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The purpose of the present study was to examine macro-determinants of the Not Engaged in Employment, Education, or Training Young People (NEET) in Central and Eastern European Countries. Data from 16 countries were collected from Eurostat –, UNESCO – and Word Bank Database 2013–2021 by using the panel data analysis method. Early school leaving rate, vocational education and training enrollment rate, unemployment rate, labour market regulation, gross domestic product, education expenditure and human development index were used for explaining the NEET in selected area. The relationship between variables was analyzed using the Panel Data Methods via Fixed-Effects Model. Therefore, according to the findings of Driscoll and Kraay Estimator – One-Way Fixed Effects Model, gross domestic product, labour market regulation, early school leaving rate, vocational education, and training enrollment rate variables have a high and statistically significant effect on NEET as the dependent variable, while unemployment rate and human development index have a marginal but significant effect on NEET. The findings of the present study showed associations between socio-economic and institutional conditions (labour market regulation) and the NEET rate at the country level and may indicate appropriate policy measures to promote a decrease in the NEET rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inspired by the theoretical perspective that "new policies create a new politics," this paper explores how unemployment policies affected the politics of tripartite relations in Sweden during the interwar period. After the economic depression of 1920, strike activities began to decrease. Our panel data analysis finds that after 1920, the strength of the relationship between unemployment and strike activities decreased substantially. Historical interpretations complement statistical analysis. In the 1920s, the implementation of unemployment policies entailed the following feedback effects: First, the state reinforced its capacities, gaining increasingly firm control over strike activities. Second, the union movement was plunged into internal conflicts. In contrast to the arguments of power resources theory and the theory of cross-class coalition, neither the empowerment of the Social Democratic Workers' Party (SAP) nor employers' lockouts induced the Confederation of Labor Unions (LO) to turn towards concertation. Rather, this turnaround occurred in the 1920s while LO coped with the feedback effects engendered endogenously in processes of the implementation of unemployment policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among human resources, attention to demographic issues, especially the age structure of the population, is of particular importance in the economic growth and development of communities. If the necessary planning is done to face the changes in the age structure of the population in each country, it can provide the welfere of that ountry, but if these changes happen suddenly and witliout planning, it can cause serious damage to the economies of countries. The main purpose of the present study is to investigate the effect of population aging on inflation in two selected groups of developing and developed countries over the period 2001-2018 using panel data method. Empirical results show that in both groups of developing and developed countries, population aging has a negative and significant effect on inflation rate. In addition, the growth of liquidity and the growth of production has a positive and negative effect on inflation in both groups of countries, respectively, which is in line with theoretical expectations. On the other hand, the results indicate that the increase in life expectancy in both groups of countries has a negative and significant effect on inflation in the study period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study is to analyze the effect of financial development on economic complexity in N11 countries for the period 1995-2019 using panel data method. In the study in which financial globalization was included as a control variable, a cross-section dependency test was performed and it was observed that there was a cross-section dependency in the model. Afterwards, CADF panel unit root test was applied, it was determined that the series were stationary at level values, and the model was estimated in two different ways, namely Parks-Kmenta and Beck-Katz estimators. According to both Parks-Kmenta and Beck-Katz estimation results in the study, financial development has a positive and significant effect on economic complexity. In other words, as financial development increases, the level of economic complexity increases. On the other hand, it has been determined that the control variable, financial globalization, also increases the economic complexity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, there are numerous initiatives in response to contemporary socio-economic challenges. One possible response could be the social innovation phenomenon defined, according to Avelino et al. (2017), as the changing of social relations and involving new way of doing things. In this context, the aim of the paper is to discuss the empowerment and the social innovations concept by developing the empowerment mechanisms under a social psychology point of view, at one side, and exploring, in an empirical way, how people are empowered through transactional linkages, the translocal network. In particular, it is necessary to identify which translocal empowerment dimension is present across the European countries via the selection and the analysis of the possible social innovation proxies. To do this, it is necessary to comprehend the social innovation determinants at the macro-economic level across the European countries. Using the Akgüҁ multivariate regression model (2019), the paper studies the role of one possible social innovation proxy: the social protection expenditure. Under a methodological point of view, this model is used since it allows the combination between the traditional macro-level variables and the innovative ones, such as cultural norms and fear of failure; and it permits the inclusion of the country-specific characteristics. It also takes into account the macro-economic circumstance, the international financial crisis of 2008 until 2017. This period of analysis permits to control if the international economic crisis in 2008 might have influenced in some way the translocal empowerment dimension and brings together a panel data of different indicators from different data sources, such as Eurostat and Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), which provides measures of the entrepreneurial behaviour within countries. As part of the robustness check, we have used social innovation measures that could include country fixed effects accounting the heterogeneities across European countries. What emerges from the present empirical study is that the translocal network could be considered as a crucial factor for the social innovation implementation, since social innovation actors might access the local resources, developing, at the same time, the ability to interface with the local institutions, present in the current socio-economic system.

Due to some problems, an efficient tax system has not yet been fully implemented in the country; therefore, zakat can be considered as one of the important Islamic taxes. Therefore, in this study, the impact of economic, political and social factors affecting the collected zakat in selected and large provinces of Iran is investigated. For this purpose, data related to the years 2003-2014 and the data panel method have been used to estimate the model. The results of this comparison show that the variables of per capita income, value added of agricultural sector and value added of industrial sector as economic variables, life expectancy index and population growth rate as social variables have a positive effect on zakat income in the studied provinces. The coefficient of per capita income variable is higher than the others and shows the greater effectiveness of this variable. The variable of political freedom index during the period under study has no significant effect on zakat income in selected provinces.

The objective of this research was to study the effect of information and communication technologies(ICT) on economic growth in member states of the D8. This research method was an analysis-causal and aimed at the application and fact and information about the variables used in this study was extracted from WDI2015. Also, Econometric tools used in research was Eviews Software and the econometric method is panel data and time domain is 2008 to 2014 and spatial domain including Iran, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Turkey, Pakistan, Malaysia, Egypt and Nigeria. The results of this research indicated that the coefficient for each of the variables in the model were consistent with the theoretical bases and statistically significant and information and communication technologies has a significant positive impact on economic growth.

Developmental plans of the country emphasize on the exports- focused growth strategy, and export diversification is one of the most appropriate policies in this area. Export diversification moves from primary goods to industrial goods. Yet, export diversification, according to the principles of international trade, must be based on comparative advantage until to change value-added. Changes in the value-added of industrial activities can show manufacturing and export capabilities of a country and also production growth. Due to the importance and high value-added of the agricultural sector in developing countries, added value and influencing factors in triple industries of food, wood, and paper are studied. To this end, human capital and physical capital in agricultural triple industries is considered. The variable of weighted comparative advantage of agricultural triple industries and diversification in these industries are considered for the period of 1998 to 2013 by using panel data. The results of the model estimation indicated that, during the period under study, the wood and paper industries had the lack of comparative advantage in the production and export. This variable will have a negative effect on the growth of valueadded. Exports diversification is only carried out in food industries; however, this variable had a positive impact on the growth of the value-added of agricultural sector industries. The human capital and physical capital have a high positive effect on value-added of the industries in the agricultural sector.

In addition to the impact of traditional factors of production such as labor and capital on economic growth, the impact of productivity has always been the focus of growth and development economists. Given the fundamental role of the industry sector as a driver of the country's economic development, identifying the factors affecting the productivity of this sector can provide a basis for enhancing its share in GDP growth. Accordingly, the present study attempts to evaluate the impact of industry taxation on productivity of Iranian manufacturing industries during the Fifth Development Plan (2011-2015). In addition, this paper attempts to examine the relationship between variables such as investment in industry and compensation of payroll services (salaries and benefits) with total labor productivity. In this regard, the desired data were obtained from the statistical yearbook of the country and the results of the censuses of the country's manufacturing firms and the total labor productivity index was calculated by using the output data of firms. Then, the relationship between tax value and total labor productivity index is evaluated using integrated data panel data method. The results show that at the significant level of 5%, coefficients of tax variables and compensation of wage earners have a positive and significant relationship with productivity and also the investment coefficient at the significant level of 10% has a positive effect on the dependent variable. In other words, with the increase in taxation, the productivity of the entire workforce has also increased, and manufacturing industries have sought to offset some of its costs by increasing productivity. But based on the coefficient of estimation, the severity of tax on the impact of industrial productivity is weak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In terms of national economies, the real sector and the banking sector are the two most important sectors in relation to each other. The banking sector plays a major role in deepening and developing fund relations in the country. The sector is the most important part of the financial system, especially in developing countries. The effect of alienation in the sector is a subject that has been frequently discussed in the literature in recent years. In this study, it has been investigated whether the entry of foreign banks into the country has an effect on the real sector. The sample of the study of foreign banks from developing countries, which often choose the BRICS countries and Turkey have been selected. The study covers the years 2006-2016 and analyzed by using the credits given to real sector, growth, foreign bank assets, inflation, bank deposits and net interest margin. In the study, the relationship between foreign bank assets and loans extended to the real sector was examined by using panel data analysis method. In the results of working; It is concluded that there is a significant relationship between the loans given to the real sector, which is the dependent variable, and the bank deposits and net interest margin among the control variables, whereas there is a meaningless relationship between the foreign banks' assets and loans to the real sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of intellectual capital on the cost stickiness of listed companies in the Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE). In this study, by reviewing cost stickiness theory, a complex pattern of asymmetric behavior of costs is rendered with emphasis on the role of the intellectual capital introduced by Pulic (2000). The research period is related to the span of 2005-2015. The statistical sample consists of 111 companies (1110 year-firm) listed on the TSE. The independent variable of this study includes intellectual capital and its’ components. The dependent variable encompasses selling, general and administrative costs. The intensity of staff, assets, reduction in revenue, and growth of the domestic production are considered as control variables. Panel data andmultiple linear regression analysis were used to test the research hypotheses. Data was analyzed by using panel data method. The results indicate a significant relationship and a pattern of the anti-stickiness between the intellectual capital and selling, general and administrative costs, for the components of the intellectual capital, a significant an anti-cost-stickness behavior persist, and the most effective component among the intellectual capital is related to the structural capital. Furthermore, the level of anti-cost-stickness in companies with a high intellectual capital is higher. The most significant effect among the components of the intellectual capital is related to the firms which maintain the higher coefficient of the efficiency in the human capital.

Objective (s): This study was concerned with understanding the impacts of macroeconomic factors on the life expectancy in 136 countries for the period 2002–2010. Methods: The determinants of life expectancy can be classified into economic social, and environmental factors. In this respect, the panel data method is employed to compute the relationship between life expectancy and selected economic, social and environmental factors. There exists no previous study that estimates empirically the determinants of life expectancy in these countries on the basis of panel data framework. Results: Empirical results suggested that unemployment and inflation as the main macroeconomic factors that affect life expectancy negatively whereas, the effects of gross national income and gross capital formation factors on life expectancy were positive. Also, the urbanity seems to be the main social cause for mortality. Conclusion: The effects of economic factors as well as social and environmental factors on life expectancy are important. Therefore, these factors should be considered in health plans for improving longevity.

The vision of sustainability aims at justice in the domain of human-nature-relationships includes three specific relationships intergenerational justice, intragenerational justice and justice between humans and nature. Also, according to the new growth theories human is considered as one of the main factors affecting growth and economic development. There fore the goal of this study examined the impact of human development index on economic sustainability in the developed countries. For this purpose the human development index (HDI) and the new composite index and macro economic sustainability provide by the FEEM foundation according to the maximum amount of information available for the period 2007-2014 have been used. The results of the estimated model methods of panel data econometrics for developed countries, there is a nonlinear relationship and shows the threshold means that before the point of no return is negative and later positive relationship and therefore increasing the human development process in these countries becomes more sustainable economy.

The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between government size and the unemployment rate based on Abrams curve. For this purpose, a number of developed and developing countries data during 2013-2000, using error correction model in panel data method is used. Long-term model results in both groups of countries shows a significant relationship between the size of government and unemployment rate. But this relationship is negative and significant in developing countries; this means that the decline in unemployment will require increasing the size of government. While in developed countries the size of government has a significant positive relation with the unemployment rate. This result confirms that the Abrams curve is true in developed countries. But in developing countries cannot be confirmed. The error correction model results show that in developing countries the imbalance modified 0.07 per period and unemployment rate will move towards equilibrium.

This research has examined the factors of non-realizing sustainable economic growth in terms of social capital in Iran's economy. For this purpose, at first, the provinces of the country were categorized into three regions, based on six individual trust-sensitive key economic variables (including Entrepreneurship, Level of Education, Employment, Per capita Real Production, Labour Productivity, and Female Labour Market Participation), by using the clustering and discriminant analysis methods. Then, the effect of five social capital variables (including Social, Economic, Immoral, Acute Social, and Family disorders) which reflect the lack of trust and consequently reduction of social capital, was estimated on each of the six economic variables, by using the panel data method in the years 2005-2017.The findings showed that the decrease in social capital, with high explanatory power, had a significant effect on economic performance and each of the six economic variables had been at least influenced by one of the mentioned disorders decreasingly. The two of variables, labour productivity and entrepreneurship, which are important factors in the sustainability of economic growth, have suffered the most negative impact. Also, the findings showed the synergistic effect of the reduction of social capital on economic performance in the next period. Therefore, the decrease in social capital with the effect on the key economic variables which are the most important qualitative and quantitative activities in economy, has caused the reduction of social efficiency in relations of the abundant production factors of Iran's economy and as a result, nonrealizing sustainable economic growth during the time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corporation as a legal entity is distinct from its founders. This separation enables a business to either flourish or fail separately from the personal assets and interests of its members (whether owners, directors or employees). The advantages of untying a business from its founders are such that the corporation has today become the most common form of commercial entity around the world. But the separation also creates risks. Without a proper structure and allocation of duties and rights, and without clarity in decision-making processes, corporations can quickly become incapable of generating any wealth. Without adequate safeguards, corporations can become vulnerable to abuse, with insiders using corporate assets for personal gain to the detriment of other stakeholders. If such abuses become widespread in an economy, they can deter investors from participating in any corporation. The quality of the rules and regulations governing corporations is therefore fundamental to functioning markets and wealth-generating economic activity. In this study, we answer the following question: Does improving the protection of minority shareholders affect the value of capital markets in different countries? To answer this question, by using data from the World Bank shareholder protection index, we estimate the effect of protecting minority shareholders on the size of capital market in 27 countries (upper middle income countries, including Iran) for 2006 to 2012. The results show that the legal protection of minority shareholders has positive effect on the capital markets.

Although prior research has frequently focused on aggregate IT capital, most firms invest in specific types with different goals. Each type of capital represents a distinct factor of a firm’s production function. Drawing on a theory-of-production framework, we disaggregate overall IT capital into specific types to examine their unique effects on firm performance over time. We categorize these IT-specific production factors into a firm’s installed personal computers for individual information access, servers for collective information access, storage capacity for information stock, and nodes for information flow. We investigate when and how each IT capital type contributes to firm performance by analyzing the 5-year panel data of 1,548 US firms. Our findings show that individual information access capital and collective information access capital have immediate effects on profitability through cost efficiency or sales growth. By contrast, information stock capital has a lagged effect on profitability. In addition, information stock capital complements individual information access capital in improving profitability, as well as contributing to sales growth and cost efficiency equivalent to firm size. These results extend the existing research on firm-level effects of IT investments by demonstrating that different IT capital effects have unique ways of affecting firm performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research was to study the effect of information and communication technologies (ICT) on economic growth in member states of the D8. The research method was analysis-causal, with applicability aim. Also the fact and information about variables used in this study were extracted from WDI2015. Econometric tool used in this research was Eviews Software and the econometric method was panel data. Time domain of the research was 2008 to 2014 and spatial domain includes Iran, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Turkey, Pakistan, Malaysia, Egypt and Nigeria. The results of the research indicated that the coefficient for each of the variables in the model was consistent with the theoretical bases and statistically significant and information and communication technologies have significant positive impact on economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyses the determinants of export by using balanced panel data method for the 9 emerging market economies with quarterly data covering the period 1994:1-2009:1. In basic macroeconomic theory, export is dependence of real exchange rate and gross domestic product directly and they effect on export positively. And it is implied that export is independence of gross domestic product (national, inside). Also indirectly an increases in domestic prices is caused to decrease real exchange rate. Because of that an increase inflation effects on export negatively. Additionally the theory, it is obvious that import is an important factor for export in global integrated economies. In this study we tested this macroeconomic theory. Empirical results show that real exchange rate, gross domestic product, import and inflation rate are significant variables for export.

Given the importance of tourism industries and the revenues that can be imported to developing countries, in this current study, we have investigated the effect of tourism revenue on economic growth of D8 Islamic countries. For this purpose, we use panel data method with fixed and random effects estimator, during 1995-2006. The results show that the revenues from tourism have the positive and significant effect on economic growth of these countries. Also the effect of other variables, such as labor force, share of export to GDP, human capital and gross fixed capital formation on economic growth are positive and statistically significant. Hence we suggested that D8 countries increase investment in tourism industries and provide facilities to attract tourism.

Export of shrimps and prawns using intensive cultivation in the Sundarban area of Indian Bengal had a negative impact on mangrove forests in 1980s. Land conversions from agricultural use and mangrove forest to shrimp ponds are significant. The impact of changing economic factors such as trade on mangrove forests is evident but as yet this link is not clearly understood by decision-makers. In this context, this study analyses the impact of economic driver on land use changes by combining socio-economic data (economic variables) and satellite data (land use change). Using the panel data method for 1986-2004 in eight administrative units of the Sundarbans area, the study identifies relative return and productivity of labour for various types of land use together with population density as the major drivers of land use change. Identification of these drivers would help to design an effective response policy for management of this UNESCO Heritage site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The average household size in China has declined over the past few decades and will continue to drop, which leads to a loss of scale economies. Its implications for electricity demand and sustainability could be especially profound because of the high ecological/environmental intensity of electricity in China and the expected boom in demand. Using nationally representative household survey panels from 2010 to 2016, we identified substantial household scale economies in electricity consumption. Specifically, reducing household size by one incurs a 17.0–23.6% increase in consumption. We further assessed the ecological/environmental implications in China. CO 2 emission, water withdrawal, smoke ash emission, SO 2 emission, NO x emission, and industrial wastewater discharge were found to increase with a smaller household size. For example, a household size reduction of 0.5 (to 2.5 members) by 2030–2035 could result in a 0.5% increase in CO 2 emission and a 0.3% increase in water withdrawal as compared with the levels in 2015. The increase in CO 2 emission is almost equal to the entire emissions of Portugal. It is therefore essential to incorporate scale effect into energy demand projections and sustainability assessments. The results also highlight the urgency in transitioning to cleaner energy since household size shrinkage is occurring globally. • We used a household panel survey to explore electricity consumption in China. • We identified a significant economies of scale effect in household consumption. • Average household size is expected to continue declining in China. • Household size decline has profound sustainability implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In the recent decades, most studies have paid more attention to community expenditures in health sector and health outcomes. This study provides econometric evidence linking countries' health expenditures to 3 health outcomes: (1) infant mortality, (2) under 5 mortality and (3) life expectancy within 4 different health care systems. Methods: In this study, we used the econometric method to estimate the effect of health expenditure on health status. Panel data were collected and grouped for 25 countries according to the health care system over 15 years (2000-2015). The random effects model was selected over the fixed effects model based on the Hausman test to assess the effect of different factors on the 3 mentioned health outcomes. Results: A significant relationship was found between health expenditures and health indicators. The effect of private health expenditures on health outcomes in countries with mixed health financing system and traditional sickness fund insurance was higher than public expenditures. Also, after comparing the results between different health care systems, we found that the effect of health expenditure on the health outcome in countries with national health system (NHS) was more than other health care systems. Conclusion: To improve health status, health policymakers should focus on the factors that lie inside the health care system. Therefore, since private and public health expenditures have different effects on health outcomes in each health care system, countries should choose an optimal combination of private and public health expenditures.