investigated. Results showed that the dairy beverage with the control puree exhibited higher microbial growth than the FVE puree. Phenolic content increased during fermentation in both formulations. However, the antioxidant capacity was higher in the dairy beverage with control puree. A Pearson correlation analysis revealed a strong positive correlation between microbial load and antioxidant properties in the dairy beverage with control puree. In conclusion, the control puree promoted a higher growth of Limosilactobacillus fermentum J24 and better antioxidant properties in the papaya dairy beverage. These findings lay the groundwork for developing a potential functional dairy beverage based on papaya, effectively utilizing the fruit, reducing pollution, and adding value. This study also opens avenues for further research and development in functional dairy beverages, particularly those incorporating fruit-based ingredients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Papaya is a tropical fruit that is highly appreciated worldwide for its organoleptic properties and its nutritional and medicinal value. The optimal fruit quality for market requirements is determined by genotype, environmental conditions, and crop management, as well as fruit handling at harvest and adequate postharvest conservation. The aim of this work was to determine the optimal maturity stage, based on skin color, at which to harvest papayas grown in Mediterranean greenhouses with active climate control in south-east Spain, depending on the harvest season. We confirm that it is possible to produce high-quality papayas in our conditions, but the optimal harvest maturity stage in each season, along with the postharvest storage capacity, vary throughout the year, even with active climate control. Thus, 10% yellow skin color (S0) is the optimal for harvesting in autumn, mainly due to its better conservation capacity and firmness, having a high TSS content (>11 °Brix). In summer and spring, the lower TSS content discourages harvesting at S0, with S1 (30–40% yellow skin color) or S2 (50–60% yellow skin color) being the optimal stages for harvest to ensure the minimum TSS content required for papaya commercialization (10 °Brix). In any case, papayas produced under our conditions are generally well rated by consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among all fruits, the papaya ranks among the most significant, occupying fourth place in terms of marketing volumes. The papaya encounters various deterioration issues throughout the marketing chain, which results in the loss of bioactive phytochemicals in the fruit's pulp. Making puree is the best way to make papaya pulp last longer, but processing can break down antioxidants like phenolic compounds (which are mostly stored in cell vacuoles) and carotenoids (which are stored in chromoplasts). The flash vacuum expansion process (FVE) promotes an expansion of the water present in the vacuoles, which generates cell rupture and consequently, the release of intracellular components. Because cell rupture is promoted from within the cell, the expulsion of bioactive compounds is more efficient and can therefore increase their bioaccessibility. Our results show that the FVE process increased the antioxidant capacity of the purees (measured by TEAC, FRAP, and DPPH assays) before and during digestion. Our results show that the FVE process significantly enhances the bioaccessibility and stability of antioxidant compounds, providing a clear advantage over the conventional method. Fruit purees generated by FVE can be an ingredient that increases the functionality of foods (juices, nectars, purees, ice creams, and yogurt) aimed at people with digestive problems, baby food, or the use of fruits with low commercial value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

RNA silencing plays a direct functional role in gene expression and defense against pathogens during various developmental stages in plants. This silencing process is regulated by the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway, which relies on double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) generated from small RNAs (sRNAs). Three important protein families regulate the functions of sRNAs: Dicer-like (DCLs), Argonautes (AGOs), and RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RDRs). These major components have not been identified and characterized in papaya. In this study, we identified the RNAi gene families and comprehensively characterized their regulatory functions through a bioinformatics approach in papaya. The papaya genome contains 3 CaDCL, 8 CaAGO and 4 CaRDR genes, which comprise diverse functional regulatory elements compared to their corresponding Arabidopsis AtDCL, AtAGO, and AtRDR genes, indicating their pivotal roles in the RNA silencing mechanism. Phylogenetic tree and multiple sequence analyses reveal that each CaDCL, CaAGO and CaRDR protein clusters and aligns with the corresponding RNAi genes in Arabidopsis. The results from conserved domain, motif, and gene structure analyses indicate a higher level of similarity within the same gene family with some exceptions. The chromosomal and sub-cellular localization of the predicted proteins shows a well distributed pattern. Furthermore, the gene ontology (GO) analysis demonstrates that the candidate RNAi genes are associated with the RNAi silencing mechanism and related pathways. The network and sub-network analyses reveal interactions between various transcription factors (TFs), such as ERF, Dof, MIKC_MADS, NAC, and BBR-BPC families, and the identified RNAi gene families. Additionally, an analysis of cis-acting regulatory elements uncovers light-responsive (LR), stress-responsive (SR), hormone-responsive (HR), and other activities (OT) functions in the candidate CaDCL, CaAGO, and CaRDR genes. Tissue-specific expression patterns of papaya RNAi genes showed differential expression in various tissues. RNA-seq analysis revealed five candidates CpDCL1, CpAGO1, CpAGO5, CpAGO10a, and CpRDR6 that demonstrated potential in response to anthracnose-resistant in papaya. Over all, our findings provide useful information for the genetic improvement of papaya cultivars in breeding programs to overcome stress responses and offer a better understanding of these gene families in papaya. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fruit and vegetables waste are a promising feedstock for production of ethanol have garnering significant attention due to its potential and environmentally sound energy source including reducing waste sent to landfills, providing a source of renewable energy, and reducing reliance on fossil fuels. In this study, fruit wastes from orange, pomegranate, and papaya, as well as vegetable wastes from potatoes, tomatoes, and carrots, were selected as feedstocks for ethanol production. Orange, pomegranate, and papaya wastes exhibited the highest concentrations of fermentable sugars, followed by tomato and carrot wastes. The fermentation of these feedstock using appropriate microorganisms resulted in the production of ethanol with yields ranging from 25 to 50%. The analysis of ethanol performance results showed that orange, pomegranate, papaya, and potato samples were within allowable range whereas tomato and carrot samples were above the allowable range. Moreover, the purified ethanol used in the experiment was clear and colourless. This paper conclude that fruit and vegetable waste represent a promising feedstock for ethanol production showing the highest potential for ethanol production. However, further research is required to optimize fermentation processes and address challenges of using these feedstock and processing for scalable ethanol production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Papaya agribusiness in Boyolali Regency has yet to develop optimally, focusing primarily on production, while the agroindustry (processing) aspect remains underdeveloped. The aim of this research is to formulate a strategy for the development of the papaya agroindustry. This study employs a descriptive qualitative and quantitative approach using a case study method, with data collection techniques including document review, observation, interviews, and focus group discussions (FGD) involving stakeholders at the district level. The collected data were analyzed using SWOT analysis. The research findings indicate that an aggressive agroindustry development strategy is essential. This strategy is highly beneficial as it leverages the strengths and opportunities available to support business growth. Key strategies to be implemented include scaling up the papaya agroindustry, diversifying products, enhancing entrepreneurial mindset and skills, and conducting intensive marketing of quality products by utilizing stakeholder networks. Furthermore, collaboration with modern retailers such as Alfamart, Indomart, Mitra Supermarkets, and Luwes in the Solo Raya area, as well as with the Boyolali Regency Local Brand Forum (FBL), is crucial. Additionally, partnerships with papaya processing technology service providers, such as LPK, the Industry and Trade Service, the MSME and Cooperative Service, relevant Ministries, and Universities, are recommended to support the development of the sector.

Abstract Osmotic processes play a crucial role in developing high-quality intermediate moisture food products. This study investigates the role of osmotic dehydration focusing on using natural sweeteners to reduce health risks from refined sugar. Jaggery and honey were used for osmosis of papaya cubes, with a Box-Behnken design to determine optimal conditions: osmosis temperature (30, 40, 50 °C), osmotic solution concentration (40, 50, 60°Brix), and osmosis time (3, 4, 5 h). Simultaneous optimization of these parameters considered responses such as water loss, solid gain, weight reduction, colour change, ascorbic acid content, lycopene content, and phenolic content. The optimized conditions were identified as 49.46 °C, 40°Brix, and 5 h for jaggery osmosed samples and 39.64 °C, 60°Brix, and 4.92 h for honey osmosed samples. Drying the osmosed samples using advanced domestic solar dryer revealed superior quality (total phenolic content and lycopene content) in jaggery osmosed papaya compared to honey osmosed papaya. The study suggests that introducing a new osmotic agent, jaggery, can enhance the nutritional value of osmosed papaya cubes.

The present work is aimed at the synthesis of aluminum oxide nanoparticles (AlONPs) using the seed extract of Carica papaya. The aluminum oxide nanoparticles were evaluated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectrophotometer, and zeta potential, respectively. This work also determines the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of the seed extract AlONPs against pathogens such as Bacillus cereus (B. cereus), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Salmonella enterica (S. enterica) for antibacterial and Aspergillus niger (A. niger) for antifungal. The as-synthesized AlONPs were used for the degradation of EY dye in the presence of visible light. The presence of an absorption peak at a wavelength of 272 nm in the synthesized nanoparticles was detected by UV–Vis spectroscopy analysis. The results of the FTIR study confirmed the existence of various chemicals and functional groups in the 500–4000 cm−1 range. EDX results revealed that it included 68% aluminum and 22% oxygen established the high purity of the AlONPs. The average crystallite size of the synthesized AlONPs was found to be 52 nm by XRD analysis. Using DPPH activity, the synthesized AlONPs showed incredible antioxidant properties of 72.42% inhibition at the maximum concentration of 100 µg/ml. Moreover, it was found that the AlONPs significant antibacterial activity against tested strains viz. B. cereus (20 mm) and also showed antifungal efficacy against A. niger (30 mm) at higher concentrations of AlONPs. The photocatalytic degradation of the dye through the utilization of the synthesized AlONPs was clearly evident through the observation of a shift in color of the Eosin Y dye, transitioning from a deep pink hue to a nearly colorless state after exposure to UV light for 300 min. The green synthesized AlONPs show high photocatalytic degradation of EY 91.41% after 300 min under visible light irradiation. The current investigation has demonstrated that the seed extract of Carica papaya serves as a significant resource for the synthesis of AlONPs through a biological, eco-friendly, and non-toxic approach, while also possessing antibacterial, antioxidant, and photocatalytic properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dengue virus (DENV) is a mosquito-borne virus that causes dengue fever, a significant public health concern in many tropical and subtropical regions. Dengue is endemic in more than 100 countries, primarily in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Each year, up to 400 million people get infected with dengue. Approximately 100 million people get sick from infection, and 40,000 die from severe dengue. Unfortunately, dengue vaccine development is also marred with various complicating factors, as the forefront candidate vaccine performed unsatisfactorily. Moreover, the only licensed vaccine (Dengvaxia) for children 9 through 16 years of age is available in just a few countries. The treatment difficulties are compounded by the absence of an effective antiviral agent. Exploring plant-based therapeutics for dengue from the laboratory to clinical application involves a multi-stage process, encompassing various scientific disciplines. Individual investigators have screened a wide range of plant extracts or compounds for potential antiviral activity against DENV. In vitro studies help identify candidates that exhibit inhibitory effects on viral replication. Some of the most promising medicinal plants showing in vitro activity against DENV include Andrographis paniculate, Acorus calamus, and Cladogynos orientalis. Further laboratory studies, both in vitro and in animal models (in vivo), elucidate the mechanisms of action by which the identified compounds exert antiviral effects. Medicinal plants such as Carica papaya, Cissampelos pareira, and Ipomea batata exhibited potent platelet-enhancing activities while Azadirachta indica and Curcuma longa showed promising effects in both in vitro and in vivo studies. Based on positive preclinical results, researchers design clinical trials. This involves careful planning of trial phases, patient recruitment criteria, ethical considerations, and endpoints. The most important medicinal plants showing efficacy and safety in clinical trials include Carica papaya and Cissampelos pareira. This review suggests that several promising medicinal plants exist that have the potential to be turned into clinical drugs to treat dengue infection. However, in addition to developing synthetic and plant-based therapies against dengue infection, vector management strategies should be made robust, emphasizing the need to focus on reducing disease incidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is one of the fruit crops with the highest demand worldwide due to its pleasant flavor and multiple pharmacological properties. In Mexico, its cultivation and consumption are rooted in the population and have economic, social, and cultural importance. Mesoamerica is considered to be the center of origin and domestication, a place where a wide genetic diversity is found, which has been little studied and valued. Knowledge about genetic resources is essential to propose strategies of conservation and exploitation in the development of improved varieties since they are a source of genes for resistance to diseases, fruit quality, tolerance to abiotic factors, and rootstocks. Therefore, this work aimed to explore the existing information on the genetic resources of papaya (Carica papaya L.) in Mexico in terms of its conservation, biological collections, and the potential of outstanding traits to be incorporated into genetic improvement programs. To this end, a review was carried out on characterization, genetic diversity, and conservation status studies of wild, native, and domesticated relatives of papaya conducted in Mexico. There is valuable information on the variation, conservation, and evolutionary dynamics of papaya genetic resources in Mexico; however, there is insufficient information on the potential of genetic resources for use in genetic improvement. The unstudied and undocumented variation has a high risk of genetic erosion and extinction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Papaya is one of the most consumed fruits around the world, which possesses low energy and is very suitable for those trying to reduce weight. Papaya is packed with a bunch of vitamins, minerals, as well as phenolic compounds. Phytochemicals have beneficial effects on the human body, including anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, and anti-dengue activities. Numerous studies have estimated nutritional and medicinal properties. The study of the bioaccessibility of papaya chemicals is important for both the food and medicine industries. This review summarizes the nutritional value and phytochemical content of different parts of papaya. Influencing factors like pre- and post-harvest on phytochemical content also have been reviewed. Further, the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of phytochemicals as well as the medicinal properties, based on the in vitro and in vivo studies are deeply reviewed. Finally, the research progress, gaps and interesting future aspects of papaya phytochemicals have been discussed. These phytochemical compounds are influenced by numerous factors, such as pre- and post-harvest, as well as extraction conditions. Many factors may affect the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of these phytochemicals, but there is limited information. Therefore, further studies like in vitro and in vivo experiments should be conducted to authenticate the efficiency of the papaya plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current state of quality assessment methods for agricultural produce, particularly fruits, heavily relies on manual inspection techniques, which could be subjective, time‐consuming, and prone to human errors. Consequently, there have been emerging trends and needs for non‐destructive methods to evaluate fruit quality accurately and practically. This research aimed to develop a novel approach for predicting the physicochemical properties of papayas using a convolutional neural network (CNN) model that combines image analysis and weight assessment. This study involved capturing images of papayas at different ripening stages, measuring papaya weights, and determining various physicochemical properties such as texture, pH, total soluble solids, and seed weight. A total of 532 images were obtained from 132 papayas, and an additional 1064 images were generated through image augmentation. The dataset was divided into three sets with an 8:1:1 ratio for training, validation, and testing. The CNN model was trained using papaya images and weights as input values to predict and estimate the physicochemical property values. Model performance was evaluated using mean squared error (MSE) and the coefficient of determination (R2) as metrics. The CNN model, integrated with image processing, could predict the diverse physicochemical properties of papayas with high accuracy. The MSE values estimated for the training and validation sets were 0.0284 and 0.1729, respectively. The R2 values for the test dataset ranged from 0.71 to 0.94. These findings demonstrate that CNN‐based models could provide detailed and quantitative insights, facilitating improved understanding and management of papaya quality while enhancing predictive modeling accuracy in agriculture. Practical Application: This research introduces a new method for accurately predicting the quality of papayas using a computer model. Instead of relying on manual inspection, which can be slow and prone to errors, this model uses images of papayas and their weights to predict properties, including texture, pH, total soluble solids, and seed weight. This can help manage papaya quality better while also improving agricultural production and transportation processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commercialized genetically modified (GM) papaya cultivars have protected papaya from the devastating disease caused by papaya ringspot virus (PRSV). However, papaya leaf distortion mosaic virus (PLDMV), which causes similar infection symptoms but is serologically distinct from PRSV, was found to be a competitive threat to the papaya industry. Our study surveyed the occurrence of PRSV and PLDMV, as well as the transgenic markers of the 35S promoter from cauliflower mosaic virus and the neomycin phosphotransferase II gene in feral papaya plants, which were found frequently growing outside of cultivated papaya fields on Hainan Island. In total, 123 feral papayas, comprising 62 (50.4%) GM plants and 61 (49.6%) non-GM ones, were sampled. Among them, 23 (18.7%) were positive for PRSV, 49 (39.8%) were positive for PLDMV (including five plants co-infected by PRSV and PLDMV), and 56 (45.5%) were free of either virus. In traditional papaya-growing regions, we detected fewer PRSV-infected plants (2 in 33, 6%) than in other regions (21 in 90, 23%). However, overall, whether plants were transgenic or not made no difference to PRSV incidence (P = 0.230), with 9 PRSV-infected plants among 62 GM papayas and 14 among 61 non-GM papayas. Phylogenetic and genetic differentiation analysis showed a clear correlation between PRSV and PLDMV populations and their geographic origins. Negative selection was estimated for the selected gene regions of both viruses. Notably, PLDMV has deviated from neutral evolution and experienced population expansion, exhibiting increased genetic diversity, and is becoming the predominant threat to papaya in Hainan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]