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This review is aimed at exploring the use of remote sensing technology with a focus on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in monitoring and management of palm pests and diseases with a special focus on date palms. It highlights the most common sensor types, ranging from passive sensors such as RGB, multispectral, hyperspectral, and thermal as well as active sensors such as light detection and ranging (LiDAR), expounding on their unique functions and gains as far as the detection of pest infestation and disease symptoms is concerned. Indices derived from UAV multispectral and hyperspectral sensors are used to assess their usefulness in vegetation health monitoring and plant physiological changes. Other UAVs are equipped with thermal sensors to identify water stress and temperature anomalies associated with the presence of pests and diseases. Furthermore, the review discusses how LiDAR technology can be used to capture detailed 3D canopy structures as well as volume changes that may occur during the progressing stages of a date palm infection. Besides, the paper examines how machine learning algorithms have been incorporated into remote sensing technologies to ensure high accuracy levels in detecting diseases or pests. This paper aims to present a comprehensive outline for future research focusing on modern methodologies, technological improvements, and direction for the efficient application of UAV-based remote sensing in managing palm tree pests and diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iron (Fe) plays a fundamental role in the nutrition of plants, yet its role in oil palm remains understudied. This study aims to unlock the role of Fe by analyzing its cycling and export different stages of oil palm tree growth. The experiment was conducted in Thailand, Pará State (Brazil), in a dystrophic Yellow Ferralsol, in a split-block, with four replications and seven treatments (plant age; 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8). The concentration, accumulation, recycling, immobilization, and export of Fe were evaluated, in addition to Fe use efficiency, in all plant organs. Analysis of variance (p < 0.05) was carried out on the results and regression model adjustments. The concentration and accumulation of Fe in the stem was greatest at the eighth year of the plants, and the fruit had higher Fe export values in the eighth year of the oil palm as well. As plants aged, the Fe concentration, accumulation, export, and use efficiency increased. Oil palm accumulates and immobilizes more Fe in its organs than it exports, a fact that contributes to the cycling and nutrition of the Fe in the plant. This research paves the way for future studies to explore how Fe can be optimized in oil palm trees to unlock their full potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphate compounds, particularly bioavailable forms like PO43-, are critical contributors to eutrophication. In this study, MgO-KOH/biochar was used as a binding agent in the Diffusive Gradient in Thin Films (DGT) technique to enhance phosphate detection. The adsorbent was synthesized from biochar derived from palm oil waste, activated with KOH to increase surface area, and combined with MgO for enhanced adsorption efficiency. The adsorption process followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model, indicating that chemical interactions dominated the adsorption mechanism. Under different pH levels and phosphate concentrations, the material showed a good selectivity for orthophosphate, achieving an adsorption capacity of approximately 100 mg/g. Characterization via FTIR, XRD, and SAA confirmed the successful synthesis of MgO-KOH/biochar and its structural properties, which contributed to its performance. Additionally, the MgO-KOH/biochar DGT device demonstrated better efficiency in adsorbing PO443- compared to conventional ferrihydrite-based DGT systems, positioning it as a highly effective tool for monitoring bioavailable phosphates in aquatic environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Palm oil, derived from Elaeis guineensis, is a critical component of the global edible oil and industrial fat market. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the sustainability of the palm oil chain, focusing on industrial applications, environmental implications, and economic sustainability. The processing of palm oil, from fruit pulp to refined oil, is detailed, highlighting the importance of refining in maintaining quality and extending application ranges. While palm oil offers health benefits because of its rich fatty acid composition and antioxidant properties, its production poses significant environmental challenges. This review underscores ongoing efforts to balance technological and culinary demands with environmental stewardship and sustainable economic growth. Emerging trends, including interspecific hybrids such as E. guineensis and E. oleifera, are discussed for their potential to increase sustainability and productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is of significant importance as it sheds light on the unique concept of harmony in the culture of Rote Island, Indonesia, and its potential for global application. The study, conducted between April and November 2021, revealed that Rote Island’s harmony concept offers notable advantages, such as cultural genuineness, durability, inclusiveness, and environmental consciousness. These findings are crucial for promoting global harmony while preserving local identities. The study’s framework, based on indigenous wisdom, provides essential insights for fostering unity on a larger scale, and the articulated policies emphasize the need for additional research and efforts to enhance understanding and practical implementation of this concept across diverse cultural settings. This research was conducted using a qualitative methodology between April and November 2021. The study employed interviews, observations, and documentation analysis to gain profound insights into the harmony concept of Rote Island. The study proposes that Rote Island’s notion of harmony can serve as a beneficial paradigm for promoting global harmony while preserving local identities. It emphasizes the need for additional research and efforts to enhance understanding and practical implementation of this concept across diverse cultural settings. The revised abstract incorporates the requested changes, including the importance of the work, key results, study time, framework, methods, and central policies.

Butia spp. is a palm tree native to southern Brazil and Uruguay. The fruits are consumed fresh and used to make many food products, while the leaves are commonly used to make crafts. In January 2018, severe symptoms of wilt and drying were identified in clusters of Butia odorata occurring on the leaf and the rachis (in a proportion of 50% of leaf area). The pathogen was isolated from a stump extracted from a symptomatic tree. The morphologic characters showed a presence of macroconidia and microconidia with a classic salmon color of some species of the Fusarium genus. The molecular identification of the locus of actin (ACT), calmodulin (CAL), factor elongation 1-alpha (TEF1) and histone (HIS3), confirmed the identity of Fusarium anthophilum. This finding will help growers and agronomists prevent and manage this disease. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of Fusarium antophilum causing disease in Butia odorata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Trees are one of the appropriate biological indicators in industrial areas and factories, and by monitoring them; it is possible to determine the state of heavy metal contamination of soil resources. This research was carried out with the aim of biological monitoring of heavy metals lead, cadmium, nickel and iron using plant biomarkers of Prosopis juliflora and Phoenix dactylifera in Shadgan Steel Factory. Methods: According to the geographical location of the factory, 4 stations were selected, where 24 soil samples and 72 leaf samples were collected randomly with 3 repetitions, from 4 different geographical directions. In order to investigate the bioaccumulation of metals in tree leaves, the bioaccumulation coefficient was used. Results: The results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) show that there was a significant difference between soil, palm tree and mesquite groups for the concentration of lead, cadmium, nickel and iron metals (P0.05) and this could be due to the accumulation in the lower parts of the plant, hence Phoenix dactylifera tree leaves and Prosopis juliflora is not a suitable biomarker for this metal. Considering that absorption through the soil is low, there is a possibility of pollutants entering through dry atmospheric precipitation. The accumulation potential of lead, cadmium, nickel and iron heavy metals was higher in Phoenix dactylifera tree than in Prosopis juliflora.

This review is aimed at exploring the use of remote sensing technology with a focus on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in monitoring and management of palm pests and diseases with a special focus on date palms. It highlights the most common sensor types, ranging from passive sensors such as RGB, multispectral, hyperspectral, and thermal as well as active sensors such as light detection and ranging (LiDAR), expounding on their unique functions and gains as far as the detection of pest infestation and disease symptoms is concerned. Indices derived from UAV multispectral and hyperspectral sensors are used to assess their usefulness in vegetation health monitoring and plant physiological changes. Other UAVs are equipped with thermal sensors to identify water stress and temperature anomalies associated with the presence of pests and diseases. Furthermore, the review discusses how LiDAR technology can be used to capture detailed 3D canopy structures as well as volume changes that may occur during the progressing stages of a date palm infection. Besides, the paper examines how machine learning algorithms have been incorporated into remote sensing technologies to ensure high accuracy levels in detecting diseases or pests. This paper aims to present a comprehensive outline for future research focusing on modern methodologies, technological improvements, and direction for the efficient application of UAV-based remote sensing in managing palm tree pests and diseases.

This study is basically and centrally focused on the review of the extant literature in exploring the challenge of the under-utilization of natural fertile land for the cultivation and farming of different crops such as cocoa, palm tree, and cassava, which remain an important sector of the economy for sustainable socio-economic development in the southern part of Nigeria. The review of the cursory literature is necessary to bridge the gap in the existing body of knowledge, especially by addressing the less attention paid to exploring the non-oil sector of the economy such as cocoa, palm tree, and cassava as well as connecting policy and agro-technology to maximize agricultural productivity for the purpose of sustainable socio-economic development. The primary objective of this study is to explore cocoa, palm tree, and cassava plantations among smallholder farmers in order to enhance sustainable socio-economic development in the country. The methodology used in this study is a systematic literature review (SLR) cum content analysis (CA) of secondary sources or relevant literature whereby six themes were generated and analyzed. A consistent approach was used in order to establish exhaustive searching strategies and single-line search strategies such as using field codes and parentheses as part of a systematic literature review. The results indicated that smallholder farmers have been actively partaking in cocoa plantation, and the government has been supportive of them in this regard in order to achieve sustainable socio-economic development. In addition, agricultural transformation contributes to economic diversification through innovative policy and capacity building among cocoa, palm tree, and cassava farmers in the country, which culminates in improving the overall welfare of the smallholder farmers in attaining sustainable socio-economic development. In conclusion, it is noteworthy to say that giving support, especially cocoa, palm tree, and cassava seedlings, to smallholder farmers can be instrumental in bridging the vacuum created by poverty and unemployment which could be regarded as mechanisms for attaining sustainable development. The importance of the study was manifested in the practical aspect of giving concrete support to the smallholder farmers, and the innovativeness of the study is reflected in the advocacy for the efficiencies and effectiveness of agricultural policy and technology integration into the sector. It is therefore suggested that interventions of individual philanthropists, government, and international communities will boost the morale and resilience of the farmers toward enhancing cocoa, palm tree, and cassava production in order to enhance sustainable socio-economic development among smallholder farmers in particular and to maximize national economy growth in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Palm oil, derived from Elaeis guineensis, is a critical component of the global edible oil and industrial fat market. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the sustainability of the palm oil chain, focusing on industrial applications, environmental implications, and economic sustainability. The processing of palm oil, from fruit pulp to refined oil, is detailed, highlighting the importance of refining in maintaining quality and extending application ranges. While palm oil offers health benefits because of its rich fatty acid composition and antioxidant properties, its production poses significant environmental challenges. This review underscores ongoing efforts to balance technological and culinary demands with environmental stewardship and sustainable economic growth. Emerging trends, including interspecific hybrids such as E. guineensis and E. oleifera, are discussed for their potential to increase sustainability and productivity.

Copyright of Journal of Medical & Pharmaceutical Sciences is the property of Arab Journal of Sciences & Research Publishing (AJSRP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Agricultural, Environmental & Veterinary Sciences is the property of Arab Journal of Sciences & Research Publishing (AJSRP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Palm oil is a product of major economic importance worldwide however, palm tree cultivation generates large quantities of palm fronds as waste. In this work, the sorption of Eu3+ from aqueous solutions by oxidized biochar derived from palm tree fronds was studied at pH 3 by batch type experiments under ambient conditions. Following biochar production, the sample was oxidized using HNO3 to increase the oxygen-containing moieties on its surface. The oxidized biochar was characterized through surface and spectroscopic techniques. As indicated by the coefficient of determination value of 0.99, Eu3+ adsorption was best described by the Langmuir isotherm model. The optimum adsorption capacity was determined at qmax= 0.81 mol kg−1. Adsorption was an entropy-driven process and followed the 2nd order kinetics, reaching a plateau value of 50% relative adsorption within 60 min. Furthermore, Fourier Transform InfraRed spectroscopic data and the effect of ionic strength indicated that adsorption proceeded via the development of inner-sphere complexes between Eu3+ and the carboxylic groups on the biochar surface.

Pedawa Village, located in Banjar District, Buleleng Regency, owns a myth about the palm tree growth in the village, which was told from one generation to another. The myth becomes guidelines for the villagers which is still applied at the present day. The purpose of the research is to break down the myth based on its narrative structure forms. To break down the myth the theory of narrative structure from Roland Barthes and Alan Dundes is used. Through the analysis process, it is revealed that this myth consisted of main function and catalytic function. Aside from that, the myth is also consisted of motifeme structure. The two breaking down processes proved that the myth fulfills the temporal and causality order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge of the anatomical structures of the seed and embryo can contribute to understanding the germination process and interpreting germination and vigor tests. Thus, the objective of this study was to describe morphologically the diaspores (seeds with adhered endocarp) and seedlings of Livistona chinensis. Biometric parameters of the diaspores (width, length, weight of one thousand diaspores, and number of diaspores kg-1) were collected, and their water content was measured. One hundred diaspores were sown in plastic trays containing vermiculite as a substrate. To describe the morphology of the diaspore and the initial seedling growth, evaluations were performed by monitoring the germination process from the first week, at each stage of development, until the emergence of the first eophyll. Morphological descriptions were based on specific terminology and schematized with the aid of a clear camera attached to a stereomicroscope. Germination is characterized as being of the remote tubular type. The diaspores have an oval shape with an average length of 16.37 mm and an average width of 10.25 mm, and the seeds are albuminous with a rigid endosperm, peripheral lateral cone-shaped embryo, and little differentiation. The first leaf is simple and lanceolate, with parallel venation, composed of broad veins arranged longitudinal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research studied growth and yield of Syagrus schizophylla, an extinction-endangered ornamental palm, grown under five light gradients. The treatments were: G1 - PAR=1234.10 μmol photons m-2 s-1, G2 - PAR=913.16 μmol photons m-2 s-1, G3 - PAR=666.34 μmol photons m-2 s-1, G4 - PAR=419.56 μmol photons m-2 s-1 and G5 - PAR=534.77 μmol photons m-2s-1. Before the experiment and at three, five and seven months of treatment, growth (plant height, collar diameter, number of leaves, petiole length, leaf length and width), gas exchange, chlorophyll a, and leaf green color intensity were assessed. The highest net photosynthetic rates were observed in plants under G2, G3 and G4. Values of maximum quantum efficiency (Fv/Fm) over 0.75 were observed under G2. At seven months, estimated SPAD values were 36 in G2 plants and 32 in G1 plants. According to the Dickson quality index (DQI), presented the highest growth and development rates. We conclude that G2 suits plants to be transplanted into the field, whereas G3 would be best for plants grown under shade environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vector‐borne pathogen transmission is shaped by multiple abiotic and biotic factors. Understanding the relative importance of these factors on vector abundance and infection is important for developing vector‐borne disease control strategies. The crown of the Attalea butyracea palm provides a natural arboreal mesocosm suitable for studying how food web relations and microclimate affect Chagas disease vectors of the genus Rhodnius, which feed on vertebrate blood and interact with many vertebrate and invertebrate species, vegetation, and detritus within the palm crown. We performed a cross‐sectional, observational study of A. butyracea crowns using a community ecology network approach to evaluate abiotic and biotic conditions associated with Rhodnius pallescens abundance and infection with Trypanosoma cruzi, the Chagas disease etiologic agent. We collected 1098 R. pallescens from 105 A. butyracea crowns in rural landscapes of Panama. In a palm subset (N = 49), we recorded microclimate and habitat conditions and counted vertebrate and invertebrate species in order to characterize palm crown food webs. We used food web metrics, namely Generality (average number of prey per predator) and Vulnerability (average number of predators per prey) to evaluate associations between palm community trophic structure, vector predators, vector blood meal species composition, vector abundance, and vector T. cruzi infection. Field data analyzed with generalized linear models showed that vector abundance and infection in a given palm crown were influenced by a combination of geographic location, land‐use type, palm crown animal community composition, and microhabitat conditions. Vector abundance was negatively associated with increased overall palm crown community diversity. However, vector abundance was positively associated with the invertebrate predator and mammal community. R. pallescens Vulnerability score, which measures predation pressure on the vector within the palm crown, was positively associated with vector abundance. Vector infection with T. cruzi was positively associated with mammal presence; vectors in palms with mammals were about 25 times more likely to be infected with T. cruzi compared with vectors in palms without mammals. Our findings suggest that a holistic study of food webs and environmental variables at the local scale can provide useful information for vector‐borne disease management across a wide habitat range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research studied growth and yield of Syagrus schizophylla, an extinction-endangered ornamental palm, grown under five light gradients. The treatments were: G1 - PAR=1234.10 μmol photons m-2 s-1, G2 - PAR=913.16 μmol photons m-2 s-1, G3 - PAR=666.34 μmol photons m-2 s-1, G4 - PAR=419.56 μmol photons m-2 s-1 and G5 - PAR=534.77 μmol photons m-2s-1. Before the experiment and at three, five and seven months of treatment, growth (plant height, collar diameter, number of leaves, petiole length, leaf length and width), gas exchange, chlorophyll a, and leaf green color intensity were assessed. The highest net photosynthetic rates were observed in plants under G2, G3 and G4. Values of maximum quantum efficiency (Fv/Fm) over 0.75 were observed under G2. At seven months, estimated SPAD values were 36 in G2 plants and 32 in G1 plants. According to the Dickson quality index (DQI), presented the highest growth and development rates. We conclude that G2 suits plants to be transplanted into the field, whereas G3 would be best for plants grown under shade environments. Highlights: • Syagrus schizophylla is an extinction endangered ornamental palm. • One layer of Red Chromatinet® 50% should be recommended for the first year of growth of schizophylla plants to be later transplanted to the field. • Two Red Chromatinet® 50% layers would be best for plants meant to grow under shade environments. • The highest net photosynthetic rates were observed in plants under G2, G3 and G4.

The present study deals with the determination of the physical and mechanical characteristics of cork from the pseudo trunk of oil palm (Ténera variety). Nine sampling zones were distinguished on the pseudo trunk, three according to the radial section and three according to the length of the pseudo trunk. The physical and mechanical characteristics were distinguished in order to predict an application of the latter in the implementation of composite materials. Among these characteristics, the apparent density, the moisture content as well as the kinetics of absorption determined by a gravimetric method as physical characteristics. Flexural and tensile tests were performed in accordance with ASTM D790. The results obtained show that the apparent density is between 217 kg/m3 and 359 kg/m3. The moisture absorption is between 12% and 24%, the water absorption is between 88% and 251%, the model of Sikame et al., 2014 is the model that simulates best. Regarding the mechanical characterization, the Young's modulus in flexure is between 1566 MPa and 9969 MPa, with a breaking strength between 25 MPa and 336 MPa. In traction, the Young's modulus is between 941 MPa and 5798 MPa, the stress at break is between 12 MPa and 197 MPa. The results obtained on the wood of this palm can innovate several other works in particular in the implementation of insulating materials, in the reinforcement of composite materials and in the furnishing as wood.

Abstract Vector‐borne pathogen transmission is shaped by multiple abiotic and biotic factors. Understanding the relative importance of these factors on vector abundance and infection is important for developing vector‐borne disease control strategies. The crown of the Attalea butyracea palm provides a natural arboreal mesocosm suitable for studying how food web relations and microclimate affect Chagas disease vectors of the genus Rhodnius, which feed on vertebrate blood and interact with many vertebrate and invertebrate species, vegetation, and detritus within the palm crown. We performed a cross‐sectional, observational study of A. butyracea crowns using a community ecology network approach to evaluate abiotic and biotic conditions associated with Rhodnius pallescens abundance and infection with Trypanosoma cruzi, the Chagas disease etiologic agent. We collected 1098 R. pallescens from 105 A. butyracea crowns in rural landscapes of Panama. In a palm subset (N = 49), we recorded microclimate and habitat conditions and counted vertebrate and invertebrate species in order to characterize palm crown food webs. We used food web metrics, namely Generality (average number of prey per predator) and Vulnerability (average number of predators per prey) to evaluate associations between palm community trophic structure, vector predators, vector blood meal species composition, vector abundance, and vector T. cruzi infection. Field data analyzed with generalized linear models showed that vector abundance and infection in a given palm crown were influenced by a combination of geographic location, land‐use type, palm crown animal community composition, and microhabitat conditions. Vector abundance was negatively associated with increased overall palm crown community diversity. However, vector abundance was positively associated with the invertebrate predator and mammal community. R. pallescens Vulnerability score, which measures predation pressure on the vector within the palm crown, was positively associated with vector abundance. Vector infection with T. cruzi was positively associated with mammal presence; vectors in palms with mammals were about 25 times more likely to be infected with T. cruzi compared with vectors in palms without mammals. Our findings suggest that a holistic study of food webs and environmental variables at the local scale can provide useful information for vector‐borne disease management across a wide habitat range.

Key message: Cell markers of somatic embryogenesis initiation from leaf tissues in oil palm involve the participation of procambial cells, DNA demethylation, and auxin accumulation. Low callogenesis and genotype-dependent response have been mentioned in the development of somatic embryogenesis protocols of Elaeis oleifera × E. guineensis elite hybrids, which requires more detailed investigations of the process. Thus, the initial cellular responses of immature leaves of adult genotypes of this hybrid were investigated for the first time, emphasizing histological, epigenetic, and endogenous auxin changes. Leaf segments from two genotypes, one responsive to somatic embryogenesis (B351733) and another non-responsive (B352933), were inoculated in Murashige and Skoog medium with 450 µM of 4-amino-3, 5, 6-trichloropicolinic acid. For anatomical analysis, samples of both genotypes were collected at 0, 20, 90, and 105 days of cultivation. Samples of both genotypes were also taken at different cultivation periods to analyze DNA methylation status (% 5-mC—5 methylcytosine) via ELISA test. Immunolocalization assays were performed with anti-indole-3-acetic acid and anti-5-methyl-deoxycytosine antibodies from samples of hybrid B351733. We distinguished two groups of cells reactive to the induction of embryogenic callogenesis, parenchymatous sheath cells, and procambial cells; however, only the latter are directly involved with the formation of calluses. The data obtained indicate that the formation of calluses in hybrid B351733 is related to DNA hypomethylation, while the non-responsiveness of leaf explants in hybrid B352932 is related to DNA hypermethylation. The in situ immunolocalization enabled the identification of initial markers of the callogenic process, such as IAA accumulation and hypomethylation. Identifying these events brings the possibility of establishing strategies for efficient manipulation of somatic embryogenesis protocols in palm trees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to develop a somatic embryogenesis protocol and consequent regeneration of Syagrus oleracea (Mart.) Becc. plants, an important palm tree that produces bitter palm hearts. The influence of auxins 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (Picloram) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) at four different concentrations (0, 225, 450, and 675 μM) in MS medium with 2.5 g L−1 activated charcoal were evaluated, as well as the influence of different maturity levels of inflorescences, classified based on spathe length (stage I—6–17 cm; stage II—21.5–35 cm; and stage III—41.5 cm). For differentiation of somatic embryos, auxins concentrations utilized were gradually reduced. For germination, somatic embryo-like structures were inoculated in MS medium without growth regulator with 1.5 g L−1 activated charcoal. Picloram was more efficient than 2,4-D for callus induction and somatic embryo-like structures formation. More immature tissues (stage I) from inflorescences are not necessarily more responsive to callus formation than less immature tissues (stage II and III), although they are more embryogenic than these. The embryogenic somatic process was relatively slow, asynchronous, and marked by abnormalities, such as fusion of somatic embryos. It was hypothesized that germination was limited due to the occurrence of fusion and precocious germination, which highlights the need for future optimization of the maturation and germination phase. The anatomical analyses confirm the bipolar organization of somatic embryos and suggest a multicellular origin for the somatic embryos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phoenix roebelenii is a palm species widely used in Brazil due to its exuberant leaves and adaptability to different climatic variations. For proper propagation, detailed information about seed viability, vigor and longevity subjected to dehydration and storage is yet to be obtained. For this purpose, the present research comprised two stages. The first one aimed at evaluating the response of seeds to desiccation and storage based on formal protocols. In the second stage, seeds were desiccated to 33, 30, 25, 23, 20, 18, 16, 12, 10 and 7% of water content by monitoring water loss in a convection oven at 35±2°C. After reaching each established water content, the seeds were subjected to germination tests. At 65 days after sowing, root length, root area, volume and diameter, shoot and eophyll length, and total seedling fresh and dry weights, were measured. Significant increases in germination and eophyll length were observed for lower seed water contents. Aversely, collar diameter decreased with seed desiccation. Highlights: • Phoenix roebelenii seeds are orthodox. • Reduced seed water content increased the percentage of germination, the germination speed index, and eophyll length of Phoenix roebelenii seedlings. • Significant increases in germination and eophyll length were observed for lower seed water contents. • Aversely, collar diameter decreased with seed desiccation.

Syagrus coronata (Mart.) Becc. (Arecaceae), known as licuri, is a palm tree widely distributed throughout the Brazilian semi-arid, being currently vulnerable to extinction. Its fruits are exploited by both humans and animals, representing high sociocultural, economic, and ecological relevance. This palm tree is found in areas under different management intensity and land use; therefore, both medium and long-term ecological monitoring programs are essential to verify the effects of anthropogenic disturbances on the dynamic of their populations. Information on population structure and growth (λ) from 2018 to 2021 was obtained in 40 plots of 20 × 20 m (1.6 ha). Population matrix models based on five life stages (seedling, sapling, juvenile, immature adult, and reproductive adults) were obtained, in addition to information on fruit productivity and harvesting intensity. Individuals from the seedling stage predominated in both pasture and natural habitats. The populations from two habitats were stable (Pasture λ = 1.00 and Natural λ = 1.01); however, no transition occurred from earlier up to later stages. The population in the pasture was characterized by a low transition rate (recruitment of juveniles onwards), caused mainly by the pressure exerted by cattle. Our results suggest that the adult reproductive and seedling stages are the most important for the survival and growth of the populations. Harvest intensity had no effect on population growth, and only 16.65 % of the fruit annual production was collected. Therefore, fruit harvesting is sustainable, but the type of pasture management might compromise the future of the population. Management strategies ought to reduce the pressure exerted by livestock to increase the transition between stages and maintain the S. coronata populations over several years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety (Panel) reviewed the safety of 8 palm tree (Euterpe edulis (juçara) and Euterpe oleracea (açaí))-derived ingredients as used in cosmetic products; these ingredients are reported to function mostly as skin conditioning agents. The Panel reviewed relevant data relating to the safety of these ingredients in cosmetic formulations. Industry should continue to use good manufacturing practices to limit impurities. The Panel concluded that palm tree (açaí and juçara)-derived ingredients are safe in cosmetics in the present practices of use and concentration described in this safety assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies have investigated palm trees' microbiota infected with red palm weevil (RPW) (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus), the major pest of palm trees. This study compared the microbial communities of infected and uninfected palm trees in the Hail region, Northern Saudi Arabia, determined by high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing by Illumina MiSeq. The results indicated that taxonomic diversity variation was higher for infected tree trunk than the healthy tree trunk. Soil samples from the vicinity of healthy and infected trees did not have a significant variation in bacterial diversity. Myxococcota, Acidobacteriota, and Firmicutes were the dominant phyla in RPW-infected tree trunk, and Pseudomonadaceae was the most prominent family. This study is the first report on the characterization of RPW-infected and healthy palm trees' microbiome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The date palm fruit stalk borer, Oryctes elegans Prell (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), is one of the most destructive endemic pests of palm groves in Iran. Recently, there has been a trend toward using kairomone or pheromone trapping as a preferred method of controlling this borer to preserve and protect the environment. The current field study examined the effects of trap density (6 or 10 traps/ha) and trap color (black, white, red, and yellow) on the attraction of adults of O. elegans to a Kairo-pheromonal diffuser (Ferrolure manufactured by Econex Ltd, Spain) in four infested date palm groves in Shalheh-ye Emam Hasan, Abadan, southwestern Iran. Among the test density, 6 traps/ha could accurately detect the presence of adults of O. elegans in the field and help monitor O. elegans. However, 10 traps/ha caught significantly more adults than 6 traps/ha. At both densities, trap colors significantly affected adults' mobility and dispersal to traps. The black traps captured the most significant number of adults in the field, followed by the yellow, red, and white traps. In addition, there was no significant difference between the total numbers of adults captured in traps with different colors during four different times of sampling. As a result, the black traps with 10 traps/ha yield better results at capturing in the field. Our results provide the basic information for developing a safe mass trapping system to control O. elegans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The macaw palm (Acrocomia aculeata) is a palm tree native to tropical forests that stand out due to its great potential for oil production. This study was developed with the objective of constructing a high-fidelity model of the macaw palm fruit-rachilla system for the purpose of simulating its dynamic behavior when subjected to mechanical vibrations. The finite element method was used to determine the natural frequencies and modes of vibration of the system. The three-dimensional models of the fruit-rachilla systems were elaborated using CAD3D Fusion 360 software. The modal properties of the fruit-rachilla systems were obtained based on the models developed by varying the elasticity modulus values of the system. The parameters of greatest influence in the estimation of natural frequencies are the elasticity modulus, especially that of the fruit-rachilla joint, and the specific mass. The models that take into account the three-dimensional strains along the rachilla are the least sensitive to variations in the mechanical properties (elasticity modulus and specific mass) and are shown to be more representative of the actual physical system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bait Al-Mashura Journal is the property of Bait Al-Mashura Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

ABSTRACT Our research focused on the reproductive phenology of Mauritiella armata, a key veredas species in southeastern Brazil, and aspects of its floral and fruit morphology and sexual system. We observed the reproductive phenological patterns of M. armata for 36 months, and examined the relationships between phenophases and environmental variables to describe its phenological patterns in relation to environmental filters, as well as its floral and fruit morphologies, sexual system (to evaluate dioecy), and the biometry of its reproductive parts. Flowering was observed in the dry season and at the beginning of the rainy season, with fruiting occurring during the rainy season. The reproductive phenophases responded to environmental seasonality, principally temperature in the period immediately preceding the expression of the phenophase, as well as to environmental variations that had occurred up to six months earlier. The dioecious sexual system of M. armata was confirmed, with flowering synchronization between the sexes. The population studied did not exhibit apomixis, having xenogamy as its reproductive system. The staminate inflorescences were larger than the pistillate inflorescences and had greater numbers of flowers, although the pistillate flowers were larger. Wind pollen dispersal was not observed, thereby indicating that this species requires biotic pollination for fruit production.

Key message: The seed reserves with 148 days after anthesis are sufficient to form 100% normal seedlings in vitro, obtaining a production gain of 101 days. Euterpe edulis (Arecaceae) is a typical palm of the Atlantic Forest with great ecological and economic value. Its seeds are characterized by hard coats, as well as recalcitrant, slow, and uneven germination, which hinder efficient seedling production. Given its risk of extinction, the objective of this study was to investigate reserve mobilization and how this impacted on the quality of maturing E. edulis seeds. Seven maturation stages separated by 20-day intervals, were assessed from 108 to 228 days after anthesis. The morphological characteristics, germination, vigor, and biochemical properties of in vitro germinated seeds, as well as the quality of the seedlings from each maturation stage were assessed. Four replications with ten seeds were evaluated at each stage. Over the experimental period, total relative growth rate of the fruits was 0.0037 mm day− 1, while moisture content decreased from 79.49 to 46.59%. The concentrations of phenols, soluble sugar, proteins, and starch decrease significantly during maturation, while there is an increase in lipids and fibers. Most variables displayed a positive correlation, except moisture, phenols, soluble sugar, proteins, and starch. E. edulis seeds possessed sufficient reserves to allow for normally developed embryos 148 days after anthesis, their 100% germination, and formation of 100% normal seedlings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aimed to analyze diaspores biometric characteristics, the effect of different temperatures and light regimes on seed germination, and the initial seedlings' growth of Ptychosperma macarthurii. The experiment was carried out at the Laboratory of Horticultural Seeds at São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal. The individual diaspores biometric analysis was performed by measuring the length, diameter, mass, and weight of a thousand diaspores, the data were subjected to descriptive statistical analysis. It was adopted a completely randomized design in a 5 × 2 factorial with four replications of 25 seeds per treatment. Five temperatures (25; 30; 35; 20-30 and 25-35 °C) and two light regimes (presence and total absence of light) were evaluated. The variables analyzed were germination, germination speed index, the average length of the primary root and shoot, diameter of the stem, and seedlings total dry mass. The length, diameter, and average weight of the diaspores were 12.54 mm, 6.05 mm, and 0.1610 g, respectively. The seeds of Ptychosperma macarthurii germinated in a wide temperature range, reaching a higher germination percentage at 25 °C and a higher germination speed index at 30 °C, being classified as neutral photoblastics. The constant temperature of 30 °C provided higher mean values for all seedlings' biometric characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phoenix roebelenii is a palm species widely used in Brazil due to its exuberant leaves and adaptability to different climatic variations. For proper propagation, detailed information about seed viability, vigor and longevity subjected to dehydration and storage is yet to be obtained. For this purpose, the present research comprised two stages. The first one aimed at evaluating the response of seeds to desiccation and storage based on formal protocols. In the second stage, seeds were desiccated to 33, 30, 25, 23, 20, 18, 16, 12, 10 and 7% of water content by monitoring water loss in a convection oven at 35±2°C. After reaching each established water content, the seeds were subjected to germination tests. At 65 days after sowing, root length, root area, volume and diameter, shoot and eophyll length, and total seedling fresh and dry weights, were measured. Significant increases in germination and eophyll length were observed for lower seed water contents. Aversely, collar diameter decreased with seed desiccation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Biology is the property of Instituto Internacional de Ecologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose The overharvesting of the endemic palm tree Euterpe edulis Mart. (Arecaceae) from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest hotspot and the destination given to the sludge produced from urban sewage treatment are both serious environmental issues caused by human activities. In order to find solutions or alternatives for both the issues, we aimed to investigate the effect of increasing rates of a sewage sludge organic fertilizer (SSOF), produced by composting sewage sludge and solid waste, on the initial growth of E. edulis. Methods We mixed sand with 0, 62.5, 125, and 250 kg·m−3 of SSOF in 8 L (21 cm height × 24 cm top diameter × 20.5 cm base diameter) pots and then planted a seedling of E. edulis in each pot. We assessed the seedlings’ height and stem diameter relative growth rate (RGR), biomass, root to shoot ratio, and shoot macronutrient (nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulphur) concentrations in relation to fertilizer levels. We also evaluated the relation between plant height and diameter over time for each fertilization level. Results We found that height and stem diameter RGRs, biomass accumulation, and N and P shoot concentrations of E. edulis were positively related to SSOF levels between 120 and 250 kg·m−3 in the substrate. Conclusions Our study demonstrates that SSOF can be further used as an alternative to sewage sludge disposal and contribute to E. edulis cultivation, and, hence, its conservation.

Natural architecture uses locally produced materials to assure the strength of the construction elements. Palm tree is widely planted in the Gulf Countries and its annual abounded residues constitutes a greater environmental burden of being neglected and rarely used or recycled in efficient ways. The paper discusses the potential changes in the physical properties of pure gypsum cubes when utilizing additives such as the ash and saw dust of palm tree residues. The additives were added in various proportions by weight. Four groups of different laboratory tests were conducted on four different groups of cubic samples made of pure gypsum powder, admixture of gypsum and palm tree ash, and admixture of gypsum and palm tree saw dust. Results showed that both sawdust and ash of palm tree have significantly enhanced the physical properties of gypsum cubes tested in this paper, weight, porosity, and compressive strength.

ABSTRACT: Morphometry of fruits and seeds is a useful and important information for phenotyping and genetic characterization of crop plant species and, for conservation of endangered species, as is the case of Butia purpurascens Glassman. In this study, we determined comparatively the morphometric features of fruits and pyrenes between yellow and magenta B. purpurascens morphotypes, located in four different sites (populations). We processed 1380 fruits collected from 69 individuals. We evaluated the length, width and weight of the fruits and pyrenes, the fresh and dry pulp mass, and percentage of pulp moisture. Yellow morph showed larger and heavier fruits than magenta morph. Morphometric differences were also evident among the four populations, suggesting that ecosystems fragmentation can cause deleterious genetic effects in B. purpurascens in long-term.

This investigation presents an oval slot edge (OSE) antipodal Vivaldi antenna (AVA), hereinafter referred to as Fern AVA (FAVA), with an optimized radiation pattern. The use of OSE provided improvements in the antenna characteristics, especially regarding a lower frequency limit reduction, an increase in the main lobe (ML) gain, and the sidelobe level (SLL) reduction. Those contrasting characteristics are simultaneously obtained through the class of the Palm Tree antennas. The proposed FAVA at 1.5 GHz shows an improved gain of 6.66 dB, −12.9 dB of SLL, and 0° of ML squint (MLS), in contrast with 4.41 dB of gain, −4.5 dB of SLL, and 4° of MLS in the conventional AVA. For the FAVA, the notches in an elliptical shape, in addition to mitigating the SLL, direct the ${E}$ -fields distributions toward the ML, which categorizes it into the same class as the Palm Tree Vivaldi Antenna. To study the performance of the proposed antenna for medical applications of near-field microwave imaging, a conceptual proof was performed, thus obtaining the microwave image of a Child Head Phantom, homogeneous, and semirealistic, being possible to detect a brain tumor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Jarina is a palm tree from the western Amazon region, whose seeds have characteristics like those of animal ivory, used for making handicrafts. The aim of this work was to evaluate the genetic variability of jarina palm progenies, from seed morphophysiological characteristics, germination and seedling stages. The experimental design adopted was completely randomized, with 15 treatments (progenies), 3 repetitions, and 15 seeds per experimental unit. Thirty-one morphophysiological characteristics of the seed and seedling were used. With the characteristics that had significant variability, the progenies were grouped using the UPGMA method. The results showed genetic variability among progenies for 24 traits. Considering 50% of dissimilarity, four groups were identified: Group 1 - P05; Group 2 - P04, P11 and P12; Group 3 - P06, P10, P08, P14, P15, P07, P09, P02 and P13; and Group 4 - P01 and P03. Morphophysiological traits of the seed, germination and seedling are useful to detect genetic variability among jarina palm progenies. Three progenies (P04, P11 and P12) stood out for having the highest percentage of germination and the different seedling stages, as well as the highest speed indices and shortest times, in relation to germination and seedling stages.

The study aimed to describe the knowledge of the members of the Butia Palm Groves Network about the properties of butiá that are beneficial to health. It was a qualitative research, with a descriptive approach, with data collection in March and April of 2020. Semistructured interviews were applied to 20 key members of the Rota dos Butiazais. The interviews were applied in person to nine people (recorded and transcribed by the researcher) and via e-mail to 11 participants (due to the social distance, imposed by the pandemic of Covid-19). Thematic content analysis by Laurence Bardin and the theoretical framework of the Theory of Social Representations by Serge Moscovici were used. Participants reported on the antioxidant compounds, fibers, carotenes, vitamins and potassium present in the butiá pulp, stating that these compounds bring benefits for health. They also mentioned that butiá has a nutritional value, is rich in vitamin C, and that there may be properties that have not been studied. Each interviewee has a distinct personal and family history, but they converge on several points related to the knowledge related to the properties of butiá. The participants' reports demonstrate the social representations based on the butiá. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forest cover and light availability comprise key factors for plant establishment in tropical forests. In the Brazilian Atlantic Forest (AF), Euterpe edulis (Areacaceae) is an endangered and keystone food resource contributing to forest functionality. We investigated the influence of forest loss and light availability on leaf traits and acclimatization of young individuals of E. edulis in AF fragments. We aimed to understand (i) how canopy openness and transmitted light are affected by forest cover at the landscape scale and the individual palm level; and (ii) how local and landscape features, combined and separately, affect key leaf traits widely known to be related to plant growth. The study was carried out in 15 forest fragments, ranging from 16 to 97% of surrounding forest cover. In each fragment, we sampled 10–20 individuals of E. edulis and analyzed nine leaf traits related to morphological, biochemical and chemical aspects. We also took hemispherical photographs to estimate canopy openness on the top of each E. edulis and also within fragment plots. We found that young plants predominantly occurred in more shaded environments. Additionally, E. edulis succeeded to acclimate in six of the nine traits analyzed, with most traits being affected by local and landscape features. It is likely that the lack of variation in traits related to protection against herbivory are limiting the species establishment in highly deforested landscapes. Our results provide novel evidence that both landscape and local contexts affect the leaf traits of E. edulis young plants leading to biochemical, chemical and morphological adjustments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT We describe the anatomical structure of roots originating from the apocole of Attalea microcarpa compared to the primary root, by means of usual methods for optical microscopy. The adventitious roots are differentiated in the apocole associated to vascular bundles, and can remain as a single structure or branch. They have the basic root structure characteristic of Arecoideae palms, without schizogenous spaces, which are observed in the primary root, in addition to few air spaces. Mucilages, starch and proteins were present in both types of roots. Adventitious roots of the apocole are described for the first time in Arecaceae.

Abstract With occurrence mainly in the southwest Goiás, Butia purpurascens has fruits and leaves widely extracted by the regional population. Coexists with exotic grasses, frequent burnings and cattle’s grazing and trampling. Young individuals are rarely seen. We aim to provide information about propagules, seedling formation and the monitoring of saplings of B. purpurascens until adults in reproductive phase. Fruits were selected, measured and benefited after harvest. Of 6,000 fruits collected 3,112 were discarded for being perforated by Conotrachelus weevils. The experiment divided 2,600 fruits into 13 treatments, distributed in ripe and immature fruits, with and without pulp. In addition, we adopt mechanical and chemical break dormancy mechanisms, different storage periods and seeding depths. After sixteen months of monitoring, the formation of eleven seedlings was obtained without distinction of any treatment. Seedlings and saplings developed slowly, taking two years to emit the first metaphyll. Over time, ten individuals died, most from fungal attack. After ten years, the only surviving palm generated two inflorescences, which produced fruit. The inefficient seedling production and the slow development of saplings, combined with the impact of the extractivism and the high rate of predation of the pyrenes, suggest the low recruitment rate of the species observed, in natural conditions. This type of data is one of the important tools for creating guidelines for the species conservation. Therefore, we suggest considering the reclassification of B. purpurascens as a Critically Endangered species in the Official List of Threatened Brazilian Species of Extinction.