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1800-luvulla kirjoilla oli esineinä vielä rahallista ja yhteiskunnalliseen statukseen liittyvää arvoa, ja omistajan kuolema aloitti yleensä vain uuden luvun kirjan elämässä. Tutkin kuolinpesien kirjakokoelmien kohtaloja käyttämällä esimerkkinä erästä 1800-luvun lopun tapausta, jossa leskipastorska Pihl antoi kotikirjastonsa kirjoja helsinkiläiselle Minerva-antikvariaatille myytäväksi. Mikrohistoriallinen esimerkki kertoo perheenjäsenen kuolemantapauksen vaikutuksesta eri sukupuolten ja sukupolvien kirjanomistukseen. Tarkastelen, miten säätyläisperheissä, kuten pappisperheissä, yhtäkkinen kuolema muutti kirjojen omistussuhteita, ja kuinka perheen sisällä miesten ja naisten suhtautuminen kirjallisuuteen ja lukemiseen erosivat toisistaan. Hyödynnän tutkimuksessani biografista ja mikrohistoriallista menetelmää sekä kirjahistorian lähestymistapoja. Kulkutaudin uhriksi joutuneen perheenisän äkillinen poismeno muutti kotitalouden sisäistä dynamiikkaa merkittävästi sen osalta, millaista kirjallisuutta haluttiin säilyttää perheen kotikirjastossa. Tarkastelemassani kirjakokoelmassa oli pitkälti kyse miehen ammattikirjallisuudesta, leimallisesti pappismiehen lukemistosta, jota vaimo ei ymmärrettävästi samalla tavalla tarvinnut omissa tehtävissään. Syyt luopumiseen olivat todennäköisesti osin myös taloudelliset perheen elättäjän kuoltua. Kirjallisuuden lukeminen ja omistaminen oli yhä 1800-luvun lopulla hyvin sukupuolittunutta. In the 19th century books still had monetary value and they expressed a family’s social status, and the death of their owner usually just started a new chapter in a book’s life. I analyse the des-tinies of the book collections of death estates by using as example case from the late 19th century, when Mrs. Pihl, a pastor’s widow, gave books from her home library to the antiquariat Minerva in Helsinki to be sold. This microhistorical example shows the impact of the death of a family member on the book-owning of different genders and generations. I consider how a sudden death in estate families, such in the families of the clergy, changed the ownership of books, and how the attitudes of men and women to literature and reading differed within the family. In my research, I utilize biographical and microhistorical methods and the approaches of book history research. The sudden death of the father, who was the victim of an influenza pandemic, significantly changed the internal dynamics of the household as to what kind of literature was desired to be kept in the family’s home library. The book collection studied here consisted mainly of the husband’s profes-sional literature, the typical reading of a clergyman which, understandably, was not needed by his wife in the same way in her own duties. The reasons for giving these volumes up were likely also partly economic due to the death of the family provider. Reading and owning literature was still clearly gendered at the end of 19th-century Finnish society. peerReviewed

Funder: Amazon Web Services (AWS) Imagine Grant, Funder: Kingston University (Kingston University, London); doi: https://doi.org/10.13039/100010049, Funder: Association Nationale de la Recherche et de la Technologie (National Association for Research and Technology); doi: https://doi.org/10.13039/501100003032, Funder: Association Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique and Pacifica (CIFRE grant 2017/0245), Funder: PRIMUS/20/HUM/009, Funder: UID/PSI/03125/2019 from the Portuguese National Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)., Funder: PSA research grant ($285.59) for the PSACR projects data collection, Funder: The work of Dmitrii Dubrov was supported within the framework of the Basic Research Program at HSE University, RF, Funder: Agentúra na podporu výskumu a vývoja (Slovak Research and Development Agency) - APVV-17-0596, Funder: Progres Q18, Charles University, Funder: JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers JP18K12015 and JP20H04581, Funder: National Science Centre, Poland (2019/35/B/HS6/00528), Funder: Slovak Research and Development Agency - APVV-17-0596, Funder: Huo Family Foundation, Funder: The Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI [19K14370], Funder: The Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Funder: Program FUTURE LEADER of Lorraine Université d’Excellence within the program Investissements Avenir (ANR-15-IDEX-04-LUE) operated by the French National Research Agency, Funder: Rubicon grant (019.183SG.007) from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), Funder: Australian Research Council (DP180102384), Funder: HSE University Basic Research Program, Funder: Horizon 2020 grant 964728 (JITSUVAX) from the European Commission and was supported by a United Kingdom Research and Innovation (UKRI) Research Fellowship grant ES/V011901/1, Funder: Social Science and Humanities Research Council of Canada, Funder: Dominican University Faculty Support Grant, Funder: FONDECYT 1221538, Funder: Vicerrectoria de Investigaciones, Uniandes, Funder: Statutory funds of the Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Funder: University of Desarrollo, Faculty of Psychology, Funder: IDN Being Human Lab (University of Wrocław), Funder: ANID - Fondecyt 1201513, In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Psychological Science Accelerator coordinated three large-scale psychological studies to examine the effects of loss-gain framing, cognitive reappraisals, and autonomy framing manipulations on behavioral intentions and affective measures. The data collected (April to October 2020) included specific measures for each experimental study, a general questionnaire examining health prevention behaviors and COVID-19 experience, geographical and cultural context characterization, and demographic information for each participant. Each participant started the study with the same general questions and then was randomized to complete either one longer experiment or two shorter experiments. Data were provided by 73,223 participants with varying completion rates. Participants completed the survey from 111 geopolitical regions in 44 unique languages/dialects. The anonymized dataset described here is provided in both raw and processed formats to facilitate re-use and further analyses. The dataset offers secondary analytic opportunities to explore coping, framing, and self-determination across a diverse, global sample obtained at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, which can be merged with other time-sampled or geographic data.

PurposeDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, public sector organisations produced thousands of social media messages weekly answering citizens questions and informing the public on safety related matters. The purpose of this study was to investigate how the pandemic shaped social media listening in Finland's public sector organisations and how these organisations aligned their listening and strategic communication to address emerging questions, news (real and fake) and rumours during the pandemic.Design/methodology/approachBuilding on a theoretical background from strategic communication, organisational listening, digital marketing and public sector communication, qualitative interview data included communicators (N = 14) from all central Finnish public sector organisations in charge of COVID-19 communication. Findings were themed and analysed qualitatively to understand the level of alignment of strategic communication on social media.FindingsThe findings revealed that the pandemic had strained public sector organisations' communication capabilities, forcing them to align their processes and resources reactively to enable useful content and limit false/misleading content. The results confirmed that organisational listening remained somewhat unaligned. A dual role of public sector communication as speakers but increasingly as listeners was highlighted.Originality/valueThe study’s findings point to organisational listening on social media being a central requisite for public sector organisations overcoming a crisis.

Koronapandemia on vaikuttanut monella tavalla yhteiskuntien ja yksittäisten kansalaisten elämään kaikkialla maailmassa. Pandemian hillitsemiseksi asetetut tapaamis­ ja liikkumisrajoitukset nostivat keskusteluun ikääntyneiden ihmisten yksinäisyyden. Tässä kuvailevassa kirjallisuuskatsauksessa tarkastellaan 60 vuotta täyttäneiden kotona asuvien ihmisten yksinäisyyttä koronapandemian aikana. Aineiston muodostavat 22 kansainvälistä artikkelia, jotka valikoituivat järjestelmällisen kirjallisuushaun avulla neljästä tietokannasta. Artikkelien mukaan 60 vuotta täyttäneiden ihmisten yksinäisyys oli pandemia­aikana yleisempää kuin ennen pandemiaa ja lisääntyi erityisesti laajimpien rajoitusten aikana. Pandemia­aika kavensi sosiaalista verkostoa siten, että sosiaalisia kontakteja oli harvempiin ihmisiin kuin aiemmin ja kontaktit olivat lyhempikestoisia sekä epäsäännöllisiä. Yhteydenpito etäyhteyksin lisääntyi, mutta teknologian käytössä oli suuria eroja. Vain osa ihmisistä oli kyennyt korvaamaan menetettyjä tapaamis­ ja kommunikaatiomahdollisuuksia teknologian avulla. Huoli sairastumisesta, rajoituksiin liittyvä itsemääräämisoikeuden menettäminen ja pandemiaan liittyvät muut pelot olivat yhteydessä yksinäisyyden kokemuksiin. Yllättävänä voi pitää tulosta, että pandemia­ajalla oli ollut myös myönteisiä seurauksia, kuten uusien sosiaalisten kontaktien syntyminen naapuruston asukkaisiin ja etäyhteyksien avulla kauempana asuviinkin. Myönteisenä seurauksena voi pitää myös vahvistunutta kiitollisuuden tunnetta olemassa olevista iloa tuottavista asioista. Loneliness of people aged 60 and over living at home during the COVID-19 pandemic The COVID-19 pandemic has affected societies and individual citizens’ lives around the world in many ways. Recommended restrictions to minimize face-to-face contact and socialization outside the home fueled the discussion of loneliness and isolation of older adults. This descriptive literature review examines loneliness of people aged 60 and over living at home during the COVID-19 pandemic. The data consists of 22 international articles selected from four databases through systematic literature search. According to the articles, loneliness of people aged 60 and over was more common during the COVID-19 pandemic than before the pandemic, and it increased especially during the most extensive lockdown and stay-at-home orders. The pandemic narrowed social networks so that there were fewer social contacts with fewer people, and contacts were more irregular and shorter than before. The use of remote connections for communication increased, but there were large differences in the use of technology. Only some people were able to replace the lost face-to-face meeting and communication opportunities through technology. Concerns about illness, loss of autonomy and other fears during the pandemic were associated with experiences of loneliness. The studies showed that the pandemic was also associated with positive consequences, such as the emergence of new social relationships with residents in the neighborhood and, through remote connections, even with those living further away. Another positive consequence was enhanced gratitude for existing sources of joy and enjoyment.

This article explores the philosophical and psychoanalytic trajectories of conceptualizing the Covid-19 pandemic as ‘collective trauma’, and considers what would be the risks, but also productive possibilities, of such a theoretical move. the context of this inquiry is the so-called ‘shadow pandemic’ – the drastic increase in domestic violence globally, which accompanied introduction of lockdowns as a measure of containing the impact of Covid-19 on public health infrastructures. For the women who were victims of violence during the lockdowns, the discourse of ‘sheltering’, ‘isolation’ and ‘staying home’ has carried antithetical meanings to the o6cially sanctioned ones – those were meanings of threat, danger, harm, and death. Drawing on the work of two feminist psychoanalytic thinkers, Julia Kristeva and Jacqueline Rose, and on installations by bio-artists Anna Dumitriu and Flo Kasearu, I argue against notions of the pandemic as an external traumatic event that disrupted societies and communities worldwide. Rather, the ‘shadow pandemic’ suggest that there is a more complex, even intimate, relation between the pandemic, violence, and gendered productions of sociality.

The current approach to “aging well” emphasizes the importance of active leisure participation in late adulthood. This relates to the view that leisure activities enable older adults to stay physically, mentally, and socially active, and they thereby contribute to wellbeing. In spring 2020, leisure activity engagement was significantly hampered by the COVID-19 pandemic. This study explores leisure-related experiences and adaptation strategies among Finnish older adults during the period of strict physical distancing. The data comprises letters (N = 77) written by Finnish people (aged 70–93) that were analyzed using content analysis. The study suggests that the reorganization of leisure was particularly influenced by the social significance of leisure activities, the age identities of the participants, and the prevailing ideals of active aging. The paper introduces three strategies of leisure adjustment: building new routines, maintaining activeness, and enjoying slow leisure. The article highlights the importance of investing in older adults’ leisure participation in the aftercare of the pandemic. The current approach to “aging well” emphasizes the importance of active leisure participation in late adulthood. This relates to the view that leisure activities en- able older adults to stay physically, mentally, and socially active, and they thereby contribute to wellbeing. In spring 2020, leisure activity engagement was significantly hampered by the COVID-19 pandemic. This study explores leisure-related experiences and adaptation strategies among Finnish older adults during the period of strict physical distancing. The data comprises letters (N = 77) written by Finnish people (aged 70–93) that were analyzed using content analysis. The study suggests that the reorganization of leisure was particularly influenced by the social significance of leisure activities, the age identities of the participants, and the prevailing ideals of active aging. The paper introduces three strategies of leisure adjustment:building new routines, maintaining activeness, and enjoying slow leisure. The article highlights the importance of investing in older adults’ leisure participation in the aftercare of the pandemic.

Abstract. The COVID-19 pandemic has affected all societies worldwide. The heightened levels of stress that accompanied the crisis were also expected to affect parenting in many families. Since it is known that high levels of stress in the parenting domain can lead to a condition that has severe consequences for health and well-being, we examined whether the prevalence of parental burnout in 26 countries (9,923 parents; 75% mothers; mean age 40) increased during COVID-19 compared to few years before the pandemic. In most (but not all) countries, analyses showed a significant increase in the prevalence of parental burnout during the pandemic. The results further revealed that next to governmental measures (e.g., number of days locked down, homeschooling) and factors at the individual and family level (e.g., gender, number of children), parents in less (vs. more) indulgent countries suffered more from parental burnout. The findings suggest that stricter norms regarding their parenting roles and duties in general and during the pandemic in particular might have increased their levels of parental burnout.

Background The COVID-19 pandemic has had implications for adolescents’ interpersonal relationships, communication patterns, education, recreational activities and well-being. An understanding of the impact of the pandemic on their mental health is crucial in measures to promote the post-pandemic recovery. Using a person-centered approach, the current study aimed to identify mental health profiles in two cross-sectional samples of Finnish adolescents before and after the peak of the pandemic, and to examine how socio-demographic and psychosocial factors, academic expectations, health literacy, and self-rated health are associated with the emerging profiles. Methods and findings Survey data from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study conducted in Finland in 2018 (N = 3498, age M = 13.44) and 2022 (N = 3838, age M = 13.21) were analyzed. A four-profile model using cluster analysis was selected for both samples. In Sample 1, the identified profiles were (1) “Good mental health”, (2) “Mixed psychosocial health”, (3) “Somatically challenged”, and (4) “Poor mental health”. In Sample 2, the identified profiles were (1) “Good mental health”, (2) “Mixed psychosomatic health”, (3) “Poor mental health and low loneliness”, and (4) “Poor mental health and high loneliness”. The results of the mixed effect multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that in both samples, being a girl and reporting lower maternal monitoring; lower family, peer, and teacher support; higher intensity of online communication; a less positive home atmosphere and school climate; and poor self-rated health were most strongly linked to belonging to a poorer mental health profile. In addition, in Sample 2, low subjective health literacy was a key factor associated with poorer mental health profiles, and teacher support was more important than before COVID. Conclusions The current study stresses the importance of identifying those vulnerable to developing poor mental health. To maximize post-pandemic recovery, the role of schools, especially teacher support and health literacy, along with the factors that remained important over time should be taken into account in public health and health promotion interventions.

During public health crises, public organizations face a variety of strategic communication challenges, and the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 is an extreme example. In Finland, the Prime Minister’s Office initiated a communication campaign that utilized social media influencers to communicate timely instructions regarding the pandemic. However, it is uncertain how social media influencers adapt to briefings of public organizations given that they typically work with brands that align with their own interests and expertise, which rarely is epidemiology. We use the two-step flow of communication model and social influence theory to analyze research data that consisted of 96 Instagram posts, 108 Instagram Stories and 1097 comments. Qualitative content analysis was used to see how the influencers communicated about the pandemic and how their followers reacted. The results suggest that the influencers tried to adapt the messages to their own style, and, instead of committing to the wordings of the campaign, they shared general guidelines and, with their own example, showed how to behave during the pandemic. Their participation in the campaign helped affect social norms during the time of the crisis, which in the case of public health communication is a substantial, strategic goal. During public health crises, public organizations face a variety of strategic communication challenges, and the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 is an extreme example. In Finland, the Prime Minister’s Office initiated a communication campaign that utilized social media influencers to communicate timely instructions regarding the pandemic. However, it is uncertain how social media influencers adapt to briefings of public organizations given that they typically work with brands that align with their own interests and expertise, which rarely is epidemiology. We use the two-step flow of communication model and social influence theory to analyze research data that consisted of 96 Instagram posts, 108 Instagram Stories and 1097 comments. Qualitative content analysis was used to see how the influencers communicated about the pandemic and how their followers reacted. The results suggest that the influencers tried to adapt the messages to their own style, and, instead of committing to the wordings of the campaign, they shared general guidelines and, with their own example, showed how to behave during the pandemic. Their participation in the campaign helped affect social norms during the time of the crisis, which in the case of public health communication is a substantial, strategic goal.

In this study, we explored whether satisfaction with government management, perception of risk, and gratitude influenced public anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic in China. Using a cross-sectional, anonymous and confidential online survey, a nationwide sample of Chinese adults (N = 876) was targeted between March 25–March 30, 2020, a period in which newly confirmed cases significantly declined in China. The anxiety level was decreased as compared to that assessed during the peak period. Multiple parallel mediation modeling demonstrated that risk perception and gratitude partially mediated the relationship between satisfaction with government management and public anxiety. Increasing satisfaction and gratitude, as well as reducing risk perception contribute to the public’s mental health. The results may shed light on the positive factors for psychological well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic and may aid potential strategies for the policy maker, the public, and the clinic to regulate negative emotions or future emerging infectious diseases.

Background The World Health Organization (WHO) has developed guidelines for 24-h physical activity (PA), sedentary behaviour and sleep for young children. Lower socioeconomic status (SES) has been linked to a lower likelihood of meeting these guidelines. The outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) raised concerns about young children’s opportunities to meet the guidelines. The study focused on the prevalence of meeting the WHO’s 24-h guidelines on screen time (ST), PA and sleep among 2–6-year-old children, in association with family SES, before COVID-19 outbreak in 2019, and during the pandemic in 2020 and 2021 in Finland. Methods Data were collected at three timepoints by an online survey through day-care centres. Meeting the WHO 24-h guidelines was defined for each behaviour, from a parent-reported seven-day recall of a typical day on weekdays and weekend days and adapted to the national context. Children were considered to meet the ST guideline if they had maximum of 60 min of ST, the PA guideline if they had minimum of 60 min of outdoor PA, and the sleep guidelines if they had minimum of 11/10/9 h (2/3–5/6 years) of good or very good quality sleep. Binary logistic regression models were used to examine the odds ratios of meeting the guidelines. Results The prevalence of meeting the ST guideline was highest before the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019. The PA guideline was most met during the strict pandemic restrictions in 2020. Children from higher SES families were more likely to meet the ST and sleep duration guidelines either on weekdays or weekends. The PA guideline was met more on weekdays by children whose parents had lower education levels at all timepoints. In 2020, sleep quality guideline was less likely met by children with parents with the highest education levels. Conclusion Higher SES may increase the odds of young children meeting the ST and sleep duration guidelines, but the results are more complex regarding PA and SES. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on ST, outdoor PA, and sleep of young children varied by family SES, and further research is recommended to identify causality of these relationships. peerReviewed

This article looks at interest-driven and informal social media practices that have flourished in the pandemic period and its ensuing renaissance of domesticity. It investigates how tending plants and discussing them on social media serve as a particular site for connecting around loving and taking care of plants. Its focus is on the discursive means with which posters – guided by social media algorithms – rhetorically co-construct a morally acceptable version of a pandemic lifestyle around houseplants. More specifically, drawing on multimodal discourse studies, critical sociolinguistics and work on digital surveillance, it investigates how members of a Finland-based social media site observe and monitor themselves and others via their linguistically heterogeneous and multimodal posts. The paper demonstrates how constructions of tending plants highlight a normative subject who besides cultivating plants also cultivates themselves and others in the allegedly safe microcosm of the home, surrounded by the risk-ridden, tension-full, dangerous pandemic world. In the same way, as in many other types of informal and interest-driven social media activities, surveillance forms a crucial part of the routine digital activities and interactions about and around plants. Three manifestations of surveillance are discussed in detail: site-specific panoptic surveillance, peer surveillance and self-surveillance. peerReviewed

Koronakriisi on COVID-19 viruksen aiheuttama pandemia, joka on aiheuttanut haasteita terveydenhuoltoon, miten ylläpitää terveydenhuollon resilienssiä ja palveluita sekä samalla toteuttaa kriisinhallintaa useiden eri kansainvälisten, kansallisten, alueellisten ja paikallisten toimijoiden kesken. Koronakriisissä haasteita ovat luoneet muun muassa tehohoitopaikkojen määrä, tiedon puutteellisuus sekä koronarokotuksien ja hoitohenkilökunnan saatavuus. Koronakriisissä yhteistyö ja tiedon jakaminen eri toimijoiden välillä on ollut tärkeää, jotta on voitu luoda yhtenäistä tilannekuvaa kriisistä. Terveydenhuollon tietojärjestelmät ovat olleet tärkeä osa terveydenhuollon toimintaa tilannekuvien ja ennusteiden luomisessa. Koronakriisissä otettiin käyttöön useita uusia terveydenhuollon tietojärjestelmiä, jotta pystyttiin muun muassa ennustamaan koronaviruksen leviämistä, tartuntaketjuja ja koronapotilaiden hoitoon tarvittavaa kapasiteettia. Koronakriisissä potilastietojärjestelmät sekä laboratorion tietojärjestelmät ovat olleet tärkeitä tiedon keräämisen kannalta. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää, miten terveydenhuollon tietojärjestelmistä keskustellaan suomalaisessa mediassa sekä mikä rooli terveydenhuollon tietojärjestelmillä on koronakriisinhallinnassa. Tutkimus toteutettiin systemaattisella kirjallisuuskatsauksella ja media-analyysilla. Media-analyysilla tutkittiin, mistä teemoista suomalaisessa mediassa keskustellaan terveydenhuollon tietojärjestelmistä ja kriisinhallinnasta. Media-analyysi toteutettiin analysoimalla vuosien 2020–2022 mediakirjoituksia Suomen viidestä suurimmasta sanomalehdestä: Aamulehdestä, Helsingin Sanomista, Kalevasta, Keskisuomalaisesta ja Turun Sanomista. Media-analyysista ilmeni, että mediassa keskustellaan kriisinhallinnan yhteydessä kansainvälisestä sekä kansallisen tason toimijoiden välisestä yhteistyöstä, tiedosta ja tiedottamisesta sekä kriisinhallinnan mallin mukaisista kriisin vaiheista. Kriisin vaiheet ovat kriisin havaitseminen, ennaltaehkäiseminen ja varautuminen, vahinkojen rajoittaminen, kriisistä toipuminen sekä oppiminen. Terveydenhuollon tietojärjestelmistä keskustellaan mediassa tietoturvasta, datan ja tietojärjestelmien virheistä ja viiveistä, sähköisestä terveydenhuollosta sekä terveydenhuollon henkilöstöstä. Tutkimuksen tuloksena on, että terveydenhuollon tietojärjestelmät nousevat mediakirjoituksiin, kun tietojärjestelmissä ilmenee haasteita, kustannuksia, hoitotyötä rasittavia ominaisuuksia, virheitä tai viiveitä. Virheitä ja viiveitä esiintyi koronakriisissä muun muassa tartuntaluvuissa sekä koronarokotustodistuksissa. Terveydenhuollon tietojärjestelmät ovat kuitenkin mediassa usein yhteistyön, koronarokotuksien, päätöksenteon, ja sähköisen terveydenhuollon taustalla mahdollistamassa kriisinhallinnan toimintoja. Terveydenhuollon tietojärjestelmiä hyödynnetään Suomessa sähköisessä terveydenhuollossa muun muassa kansalaisten digitaalisessa Omaolo-palvelussa, jota on käytetty koronakriisissä potilaiden koronaoireiden seuraamisessa. Jotta terveydenhuollon tietojärjestelmiä pystyttiin hyödyntämään kriisinhallinnassa, tietojärjestelmiin tarvittiin muutoksia mahdollistamaan muun muassa koronapotilaiden kirjaamisen tietojärjestelmiin sekä koronarokotustodistuksien luomisen.

The article addresses Giorgio Agamben’s critical commentary on the global governance of the Covid-19 pandemic as a paradigm of his political thought. While Agamben’s comments have been criticized as exaggerated and conspiratorial, they arise from the conceptual constellation that he has developed starting from the first volume of his Homo Sacer series. At the centre of this constellation is the relation between the concepts of sovereign power and bare life, whose articulation in the figure of homo sacer Agamben traces from the Antiquity to the present. We shall demonstrate that any such articulation is impossible due to the belonging of these concepts to different planes, respectively empirical and transcendental, which Agamben brings together in a problematic fashion. His account of the sovereign state of exception collapses a plurality of empirical states of exception into a zone of indistinction between different exceptional states and the normal state and then elevates this very indistinction to the transcendental condition of intelligibility of politics as such. Conversely, the notion of bare life, originally posited as the transcendental condition of possibility of positive forms of life, is recast as an empirical figure, whose sole form is the absence of form. We conclude that this problematic articulation should be abandoned for a theory that rather highlights the non-relation between sovereign power and bare life, which conditions the possibility of resistance and transformation that remains obscure in Agamben’s thought.

The daily life of early childhood education and care (ECE) in Finland changed due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the spring of 2020. The pandemic has had a significant impact on society at many levels, and it also has affected the work and workload of ECE leaders and the realisation of leadership. The aim of this research was to investigate ECE leadersʼ views on pedagogical leadership from the perspective of opportunities and challenges during exceptional times. The research uses the conceptualisation of broad-based pedagogical leadership as an analytical framework. The data consisted of the responses of ECE leaders (n = 492) to an electronic survey conducted in February 2021. There were several sections in the questionnaire, and in our research, we focused on two open questions concerning pedagogical leadership. In their responses, ECE leaders dealt with contrasting experiences of exceptional time leadership. Some leaders perceived that there was more time for pedagogical leadership than before; some felt the opposite. The widespread use of digital devices and programs that allowed distance working, meetings, and education brought significant changes to ECE. The success of strategic pedagogical leadership contributed to the development of practices and pedagogy; distance education was developed in many centres. The leaders highlighted the importance of leading the staff to ensure their well-being, professional competence, and capacity building. peerReviewed

The COVlD-19 pandemic has dramatically affected all aspects of professional and private life worldwide, including the field of early childhood education and care (ECE). This volume sheds light on leadership in ECE: How did leaders experience the challenges they were facing and what coping strategies did they apply in order to deal with the changes in everyday life and practices in ECE centres? Authors from twelve countries present empirical findings gaining information on different crisis management mechanisms in ECE systems around the world. peerReviewed

Korona oli akuutti terveyskriisi, joka kärjisti samalla suuren määrän muita kriisejä. Globaalit turvallisuusuhat ja ilmastonmuutos johdannaisineen kasvattivat kriisisuman monihäiriötilaksi. Saamme koronakriisin hoidosta arvokasta oppia tulevien päällekkäisten häiriötilojen hallintaan, kirjoittaa Suomen Akatemian yhteydessä toimivan strategisen tutkimuksen PANDEMICS-ryhmä. nonPeerReviewed

The exceptional circumstances during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020-2021 caused unexpected challenges for the leaders in Early Childhood Education (ECE) centres. The range of measures implemented for preventing the infection from spreading reduced opportunities for face-to-face communication and changed the form of professional cooperation. All that has affected the working conditions and work well-being of the leaders. In this article we examine the ECE centre leaders' experiences regarding stress, their coping strategies and coping resources according to the Lazarus & Folkman (1984) stress model during the COVID-19-pandemic in Finland, Germany and Israel. The aim is to understand leaders' work performance in a crisis situation in these three different societies and to provide information that support leadership in practice as well as the future training of leaders to make them more prepared to lead rapid changes. Further, the findings aim at supporting ECE centres in becoming more resilient to face the challenges of post covid time and future crises (e.g., climate change). This article examines the topic from the perspective of case studies from three countries and combines these findings with differences and similarities as lessons learned. The data are ECE centre leaders’ interviews from Finland (N=23), Germany (N=35) and Israel (N=19). The data were analyzed by employing the Lazarus and Folkman’s (1984) model of stress and coping. The findings indicate that communication and emotional support of colleagues and superiors are essential in supporting the well-being of ECE professionals.

Background Identifying common factors that affect public adherence to COVID-19 containment measures can directly inform the development of official public health communication strategies. The present international longitudinal study aimed to examine whether prosociality, together with other theoretically derived motivating factors (self-efficacy, perceived susceptibility and severity of COVID-19, perceived social support) predict the change in adherence to COVID-19 containment strategies. Method In wave 1 of data collection, adults from eight geographical regions completed online surveys beginning in April 2020, and wave 2 began in June and ended in September 2020. Hypothesized predictors included prosociality, self-efficacy in following COVID-19 containment measures, perceived susceptibility to COVID-19, perceived severity of COVID-19 and perceived social support. Baseline covariates included age, sex, history of COVID-19 infection and geographical regions. Participants who reported adhering to specific containment measures, including physical distancing, avoidance of non-essential travel and hand hygiene, were classified as adherence. The dependent variable was the category of adherence, which was constructed based on changes in adherence across the survey period and included four categories: non-adherence, less adherence, greater adherence and sustained adherence (which was designated as the reference category). Results In total, 2189 adult participants (82% female, 57.2% aged 31–59 years) from East Asia (217 [9.7%]), West Asia (246 [11.2%]), North and South America (131 [6.0%]), Northern Europe (600 [27.4%]), Western Europe (322 [14.7%]), Southern Europe (433 [19.8%]), Eastern Europe (148 [6.8%]) and other regions (96 [4.4%]) were analyzed. Adjusted multinomial logistic regression analyses showed that prosociality, self-efficacy, perceived susceptibility and severity of COVID-19 were significant factors affecting adherence. Participants with greater self-efficacy at wave 1 were less likely to become non-adherence at wave 2 by 26% (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.74; 95% CI, 0.71 to 0.77; P P = .04). Conclusions This study provides evidence that in addition to emphasizing the potential severity of COVID-19 and the potential susceptibility to contact with the virus, fostering self-efficacy in following containment strategies and prosociality appears to be a viable public health education or communication strategy to combat COVID-19.

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Public sector organisations have traditionally used mass media and their own communication channels to communicate urgent matters to citizens. However, the COVID-19 pandemic has forced these organisations to look for new communication approaches. In Finland, several public-sector organisations collaborated with social media influencers (SMIs) to maximise their efforts in communicating about the measures needed to constrain the spread of the virus. Using a multiple-case study design, this chapter scrutinises four public-sector organisations and their collaboration with SMIs during the pandemic in 2020. We found that public organisations turned to SMIs through influencer marketing and influencer public relations to approach citizens in a personalised and emotional way to create a sense of community. This finding suggests expanding the previous categorisations of public communication campaigns and examining not only the purposes of the campaigns (behaviour change—policy change) but also their main appeal to citizens (information-centric—emotion-centric). While the campaigns appeared as efforts towards controlling the risks of the prevailing pandemic, they also appeared to entail possible risks. peerReviewed

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic is a massive health crisis that has exerted enormous physical and psychological pressure. Mental healthcare for healthcare workers (HCWs) should receive serious consideration. This study served to determine the mental-health outcomes of 1,556 HCWs from 45 countries who participated in the COVID-19 IMPACT project, and to examine the predictors of the outcomes during the first pandemic wave. Methods: Outcomes assessed were self-reported perceived stress, depression symptom, and sleep changes. The predictors examined included sociodemographic factors and perceived social support. Results: The results demonstrated that half of the HCWs had moderate levels of perceived stress and symptoms of depression. Half of the HCWs (n = 800, 51.4%) had similar sleeping patterns since the pandemic started, and one in four slept more or slept less. HCWs reported less perceived stress and depression symptoms and higher levels of perceived social support than the general population who participated in the same project. Predictors associated with higher perceived stress and symptoms of depression among HCWs included female sex, not having children, living with parents, lower educational level, and lower social support. Discussion: The need for establishing ways to mitigate mental-health risks and adjusting psychological interventions and support for HCWs seems to be significant as the pandemic continues.

The ongoing ecological crisis and the more recent Coronavirus crisis challenge the grand narrative of Enlightenment that human beings are ‘masters of nature’. For millennia, human social learning has allowed Homo sapiens to outpace most of our competitor creatures and live a comfortable life, but this competitive success has resulted in cataclysmic failure for the ecosystem. However, people’s unique ability to learn gives us hope that we can overcome the nested crises, or learn to live with them. What is required is not more knowledge, but instead, collective learning to change practices, institutionalized in educational processes. Drawing on the theory of practice architectures, this paper discusses how education can help to form a new generation of children, young people, and adults equipped for the new post-Corona world, and equipped to respond appropriately to the eco-crisis. This requires significant changes to existing arrangements of education systems. What is needed is new practice architectures–new conditions of possibility–under which human beings can learn to live sustainably within the community of life on Earth. acceptedVersion

COVID-19 hit the global economy hard in early 2020, and airline industry was among the biggest commercial victims. Governments closed borders, the virus scared off travelers and the aircraft stayed on the ground to a large extent. The forecasted record year turned out to be the worst in the history of aviation. This study focused on the concerns of airline customers and analyzed the differences between the customer behavior in two focus markets, Finland and Sweden. The article is based on a questionnaire and the answers of 2004 airline customers. The results show that even though the overall COVID-19 strategy was very different between the focus markets, the same concerns still arose. The main concerns were related to quarantines and convenience of traveling, but health was also a major worry. The impact on climate change and public opinion were among the least concerning factors for most. The Swedes were less concerned about the quarantine upon returning, which may not be surprising due to their more liberal COVID-19 strategy at the time. Other attributes that were analyzed (gender, airline loyalty tier, age) suggest that females are categorically more concerned than males, the travel-related annoyances affect all travelers regardless of the tier and that travelers from different age groups are concerned about different aspects of traveling during a pandemic. The data gathering for this research was carried out in collaboration with Finnair, Finland’s national carrier. publishedVersion

In this nonconfirmatory qualitative study, we pursued a range of hypotheses regarding how gaming operates in the lives and psychosocial wellbeing of those who actively play videogames during a crisis, such as the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Informed by an explorative survey (N = 793), interpretive phenomenological analysis was applied to interview data from actively gaming Chinese (n = 10) and Finnish (n = 10) participants. Our findings demonstrate how the general increase of pandemic-time gaming did not manifest in all player groups, but in some life contexts gaming activity rather decreased along with reformations in subjective meaning hierarchies and values. Ultimately, eight subordinate themes were refined into testable hypotheses. The study encourages policies that promote socially supportive gaming during pandemic-like situations to consider including personally meaningful solitary play in their recommendations and highlighting context-specificity over generalization. Finally, as almost all our data points echoing experiences of decreasing gaming activity came from China, we stress the importance of culturally diverse samples in the psychological study of global phenomena.

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic fundamentally disrupted humans’ social life and behavior. Public health measures may have inadvertently impacted how people care for each other. This study investigated prosocial behavior, its association well-being, and predictors of prosocial behavior during the first COVID-19 pandemic lockdown and sought to understand whether region-specific differences exist. Participants (N = 9,496) from eight regions clustering multiple countries around the world responded to a cross-sectional online-survey investigating the psychological consequences of the first upsurge of lockdowns in spring 2020. Prosocial behavior was reported to occur frequently. Multiple regression analyses showed that prosocial behavior was associated with better well-being consistently across regions. With regard to predictors of prosocial behavior, high levels of perceived social support were most strongly associated with prosocial behavior, followed by high levels of perceived stress, positive affect and psychological flexibility. Sociodemographic and psychosocial predictors of prosocial behavior were similar across regions. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

The COVID-19 pandemic has had unprecedented health, economic, and social consequences worldwide. Although contact reductions and wearing face coverings have reduced infection rates, and vaccines have reduced illness severity, emergence of new variants of the coronavirus that causes COVID-19, and the shift from pandemic to endemic patterns of infection, highlights the importance of ongoing preventive behavior adherence to manage future outbreaks. Research applying social cognition theories may assist in explaining variance in these behaviors and inform the development of efficacious behavior change interventions to promote adherence. In the present article, we summarize research applying these theories to identify modifiable determinants of COVID-19 preventive behaviors and the mechanisms involved, and their utility in informing interventions. We identify limitations of these applications (e.g., overreliance on correlational data, lack of long-term behavioral follow-up), and suggest how they can be addressed. We demonstrate the virtue of augmenting theories with additional constructs (e.g., moral norms, anticipated regret) and processes (e.g., multiple action phases, automatic processes) to provide comprehensive, parsimonious behavioral explanations. We also outline how the theories contribute to testing mechanisms of action of behavioral interventions. Finally, we recommend future studies applying these theories to inform and test interventions to promote COVID-19 preventive behavior adherence. peerReviewed

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The worldwide outbreak of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) and the likelihood of future pandemics has raised the attention to the effects of pandemics on the psychological well-being of individuals. Given their indispensable role in such situations, healthcare workers are at greater risk of mental health issues. This paper aimed to review the mediators of psychological well-being among healthcare workers responding to global pandemics. After registration on PROSPERO, a systematic review was performed in four databases. Following study selection (PRISMA guidelines), inclusion criteria and analysis methods were assessed. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the EPHPP criteria. Out of 1467 references, 39 studies were included in this review. In most studies, worse well-being outcomes, such as stress, depressive symptoms, anxiety, and burnout were related to demographic characteristics, direct contact with infected patients, and poor perceived support. In turn, self-efficacy, coping ability, altruism, and support from employers and organisations were found to be protective factors. Despite some limitations in the quality of the available evidence, this review highlights the prevalence of poor mental health outcomes in healthcare workers responding to global pandemics. Future interventions should target the identified mediators to promote psychological well-being among this population, particularly social and organisational support, which may improve workers’ mental health and reduce burnout and turnover.

The historical potential of flux in this unique moment : Conceptually highlighting an opportunity for praxis-driven change

Author(s): Hamilton, Kyra; Smith, Stephanie R; Keech, Jacob J; Moyers, Susette A; Hagger, Martin S | Abstract: BackgroundThis study examined the social cognition determinants of social distancing behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic in samples from Australia and the US guided by the health action process approach (HAPA).MethodsParticipants (Australia: Nn=n495, 50.1% women; US: Nn=n701, 48.9% women) completed HAPA social cognition constructs at an initial time-point (T1), and one week later (T2) self-reported their social distancing behavior.ResultsSingle-indicator structural equation models that excluded and included past behavior exhibited adequate fit with the data. Intention and action control were significant predictors of social distancing behavior in both samples, and intention predicted action and coping planning in the US sample. Self-efficacy and action control were significant predictors of intention in both samples, with attitudes predicting intention in the Australia sample and risk perceptions predicting intention in the US sample. Significant indirect effects of social cognition constructs through intentions were observed. Inclusion of past behavior attenuated model effects. Multigroup analysis revealed no differences in model fit across samples, suggesting that observed variations in the parameter estimates were relatively trivial.ConclusionResults indicate that social distancing is a function of motivational and volitional processes. This knowledge can be used to inform messaging regarding social distancing during COVID-19 and in future pandemics.

Meitä edelleen kiusaavan pandemian alettua suomalainen yhteiskunta pysähtyi tai joutui muuttamaan käytäntöjään monella toiminta-alueella. Yksi koko yhteiskuntaa heijasteleva toiminta-alue oli koululaitos eri tasoillaan. Marja-Kristiina Lerkkanen tarkastelee artikkelissaan tuoreisiin tutkimustuloksiin perustuen opettajien työn ja työtilanteen muuttumista ja sen heijastumista niin oppilaisiin kuin koko koulun toimintaan. Esiin nousevat koulujen ja kotien resurssit selvitä muuttuneessa tilanteessa sekä täysin uudesta tilanteesta saatavat opit tulevaisuutta ajatellen. nonPeerReviewed

Previous studies have reported a decrease in air pollution levels following the enforcement of lockdown measures during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, these investigations were mostly based on simple pre-post comparisons using past years as a reference and did not assess the role of different policy interventions. This study contributes to knowledge by quantifying the association between specific lockdown measures and the decrease in NO2, O3, PM2.5, and PM10 levels across 47 European cities. It also estimated the number of avoided deaths during the period. This paper used new modelled data from the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) to define business-as-usual and lockdown scenarios of daily air pollution trends. This study applies a spatio-temporal Bayesian non-linear mixed effect model to quantify the changes in pollutant concentrations associated with the stringency indices of individual policy measures. The results indicated non-linear associations with a stronger decrease in NO2 compared to PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations at very strict policy levels. Differences across interventions were also identified, specifically the strong effects of actions linked to school/workplace closure, limitations on gatherings, and stay-at-home requirements. Finally, the observed decrease in pollution potentially resulted in hundreds of avoided deaths across Europe. This research had free and open access to all data sources. The work described in this paper has received funding from European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) on behalf the European Union through commercial contract Ref. CAMS_95p. Several CAMS Regional Models of the CAMS_50 Service contributed to the present work (CHIMERE, LOTOS-EUROS, MINNI, MOCAGE, MONARCH, SILAM) under CAMS_71 coordination. CAMS_COP066 service provided the lockdown emissions information. O.J. and M.G. thankfully acknowledge the computer resources at Marenostrum and the technical support provided by Barcelona Supercomputing Center (RES-AECT-2020-1-0007). SILAM model runs was also funded by Finnish Academy GLORIA project (No310372). The study was supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Project Exhaustion (Grant ID: 820655). Peer Reviewed "Article signat per 18 autors/es: Rochelle Schneider, Pierre Masselot, Ana M. Vicedo-Cabrera, Francesco Sera, Marta Blangiardo, Chiara Forlani, John Douros, Oriol Jorba, Mario Adani, Rostislav Kouznetsov, Florian Couvidat, Joaquim Arteta, Blandine Raux, Marc Guevara, Augustin Colette, Jérôme Barré, Vincent-Henri Peuch & Antonio Gasparrini "

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The COVID-19 pandemic has affected our lives in many ways since the end of 2019. This paper investigates the everyday lives of Finnish older persons during the first three months of the pandemic when they were required to stay in “quarantine-like conditions.” The study utilises the ‘sociology of nothing’ in exploring the meanings of nothingness in the everyday lives of older people; that is, the things, events and people that were absent from their lives because of the pandemic. The main interest of the article is to reverse the typical analytical focus from ‘things that happened’ to ‘things that did not happen’ and to shed light on the experiences and descriptions of older persons' unlived lives. The article presents empirical findings from written letters collected between April and June 2020 from persons aged 70 or over (n = 77). The letters were analysed with theory-driven content analysis. The paper suggests that the unlived life; that is, not having, not being and not doing, generated feelings of otherness from the social world, but also freedom from obligations. Furthermore, the present article gives a sense of how old age is depicted in Finnish society and by the older persons themselves. peerReviewed

COVID-19 has revealed how challenging it is to manage global, systemic and compounding crises. Like COVID-19, climate change impacts, and maladaptive responses to them, have potential to disrupt societies at multiple scales via networks of trade, finance, mobility and communication, and to impact hardest on the most vulnerable. However, these complex systems can also facilitate resilience if managed effectively. This review aims to distil lessons related to the transboundary management of systemic risks from the COVID-19 experience, to inform climate change policy and resilience building. Evidence from diverse fields is synthesised to illustrate the nature of systemic risks and our evolving understanding of resilience. We describe research methods that aim to capture systemic complexity to inform better management practices and increase resil-ience to crises. Finally, we recommend specific, practical actions for improving transboundary climate risk management and resilience building. These include mapping the direct, cross-border and cross-sectoral impacts of potential climate extremes, adopting adaptive risk management strategies that embrace heterogenous decision-making and uncertainty, and taking a broader approach to resilience which elevates human wellbeing, including societal and ecological resilience. Funding Agencies|European CommissionEuropean CommissionEuropean Commission Joint Research Centre [821010]; RECEIPT (REmote Climate Effects and their Impact on European sustainability, Policy and Trade) project [820712]

Ohjausalan kansainvälisen keskusjärjestön IAEVG:n kansainvälinen konferenssi toteutettiin 6.-8.12.2022 hybridinä, eli niin että osallistuminen oli mahdollista niin paikan päällä kuin verkossa. Konferenssin järjestäjänä Koreassa toimivat kansallinen nuorisoasioita ja -politiikkaa käsittelevä tutkimuslaitos National Youth Policy Institute (NYPI) yhteistyössä mm. Aasian alueellisten ohjausalan yhdistysten kanssa. nonPeerReviewed

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Artikkeli selvittää COVID-19-pandemian ajallisia ja intersubjektiivisia ulottuvuuksia eksistentiaalisen fenomenologian näkökulmasta. Teoreettisena lähtökohtana ovat erityisesti Martin Heideggerin ja Jean-Paul Sartren ajallisuuden ja autenttisuuden analyysit sekä Edmund Husserlin kuvaus uskomuksista pidättäytymisestä (epokhē). Esitän, että pandemian alkuvaiheen erityislaatuinen ajallinen ulottuvuus liittyy maailmavarmuuden järkkymiseen ja elämän haurauden kohtaamiseen. Kun kuoleman mahdollisuus hallitsee inhimillistä kanssakäymistä, olemassaoloa alkaa luonnehtia odotus ”normaaliin” palaamisesta ja nykyisyyden todellisuus hämärtyy. Analysoin tätä problematiikkaa ennen kaikkea epokhēn, autenttisuuden, Hingehaltenheitin ja välitilan käsitteiden avulla. Lisäksi kuvaan, miten pandemia, joka toi esiin yksilöiden erilaiset tavat kohdata uusi tilanne, kyseenalaisti myös käsitykset jaetusta rationaalisuudesta. peerReviewed

Tarkastelen tutkielmassa väkivaltatyöntekijöiden kuvauksia lapsiperheiden avun tarpeista ja avun saamisesta lähisuhdeväkivaltaan koronapandemian aikana. Lähestyn aihetta hyödyntämällä haavoittuvuuden ja osallisuuden teoreettisia viitekehyksiä. Tutkimuskysymykset ovat: 1) Miten väkivaltatyöntekijät kuvaavat lapsiperheiden tilannetta, avun tarpeita ja avun hakemisen haasteita koronapandemian aikana? 2) Miten palvelujärjestelmässä ja väkivaltatyössä on onnistuttu auttamaan lapsiperheitä pandemian aikana? Tutkimusaineisto koostuu turvakodeissa ja väkivaltatyön avopalveluissa työskentelevien ammattilaisten fokusryhmähaastatteluista. Haastatteluaineisto on analysoitu teemoittelulla ja sisällönanalyysilla hyödyntämällä teoriaohjaavaa tutkimusotetta. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on tuoda esiin ammattilaisten näkemyksiä lapsiperheiden avun tarpeista ja niihin vastaamisen haasteista pandemian aikana. Tarkastelen ammattilaisten kuvauksia pandemian vaikutuksista avun saamisen prosessiin, joka koostuu avun hakemisesta, väkivaltatyöhön ohjautumisesta, väkivaltatyön järjestämisestä ja väkivaltatyön jälkeisen jatkoavun turvaamisesta. Tarkastelen erityisesti palvelujärjestelmän toimintaa, väkivaltatyön toteutumista ja palveluiden välistä yhteistyötä lapsiperheiden väkivaltaspesifin avun järjestämisessä. Väkivaltatyöntekijöiden kuvausten mukaan koronapandemia on vaikuttanut lapsiperheiden elämäntilanteisiin, avun tarpeisiin ja avun saamisen prosessin kaikkiin vaiheisiin. Työntekijöiden kuvauksissa väkivallan riskit ovat lisääntyneet pandemiaolosuhteissa, kotoa poistuminen on vaikeutunut, lapset ovat altistuneet enemmän väkivallalle ja vanhempien kuormitus on lisääntynyt. Työntekijät ilmaisivat huolta lapsiperheiden määrän vähenemisestä turvakodeissa ja kertoivat avun hakemiseen liittyvien kynnysten kasvaneen. Väkivaltatyöhön suuntautuvan palveluohjauksen haasteina näyttäytyivät perheiden vähentyneet kasvokkaiset palvelukohtaamiset väkivallan tunnistamiseksi, puheeksi ottamiseksi ja luottamuksellisten asiakassuhteiden muodostamiseksi. Työntekijät kuvasivat pandemian rajoittaneen etenkin haavoittuvissa elämäntilanteissa olevien avun saamista. Mahdollisuudet palveluohjaukselle ja luottamuksellisten suhteiden muodostamiselle ovat heikentyneet kasvokkaisten palvelukohtaamisten vähentymisen myötä. Väkivaltatyössä työntekijät kuvasivat vähentyneitä mahdollisuuksia yhteisöllisyyden toteuttamiselle sekä ryhmä- ja vertaistoiminnan katkoksia. Verkostoyhteistyön koettiin kuitenkin nopeutuneen ja tehostuneen etätyömuotojen käyttöönoton myötä. Toisaalta haasteita etäyhteyksin tapahtuvassa verkostotyössä tuottivat monimutkaiset perhetilanteet. Väkivaltatyön jälkeinen jatko-ohjaus näyttäytyi avun jatkuvuuden turvaamisen riskikohtana. Palveluketjujen katkeamattomuuden turvaaminen on todettu väkivaltatyön ja palveluiden yhteensovittamisen haasteeksi jo ennen pandemiaa. Haasteet korostuvat pandemian aikana kuormittuneissa palveluissa ja palveluiden yhteensovittamiseen tarvittavien rakenteiden heiveröisyyden vuoksi. Työntekijöiden huoli lapsiperheiden avun saamisesta pandemian aikana kohdistuu erityisesti lapsiperheiden palveluosallisuuden toteutumiseen. Tutkimustulosten mukaan osallisuus palveluissa rakentuu perheiden kohtaamisesta, lasten ja perheiden havainnoinnista, luottamuksellisten suhteiden rakentamisesta, väkivallan puheeksi ottamisesta ja palveluohjauksesta väkivaltatyön palveluihin. Osallisuutta palveluissa voidaan vahvistaa tunnistamalla väkivalta ja ottamalla se puheeksi kaikissa lapsiperheiden käyttämissä palveluissa sekä kiinnittämällä huomiota väkivaltatyöhön suuntautuvaan ja väkivaltatyön jälkeiseen palveluohjaukseen. Lisäksi palveluissa on tunnistettava eri tavoin haavoittuvia elämäntilanteita. Erityisesti useita haavoittuvuuksia kokevien perheiden kohdalla osallisuuden merkitys korostuu avun saamisen turvaamisessa. Palveluosallisuuden vahvistamisen edellytykset ovat pandemian aikana heikentyneet palveluissa tapahtuneiden muutosten vuoksi sekä palvelujärjestelmän rakenteellisista syistä. Haavoittuvissa elämäntilanteissa olevien perheiden avun saavutettavuuteen ja palveluosallisuuteen on pandemian myötä kiinnitettävä erityistä huomiota. In this master’s thesis I examine violence work professionals’ perceptions on seeking and getting help for domestic violence in families with children during COVID-19 pandemic. I approach the subject by using the theoretical frameworks for vulnerability and inclusion. The research questions are: 1) How do violence work professionals describe the situations of families with children, their needs for help and the challenges of seeking help during the pandemic? 2) How has the service system and violence work managed to organize help for families with children during the pandemic? The research data consists of focus group interviews with professionals working in shelters and open care services for violence work. The data has been analysed by using methods of thematic analysis, content analysis and theory-guiding approach. The aim of the study is to highlight professionals' views on the needs of help for families with children and the challenges of responding to them during the pandemic. I examine the professionals' descriptions of the effects of the pandemic on the process of getting help, which consists of seeking help, service coordination to violence work, organizing violence work and service coordination after leaving the shelter. The focus is on the service system, the implementation of violence work and cooperation between services in organizing violence work and help for families with children. Violence work professionals described that the pandemic has affected the family situations, increased the needs for help and affected all stages of the process of getting help. The professionals described an increased risks of violence in changed conditions: leaving home has become more difficult, children have been exposed to more violence, and parental strain has increased. The professionals were concerned about the decreased number of children in shelters and discussed about the increase in thresholds for seeking help. The challenges of service coordination directed to violence services were the reduced opportunities to ask about and identify violence and form confidential relationships with clients due to reduced face-to-face service encounters. Professionals emphasized the importance of confidential relationships between clients and professionals. Violence workers described that the pandemic has limited the access to help especially for those in vulnerable life situations. In violence work, employees described reduced communality and interruptions in peer support groups. However, network cooperation was seen as more efficient with new opportunities for remote working. On the other hand, working remotely with complex family situations was seen as a challenge. Service coordination after leaving the shelter was seen as a risk point where families can "drop out" from the service system and be left without sufficient help. Safeguarding the continuity and coordination of services has been identified as a challenge even before the pandemic. The challenges become even more evident when the structural weaknesses of service coordination face the load of service system caused by the pandemic. Workers were especially concerned about the lack of inclusion of families in services and how that affects getting help. From the perspective of violence work, inclusion in services is based on face-to-face encounters, observation of children and families, building confidential relationships, asking about violence, and directing families to violence work services. Inclusion in services can be strengthened by identifying and addressing violence in all services and by strengthening service coordination before and after violence work. Particularly for families experiencing multiple vulnerabilities, the importance of inclusion is highlighted in securing sufficient help. The possibilities to enhance inclusion of families in services has been weakened during the pandemic due to changes in services and structural problems in the service system. Particular attention must be paid to the accessibility and inclusion in services when securing help for families in vulnerable situations.