Search

Palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) in the past decade have been extensively used in the diagnosis, imaging, and treatment of numerous diseases owing to their unique physical, chemical, and catalytic properties. Previously, Palladium was almost singularly used for catalysis during chemical synthesis in industries. It is only in the past decade that researchers explore its potential in biomedicine. PdNPs can also be used in the imaging and diagnosis of cancer through techniques such as photoacoustic imaging, computed tomography, and flow cytometry-assisted cell sorting. They offer various advantages such as tunability, desirable photothermal and optical properties, thermal stability, antimicrobial properties, and many more. Cancer treatment through conventional techniques and the broad use of cytotoxic therapeutics has reached a plateau. This paved the way to design novel selective and targeted therapies, one of them being PdNPs. PdNPs are most commonly used in synergy with chemotherapy, photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, as well as radiotherapy which improves the efficacy of cancer treatment. In this review, several studies are included that summarize the synthesis, characterization, and cytotoxicity of palladium nanoparticles as well as the functionalized PdNP complexes. In addition, the review provides insight into the mechanism of palladium nanoparticles in improving the efficacy and efficiency of synergistic therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we introduced a nitrogen-alkali lignin-doped phenolic resin (N@ALnPR) to produce palladium nanoparticles through an in situ reduction of palladium in an aqueous phase, without the need for additional reagents or a reducing atmosphere. The phenolic resin nanospheres and the resulting palladium nanoparticles were extensively characterized. Alkali lignin created a highly conducive environment for nitrogen incorporation, dispersion, reduction, and stabilization of palladium, leading to a distinct catalytic performance of palladium nanoparticles in vanillin hydrodeoxygenation. Under specific conditions of 1 mmol of vanillin, 40 mg of catalyst, 1 MPa H2, 90 °C, and 3 h, the optimized Pd/N@AL30PR catalyst exhibited a nearly complete conversion of vanillin, 98.9% selectivity toward p-creosol, and good stability for multiple reuses. Consequently, an environmentally friendly lignin-based catalyst was developed and used for the efficient hydrodeoxygenation conversion of lignin-based platform compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Placental Growth factor (PlGF) is one of the biomarkers useful for detecting pregnancy hypertension disorder, Pre‐eclampsia. Herein, we focus on developing a label‐free immunosensor using simple electrochemical methods to detect PlGF antigens for pre‐eclampsia diagnosis. The work includes the electrochemical deposition of Palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) on the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) surface using amperometry followed by electropolymerization of diaminobenzoic acid (DABA) onto the PdNPs/GCE. Antibody (aPlGF) was covalently immobilized on the pDABA/PdNPs/GCE using EDC/NHS reaction. The interaction of the antibody with the antigen was measured using differential pulse voltammetric technique. The linear range obtained for the immunosensor is 1–25 ng mL−1 with a limit of detection of 53 pg mL−1. The stability and reproducibility of the sensor were obtained in the acceptable range. The developed sensor was used to detect PlGF antigen in artificial blood and urine samples by spike recovery analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of effective bifunctional catalysts demonstrating high performance in both photocatalytic hydrogen evolution and selective hydrogenation of unsaturated compounds is of great interest for photocatalytic transfer hydrogenation. In this work, TiO2 and Pd@TiO2 catalysts were studied in two separate processes: photocatalytic H2 evolution and conventional hydrogenation reactions. Photocatalytic properties of titanium dioxide synthesized by a simple precipitation method were compared with those of commercial ones. Commercial anatase with a lower agglomeration degree showed better activity in H2 evolution. Further modification of the commercial anatase with Pd resulted in increasing its activity, achieving an H2 evolution rate of 760 μmol/h gcat. The Pd catalysts supported on different TiO2 samples were tested in hydrogenation of acetylenic compounds. The activity of the Pd@TiO2 catalysts was found to be dependent on the photocatalytic properties of TiO2 supports. XPS studies of Pd catalysts indicated that commercial anatase with better photocatalytic properties provided easier reduction of Pd2+ to active Pd0 particles. The Pd catalyst supported on commercial anatase demonstrated the highest activity in the hydrogenation process. The WC≡C rate achieved 2.6 × 10−6, 9.0 × 10−6 and 35.7 × 10−6 mol/s for hydrogenation of 2-hexyne-1-ol, 5-hexyne-1-ol and 2-hexyne, respectively. The selectivity of the catalyst to target olefinic compounds was 94–96%. In addition, the hydrogenation rate was found to be significantly affected by reaction conditions such as hydrogen concentration and solvent composition. The WC≡C rate decreased linearly with decreasing hydrogen concentration in a H2:He gas mixture (30–100 vol%). Performing the reaction in 0.10 M NaOH ethanolic solution resulted in increasing the WC≡C rate and selectivity of the process. The Pd catalyst was reused in an alkali medium (NaOH in ethanol) for 35 runs without significant degradation in its catalytic activity. Thus, the results obtained in this work can be useful in photocatalytic transfer hydrogenation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dyes are the coloured substances that are applied on different substrates such as textiles, leather and paper products, etc. Azo dyes release from the industries are toxic and recalcitrant wastewater pollutants, therefore it is necessary to degrade these pollutants from water. In this study, the palladium (0) nanoparticles (PdNPs) were generated through the biological process and exhibited for the catalytic degradation of azo dye. The palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) were synthesized by using the cell-free approach i.e. extract of fungal strain Rhizopus sp. (SG-01), which significantly degrade the azo dye (methyl orange). The amount of catalyst was optimized by varying the concentration of PdNPs (1 mg/mL to 4 mg/mL) for 10 mL of 50 ppm methyl orange (MO) dye separately. The time dependent study demonstrates the biogenic PdNPs could effectively degrade the methyl orange dye up to 98.7% with minimum concentration (3 mg/mL) of PdNPs within 24 h of reaction. The long-term stability and effective catalytic potential up to five repeated cycles of biogenic PdNPs have good significance for acceleration the degradation of azo dyes. Thus, the use of biogenic palladium nanoparticles for dye degradation as outlined in the present study can provide an alternative and economical method for the synthesis of PdNPs as well as degradation of azo dyes present in wastewater and is helpful to efficiently remediate textile effluent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A ligand-free approach for the Suzuki-Miyaura cross coupling reaction using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NaDES) towards coumarin analogs is described. A model reaction between the synthetically prepared 3-(4-acetyloxy-phenyl)-6-bromo-4-methyl-coumarin (3b) and phenylboronic acid was performed in five different NaDES as well as in pure glycerol, using two inorganic bases and palladium catalysts. The reaction proceeded smoothly in Choline Chloride/Glycerol (ChCl/Gly) and Betaine/Glycerol (Bet/Gly) NaDES at 90 °C in 24 h, affording the desired product in high yields up to 95%. The combination of K2CO3, Pd(OAc)2 and ChCl/Gly NaDES provided optimum yields and high purity of the desired compounds, while the solvent was successfully recycled and reused up to two times. The developed methodology is applicable to boronic acids bearing various substituents. The formation of palladium nanoparticles in the reaction mixture was observed, and the size of the nanoparticles was associated with the reaction yield. In addition, in all the glycerol-based NaDES, an effective removal of the acetyl group of the acetyloxy–coumarin analogs was observed; thus, it is noteworthy that the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling and the deacetylation reaction were achieved in one pot. The ten novel coumarin derivatives synthesized were structurally characterized using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and were tested for their cytotoxicity against the A431 squamous cancer cell line, presenting significant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Palladium nanoparticles immobilized on ZIF 67‐derived porous CoOx were prepared by wet‐impregnation method, followed by calcination at different temperatures. The calcination temperature has been employed to effectively manipulate the size of metal nanoparticles, where higher calcination temperatures resulted in larger sizes. The experimental results revealed that by manipulating the calcination temperature, the synthesis of palladium nanoparticles with varying sizes could be effectively controlled. Increasing the calcination temperature resulted in larger particle sizes. At a calcination temperature of 350°C, the synthesis process produced the smallest palladium nanoparticles, averaging 1.35 nm in size, facilitating the reaction between aryl halides and arylboronic acids with yields ranging from 83% to 99%. Furthermore, these nanoparticles demonstrated superior catalytic activity and recyclability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anodization was employed to treat the aluminum foil surface, leading to in situ the generation of Al2O3, consequently amplifying the specific surface area to aid in the dispersal of palladium nanoparticles. Through the anodic oxidation of aluminum followed by a precipitation‐deposition and calcination process, a highly efficient and reusable Pd/Al2O3/Al monolithic catalyst was synthesized. The effectiveness and reusability of the Pd/Al2O3/Al monolithic catalyst were evaluated in the Suzuki‐Miyaura reaction. The turnover number (TON) and turnover frequency (TOF) of the Pd/Al2O3/Al monolithic catalyst reached 73,880 and 0.86 s−1, respectively. Furthermore, the catalyst could be recovered and reused in reactions regardless of the used substrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of natural products and clean methods for the production of nanoparticles and their application in the manufacture of multi-purpose textiles can significantly reduce the harmful environmental effects of hazardous materials. In response to environmental warnings, a clean synthesis of palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) was carried out using materials extracted from saffron Stamen (SS) as a plant waste to produce antibacterial wool yarn. For this purpose, natural dyes were extracted from SS using an ultrasound technique to synthesize PdNPs in different ratios of SS extract solution (SSE) and palladium acetate (Pd) solution. PdNPs were identified by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), UV–visible spectroscopy, and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The results showed that the diameter of PdNPs in the SSE: Pd ratio of 1:2 was 23.9 nm. In addition, dyed and antibacterial wool fibers were made with different proportions of Pd and SSE solutions. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM)–energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and FT-IR data showed that PdNPs with an average particle size of 22.5 nm were deposited on the wool fibers. Also, XRD data confirms the deposition of palladium particles on the thread surface. Calorimetric data show a dyeing and color change from yellow to dark brown with excellent dye absorption on the fiber (K/S = 6.72). The dyed samples had moderate to good washing ratings (3–4) and excellent light fastness (6–7). Also, the presence of PdNPs significantly reduced the growth of bacteria on dyed wool fibers. Therefore, the percentage of bacteria reduction for SSE-dyed samples was 38%, which increased to more than 99% with the addition of Pd at an SSE:Pd ratio of 1:2. The results of this research showed that SSE can be used as an efficient, sustainable, and green candidate for the conventional chemical synthesis of PdNPs to produce colored and antibacterial wool yarns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highly dispersed Pd/N-doped carbon dots (Pd/NCDs) were successfully immobilized in the mesoporous channels of amino-functionalized dendritic mesoporous silica nanospheres (NMS). The synthesized Pd/NCDs@NMS catalyst exhibits outstanding performance in the catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), achieving a turnover frequency of 1461.8 mol·molPd−1·h−1, with the conversion rate remaining above 80% after 11 cycles. Experiments and density functional theory calculations reveal that the NCDs significantly affect the electronic structure of Pd nanoparticles, leading to changes in the energy barriers for the adsorption of 4-NP at the Pd sites and the conversion of 4-NP reaction intermediates, which is a key factor contributing to the catalytic performance. This study offers a new strategy for synthesizing carbon-dot-modified metal-based catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] A series of heterogeneous catalysts, designated as POP- n -Pd (where n = 1, 2, 3, or 4), were synthesized by polymerizing a six-membered N -heterocyclic compound with an alkyl substituted group monomer (S1), using divinylbenzene (DVB) as crosslinkers. This process was followed by the incorporation of palladium (Pd) nanoparticles. The impact of the substituted group and the S1 :DVB ratio in the catalysts, together with the reaction conditions, was investigated to assess their influence on the catalytic performance in converting propylamine, carbon dioxide (CO 2) and 4-iodoanisole to oxazolidinones. The POP-1-Pd catalyst, featuring a methyl substituted group and a S1 :DVB ratio of 1:4, exhibited remarkable efficiency, resulting in an excellent yield of 96 % under room temperature and ambient pressure conditions. Furthermore, it has demonstrated wide applicability across a variety of substrates and in the treatment of lime kiln exhaust gas. Additionally, POP-1-Pd can be used in a gram-scale reaction and maintains its performance after six recycles, with no significant decline in yield. The possible catalytic mechanism is proposed as follows: the catalyst's pores adsorb both CO 2 and substrates, creating a high concentration reactant enrichment microenvironment. This facilitates the activation of both CO 2 and substrates by the imidazole moiety and Pd nanoparticles in the catalyst, thereby generating oxazolidinones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supramolecular complexes carrying reducing agents were crystallized on the surface of nitrogen-doped hollow carbon spheres to in-situ create highly dispersed supported nano-palladium to promote thermal/electrocatalytic reduction reaction. [Display omitted] • An innovative strategy for the preparation of highly dispersed nanometals was developed. • Pd/NHCSs was prepared by combining host–guest assembly and in-situ reduction technology. • Pd/NHCSs can promote the efficient hydrogenation of nitroaromatic biomass. • Pd/NHCSs can promote the efficient reduction of nitrate to ammonia. To promote the greening and economization of industrial production, the development of advanced catalyst manufacturing technology with high activity and low cost is an indispensable part. In this study, nitrogen-doped hollow carbon spheres (NHCSs) were used as anchors to construct a supramolecular coating formed by the self-assembly of boron clusters and β -cyclodextrin by surface crystallization strategy, with the help of the weak reducing agent characteristics of boron clusters, highly dispersed ultra-small nano-palladium particles were in-situ embedded on the surface of NHCSs. The deoxygenation hydrogenation of nitroaromatics and the reduction of nitrate to ammonia were used as the representatives of thermal catalytic reduction and electrocatalytic reduction respectively. The excellent properties of the constructed Pd/NHCSs were proved by the probe reaction. In the catalytic hydrogenation of nitroaromatics to aminoaromatics, the reaction kinetic rate and activation energy are at the leading level. At the same time, the constructed Pd/NHCSs can also electrocatalytically reduce nitrate to high value-added ammonia with high activity and selectivity, and the behavior of Pd/NHCSs high selectivity driving nitrate conversion was revealed by density functional theory and in situ attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATRFTIR) technique. These results all reflect the feasibility and superiority of in-situ anchoring ultra-small nano-metals as catalysts by surface crystallization to build a supramolecular cladding with reducing properties, which is an effective way to construct high-activity and low-cost advanced catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A flexible formaldehyde sensor with high sensitivity was successfully fabricated by integrating palladium (Pd) nanoparticles, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and nanocellulose (NC) into composite films. The flexible composite films were fabricated via vacuum filtration. The morphology, structure, composition, crystallinity, and functional group of as-fabricated sensing materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, electron probe microanalyzer, Raman spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. Pd nanoparticles-PVP-MWCNTs-NC (Pd-PVP-MWCNTs-NC) composite films exhibited an 11-fold increase in formaldehyde sensitivity compared to MWCNTs-NC composite films. The excellent sensing performances of Pd-PVP-MWCNTs-NC sensors were attributed to the combination of Pd nanoparticles and PVP. The enhanced sensitivity is attributed to the synergistic effect of the high electron transfer from formaldehyde molecule to Pd nanoparticles and swelling of PVP due to sorption of formaldehyde molecule. Pd-PVP-MWCNTs-NC sensors still maintained good response under bending angle up to 30° and 300 bending cycles. The results demonstrate that the Pd-PVP-MWCNTs-NC composite films are highly promising in terms of sensitivity and flexibility for sub-ppm level formaldehyde detection at room temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work reports the design and manufacturing of a new electrochemical sensing platform for the monitoring of prednisolone (PE) steroid in physiological fluids. To reach this, palladium (Pd) nanoparticles were successfully deposited on carbon nitride (CN) nanosheets using chemical reduction approach. The prepared CN-Pd hybrid material along with an ionic liquid (IL, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate) were employed for modification of a low expense carbon paste electrode (CPE). The CN-Pd-IL modified CPE was electrochemically characterized to ensure the electrochemical performance towards PE reduction. The important parameters affecting the performance of the PE sensor including CN-Pd dosage and pH of buffer were studied and optimized. The CN-Pd-IL modified CPE illustrated a wide linear response in a PE concentration range of 0.6 nM to 60 nM using SWV methodology. The limit of detection (based on S/N=3) was 0.1 nM at optimal conditions. The suggested PE sensor illustrated the satisfactory reproducibility and good matrix-effectless character. In addition, the CN-Pd-IL modified CPE was facilely used for the electrochemical measuring of PE in the serum samples of athletes with high recovery values (97.6%-102.4%). The proposed methodology can be employed for the sensitive, selective and fast detection of PE.

The Yolk-Shell nanoreactors, characterized by a void region separating the core from the shell, are recognized as superior heterogeneous catalysts because of their enhanced mass transport capacity, robust stability, and remarkable catalytic performance. A hollow Yolk-Shell nanoreactor involving, CuFe2O4 magentic nanoparticles (MNPs) as the Yolk and mesoporous polymelamine formaldehyde (m-PMF) was prepared as the shell, together with palladium nanoparticles (NPs) stabilized on the surface of CuFe2O4 MNPs and encapsulated in the void space. Its structure was fully characterized using different analyses, obtained from Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), N2 Adsorption–Desorption, transmission electron microscopies (TEM), and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) techniques. The permeable and durable m-PMF shell that encased the Pd NPs facilitated the reaction within the empty cavity. Following this, the Yolk-Shell CuFe2O4@Pd@HM-PMF nanoreactor, known for its hollow structure, was evaluated as a proficient catalyst in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. Additionally, it demonstrated magnetic separability and exhibited satisfactory recyclability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) have emerged as promising metal nanoparticles in biomedical applications. In particular, green-synthesized PdNPs have gained significant attention due to their advantages of being simple, cost-effective, and low-toxic. This review summarizes the green synthesis of medicinal-oriented PdNPs using natural sources such as plants, mushrooms, algae, fungi, and biological molecules. Furthermore, this review discusses the potential biomedical applications of these green-synthesized PdNPs such as photothermal therapy, antibacterial/antitumor therapies, drug delivery, and imaging. It also identifies the current challenges and prospects for their use in these applications. Overall, this review demonstrates the promising potential of biogenic PdNPs for biomedical applications and provides valuable insights for future research in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To date, the advanced synthetic approaches for palladium nanoparticle-based catalysts involve multistep, toxic, and high-cost fabrication routes with low catalytic and sensing performance. In this work, we introduce a new one-shot approach to produce highly sensitive Pd nanocomposites using a large-area polymer self-assembly strategy. This synthesis method allowed us to control the Pd nanoparticle shape and to tailor their plasmonic band positions in a wide light spectral range from ~350 to ~800 nm. We thus determined the critical synthesis conditions that give rise to a ringlike morphology in a reproducible manner. No need for a reducing agent and preliminary functionalization of the surface supporting the nanoparticles upon synthesis. To the best of our knowledge, few works have demonstrated the good performance of PdNPs in sensing. Here, we have demonstrated a robust SERS response for 4-mercaptopyridine with an enhancement factor of 4.2 × 105. We were able to exceed this high value, which matches the current maximum found in the literature, by decreasing the gap distances between Pd nanorings due to the high density of hotspots and the exacerbation of the coupling effect between PdNPs. These tailored products provide new insights for the use of Pd nanomaterials in photocatalysis applications, according to the well-established catalytic performance of Pd materials obtained in this work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the development of heterogeneous catalytic systems for more efficient and environmentally friendly chemical transformations. The focus is on the dispersion of palladium nanoparticles in organically modified silicates as a catalyst for the conversion of aldehydes into O-silyl ether derivatives. The article highlights the advantages of continuous flow processes and the need for catalysts compatible with these processes. The preparation and characterization of the catalyst are described, and the optimization of reaction conditions for the hydrosilylation of aldehydes and ketones is explored. The study found that the reaction worked well with activated systems, producing good yields. However, the yield decreased as the benzaldehyde ring became more deactivated. The reaction also worked well with other hydrosilanes, but the yield decreased when bulky silanes were used. The scope of the reaction was limited when ketones were used as substrates. The study also found that certain starting materials and benzophenone derivatives did not produce the expected product, with the starting material being recovered instead. The reusability of the catalyst was explored, showing a decrease in yield after multiple cycles due to blockage of the catalyst's pores. The mechanism of the hydrosilylation reaction and the calculated free energy profiles for the two possible pathways are discussed. A heterogeneous catalytic system using palladium nanoparticles dispersed and stabilized in organically modified silicate (Pd@MTES) has been developed for the hydrosilylation of aldehydes and ketones [Extracted from the article]

Alternative fuel sources are necessary in today's economic and environmental climate. Hydrogen fuel arises as an environmentally friendly and energy dense option; however, the volatility of hydrogen gas makes it dangerous to store and utilize. The evolution of hydrogen from hydrogen feedstock materials may prove to overcome this safety barrier, but a catalyst for this reaction is necessary to optimize production. In this work, a composite catalyst comprised of palladium nanoparticles embedded on mesoporous carbon materials (Pd-MCM) was synthesized and characterized by Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Powder X-Ray diffraction (P-XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscope (EDS). Various reaction conditions such as concentration of reactant, temperature, and pH were applied in measuring the catalytic activity of Pd-MCM. Results show the catalytic activity of the Pd-MCM composite catalysts increased with increasing concentrations of sodium borohydride, increasing temperature, and lower pH. The reaction involving the Pd-MCM composite had an activation energy of 27.9 kJ mol−1. Reusability trials showed the Pd-MCM composite remained stable for up to five consecutive trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work reports the design and manufacturing of a new electrochemical sensing platform for the monitoring of prednisolone (PE) steroid in physiological fluids. To reach this, palladium (Pd) nanoparticles were successfully deposited on carbon nitride (CN) nanosheets using chemical reduction approach. The prepared CN-Pd hybrid material along with an ionic liquid (IL, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate) were employed for modification of a low expense carbon paste electrode (CPE). The CN-Pd-IL modified CPE was electrochemically characterized to ensure the electrochemical performance towards PE reduction. The important parameters affecting the performance of the PE sensor including CN-Pd dosage and pH of buffer were studied and optimized. The CN-Pd-IL modified CPE illustrated a wide linear response in a PE concentration range of 0.6 nM to 60 nM using SWV methodology. The limit of detection (based on S/N=3) was 0.1 nM at optimal conditions. The suggested PE sensor illustrated the satisfactory reproducibility and good matrix-effectless character. In addition, the CN-Pd-IL modified CPE was facilely used for the electrochemical measuring of PE in the serum samples of athletes with high recovery values (97.6%-102.4%). The proposed methodology can be employed for the sensitive, selective and fast detection of PE. [Display omitted] • Novel electrochemical sensing platform for voltammetric screening of prednisolone was proposed. • The suggested sensor illustrated the matrix-effectless character with admissible reproducibility. • The modified electrode was successfully utilized for prednisolone analysis in serum samples of athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In this research, palladium (II) and platinum (II), as well as their bimetallic nanoparticles were synthesized using medicinal plants in an eco-friendly manner. Rosemary and Ginseng extracts were chosen due to their promising anticancer potential. The synthesized nanoparticles underwent characterization through FT-IR spectroscopy, DLS, XRD, EDX, SEM, and TEM techniques. Once the expected structures were confirmed, the performance of these nanoparticles, which exhibited an optimal size, was evaluated as potential anticancer agents through in vitro method on colon cancer cell lines (Ls180, SW480). MTT assay studies showed that the synthesized nanoparticles induced cell death. Moreover, real-time PCR was employed to investigate autophagy markers and the effect of nanoparticles on the apoptosis process, demonstrating a significant effect of the synthesized compounds in this regard.

Hybrid nanomaterials have attracted considerable interest in biomedicine because of their fascinating characteristics and wide range of applications in targeted drug delivery, antibacterial activity, and cancer treatment. This study developed a gelatin-coated Titanium oxide/palladium (TiO2/Pd) hybrid nanomaterial to enhance the antibacterial and anticancer capabilities. Morphological and structural analyses were conducted to characterize the synthesized hybrid nanomaterial. The surface texture of the hybrid nanomaterials was examined by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The FE-SEM image revealed the bulk of the spherically shaped particles and the aggregated tiny granules. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) revealed Ti, Pd, C, and O. X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed the gelatin-coated TiO2/Pd to be in the anatase form. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy examined the interactions among the gelatin-coated TiO2/Pd nanoparticles. The gelatin-coated TiO2/Pd nanomaterials exhibited high antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (22 mm) and Bacillus subtilis (17 mm) compared to individual nanoparticles, confirming the synergistic effect. More importantly, the gelatin-coated TiO2/Pd hybrid nanomaterial exhibited remarkable cytotoxic effects on A549 lung cancer cells which shows a linear increase with the concentration of the nanomaterial. The hybrid nanomaterials displayed higher toxicity to cancer cells than the nanoparticles alone. Furthermore, the cytotoxic activity against human cancer cells was verified by the generation of reactive oxygen species and nuclear damage. Therefore, gelatin-coated TiO2/Pd nanomaterials have potential uses in treating cancer and bacterial infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal nanoparticles incorporated into carbon nanostructures have tremendous applications in the field of nanosensors and other technologies. Herein, a nanohybrid of reduced graphene oxide modified with silver and/or palladium nanoparticles (Ag/Pd/rGO) was prepared by impregnation of Pd and Ag into the rGO platform and deposited on a glass carbon electrode. Palladium and silver nanoparticles improve the stability and durability of the sensor platform by preventing the agglomeration of graphene oxide sheets and providing chemical stability against environmental factors. This ensures long‐term reliability and repeatability of the sensor performance. The morphologies and microstructures of the as‐prepared nanohybrid were characterized by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, UV–visible and infrared spectroscopy. The average crystallite size of PdAgNPs was found to be between 12 and 15 nm and demonstrated good dispersion across reduced graphene oxide sheets with high‐loading capacities. Thorough investigation of the electrochemical properties of the nanomaterial surfaces through cyclic voltammetry (CV) experiments, revealed distinct redox peaks for Ag+/Ag0 and Pd2+/Pd0 processes and demonstrated the excellent electrochemical properties of the prepared nanocomposites. The rGO‐PdAgNPs‐GCE had a diffusion coefficient value of 1.14×10−14 cm2 s−1 which is acceptable for electrochemical sensors as it is indicative of a fast response time and enhanced sensitivity to changes in gas concentration. The results obtained through thorough characterizations contributes to the novelty of the research by offering a deeper understanding of the material properties and the potential of the nanohybrid material for a broad application scope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glassy carbon electrode was modified with palladium-decorated conducting poly(thionine) film to develop a simple, cost-effective, and fast amperometric sensor for the detection of H2O2. Conducting PTH film served as a porous and stable support matrix for even distribution of the Pd nanomaterials. In order to get the maximum performance from the modified electrode system, experimental conditions were optimized using chronoamperometry. The Pd/PTH@GCE electrode showed maximum performance in buffer solution at pH = 7.5 meaning it is suitable for the detection of H2O2 at physiological pH (7.4). Scanning Electron Microscopy was performed for physical characterization of the modified electrodes using pencil graphite electrodes. The active surface area for Pd/PTH-modified GCE was calculated as 1.103 cm2. The linear concentration range was determined as 0.2-7.0 mM and its sensitivity was determined as 40.0 µA mM-1. The detection limit (LOD) of the sensor was calculated as 12.3 µM with a signal/noise ratio of 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of novel bio-based heterogeneous catalytic systems with easy separation and recyclability is significant in chemical synthesis. In this work, palladium nanoparticles have been successfully anchored onto the surface of MnO2 modified cotton fabric via a facile method for synthesizing Pd(0)@MnO2–CF catalyst. Several characterization methods, including field emission gun scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray electron microscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) and X-ray photoelectron microscopy (XPS), were used to confirm the immobilization of palladium nanoparticles on to the cotton fabric. The catalytic activity of the synthesized catalyst, Pd(0)@MnO2–CF, was evaluated for oxidation of alcohols, oxidative deprotection of oximes and degradation of methyl orange, for which the catalyst demonstrated good activity and selectivity. The developed catalyst is easy to handle and can be separated from the reaction mixture using laboratory tweezers. It eliminates the need to employ other tedious work-up procedures. Further, the reusability of Pd(0)@MnO2–CF was studied by performing oxidation of 4-bromobenzyl alcohol and oxidative deprotection of 4-bromobenzaldehyde oxime consecutively five times, and a minor loss in catalytic activity was observed suggesting high stability of the developed catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metallic nanoparticles have attracted great attention in catalytic, medical diagnosis, and treatment research in recent years. The formation of palladium nanoparticles using rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) extract was carried out using the green synthesis method. The plant was extracted using 70% ethanol by microwave techniques. The novelty of this study is the investigation of the biological activities of green synthesis of Pd nanoparticles, such as DNA cleavage activity, antimicrobial activity, DPPH scavenging activity, and its electro-catalytic performance in alcohol oxidation. Additionally, photocatalytic activities were also evaluated. The characterization of synthesized palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) was performed by UV-spectrometry, XRD, FTIR, and TEM. According to TEM results, Pd nanoparticles were observed to have a spherical shape and an average particle size of 4.91 nm. The Pd NPs showed the photodegradation of MB solution by up to 79.9% at 120 min. The newly synthesized plant-mediated green synthesized Pd NPs showed the max and the min antimicrobial activity at 16 µg/mL and 256 µg/mL against L. pneumophila and C. albicans, respectively. The current density ratio of 48.22 mA/cm2 obtained in the study indicates that the obtained materials may be of interest in different applications. According to the results obtained, a direct relationship of extract use is observed in the synthesis of Pd nanoparticles and is a good way to reduce and stabilize metal salts. It has been determined that green Pd NPs have potential for use in energy production from alcohol oxidation and in medical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, palladium nanoparticles embedded on banana leaves extract-modified graphitic carbon nitride [PdNPs@g-C3N4-BLE] was biogenically synthesized in a facile 3-step reaction in a clean and sustainable manner. In situ reduction of Pd(II) to Pd(0) was accomplished by the action of active phytochemicals present in the banana leaves extract as capping, reducing, and stabilizing agents. Therefore, the aforementioned synthesis of catalyst does not need toxic reagents, harsh conditions, and additional reductants. The structure and composition of the PdNPs@g-C3N4-BLE nanocatalyst were examined in detail through several spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. The PdNPs@g-C3N4-BLE nanocatalyst exhibited good catalytic activity in Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling and aryl halide cyanation reactions by giving high turnover numbers (TONs) and turnover frequencies (TOFs). The outstanding advantages of using the PdNPs@g-C3N4-BLE nanocatalyst are mild reaction conditions, short reaction time, heterogeneous nature, excellent yields, easy work-up procedure, and recyclability without any significant loss of catalytic activity. Additionally, the PdNPs@g-C3N4-BLE nanocatalyst showed remarkable antibacterial activity against gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (2D COFs) represent a useful class of porous crystalline materials with promising applications. However, the lack of a facile and general approach for the construction of highly crystalline COFs with desirable structures and functionalities still hinders their practical applications. Herein, we report a dynamic imine exchange strategy for fabricating nanoporous COFs with high crystallinity by using aryl-protected imines as building blocks. Two 2D COFs (i.e., COF-TD-Cl and COF-TP-Cl) with a higher yield and larger specific surface area were synthesized as compared with their counterparts prepared by direct condensation. Given its high crystallinity and good stability, COF-TD-Cl was further coordinated with palladium-(II) trifluoroacetate through postsynthetic modification. The as-synthesized Pd/COF-TD-Cl exhibited remarkable catalytic activity as a heterogeneous catalyst for the Heck cross-coupling reaction and could be recycled up to ten times without significant loss of activity. This contribution not only provides an effective strategy to produce nanoporous COFs with high crystallinity but also extends the potential applications of COF-based composites in heterogeneous catalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Herein, we present a novel microwave-assisted method for the synthesis of palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) supported by Limonia acidissima Groff tree extract gum. The synthesized PdNPs were characterized using various analytical techniques, including FTIR, SEM, TEM, UV–visible, and powder XRD analyses. TEM and XRD analysis confirmed that the synthesized LAG-PdNPs are highly crystalline nature spherical shapes with an average size diameter of 7–9 nm. We employed these gum-capped PdNPs to investigate their peroxidase-like activity for colorimetric detection of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) and glucose. The oxidation of 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) by H 2 O 2 , catalyzed by PdNPs, produces oxidation products quantified at 652 nm using spectrophotometry. The catalytic activity of PdNPs was optimized with respect to temperature and pH. The developed method exhibited a linear range of detection from 1 to 50 µm, with detection limits of 0.35 µm for H 2 O 2 and 0.60 µm for glucose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Palladium nanoparticles can act as a shuttle to accelerate the extracellular electron transfer (EET) by exoelectrogens. Through the EET process, microorganisms drive the redox cycle of many substances. The palladium nanoparticle has a variety of catalytic activities and activities can be significantly improved by combining with the active effects of microorganisms. RESULTS: In this study, Staphylococcus saprophyticus JJ‐1 was utilized as a biological template carrier to synthesize palladium nanoparticles that were immobilized on the bacterial surface. The morphology and composition of palladium were characterized by various techniques including transmission electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Furthermore, the hydrogenation activity of the synthesized Pd was tested at room temperature and atmospheric pressure using methyl orange as a model pollutant. Electrochemical characterization was carried out by cyclic voltammetry and potentiostatic measurements. The research demonstrated that palladium nanoparticles acted as both electronic mediators and catalysts in the dye reduction process, while S. saprophyticus JJ‐1 contributed to stabilizing nanoparticles and electrochemical activity. The synergistic effect between these two components significantly enhances MO degradation efficiency. CONCLUSION: This study presented an energy‐saving method to synthesize an integrated catalyst based on the synergistic interaction between biomass and nanoparticles, offering a novel approach for developing environmentally friendly, cost‐effective, and efficient integrated catalysts. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, palladium (II) and platinum (II), as well as their bimetallic nanoparticles were synthesized using medicinal plants in an eco-friendly manner. Rosemary and Ginseng extracts were chosen due to their promising anticancer potential. The synthesized nanoparticles underwent characterization through FT-IR spectroscopy, DLS, XRD, EDX, SEM, and TEM techniques. Once the expected structures were confirmed, the performance of these nanoparticles, which exhibited an optimal size, was evaluated as potential anticancer agents through in vitro method on colon cancer cell lines (Ls180, SW480). MTT assay studies showed that the synthesized nanoparticles induced cell death. Moreover, real-time PCR was employed to investigate autophagy markers and the effect of nanoparticles on the apoptosis process, demonstrating a significant effect of the synthesized compounds in this regard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study used licorice root leaf extract to synthesize palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) that demonstrate long-term stability, lower toxicity, and enhanced penetration into specific target cells. The optimal conditions (temperature, pH, and time) were maintained to synthesize regular, spherical, and homogenous nanoparticles. The PdNPs were characterized by Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, UV–Visible spectroscopy, High-resolution Transmission electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, Particle-Size Distribution, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Zeta potential analysis. The biosynthetic PdNPs used ABTS and DPPH assay to demonstrate strong antioxidant potential with maximal inhibition. PdNPs hindered the growth of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with zone of inhibition that was 20–25 ± 0.22 mm. PdNPs showed anti-Alzheimer activity by suppression of acetylcholinesterase and butyryl cholinesterase enzymes. Furthermore, the minimum anti-proliferative concentration of PdNPs was detected against MCF-7 and HCT-116 which was 44.4 at 6.58 µg/mL, respectively. Thus, PdNPs have proved to be an effective therapeutic agent for drug delivery and other biomedical applications in the pharmaceutical industry.

The biosynthesis of nanomaterials using plants has become a promising substitute for conventional chemical and physical methods. This study aims to produce Palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) utilizing Turmeric (Curcuma longa) extract and assess their pharmacological application as antioxidant, antifungal, antibacterial, and anticancer agents. PdNPs were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. PdNPs showed antioxidant activity using the DPPH assay at all tested concentrations. The percentage of scavenging effect for 130 µg/mL PdNPs was 33 %. PdNPs at the same concentration showed noticeable antifungal and antibacterial activity using the agar well diffusion method against candida species and Escherichia coli within an inhibition range of 17 mm and 20 mm, respectively. Also, PdNPs exhibited significant cytotoxic activity at all tested concentrations using an MTT assay against the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. MCF-7 cell viability declined to 26.53 % in the treated cells at 130 µg/mL. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate the simplicity and efficiency of synthesizing PdNPs using Curcuma longa extract in an eco-friendly manner and their significant antifungal, antibacterial, and anticancer potential.

In this work, palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs)/p1,5-DAN/ carbon paste electrode (CPE) and p1,5-DAN/CPE sensors have been developed for determination of hydrogen peroxide. Both sensors showed a highly sensitive and selective electrochemical behaviour, which were derived from a large specific area of poly 1,5 DAN and super excellent electroconductibility of PdNPs. PdNPs/p1,5-DAN/CPE exhibited excellent performance over p1,5-DAN/CPE. Thus, it was used for detecting hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) with linear ranges of 0.1 to 250 µM and 0.2 to 300 µM as well as detection limits (S/N = 3) of 1.0 and 5.0 nM for square wave voltammetry (SWV) and cyclic voltammetry (C.V) techniques, respectively. The modified CPE has good reproducibility, adequate catalytic activity, simple synthesis and stability of peak response during H2O2 oxidation on long run that exceeds many probes. Both reproducibility and stability for H2O2 detection are attributable to the PdNPs immobilized on the surface of p1,5-DAN/CPE. The modified CPE was used for determining H2O2 in real specimens with good stability, sensitivity, and reproducibility.

A ligand-free approach for the Suzuki-Miyaura cross coupling reaction using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NaDES) towards coumarin analogs is described. A model reaction between the synthetically prepared 3-(4-acetyloxy-phenyl)-6-bromo-4-methyl-coumarin (3b) and phenylboronic acid was performed in five different NaDES as well as in pure glycerol, using two inorganic bases and palladium catalysts. The reaction proceeded smoothly in Choline Chloride/Glycerol (ChCl/Gly) and Betaine/Glycerol (Bet/Gly) NaDES at 90 °C in 24 h, affording the desired product in high yields up to 95%. The combination of K2CO3, Pd(OAc)2 and ChCl/Gly NaDES provided optimum yields and high purity of the desired compounds, while the solvent was successfully recycled and reused up to two times. The developed methodology is applicable to boronic acids bearing various substituents. The formation of palladium nanoparticles in the reaction mixture was observed, and the size of the nanoparticles was associated with the reaction yield. In addition, in all the glycerol-based NaDES, an effective removal of the acetyl group of the acetyloxy–coumarin analogs was observed; thus, it is noteworthy that the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling and the deacetylation reaction were achieved in one pot. The ten novel coumarin derivatives synthesized were structurally characterized using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and were tested for their cytotoxicity against the A431 squamous cancer cell line, presenting significant activity.

Palladium nanohybrids were synthesized and applied to the one‐pot synthesis of bis(3‐indolyl)methanes by selective C−C bond reaction from benzyl alcohol and indole. A T. lanuginosus lipase‐palladium nanoparticles hybrid (Pd@TLL) was synthesized, yielding PdNPs with an average diameter size of 5 nm. This heterogeneous catalyst was first tested in the selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde in different solvents. Then, the direct formation of bis(3‐indolyl)methane, by in situ oxidation and C−C coupling, was successfully evaluated under different conditions, obtaining >99 % conversion at 80 °C in toluene, with a TOF value of 9 min−1 and 89 % in pure water, demonstrating the versatility of these biohybrids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractIn the current study, PdNPs were synthesized in a greener way using Platycladus orientalis leaves extract (PO) as a reducing agent with stabilizing ability. UV–Vis Spectroscopy (UV–Vis), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electronic Microscopy (TEM) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) were implicated in the characterization of nanoparticles. The structural and the morphological studies were determined using TEM and XRD analysis while UV–Vis and FTIR studies further confirmed the presence of optical, physical and chemical properties. The images of TEM manifested spherical NPs with an average size of 8 ± 3 nm. Phytochemicals present in the leaf extract enabled the reduction of Pd+2 to Pd0 and also acted as a stabilizing agent. Later, the catalytic property of PdNPs, reduction of dyes like Rhodamine B (RhB), Methyl Orange (MO) and Crystal Violet (CV) was investigated. This green preparation method of making small spherical shaped PdNPs were successfully applied for the reduction of organic dyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design of more environmentally friendly nanoparticles as a catalyst for various fields is the focus of present research. As a part of our ongoing research, we have developed an environmentally friendly approach for reduction of nitroarenes, and for the removal of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from wastewater through biogenically synthesized palladium nanoparticles grafted on banana leaves extract-modified graphitic carbon nitride [PdNPs@g-C3N4-BLE] as a nanocatalyst. The synthesized nanocatalyst showed enhanced activity, greater stability and good selectivity in the reduction of various nitroarenes with the good to excellent yield in a short period of time under mild reaction conditions. Additionally, a remarkable recyclability without any significant loss of catalytic activity demonstrates nanocatalyst's heterogeneous nature. The PdNPs@g-C3N4-BLE nanocatalyst can easily hydrogenate an organic contaminant like 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) to 4-aminophenol (4-AP) of ~ 99% conversion in 1.16 min (70 s) with fast pseudo-first order kinetics. In addition, PdNPs@g-C3N4-BLE nanocatalyst acts as an adsorbent and exhibited effective removal of a highly toxic, environmentally pervasive PFAS from wastewater through simple sorption method. An environmentally friendly approach for reduction of nitroarenes, and for the removal of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from wastewater was developed through biogenically synthesized palladium nanoparticles grafted on banana leaves extract-modified graphitic carbon nitride [PdNPs@g-C3N4-BLE] as a nanocatalyst. Further, the nanocatalyst showed enhanced activity, greater stability, and good selectivity in the reduction of various nitroarenes with the good to excellent yield under mild reaction conditions. In addition, PdNPs@g-C3N4-BLE nanocatalyst acts as an adsorbent and exhibited effective removal of a highly toxic, environmentally pervasive PFAS from wastewater through simple sorption method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanotechnology gained a lot of attention nowadays because of its enormous applications. Due to the need for developing new synthetic methods, various physical, chemical, and biological methods are used in the synthesis of nanoparticles. From an environmental point of view, green synthetic methods provide advantages over conventional chemical and physical methods. Among green methods, biosynthesis is a widely emerging method for the synthesis of nanoparticles because it shows prodigious advantages such as low toxicity, simplicity, cheapness, use of less energy, and rapid. Biosynthesis is a highly efficient method for the fabrication of nanoparticles. Palladium nanoparticles are widely used in different areas of applications such as catalysis, medicine, biomedical applications, cosmetics, pharmaceutical products, and electronic components. This review includes recent catalytic advancements in organic transformations using biogenically synthesized palladium nanoparticles and their applications. This review highlights the potential of this field for researchers. Graphical presentation of biosynthesis, characterization, and applications of palladium nanoparticles [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, an innovative biogenic technique was employed to synthesize palladium nanoparticles (Pd-NPs) using propolis. Characterization of the crystal structure and morphology of the prepared NPs was performed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV-Vis spectroscopy (UV-Vis), particle-size distribution and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. At the Pd-NPs modified screen printed electrode (SCPE), the detection of bisphenol A (BPA) through voltammetric measurements was examined. The designed sensor for BPA exhibited remarkable performance, featuring a wide range of calibration (0.2–90 µM), an impressively low limit of detection (LOD, 0.08 µM), and a satisfactory level of reproducibility (RSD = 3.1%). The applicability results also support the effectiveness of the proposed methodology for monitoring of BPA in food samples. On the other hand, the anti-cancer ability of the biosynthesized Pd-NPs versus common human gastric cancer cell line (NCI-N87) was explored. The good cytotoxic character of the green prepared Pd-NPs against gastric cancer in humans was confirmed through the MTT assay studies on cell viability. The findings of this study highlight the successful application of Pd-NPs, which can be easily synthesized from propolis, in both electrochemical sensing and the human cancer therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In This study, n-type single-crystal silicon was used to make porous silicon by electrochemical and photoelectrochemical methods to investigate the hydrogen storage capacity. Carbon dots are made via a hydrothermal method, and palladium nanoparticles are decorated on porous silicon by electroless and drip processes. The morphology of the structures has been investigated using field emission scanning electron microscope, atomic force microscope and X-ray diffraction. The samples' electrochemical characteristics and hydrogen storage capacity have been studied by cyclic voltammetry and chronopotentiometry methods. The results show that laser irradiation for 0.5 h on the back of silicon wafers during the etching prosses increases the storage capacity in porous silicon by 45%. Adding carbon dots and palladium nanoparticles to porous silicon made by the photoelectrochemical method increases hydrogen storage capacity by 29% and 64%, respectively. The hydrogen storage capacity in porous silicon made by the photoelectrochemical method simultaneously decorated with palladium nanoparticles and carbon dots was 1.02% by weight, which shows an increase of 82% compared to undecorated porous silicon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) show significant promise as agents for the photothermal treatment of tumors due to their high photothermal conversion efficiency and thermal stability. theoretical calculations were conducted to investigate the electric field and solid heat conduction of Pd NPs with various sizes and particle distances, aiming to achieve the maximum photothermal conversion efficiency during laser irradiation. Subsequently, Pd NPs with optimal size and structure were synthesized. In vitro and in vivo experiments were conducted to evaluate photothermal conversion. The theoretical results indicated that a peak temperature of 90.12 °C is achieved when the side length is 30 nm with a distance of 2 nm. In vitro experiments demonstrated that the photothermal conversion efficiency of Pd NPs can reach up to 61.9%. in vivo experiments revealed that injecting Pd NPs into blood vessels can effectively reduce the number of laser pulses by 22.22%, thereby inducing obvious vasoconstriction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel in-situ route was developed to load palladium nanoparticles on the graphene oxide in this paper. Palladium ions was immobilized on graphene oxide by cation exchange, then the palladium nanoparticles supported on reduced graphene oxide (Pd NPs-rGO) was prepared via the Suzuki coupling reaction to in situ formed Pd NPs without applying additional reductants, the approach is considerably more convenient and environmentally benign compared to conventional methods for the preparation of supported metal nanoparticles. To explaining the structure and morphology, the Pd NPs-rGO nanocatalyst was characterized by FT-IR, XPS, TEM, and ICP-AES measurements. The outcomes indicate that the Pd0 and Pd2+ are spread on the surface of rGO, and their ratio would affect the catalytic activity. Pd NPs-rGO has excellent catalytic performance in Suzuki coupling reaction with high yields and it could be recovered by centrifugation. Moreover, the catalyst can be recycled seven times without significant loss of activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we report a successful strategy for the generation of palladium nanoparticles on porous P-doped carbon spheres with a high surface area. The synthesized Pd/P-CS was used in the CO2 fixation reaction with various epoxides under solvent-free conditions. The prepared Pd0/P-CS nanocatalyst was affirmed by different analysis, including TEM, FE-SEM, EDS, BET, FT-IR, XRD, and ICP-OES. The aforesaid nanocatalyst with a unique porous structure was an outstanding catalytic performance on different substrates toward produce of cyclic carbonates under solvent-free condition with high yields of final products. The catalytic activity of Pd0/P-Cs could be maintained efficiently after recycling up to five consecutive runs under the optimized reaction conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The eco-friendly synthesis of palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) utilizing plant phytochemicals has demonstrated its efficacy as a nano-catalyst for azo dye degradation. However, the catalytic prowess of these nanoparticles has been predominantly explored on specific model compounds. Consequently, a fundamental inquiry arises: Can these nanoparticles uniformly catalyze a spectrum of diverse azo dyes, irrespective of structural intricacies, azo bond quantity, side-chain functional groups, molecular weight (Mw) fluctuations, water solubility gradients, ionic characteristics, and dye classification (reactive or acid)? To address this comprehensively, nine azo compounds, encompassing the aforementioned criteria, were systematically chosen for catalysis utilizing the synthesized PdNPs. The synthesized particles were spherical (∼10.5 nm in diameter) with highly crystalline surfaces (d-spacing of 0.194–0.224 nm) and have a uniform size distribution. Employing green chemistry principles and Eucommia ulmoides bark extract (EUBE), this synthesis exhibits exceptional catalytic efficiency across a varied array of azo dyes, achieving degradation rates of up to 99% within 1–5 minutes. This methodical exploration offers a holistic understanding of the catalytic capabilities of PdNPs, shedding light on their potential applicability across a diverse spectrum of azo compounds, thereby propelling advancements in the field.

Alternative fuel sources are necessary in today’s economic and environmental climate. Hydrogen fuel arises as an environmentally friendly and energy dense option; however, the volatility of hydrogen gas makes it dangerous to store and utilize. The evolution of hydrogen from hydrogen feedstock materials may prove to overcome this safety barrier, but a catalyst for this reaction is necessary to optimize production. In this work, a composite catalyst comprised of palladium nanoparticles embedded on mesoporous carbon materials (Pd-MCM) was synthesized and characterized by Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Powder X-Ray diffraction (P-XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscope (EDS). Various reaction conditions such as concentration of reactant, temperature, and pH were applied in measuring the catalytic activity of Pd-MCM. Results show the catalytic activity of the Pd-MCM composite catalysts increased with increasing concentrations of sodium borohydride, increasing temperature, and lower pH. The reaction involving the Pd-MCM composite had an activation energy of 27.9 kJ mol−1. Reusability trials showed the Pd-MCM composite remained stable for up to five consecutive trials.