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The paleogeography of Laurentia throughout the Neoproterozoic is critical for reconstructing global paleogeography due to its central position in the supercontinent Rodinia. We develop a new paleomagnetic pole from red siltstones and fine-grained sandstones of the early Neoproterozoic Jacobsville Formation which is now constrained to be ca. 990 Ma in age. High-resolution thermal demagnetization experiments resolve detrital remanent magnetizations held by hematite. These directions were reoriented within siltstone intraclasts and pass intraformational conglomerate tests—giving confidence that the magnetization is detrital and primary. An inclination-corrected mean paleomagnetic pole position for the Jacobsville Formation indicates that Laurentia's motion slowed down significantly following the onset of the Grenvillian orogeny. Prior rapid plate motion associated with closure of the Unimos Ocean between 1,110 and 1,090 Ma transitioned to slow drift of Laurentia across the equator in the late Mesoproterozoic to early Neoproterozoic. We interpret the distinct position of this well-dated pole from those in the Grenville orogen that have been assigned a similar age to indicate that the ages of the poles associated with the Grenville Loop likely need to be revised to be younger due to prolonged exhumation.

This is the second part of the paper on the Cretaceous of the Mountainous Crimea. A lot of new data has been received during last ten years. This paper summarizes the state of knowledge of the Upper Cretaceous stratigraphy, selected biostratigraphic groups (ammonites, belemnites, ostracods, foraminifers, gilianelles, nannoplankton) and magnetostratigraphy. Ammonite and belemnite biostratigraphic subdivisions are proposed for the first time for the Crimean Upper Cretaceous. Foraminifera-based biostratigraphy is updated, and new biostratigraphic units are proposed and correlated with the European scale. Stratigraphic hiatuses are recognised in the succession of southwestern Crimea: the base and the top of lower Cenomanian, upper Coniacian–lower Santonian, Campanian/Maastrichtian and Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary intervals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we present ArchaeoPyDating, a new version of the archaeo_dating Matlab software used for archaeomagnetic dating. This updated version introduces a transition from the original Matlab code to Python, enabling the software to be presented as an online tool. By offering a web‐based interface, ArchaeoPyDating eliminates the need for licenses, program installations, or programming expertise, making it widely accessible to users through various devices and browsers. This enhanced accessibility holds great potential for popularizing the archaeomagnetic dating method. This study presents both the new online version of the tool and a Python module that encompasses all the essential classes and functions required for conducting archaeomagnetic dating in a command‐line environment, which can be useful for advanced users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multidisciplinary studies of volcanic processes and their timescales are vital for the assessment and mitigation of the risk of future volcanic disasters. Paleomagnetic and rock magnetic approaches have long been applied in diverse volcanological studies worldwide. In this review, we provide conceptual and methodological explorations of a representative suite of paleomagnetic and rock magnetic applications, and discuss their future perspectives in Korean volcanological research. These paleomagnetic and rock magnetic applications will contribute to a better understanding of volcanic and associated processes during the pre-, syn-, and post-eruption periods, and their timing and duration, and also contribute to the improvement of spatiotemporal correlations of volcanic and associated units in Korea. Thus it will be connected to meaningfully lead future volcanic hazard analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To refine the postcollisional extrusion and convergence history of the southeastern Tibetan Plateau, we report a quality paleomagnetic data set from Upper Cretaceous redbeds of the eastern Qiangtang Terrane (QT), where is situated at the front edge of eastern Himalayan Syntaxis. The 32 site‐mean directions provide a mean pole at 75.4°N, 176.8°E (A95 = 2.4°) and a paleolatitude of 31.8 ± 2.4°N for the Mangkang area. Comparison with reliable Late Cretaceous paleomagnetic data from the eastern QT and East Asia indicates that the eastern QT experienced a southward extrusion of 940 ± 310 km after the Late Cretaceous. Comparing Late Cretaceous paleolatitudes estimated from the eastern QT and Lhasa terrane (LT) reveals a paleolatitude difference of 2,390 ± 620 km. Such a great latitudinal convergence can be attributed to the fact that some continental terranes originally located between the eastern LT and QT were laterally extruded after the Late Cretaceous. Plain Language Summary: The southeastern Tibetan Plateau is composed of several narrow terranes that experienced widespread extrusion and convergence. There are still several unanswered questions, such as: What is the magnitude of the southward extrusion? What is the magnitude of the postcollisional convergence? How did these terranes converge? In this study, we provide quality paleomagnetic data showing that the eastern Qiangtang terrane was situated at 31.8 ± 2.4°N during the Late Cretaceous (100.5–83.6 Ma) and experienced a southward extrusion of 940 ± 310 km after the Late Cretaceous. Furthermore, a latitudinal convergence of 21.5 ± 5.6° (2,390 ± 620 km) has taken place between the eastern Lhasa and Qiangtang terranes since the Late Cretaceous, which is interpreted to reflect the postcollisional lateral extrusion of terranes originally located between them. Key Points: The eastern Qiangtang terrane experienced a southward extrusion of 940 ± 310 km after the Late CretaceousA latitudinal convergence of 2,390 ± 620 km occurred between the eastern Lhasa and Qiangtang terranes after the Late CretaceousSome terranes originally located between the eastern Lhasa and Qiangtang terranes were laterally extruded after the Late Cretaceous [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ALH 84001 is an orthopyroxenite that is the oldest known Martian meteorite. Given this rock type and age, and the possible source locations, ALH 84001 represents an opportunity to learn more about basic geologic relations in the Martian highlands in the southern hemisphere. Its orthopyroxene‐rich mineralogy is unique and also includes C‐, S‐, P‐bearing minerals. ALH 84001 can provide constraints on chronology, geology and surface features, crust formation, paleomagnetism, weathering, climate, magmatism, and interior structure. When it was recognized to be of Martian origin (~1994), there were ~12 known Martian meteorite samples. That number is now >150, with only one other meteorite (NWA 7034) having clasts that are similar in age to ALH 84001. Thus, it remains a unique sample and continues to provide opportunities to understand this early period of Martian history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Remote sensing techniques provide crucial insights into ancient settlement patterns in various regions by uncovering previously unknown archaeological sites and clarifying the topological features of known ones. Meanwhile, in the northern part of the Southern Levant, megalithic structures remain largely underexplored with these methods. This study addresses this gap by analyzing the landscape around Rujm el-Hiri, one of the most prominent Southern Levantine megaliths dated to the Chalcolithic/Early Bronze Age, for the first time. We discuss the type and extent of the archaeological remains identified in satellite images within a broader context, focusing on the relationships between landscapes and these objects and the implications of their possible function. Our analysis of multi-year satellite imagery covering the 30 km region surrounding the Sea of Galilee reveals several distinct patterns: 40–90-m-wide circles and thick walls primarily constructed along streams, possibly as old as Rujm el-Hiri itself; later-period linear thin walls forming vast rectangular fields and flower-like clusters of ~ 20 m diameter round-shaped fences found in wet areas; tumuli, topologically linked to the linear walls and flower-like fences. Although tumuli share similar forms and likely construction techniques, their spatial distribution, connections to other archaeological features, and the statistical distribution in their sizes suggest that they might serve diverse functions. The objects and patterns identified may be used for further training neural networks to analyze their spatial properties and interrelationships. Most archaeological structures in the region were reused long after their original construction. This involved adding new features, building walls over older ones, and reshaping the landscape with new objects. Rujm el-Hiri is a prime example of such a complex sequence. Geomagnetic analysis shows that since the entire region has rotated over time, the Rujm el-Hiri's location shifted from its original position for tens of meters for the thousands of years of the object's existence, challenging theories of the alignment of its walls with astronomical bodies and raising questions regarding its possible identification as an observatory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precambrian paleomagnetic studies are critical for testing paleogeographic reconstructions in deep time but rely on the fidelity of the assumption of the geocentric axial dipole (GAD) hypothesis. With high‐reliability data from mafic dykes and volcanic rocks, the scatter of individual virtual geomagnetic poles (VGPs) can be used to test simple GAD models. In order to conduct such a test, the VGPs must be adequate in number and in spatial coverage of the sampling sites. In this study, we targeted the 2.1 Ga Indin dyke swarm of the Slave craton. Building on previous sampling of the Indin dyke swarm in the western and central parts of southern Slave craton, we report results from 9 additional sites in the central and eastern parts of the craton, sites that significantly expand the width of the dyke swarm across the entire craton. The VGPs obtained from 7 of 9 newly identified Indin dykes are broadly similar to previously reported directions, expanding the total of VGPs for individual Indin dykes to n = 28, which is sufficient for a test of the GAD‐based statistical models using VGP scatter. The high VGP scatter of the Indin swarm can be attributed to the relatively high paleolatitude of 56° ± 6° for the Slave craton at the time of dyke emplacement. The Indin data have VGP scatter that is consistent with field models associated with the GAD hypothesis for the indicated paleolatitude, thus confirming the fidelity of the GAD field at ca. 2.1 Ga. Plain Language Summary: A fundamental assumption in paleomagnetism is the geocentric axial dipole (GAD) hypothesis. One feature of GAD that can be used to test it is that paleosecular variation (PSV) under a GAD field varies systematically with latitude, with its scatter being greater at relatively high latitudes than at low latitudes. Lavas and dykes for the past five million years and for various points in Earth's history generally support GAD, but there are some large gaps between these tests. Short‐term departures from GAD and/or intervals of weak fields have been suggested for certain time periods, highlighting the importance of regular tests of the GAD field throughout geological time. We study the ca. 2.1‐billion‐year‐old Indin dykes that fills one of these critical gaps. The Indin dyke swarm intruded across a large swath of the southern Slave craton, allowing us to extensively sample PSV. Our study finds a large VGP scatter for the Indin dykes, but as is to be expected given the relatively high paleolatitude. Thus, the scatter of Indin VGPs aligns with the GAD field model, confirming the reliability of the GAD field at ca. 2.1 Ga. Future studies of paleogeographic reconstruction during this period can confidently utilize paleomagnetism as a reliable quantitative constraint. Key Points: The ca. 2.1 Ga Indin dyke swarm has now been extensively sampled across much of the southern Slave cratonThe age and relatively high paleolatitude of the Indin dyke swarm provides an important constraint on the ancient magnetic fieldThe scatter of the paleomagnetic directions of the Indin dykes statistically supports a typical geomagnetic dipole field at 2.1 Ga [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A combination of magnetic polarity and rock magnetic analysis on the well‐documented section of the Um Sohryngkew River (USR) in the south Shillong Plateau, NE India, produced a sharp reversal marking the C29r‐C29n geomagnetic polarity transition at approximately 65.688 Ma. The rock magnetic studies indicate ferrimagnetic dominant mineralogy with abundance of SSD grains, with an anomalous peak in susceptibility coinciding with Ir‐rich limonitic layer. The magnetic reversal occurs precisely 61 m above the Ir‐rich distinct in situ limonitic layer, indicating that the C29r‐C29n geomagnetic reversal post‐dates the widely accepted Ir‐anomaly based K‐Pg boundary by approximately 355 Ka. Furthermore, the rock magnetic studies indicate its frequency dependence coinciding with the Ir‐rich limonitic layer suggesting a possible dust/aerosol source, while akaganéite is reported from the interval approximately 1 m below peak susceptibility, indicating signature of Deccan volcanism. This study infers the completeness of the USR section with a high rate of sedimentation of approximately 17 cm/ka among the marine K‐Pg boundary sections in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data on the absolute value of the geomagnetic field intensity at the beginning of the Cretaceous Normal Superchron (C34n) was obtained from basalts of Hooker Island of the Franz Josef Land archipelago (FJL). These basalts are considered as one of the manifestations of the High Arctic Large Igneous Province. The record of the ancient geomagnetic field in the studied Early Cretaceous basalts was preserved well due to the presence of pseudo-single domain grains of primary magmatic titanomagnetite. The paleointensity, obtained by the Thellier–Coe method, satisfies the generally accepted reliability criteria, taking into consideration other necessary evidence. This information indicates that 125 Ma, during the formation of the FJL traps, the intensity of the geomagnetic field was four times lower than today. Our estimates show that the mean value of the virtual dipole moment was 1.7 × 1022 Am2. These results support the views about the low paleointensity at the Barremian–Aptian boundary and indicate a correlation between the intensity of the geomagnetic field, the frequency of reversals, and the formation of mantle plumes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We adapted a recently developed technique of oriented drill coring (100 m in depth) for paleomagnetic measurements, including additional techniques such as half-cutting of the drill cores and accurate cube sampling using an apparatus that precisely guides the cube into the half-cut drill core surface. Our techniques were successfully applied to sequential tephra layers (including loess) at Akan Quaternary caldera volcano in eastern Hokkaido, Japan. Directions of remanent magnetization for a total of 129 specimens were measured by Spinner magnetometer with thermal and alternating field demagnetizations. We detected clear Matuyama–Brunhes geomagnetic reversal between the depths of 20.59 m and 21.30 m, where inclinations change from 65.1 to –44.3°. With these techniques, we can in future obtain useful geologic information (e.g., radiometric ages and absolute paleo-intensities) from volcanic rocks around the Matuyama–Brunhes boundary in Akan volcano. This will clarify more detailed processes of the geomagnetic polarity transition. Our study demonstrates the utility of oriented drill cores from successive tephra and loess layers for high resolution investigate of continuous paleo-geomagnetic records. The new techniques can be adopted to other geological fields on Earth, like in studies of marine sediments, providing continuous paleomagnetic direction data from drill core. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Early Paleozoic paleolatitudinal position of the terranes in the northern Tibetan Plateau is the key to unraveling the evolution of the Proto‐Tethys Ocean. We present the first Late Cambrian paleomagnetic results from the Oulongbuluke terrane (OT), in the northern Tibetan Plateau. The mean paleomagnetic direction for 16 sites is Ds = 196.2°, Is = −36.9° with κs = 31.5, α95 = 6.7°, corresponding to a paleopole at 68.2°S/51.9°E with dp/dm = 4.6°/7.8°. Rock magnetic and petrologic analyses demonstrate the primary origin of the magnetic mineralogy. This paleomagnetic result defines the Late Cambrian paleolatitude of the OT as 20.6 ± 4.6°S (reference point: 37.2°N/96.6°E). Combined paleomagnetic and geological evidence suggests that the terranes in the northern Tibetan Plateau were located to the northwest of the Indian plate of Gondwana during the Late Cambrian. Plain Language Summary: The Proto‐Tethys Ocean underwent a complex process of collision and amalgamation of the terranes in the northern Tibetan Plateau during the Early Paleozoic. Unraveling the Early Paleozoic paleogeography of these terranes is important for understanding the evolution of the Proto‐Tethys Ocean and is critical for reconstructing the formation of East Asia. However, quantitative constraints on the Early Paleozoic paleogeographic position of the terranes in the northern Tibetan Plateau are limited. Paleomagnetism is the only effective approach for directly constraining the paleolatitude of terranes. We conducted a paleomagnetic study of the Late Cambrian strata in the Oulongbuluke terrane (OT), northern Tibetan Plateau. The results define the paleolatitude of 20.6 ± 4.6 °S for the OT during the Late Cambrian. Based on paleomagnetic data and geological evidence, we also present a tentative paleogeographic reconstruction of the terranes in the northern Tibetan Plateau and the Proto‐Tethys Ocean in a global setting during the Late Cambrian. Key Points: We report the first Late Cambrian paleomagnetic results for the Oulongbuluke terrane (OT)The OT was located at ∼20.6°S during the Late CambrianThe terranes in the northern Tibetan Plateau may have been located northwest of the Indian plate during the Late Cambrian [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper summarizes the state of knowledge of the Cretaceous stratigraphy of the Mountainous Crimea and selected biostratigraphic groups and magnetostratigraphy. The first part of the paper discusses the Early Cretaceous, its stratigraphy, selected fossil groups and magnetostratigraphy of the Mountainous Crimea. The data on the figured reference sections were updated in terms of biostratigraphic zonation. Selected fossil groups represented in the paper include ammonites, organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts, ostracods, calpionellids and nannoplankton. The description of each group contains an information on the main publications, types of biostratigraphic units and their distribution, fossil assemplages, images of the most important fossils, and brief discussion on the correlation. Some of the ammonite index fossils are figured for the first time. The magnetostratigraphy summarizes latest data published mostly in Russian for the whole Early Cretaceous succession of the Mountainous Crimea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The Taga area of the Tethyan Himalaya was located at 54.7° ± 12.0°S at ca. 147–140 Ma. • The eruption periods of the Comei igneous rocks are similar to the Bunbury basalt. • The paleolatitudes of the Comei-Bunbury LIP are similar to the Kerguelen mantle plume. • The Comei-Bunbury LIP originated from the Kerguelen mantle plume. The causal link between the Comei-Bunbury large igneous province (CBLIP) and the Kerguelen mantle plume (KMP) remains a topic of debate. Here, a new paleomagnetic study was conducted on the Zhela Formation basalts and sandstones (ca. 147–140 Ma) in the Taga area of the eastern Tethyan Himalaya (TH). The sandstone specimens had erratic demagnetization patterns, and reliable characteristic remanent magnetization (ChRM) directions could not be isolated. Positive fold and reversal tests indicate that the ChRM directions of the Zhela Formation basalts should be the primary magnetization. The tilt-corrected site-mean direction from 18 sites is D/I = 87.8°/70.0° (α 95 = 6.8°), yielded a paleopole of 21.6°N/130.2°E (A 95 = 12.0°) and a paleolatitude of 54.7° ± 12.0°S for the study area (28.4°N, 91.8°E). Comparison with robust latest Jurassic and Early Cretaceous paleomagnetic, geochemical, and geochronological data from the eastern TH, northeastern Indian craton, and southwestern Australia reveal that (1) the eruption periods of the Comei igneous rocks are similar to the Bunbury basalt (and the Naturaliste Plateau volcanic rocks); (2) the original erupted positions of the Comei-Bunbury (CB) igneous rocks were in agreement with the reconstructed KMP; and (3) the CBLIP originated from the KMP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large‐scale apparent polar wander occurred during the Jurassic interval, which is interpreted as true polar wander (TPW). As the motion is nearly orthogonal to the TPW axis, the North China Block (NCB) experienced the largest latitudinal and environmental changes and provides unique constraints on Jurassic TPW. However, due to the lack and uneven quality of paleomagnetic data, TPW records in North China are controversial. Here, we report a new paleomagnetic pole (80.8°N, 13.0°E, A95 = 7.4°) from the late Jurassic sills and dykes that intrude the Nandaling and Xiahuayuan formations in the NCB. The new pole places the NCB at 36.8° ± 7.4°N at 155 ± 3.4 Ma, using Beijing as the reference site. Combined with the reliable Jurassic poles, our study reveals a large, steady southward shift of 37.3° ± 7.2° for the NCB during the Middle and Late Jurassic, and reflects a component of TPW. The position of ∼155 Ma pole also supports significant TPW prior to ∼160 Ma and agrees with proposals attributing the diachronous 165–155 Ma aridification across the Eastern Asian blocks. Plain Language Summary: True polar wander (TPW) refers to the rotation of a planet's upper solid shell relative to the spin axis, which helps stabilize its rotation and may result in rapid plate shift and environmental change. A large‐scale TPW occurred in the Jurassic but the configuration of which is controversial. Due to its unique location, North China provides unique constraints on Jurassic TPW, including paleolatitudinal, rotational and facies changes. Here we report new paleomagnetic data from a suite of sills and dykes in the North China Block (NCB). Combined with the available Jurassic paleomagnetic data, our study reveals a large, steady southward shift of ∼4,000 km for NCB between ∼174 and 147 Ma, and reflects a component of a proposed monster Jurassic TPW. The plate motion of the NCB also supports significant TPW prior to ∼160 Ma, that is compatible with the diachronous aridification through East Asia between ∼165 and 155 Ma. Key Points: A new paleopole reported from the late Jurassic sills and dykes positions the North China Block (NCB) at ∼37°N at ∼155 MaThe NCB experienced a huge, steady southward shift of ∼4,000 km during ∼174–147 Ma, reflecting a component of true polar wander (TPW)The plate shift of the NCB supports considerable TPW prior to ∼160 Ma, which is compatible with the ∼165–155 Ma aridification across East Asia [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate full vector paleomagnetic changes recorded in high‐resolution sediments of Petermann Fjord, North Greenland, deposited over the last 6 kyr, in the context of the recent rapid changes in the geomagnetic field. A Paleomagnetic Secular Variation (PSV) stack (inclination, declination, and relative paleointensity) was reconstructed using four marine sediment cores with an independent age model constrained by seven radiocarbon ages. Magnetic investigations demonstrate that the paleomagnetic signal is carried by low coercivity ferrimagnetic minerals and is well reproduced in all cores, attesting to the quality and reliability of the paleomagnetic recording of these sediments. This signal is broadly consistent in directional changes with distant records in North America and the northern North Atlantic at centennial and millennial timescales, and has millennial scale intensity variations that are consistent with model predictions. The offset between a magnetization age determined through comparison with a northern North Atlantic PSV reference curve, GREENICE, and the radiocarbon age model indicates either a reasonable lock‐in depth of magnetization (∼11 cm from the coretop) or centennial‐scale reservoir age variation through time in the fjord. Reconstructed virtual geomagnetic pole (VGP) migration for the last 6 kyr shows that the recent migration of the magnetic North Pole is consistent with secular paleomagnetic variations on geologic timescales. Our results suggest that magnetic field intensity variations (temporal and spatial) are linked to magnetic flux lobe dynamics and influence the VGP migration. Plain Language Summary: The magnetic field of the Earth is generated by convection in the outer core of the Earth. Magnetic sediments deposited on the ocean seafloor record the Earth's magnetic field and are important archives of its past fluctuations (intensity and direction). Studying the geomagnetic field is important as it gives us information about processes in the Earth's core and can be used for correlating sediment cores together and for establishing the chronology of sedimentary sequences. In this study, we used sediment cores from Petermann Fjord (Nares Strait, Northern Greenland) to study past geomagnetic variations. Petermann Fjord is an excellent site to conduct such studies because of its close location to the North Magnetic Pole (NMP) and because of the high sediment accumulation rates that enable us to conduct studies with a high temporal resolution. We hypothesize that the NMP migration during the last millennia could have been driven by strong regional intensity features of the geomagnetic field and that the recent rapid migration of the NMP is not unusual because such amplitudes of migration happened in the past, without necessary leading to a reversal of the poles. Key Points: Paleomagnetic secular variations (inclination, declination and relative paleointensity) reconstituted in Petermann Fjord for the last 6 kyrGeomagnetic flux lobes could play a role in the virtual geomagnetic pole migrationThe recent migration of the North Magnetic Pole is consistent with Holocene paleomagnetic secular variations [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Speleothems are mineral deposits capable of recording detrital and/or chemical remanent magnetization at annual timescales. They can offer high‐resolution paleomagnetic records of short‐term variations in Earth's magnetic field, crucial for understanding the evolution of the dynamo. Owing to limitations on the magnetic moment sensitivity of commercial cryogenic rock magnetometers (∼10−11 Am2), paleomagnetic studies of speleothems have been limited to samples with volumes of several hundreds of mm3, averaging tens to hundreds of years of magnetic variation. Nonetheless, smaller samples (∼1–10 mm3) can be measured using superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) microscopy, with a sensitivity better than ∼10−15 Am2. To determine the application of SQUID microscopy for obtaining robust high‐resolution records from small‐volume speleothem samples, we analyzed three different stalagmites collected from Lapa dos Morcegos Cave (Portugal), Pau d'Alho Cave (Brazil), and Crevice Cave (United States). These stalagmites are representative of a range of magnetic properties and have been previously studied with conventional rock magnetometers. We show that by using SQUID microscopy we can achieve a five‐fold improvement in temporal resolution for samples with higher abundances of magnetic carriers (e.g., Pau d'Alho Cave and Lapa dos Morcegos Cave). In contrast, speleothems with low abundances of magnetic carriers (e.g., Crevice Cave) do not benefit from higher resolution analysis and are best analyzed using conventional rock magnetometers. Overall, by targeting speleothem samples with high concentrations of magnetic carriers we can increase the temporal resolution of magnetic records, setting the stage for resolving geomagnetic variations at short time scales. Plain Language Summary: Earth has a magnetic field that is generated in the outer core, and through paleomagnetism we can retrieve information about the evolution of the field from rocks. Different types of rocks have been used to determine how Earth's magnetic field has changed over time. In this study, we use magnetic microscopy to analyze the magnetic record of speleothems, which are rocks that form inside caves and that can record magnetic fields in annual scales. This allows us to obtain magnetic records with higher resolution than previous studies. This is important because Earth's magnetic field changes in timescales ranging from thousands of years to a few years, and obtaining records from speleothems using magnetic microscopy can help us track these variations. We provide data demonstrating how the technique can be used and showing its limitations, and we discuss how the geologic context of the cave influences the robustness of the magnetic record. We also provide protocols for future studies using magnetic microscopy in speleothems. Key Points: Magnetic microscopy can be used to produce a 5× improvement in temporal resolution of magnetic records from speleothemsVariations in magnetic properties across speleothems can affect the temporal resolution of the magnetic recordProtocols for conducting high‐resolution magnetic measurements of speleothems with magnetic microscopy are presented [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because the active, left‐slip Haiyuan fault is a first‐order structure along the NE margin of the Tibetan Plateau, its tectonic evolution provides insight into deformation processes along this margin over time. Late Cenozoic deformation in the area of the eastern Haiyuan fault initiated as thrust faulting, followed by left‐lateral strike slip displacement. However, the time of this kinematic change has been long debated. Here we use the structural evolution and the age of the Ganyanchi basin to date the onset of this kinematic transition. Seismic reflection data, integrated with published structural mapping, indicate that the basin is a pull‐apart controlled by strands of the eastern Haiyuan fault. Previously reported magnetostratigraphy of a core from the basin interior indicates deposition started at ∼2.8 Ma. However, this age likely postdates initiation of the bounding strike‐slip faults. We estimate that an additional 0.2–1.0 Myr of lateral slip occurred before the dated section formed. Thus, we find that the age of the eastern Haiyuan fault is at least ∼3.5 Ma, which is significantly older than early estimates of less than 2 Ma. Integrating our new data with prior work reveals that the kinematic change from NE‐SW shortening to left‐slip along the Haiyuan fault youngs to the east, which we interpret to result from growth of the Haiyuan strike‐slip fault via progressive lateral propagation from west to east. Miocene‐Pliocene onset of the Haiyuan strike‐slip fault coincides with initiation ages of other major strike‐slip faults in NE Tibet, likely implying that the NE margin of the Tibetan Plateau had switched to a strike‐slip dominated mode of deformation by this time. Key Points: Seismic reflection data indicate that the Ganyanchi basin is an asymmetric pull‐apart filled with more than 900 m of growth strataWe find that the age of the eastern Haiyuan fault is at least ∼3.5 Ma, which is significantly older than early estimates of less than 2 MaKinematic change along the Haiyuan fault shows a west‐to‐east younging trend, implying the left‐slip motion propagated eastward over time [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract We adapted a recently developed technique of oriented drill coring (100 m in depth) for paleomagnetic measurements, including additional techniques such as half-cutting of the drill cores and accurate cube sampling using an apparatus that precisely guides the cube into the half-cut drill core surface. Our techniques were successfully applied to sequential tephra layers (including loess) at Akan Quaternary caldera volcano in eastern Hokkaido, Japan. Directions of remanent magnetization for a total of 129 specimens were measured by Spinner magnetometer with thermal and alternating field demagnetizations. We detected clear Matuyama–Brunhes geomagnetic reversal between the depths of 20.59 m and 21.30 m, where inclinations change from 65.1 to –44.3°. With these techniques, we can in future obtain useful geologic information (e.g., radiometric ages and absolute paleo-intensities) from volcanic rocks around the Matuyama–Brunhes boundary in Akan volcano. This will clarify more detailed processes of the geomagnetic polarity transition. Our study demonstrates the utility of oriented drill cores from successive tephra and loess layers for high resolution investigate of continuous paleo-geomagnetic records. The new techniques can be adopted to other geological fields on Earth, like in studies of marine sediments, providing continuous paleomagnetic direction data from drill core. Graphical Abstract

Sampling strategies used in paleomagnetic studies play a crucial role in dictating the accuracy of our estimates of properties of the ancient geomagnetic field. However, there has been little quantitative analysis of optimal paleomagnetic sampling strategies and the community has instead defaulted to traditional practices that vary between laboratories. In this paper, we quantitatively evaluate the accuracy of alternative paleomagnetic sampling strategies through numerical experiments and an associated analytical framework. Our findings demonstrate a strong correspondence between the accuracy of an estimated paleopole position and the number of sites or independent readings of the time-varying paleomagnetic field, whereas larger numbers of in-site samples have a dwindling effect. This remains true even when a large proportion of the sample directions are spurious. This approach can be readily achieved in sedimentary sequences by distributing samples stratigraphically, considering each sample as an individual site. However, where the number of potential independent sites is inherently limited the collection of additional in-site samples can improve the accuracy of the paleopole estimate (although with diminishing returns with increasing samples per site). Where an estimate of the magnitude of paleosecular variation is sought, multiple in-site samples should be taken, but the optimal number is dependent on the expected fraction of outliers. The use of filters based on angular distance helps the accuracy of paleopole estimation, but leads to inaccurate estimates of paleosecular variation. We provide both analytical formulas and a series of interactive Jupyter notebooks allowing optimal sampling strategies to be developed from user-informed expectations.

The paper considers the possibility of determining the age and correlating peat sections by solving the inverse problem of magnetostratigraphy based on the findings of comprehensive (palaeomagnetic, petromagnetic, microprobe, and radiocarbon) studies on peats of the «Tyapka» and «Chlya» peat sections in the Lower Amur region. For this purpose, we used the values of relative paleointensity calculated following the technique described by Bagina-Petrova. There is no difference in the rate of magnetization fixation among studied peat samples, and the age of magnetization is comparable to the age of the peat deposits itself. The solution of the inverse problem of magnetostratigraphy using the values of relative paleointensity can be used to correlate peat sections among themselves and to estimate the rate of peat accumulation in different periods of the Holocene, even in the absence of radiocarbon dating for one of the correlated sections.

Curved mountain belts are spectacular natural features that contain crucial 3D information about the tectonic evolution of orogenic systems in the absence of other kinematic markers. The Mesozoic units exposed in the Mexican Fold and Thrust Belt in northeastern Mexico show a striking curvature, whose kinematic history has not been studied. The existing tectonic models of the region simply assumed the shape of the tectonic units as an inherent feature to the orogen. We investigated the kinematic history of this curvature through paleomagnetism and rock magnetism analyses, coupled with an exhaustive review of available published literature. The studied data sets indicate a protracted history of (re)magnetizations that occurred during the Late Jurassic‐Paleocene times at least during the Late Jurassic, Cretaceous and early Eocene. More significantly, they show significant counterclockwise rotations in the northern flank of the curvature and moderate clockwise vertical axis rotations along its southern flank. This data set suggests that the Sierra Madre Oriental was a linear belt that experienced oroclinal bending or buckling during the Cretaceous to early Eocene period (120–50 Ma). Plain Language Summary: The geological history of the American Cordillera is complex due to its extensive geological history. We have investigated a section of this Pacific‐Panthalassa region: the remarkable curved sector of the Mexican Fold and Thrust Belt in northeastern Mexico. This winding area, known as the Sierra Madre Oriental, potentially holds important clues about the evolution of the North American crust. To contribute to a better understanding of this area and to complement the scarce geophysical and geological studies, we used the magnetic properties of rocks and reviewed existing published research to investigate. We've uncovered a complex history of rock magnetizations with at least two main events dating back to the Late Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. Our findings also reveal that these mountain ranges were rotated from their original position on vertical axes, suggesting they were originally linear and were bent or buckled during the period from approximately 120 to 50 million years ago. Key Points: With Paleomagnetism we explore the nature of the striking curvature of the Northeastern section of the Mexican Fold‐and‐Thrust BeltOur study shows evidence of Orocline bending or Buckling during the major horizontal crustal shortening event of the Mesozoic in Mexico [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although Mars today does not have a core dynamo, magnetizations in the Martian crust and in meteorites suggest a magnetic field was present prior to 3.7 billion years (Ga) ago. However, the lack of ancient, oriented Martian bedrock samples available on Earth has prevented accurate estimates of the dynamo's intensity, lifetime, and direction. Constraining the nature and lifetime of the dynamo are vital to understanding the evolution of the Martian interior and the potential habitability of the planet. The Perseverance rover, which is exploring Jezero crater, is providing an unprecedented opportunity to address this gap by acquiring absolutely oriented bedrock samples with estimated ages from ∼2.3 to >4.1 Ga. As a first step in establishing whether these samples could contain records of Martian paleomagnetism, it is important to determine their ferromagnetic mineralogy, the grain sizes of the phases, and the forms of any natural remanent magnetization. Here, we synthesize data from various Perseverance instruments to achieve those goals and discuss the implications for future laboratory paleomagnetic analyses. Using the rover's instrument payload, we find that cored samples likely contain iron oxides enriched in Cr and Ti. The relative proportions of Fe, Ti, and Cr indicate that the phases may be titanomagnetite or Fe‐Ti‐Cr spinels that are ferromagnetic at room temperature, but we cannot rule out the presence of non‐ferromagnetic ulvöspinel, ilmenite, and chromite due to signal mixing. Importantly, the inferred abundance of iron oxides in the samples suggests that even <1 mm‐sized samples will be easily measurable by present‐day magnetometers. Plain Language Summary: Mars today does not have a magnetic field, but laboratory studies of Martian meteorites and spacecraft observations of the Martian crust indicate that Mars's metallic core once generated a magnetic field, known as a core dynamo. Although the dynamo seems to have been active prior to ∼3.7 billion years ago, its strength, direction and lifetime are largely unknown. Determining these characteristics is important for understanding the evolution of the Martian core and to test the theory that the magnetic field played a key role in making ancient Mars habitable. The Perseverance rover is providing a unique opportunity to answer these questions by acquiring bedrock samples that may span the full lifetime of the field. However, to establish whether these samples could tell us about the ancient dynamo, it is important to show they contain minerals with a special property known as ferromagnetism that allows them to record and retain records of the ancient magnetic field. Here, we present evidence the samples contain iron oxide minerals, many of which are known to be ferromagnetic. As such, we expect that future laboratory studies of these samples following their return to Earth will provide powerful constraints on the history of Mars's magnetic field. Key Points: Iron oxides with titanium and chromium components are present in lithologies sampled by the Perseverance rover on MarsThese iron oxides may contain magnetizations from ancient Martian magnetic fieldsReturned samples of these lithologies will constrain the history and characteristics of the Martian dynamo [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dating young lava flows is essential for understanding volcano's eruption frequency, yet challenging due to methodological limitations of commonly used dating techniques. Ruapehu (Aotearoa New Zealand) produced many lava flows during the Holocene, but constraints on the timing of these eruptions are scarce. Here, we use paleomagnetic dating to deliver new eruption ages of 18 lava flows with uncertainties ranging between 500 and 2,700 years (at the 95% confidence level). Comparison between lava flows' paleomagnetic directions and a local paleosecular variation record indicates that the large lava flow field located on the Whakapapa area was emplaced during at least three distinct eruptive episodes between 10600 and 7400 BP. Two of these episodes closely followed a large collapse event that affected Ruapehu's northern area and generated large volumes of lava between 10600 and 8800 BP, with the third episode producing less voluminous lava flows between 8100 and 7400 BP. Following a smaller collapse of the southeastern sector of the edifice at ca. 5300 BP, several low‐volume lava flows were emplaced during at least two distinct eruptive episodes prior to ca. 1000 BP, which supplied the Whangaehu valley with lava. The youngest age inferred from our data represents the youngest eruption age provided for a lava flow outside Ruapehu's summit region. This research provides greater detail to the Holocene effusive chronology at Ruapehu, shedding light on partial cone reconstructions after edifice collapses during the Holocene, and the time relationships between trends observed in its effusive and explosive activity. Plain Language Summary: Knowing when volcanoes have erupted is essential for hazard assessments, but the precise timing of geologically young lava flow eruptions is hard to determine with traditional methods. Earth's magnetic field is constantly changing in both direction and strength. Magnetic minerals contained in the lava flows record the direction of the field as the lava cools after eruption. Hence, solidified lavas can be dated by matching their magnetization directions to a reference record. In this study, we analyze the magnetization directions recorded in prehistoric lavas at Mt. Ruapehu (Aotearoa New Zealand) and use them to determine when they erupted. We show that a large flow field in the Whakapapa area (northwest Ruapehu) was formed during at least three distinct eruptive episodes between 10,600 and 7,350 years ago, following a catastrophic volcanic landslide at around 10,600 years ago. We also determine that the lavas present in the Whangaehu valley (east Ruapehu) erupted during at least two episodes between 4,600 and 1,000 years ago, the latter representing the youngest lavas known outside the summit area of Ruapehu. This research helps understand how Ruapehu was rebuilt after slope collapses, and the frequency of lava‐forming eruptions. Key Points: Paleomagnetism was used to date eruptive episodes in lava flow sequences at RuapehuPaleomagnetic dating yields 1300–1050 BP as the youngest eruption age known for a lava flow at the volcanoOur data provide age constraints on the timescales of vent migration and partial edifice rebuilding after collapse events [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paleomagnetic data enables the global reconstruction of the geomagnetic field, allowing the investigation of significant events like polarity reversals and excursions. When compared to prior polarity reversals, the most recent one, the Matuyama-Brunhes (MB), is the best recorded reversal in terms of number of available paleomagnetic data. Nevertheless, several of these data have poor age control, and they are not distributed equally worldwide. Few global models have been presented for the MB; the most recent is the GGFMB (Global Geomagnetic Field Model for the MB reversal). Limitations imposed by input data and subjective assumptions about the data that are made in modelling restrict the resolution and reliability of these models. This study presents a suite of eight additional global models that reconstruct the magnetic field during the interval 700-900 ka ago, including the MB reversal and Kamikatsura (KKT) excursion. Through model comparisons, the robustness of the models in resolving MB reversal characteristics is assessed. The majority of models indicate that the reversal was mainly driven by the axial dipole field contribution gradually decreasing, while non-dipole parts slightly increased. At the coremantle boundary, two high-latitude reverse flux patches appear at the beginning of the reversal, and it seems like a few precursors in the form of regionally seen transitional field occurred, related to variations in the decaying dipole moment. The main global polarity change occurred close to 778 ka, with the axial dipole quickly strengthening in the opposite direction in the following, completing the full polarity transition. All the models confirm the previously reported asymmetry of slow dipole decay and fast recovery, and indicate that the dipole moment was clearly lower in the late Matuyama than the early Brunhes. The whole reversal process occurred on average between 800 and 770 ka, with a duration of approximately 30 kyr. Out of four apparent excursions discovered in some of the models between 900 and 800 ka, the KKT excursion (890-884 ka), can be confirmed as a robust magnetic field feature. Additional, well dated paleomagnetic records in particular from the southern hemisphere are required to confirm several details suggested by the models that should only be interpreted with caution so far. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crustal deformation and hydrothermal percolation related to the India‐Asia collision have caused extensive remagnetization of the Tethyan Himalaya Terrane (THT). The present work identified three phases of regional remagnetization during 62.3–50.0 Ma for the east‐central THT. Consequently, a model of three‐stage India‐Asia collision was proposed. The east‐central THT first collided with the southward migrated southern margin of the Lhasa Terrane (LT) at 5.4 ± 0.9°N during 62.3–60.9 Ma. Subsequently, the THT continuously moved northward and pushed the southern margin of the LT back to its original position prior to the initiation of fore‐arc and back‐arc extension on both sides of the Gangdese magmatic arc. Since the final suturing of the THT with Asia at ∼10°N during 59.8–58.0 Ma, the east‐central THT remained stationary until India collided with it at 10.9 ± 5.1°N at ∼50.0 Ma. Plain Language Summary: The collision of India and Asia caused intense tectonic deformation and hydrothermal alteration throughout the Tethyan Himalaya Terrane (THT), which resulted in the large‐scale remagnetization in the THT. The regional remagnetization of the THT can be used to constrain the India‐Asia collision process, on the premise that the time of remagnetization can be determined. Based on this assumption, we measured two representative Paleocene remagnetized components from Early Jurassic limestones in the Gyangze Basin in the east‐central THT. These remagnetized components, combined with non‐remagnetized components and remagnetization events recorded in the adjacent areas, suggest that the east‐central THT experienced three phases of regional remagnetization during 62.3–50.0 Ma. The first and second phases of remagnetization in the north‐central part of the east‐central THT occurred at the paleolatitude of 5.4 ± 0.9°N at 62.3–60.9 Ma and 10.3 ± 1.0°N–9.5 ± 1.1°N at 59.8–58.0 Ma, respectively. The third phase of remagnetization occurred in the southern part of the east‐central THT, at the paleolatitude of 10.9 ± 5.1°N at ∼50.0 Ma. Consequently, a model of three‐stage India‐Asia collision and southward spreading tectonic deformation of the THT was proposed based on these successive remagnetizations. Key Points: The east‐central Tethyan Himalaya Terrane (THT) experienced three phases of large‐scale remagnetization during 62.3–50.0 MaThe collision of THT with the Lhasa Terrane commenced at 62.3–60.9 Ma and finished at 59.8–58.5 MaIndia finally collided with the THT at the paleolatitude of ∼10.9 ± 5.1°N at ∼50.0 Ma [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present new results of geochronological, rock magnetic, paleomagnetic and paleointensity studies of the olivine gabbro dyke located at the northern part of the Murmansk craton, NE Fennoscandia (the Kola Peninsula). According to its geochemistry, petrographic and geochronology features, the dyke belongs to the 2.68 Ga dyke swarm, as confirmed by Sm-Nd mineral isochron. We find a significant difference in the rock magnetic and paleomagnetic characteristics of the central and marginal parts of the dyke, which is independently supported by petrography and geochemistry. It is shown that the rocks of the central part of the dyke retained not only their primary mineral composition, but also the primary component of the natural remanent magnetization. We use its direction to determine the 2.68 Ga virtual geomagnetic pole for the Murmansk craton: Slat = 68.64292° N, Slong = 37.7945° E, N = 41 specimens, Plat = –73.5°, Plong = 138.9°, dp/dm = 3.2°/3.4°, paleolat = –65.9°. We also obtain reliable estimates (17 samples) of the Earth's magnetic field intensity at ca. 2.68 Ga: VDM value is found to be 1.85 × 1022 A m2 corresponding to the geomagnetic field several times weaker than the present-day field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract—The collection of paleomagnetic samples of the Lower Devonian Frænkelryggen Formation from the northwest of Spitsbergen is studied. The main carrier of the natural remanent magnetization of the studied rocks is hematite. Based on the component analysis results, the prefolding, bipolar components of the natural remanent magnetization with a positive reversal test are identified. The sequence of the magnetozones of the studied section is compared with the existing world data for Lower Devonian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal profiles of 16 firings performed under various experimental conditions are investigated and compared, with special attention to cooling due to its significance in archaeomagnetism. Samples of different shapes and sizes handmade from six starting clays were fired once and repeatedly followed by magnetic measurements. The collected experimental data provide a broader view of the relationships among firing conditions, clay composition, and final ceramic products.According to direct measurements, open hearths and kilns reach very similar temperatures (800–900°C). Firing temperature and soaking time tend to be linearly related at temperatures around and above 700°C. Soaking time appears to be independent of the structure type around and above 800°C but not below 600°C. Heating rates and times are related exponentially. Only the cooling process distinguishes ’open’ and ’kiln’ firing, with kiln insulation being the primary factor controlling all thermal parameters. A possible relationship between cooling and fuel type is suggested. Cooling in open hearths and kilns differs from that in laboratory furnaces.The magnetic profiles obtained for various clays highlight the differences in composition, grain size, and thermal stability; increasing the number of firings reduces these later. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses one of the critical questions of scientific inquiry: How do we know when a given data set is representative of the phenomenon being examined? For paleomagnetists, the question is often whether a particular data set sufficiently averaged paleosecular variation (PSV). To this aim, we updated an existing PSV data set that now comprises 2,441 site mean directions from 94 individual studies (PSV10‐24). Minimal filtering for data quality resulted in 1,619 sites from 90 publications. Fitting PSV10‐24 with two newly defined parameters as well as two existing ones form the basis of a Giant Gaussian Process field model (THG24) consistent with the data. Drawing directions from THG24 yields directional distributions predicted for a given latitude allowing a comparison between empirical distributions and the cumulative distribution function generated by the model. This tests whether the observed data adequately averaged out PSV according to THG24. We applied these tests to five data sets from Large Igneous Provinces from the last billion years and find that they are consistent with the THG24 model as well. Sedimentary data sets that may have experienced inclination shallowing can be corrected using an (un)flattening factor that yields directions satisfying THG24 in a newly‐defined, four‐parameter space. This approach builds on the Elongation‐Inclination (E/I) method of Tauxe and Kent (2004), https://doi.org/10.1029/145gm08, so the approach introduced here is called SVEI. We show examples of the use of SVEI and explain how to use this newly developed Python code that is publicly available in the PmagPy GitHub repository. Plain Language Summary: Paleomagnetic vectors recorded by rocks and archeological materials yield information on the structure of the magnetic field through Earth's history. The geomagnetic field mostly resembles a geocentric dipole aligned with the spin axis, but the directions at any given time and place generally deviate from this simple model. Data sets produced over several decades help define global magnetic field behavior. Here, we updated a compilation of paleomagnetic data and used it to establish a new field model representative of the last 10 million years. Prior or emerging data sets can be tested against the model to see whether the two agree in terms of field structure and variability. We tested data sets as old as 1.1 billion years and found them compatible with the model. Moreover, this model can also assess, and potentially correct data from sedimentary rocks that may have suffered from inclination shallowing. Although other correction methods exist, our approach employs a more complete description of the geometry of directional data, thereby allowing a more quantitative comparison of empirical and predicted distributions. Corrected inclinations and their uncertainties define paleolatitudes more accurately, key for plate tectonic and paleoclimatic reconstructions. Key Points: Update of the paleosecular variation database from lava flows (PSV10‐24) for the last 10 MaDefinition of a new Giant Gaussian Process (GGP) model (THG24), compatible with PSV10‐24 matching VGP scatter including data sets as old as 1.1 GaDescription of the SVEI method (an update of E/I) to assess secular variation records and to correct for inclination shallowing in sediments [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the results of comprehensive (microprobe, paleomagnetic and magnetic) studies on peats from the Tyapka peat section (Russian Far East). Radiocarbon dating placed the start of peat formation at ∼11.7 ky B.P. The principle carriers of magnetization were found to be magnetite, to a lesser extent hematite and, possibly, greigite. The relative paleointensity values obtained through calculations are in good agreement with the literature data. Intervals with negative inclinations of the magnetization vector were identified in peats, which most likely correspond to geomagnetic excursions in the Holocene. The research constrained the duration of the geomagnetic excursions, as well as the geomagnetic field intensity behavior not typical for such variations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: The geocentric axial dipole (GAD) hypothesis is key to many palaeomagnetic applications, for example plate-tectonic reconstructions; however, the validity of this hypothesis at high latitudes is not fully resolved. To address this, in this paper we determined the palaeomagnetic directional data of 156 lava units in Eyjafjarðardalur, Iceland, with the aim of determining the validity of the GAD hypothesis at high latitudes using time-averaged field (TAF) analysis. In addition to the palaeomagnetic directional data, we constructed an age model for the sequences using new 40Ar/39Ar dates, magnetostratigraphy and field data. The sequence age range is 2.6–8.0 Ma. We show that the mean virtual geomagnetic pole (VGP) for our data does not agree with the GAD theory at 95 per cent confidence, when only the standard tilt and tectonic corrections are made; however, when inclination-shallowing processes are accounted for, for example thermoremanence (TRM) anisotropy and refraction effects, the mean VGP can align with GAD at 95 per cent confidence. These inclination-shallowing processes are shown to reduce the inclination by up to 14° for some of the basaltic units. Applying the inclination-shallowing correction also reduces VGP dispersion to levels that agree with global model predictions. We propose that much of the scatter within the palaeomagnetic directional databases are due to inclination-shallowing process effects, which become more important as the natural remanent magnetization (NRM) intensity is high, for example >2 A m−1. We propose that inclination-shallowing processes can be identified and corrected for by examining the NRM intensity and dispersion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • New paleomagnetic data from Ediacaran sediments of the Rio de la Plata Craton. • Two paleomagnetic poles, far-located from each other, obtained from the same unit. • Large true polar wander or anomalous Earth Magnetic Field in the Ediacaran suggested. Anomalous paleomagnetic data have been found worldwide during the Ediacaran period, giving rise to several non-actualistic hypothesis. In order to get more information about this period, paleomagnetic, magnetic fabric and rock magnetic studies were carried out in the Avellaneda Formation (∼570–560 Ma) from two drill cores of the Alicia quarry in the Olavarría area of the Tandilia System, in the Río de la Plata craton (Argentina). Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility studies indicate a pre-tectonic origin for the magnetic fabric of this Formation. Rock magnetic studies suggest the presence of magnetite and hematite in different proportions as the main ferromagnetic minerals carrying the remanence. After stepwise thermal demagnetization, two different characteristic remanence directions were obtained for the same unit, one corresponding to the marls ("b1") of the lower section of the Avellaneda Formation, and the other from the claystones ("b2") of the upper section of this unit. These results were combined with the remanence directions obtained by Franceschinis et al. (2022) for the same unit at La Cabañita quarry, located 10 km away. This procedure allows the calculation of two paleomagnetic poles for the Avellaneda Formation. The AV1 pole is located at: 2.0° S, 311.1° E, A95: 5.0°, N: 58 while the AV2 pole is at: 3.3° N, 348.9° E, A95: 11.7°, N: 7. These results confirms that the Rio de la Plata craton also presents anomalous paleomagnetic data during the Ediacaran, implying extremely fast movements in very short periods of time. This can be interpreted as evidence of two inertial interchange true polar wander events during this time, as was already proposed by other authors. An alternative possibility suggests a non-actualistic behaviour of the Earth Magnetic Field, switching from axial to equatorial positions, with an intermediate stable position between them. The likelihood and implications of these two hypotheses is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability of rocks to hold a reliable record of the ancient geomagnetic field depends on the structure and stability of magnetic domain‐states contained within constituent particles. In paleomagnetic studies, the Day plot is an easily constructed graph of magnetic hysteresis parameters that is frequently used to estimate the likely magnetic recording stability of samples. Often samples plot in the region of the Day plot attributed to so‐called pseudo‐single‐domain particles with little understanding of the implications for domain‐states or recording fidelity. Here we use micromagnetic models to explore the hysteresis parameters of magnetite particles with idealized prolate and oblate truncated‐octahedral geometries containing single domain (SD), single‐vortex and occasionally multi‐vortex states. We show that these domain states exhibit a well‐defined trend in the Day plot that extends from the SD region well into the multi‐domain region, all of which are likely to be stable remanence carriers. We suggest that although the interpretation of the Day plot and its variants might be subject to ambiguities, if the magnetic mineralogy is known, it can still provide some useful insights about paleomagnetic specimens' dominant domain state, average particle sizes and, consequently, their paleomagnetic stability. Plain Language Summary: Ancient magnetic field recordings from rocks, provide information about the early habitability of Earth and formation of the Solar System. Key to understanding the reliability of these magnetic recordings is knowing the particle size and shape of a rock's constituent magnetic minerals. Small magnetite particles (⪅100 nm) are magnetically uniform, but as particle size increases the magnetic structures become non‐uniform and increasingly complex. These different types of structures are termed domain states, and yield different magnetic hysteresis responses, often summarized on a so‐called "Day" diagram—a commonly used diagnostic of domain state (or particle size). The position of particles in the size 100–1,000 nm on the Day plot is poorly quantified. This is a problem, as it has been shown in the last 5 years, that this particle size range carries the most stable magnetic recordings, lasting potentially longer than the age of the universe. These particles contain vortex‐like magnetic structures. Using a numerical micromagnetic algorithm, this is the first comprehensive study to quantify the magnetic response of vortex structures on the Day plot. We show that careful use of the Day plot can provide insight into the ability of a sample to retain recordings of the ancient geomagnetic field. Key Points: Vortex domain states for magnetite predominantly have pseudo‐single‐domain Day plot characteristicsIf the mineralogy is known, the Day plot can provide an estimate on the dominance of stable remanence carriers [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Northwest Iran is a seismically active region dominated by NW‐SE trending strike‐slip faults, such as the North Tabriz and Qosha Dagh faults, and smaller NNE‐SSW striking faults. The Bozgush Mountains are shaped by these faults and divided into two domains that show a difference in strike. To quantify rotational tectonic deformation in NW Iran, we performed a paleomagnetic study along three transects of the Bozgush and Qosha Dagh Mountains with 127 sites. Our large new paleomagnetic data set shows that the Bozgush Mountains did not rotate as a single rigid block. In the western domain of the Bozgush Mountains, we find evidence for clockwise vertical axis rotations of ∼40°, while the eastern domain has rotated up to ∼80° clockwise. Declinations of the western Bozgush domain fit well with observed declinations in the Qosha Dagh Mountains. Fault patterns show that the eastern domain of the Bozgush Mountains is divided by a set of NNE‐SSW striking sinistral strike‐slip faults, which created domino‐style blocks that accommodated the additional 40° of rotation. We estimate that these extra rotations have resulted in around 4 km of N‐S shortening and more than 1.5 km of differential uplift. Plain Language Summary: This study focuses on the tectonic history of northwest Iran, specifically the Bozgush and Qosha Dagh Mountains. Northwest Iran is prone to destructive earthquakes and hosts large strike‐slip faults, including the North Tabriz and Qosha Dagh faults. We conducted a paleomagnetic study to understand how these faults are linked to rotations of crustal blocks. We found that the Bozgush Mountains did not rotate as a single rigid block. The western Bozgush domain has rotated clockwise by about 40°, while the eastern domain has rotated much more, around 80° clockwise. The eastern domain is cross‐cut by a distinct set of NNE‐SSW striking left‐lateral faults, while the western domain does not have similar faults. These faults are active today and are linked to earthquakes. Key Points: Paleomagnetic data show evidence for a ∼40° regional clockwise rotation since the Eocene, in response to the Arabia‐Eurasia collisionE and W Bozgush domains show different amounts of rotation, with those in the E domain twice as large (80°) as in the W domainRotations in the east Bozgush domain are accommodated by a set of extra faults, of which some are linked to recent destructive earthquakes [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Due to the need for safety and aesthetics, 10 kV urban power grids are gradually dominated by all-cable lines. However, this trend also brings new challenges. Cables, which are equivalent to capacitors at industrial frequency, are prone to resonate with the voltage transformers (PTs) in the system, causing drastic changes in current and voltage and posing a threat to the stable operation of the system. In addition, the intrusion of lightning waves into the substation will lead to different residual magnetization in the PT core, which further changes the core inductance value and affects the ferromagnetic resonance of the system to a certain extent. Methods: In order to deeply investigate the influence of remanent magnetism on the ferromagnetic resonance of the system, this paper establishes a simulation model of a 10 kV all-cable line based on the PSCAD software, and adopts a UMEC transformer capable of simulating the saturation characteristics to construct the PT, and simulates the intrusion currents by using a DC current source in order to generate remanent magnetism. By this method, the effect of remanent magnetization on the ferromagnetic resonance of the system is explored at different magnitudes and directions. Results: The results of the study show that the residual magnetization has a significant effect on the ferromagnetic resonant inrush current of the voltage transformer. When the remanent magnetization value is positive and less than 0.6 pu, the ferromagnetic resonance inrush current of PT can be effectively suppressed, and the smaller the remanent magnetization value is, the better the suppression effect is. However, negative remanent magnetization cannot suppress the ferromagnetic resonance of the PT, but may exacerbate the inrush current, leading to more serious consequences. Conclusion: This study helps to improve the stability of the power grid and also provides a valuable reference for future grid design and maintenance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quaternary studies in Poland require an improved integration of lithostratigraphy, biostratigraphy, chronostratigraphy, geochronology, magnetostratigraphy, climatostratigraphy and isotope stratigraphy. The former Polish loess stratigraphic schemes are of historical significance and should be verified using new research methods and implementation of the international unified loess labelling system. Arbitrary stratigraphic correlations should be avoided and a reliable stratigraphic subdivision of the Quaternary of Poland should be based on recognized international standards as well as stratotype sections and areas. This is essential both for the Quaternary sciences themselves and for the needs of the society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various rotation operations are required in paleomagnetism. These include transformations to the geographic coordinate system, tilt correction, and finding virtual geomagnetic poles. Different methods have been used for each rotation operation—graphical manipulation on stereonet, matrix calculation, and spherical trigonometry—and computer software has been developed based on these methods. Quaternions, which are commonly used in three-dimensional computer graphics, can handle rotations about arbitrary axes and provide a unified description of the various rotation operations in paleomagnetism. The conversion from a sample coordinate system to the geographic coordinate system depends on orientation methods that vary by sample type and laboratory. Traditionally, coordinate transformations have been computed using rotation matrices of Euler angles based on stereonet manipulation, but quaternions can flexibly accommodate samples oriented by different conventions. Tilt correction can be expressed as a single rotation around the strike direction of the formation. Virtual geomagnetic poles can be obtained by a single quaternion rotation instead of complicated spherical trigonometry. Python functions are provided for all of the rotation operations discussed in this paper, so the readers can incorporate these functions into their own programs to perform rotations using quaternions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micromagnetic modeling allows the systematic study of the effects of particle size and shape on the first‐order reversal curve (FORC) magnetic hysteresis response for magnetite particles in the single‐domain (SD) and pseudo‐single domain (PSD) particle size range. The interpretation of FORCs, though widely used, has been highly subjective. Here, we use micromagnetics to model randomly oriented distributions of particles to allow more physically meaningful interpretations. We show that one commonly found type of PSD particle—namely the single vortex (SV) particle—has far more complex signals than SD particles, with multiple peaks and troughs in the FORC distribution, where the peaks have higher switching fields for larger SV particles. Particles in the SD to SV transition zone have the lowest switching fields. Symmetrical and prolate particles display similar behavior, with distinctive peaks forming near the vertical axis of the FORC diagram. In contrast, highly oblate particles produce "butterfly" structures, suggesting that these are potentially diagnostic of particle morphology. We also consider FORC diagrams for distributions of particle sizes and shapes and produce an online application that users can use to build their own FORC distributions. There is good agreement between the model predictions for distributions of particle sizes and shapes, and the published experimental literature. Plain Language Summary: In Earth, planetary and environmental sciences, magnetic methods are often used to rapidly measure the properties of rocks, sediments, meteorites, and soils. These magnetic properties can be proxies for environmental change or indicators of magnetic recording fidelity. The magnetic properties are dependent on the magnetic mineralogy and particle size and shape of the minerals within a sample. There is no single measurement that provides a unique interpretation; instead, a range of methods are applied, one of which is magnetic hysteresis analysis. First‐order reversal curves (FORCs) are an advanced type of hysteresis analysis, and the FORC response of a mineral depends on magnetic domain state, which is strongly controlled by both the size and shape of a particle. We understand the FORC response of very big (> ${ >} $1,000 nm) and very small particles (< ${< } $100 nm), but interpretation for particles in between, the so called pseudo‐single domain (PSD) state, has remained elusive. This is a problem as the magnetic signature of many rocks is dominated by PSD signals. In this paper we use numerical micromagnetic modeling to systematically study the effect of particle size and shape on particles that support a particular type of PSD FORC response—the single‐vortex. Key Points: We have modeled first‐order reversal curve (FORC) diagrams for single‐domain and single‐vortex sized magnetite for a range of particle sizes and morphologiesSingle‐vortex particles display complex structures in the FORC distribution with multiple peaks and troughsThe main peaks of the single‐vortex FORC distributions have higher coercivities than the single‐domain peak [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We document an apparent downward displacement of the Matuyama‐Brunhes magnetic reversal by ∼20 m at Scotia Sea International Ocean Discovery Program Site U1538 (Pirie Basin) by comparison with the well‐defined paleomagnetic record at nearby Site U1537 (Dove Basin). Detailed stratigraphic correlation between the two sites is possible due to similar lithologic variations. However, the two sites have distinctly different porewater geochemistry. Notably, Site U1538 indicates a greater demand for electron acceptors to oxidize organic carbon and Fe2+ enrichment below the depth of SO42− depletion. Magnetic parameters indicate enrichment of an authigenic magnetic mineral with strong remanence properties around the depth of SO42− depletion (∼46 m at Site U1538) relative to magnetic parameters at correlative depths at Site U1537. Fe2+ enrichment below the depth of SO42− depletion is not predicted based on the energetically favorable order of electron acceptors for microbial respiration but is documented here and in other depositional settings. This indicates Fe2+ production exceeds the production of H2S by SO42− reduction, providing a geochemical environment that favors the production and preservation of ferrimagnetic remanence‐bearing iron sulfides over paramagnetic pyrite and, thus, a mechanism for deep chemical remanent magnetization acquisition at depths of tens of meters. The influence of authigenic ferrimagnetic iron sulfides on paleomagnetic signals can be difficult to demonstrate with magnetic properties alone; therefore, this finding has implications for evaluating the fidelity of magnetostratigraphic records with complementary geochemical data. Such situations should be considered in other depositional environments with similar porewater Fe2+ accumulation below the SO42− reduction depth. Plain Language Summary: Sediment on the seafloor is an archive of Earth history, including past climate variations, ice sheet dynamics, and geomagnetic field variations. The lattermost include a history of when the Earth's magnetic field flipped upside down in the past so that compass needles would have pointed to the South Pole instead of the North Pole. Scientists have a good understanding of when these flips happened and, once identified in sedimentary layers, the flips can be used to identify time horizons—which are useful for dating other events recorded by the sediment. In this study, we present two magnetic reconstructions from nearby locations that initially recorded the same geomagnetic signals. After deposition, one of the magnetic records changed as a result of chemical reactions that modified the magnetic minerals in the sediment, making it difficult to correlate to the geomagnetic time scale. We have a nearby record with minimal chemical modifications so we could identify the chemical reactions were likely responsible for the changes. This observation will provide additional insights into what signals to look for when studying similar complications from other locations in the world. Key Points: The last magnetic reversal at Scotia Sea Site U1538 is offset downward by ∼20 m compared to the more reliable Site U1537 recordFerrous iron enrichment below the sulfate reduction depth is observed at Site U1538Anomalous magnetic minerals and porewater differences reveal a geochemical setting conducive to chemical remanent magnetization acquisition [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The arcuate Mazatagh thrust belt (MTB) in the central Tarim Basin is one of the key regions for understanding the Cenozoic intracontinental deformation in response to the India–Eurasia collision. However, whether it was formed due to oroclinal bending and its kinematic processes remain unclear. Here, we present a detailed paleomagnetic rotation study at Hongbaishan in the middle MTB to shed new light on the deformation in this region. Positive fold and reversal tests of 50 site means suggest primary magnetizations. The paleomagnetic declinations indicate ∼14.6 ± 8.5° absolute clockwise rotation at Hongbaishan since the late Miocene (∼7.6 Ma). Together with the rotation results calculated from Hongbaishan‐1 and Mazatagh magnetostratigraphic data sets in the southeastern MTB, these results reveal an increasing magnitude of clockwise rotation along the belt toward its southeastern tip. Positive oroclinal tests along the MTB suggest the occurrence of oroclinal bending that curved the originally straight MTB before and during the deposition of its lower part, and nearly half of the bending had occurred during the deposition of its upper part. This oroclinal bending is mostly attributed to the northward indentation of the West Kunlun Mountains along the décollement salt‒gypsum layers and further implies ∼7.9° absolute clockwise rotation of the Tarim Basin since the late Miocene. Integrating these findings with other lines of geological evidence around the Tarim Basin, we propose that episodic widespread tectonic deformation with basinward propagation occurred since the late Miocene due to the far‐field effect of the continuous northward indentation of the Indian Plate into Eurasia. Plain Language Summary: To understand the process of formation of the arcuate Mazatagh thrust belt and the far‐field effect of the India–Eurasia collision, we investigated the vertical‐axis rotations (VARs) of the Hongbaishan, Hongbaishan‐1 and Mazatagh profiles along the Mazatagh thrust belt in the central Tarim Basin via detailed paleomagnetic studies. The results reveal an increasing magnitude of clockwise rotation from northwest to southeast along the belt and indicate the occurrence of oroclinal bending of the Mazatagh thrust belt since the late Miocene (∼7.6 Ma). This oroclinal bending was probably attributed to the northward indentation of the northeastward convex West Kunlun terrane along the décollement salt‒gypsum layers to the interior of the Tarim Basin since the late Miocene, as they share similar geometric features. Together with other available geological evidence within and around the Tarim Basin, widespread episodic tectonic deformation with basinward propagation since the late Miocene is proposed as the distant response of India's indentation into the Asian continent. Key Points: ∼14.6 ± 8.5° absolute clockwise rotation occurred in middle Mazatagh thrust belt after the late Miocene (∼7.6 Ma)Increasing clockwise rotation to the southeast is attributed to the oroclinal bending of the Mazatagh thrust belt since the late MioceneLate Miocene oroclinal bending of Mazatagh was due to northward indentation of West Kunlun Mountains in response to India–Eurasia collision [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calabria and the Peloritan Mts. of NE Sicily are exotic terranes predominantly formed by Hercynian rocks interrupting the Meso‐Cenozoic sediments exposed along Apennine‐Maghrebide chains. Dual‐polarity pre‐tilting magnetization direction retrieved from 5 Jurassic, 5 upper Cretaceous‐Eocene, and 4 upper Oligocene sedimentary sites from external‐intermediate Peloritan nappes yield 99° ± 12°, 131° ± 15°, and 138° ± 12° (respectively) clockwise (CW) rotations with respect to Europe. Upper Cretaceous‐Oligocene values are similar to the ∼130° CW late Miocene‐Early Pleistocene rotation previously documented on internal Maghrebian nappes of W Sicily. Jurassic data imply a ∼30° Early Cretaceous counterclockwise (CCW) rotation, similar for sign, magnitude, and timing to Iberia rotation, proving that the Peloritan crust was part of Greater Iberia before its <30 Ma fragmentation and dispersal. Furthermore, 20 Jurassic‐Oligocene sites yield post‐tilting overprint direction (later rotated up to 60° CW) that was acquired synchronous to late Miocene‐Pleistocene rotation. The Peloritan rotation is completely different from the 160° post‐late Jurassic CCW rotation documented on NE Calabria, and demonstrates that the two terranes underwent independent drift histories. Lack of a Sardinian rotation fingerprint (90° CCW between 30 and 15 Ma) suggests that the Peloritan terrane lied S of the Calabria‐Sardinia CCW rotating system, at the non‐rotational apex of an Oligocene‐early Miocene "Paleo Apennine‐Maghrebide Arc." The Peloritan terrane was stacked onto the African margin and incorporated in the Maghrebian chain in mid Burdigalian (18–17 Ma). Afterward, it formed the S limb of the "Neo Apennine‐Maghrebide Arc," and was passively carried on top of CW rotating Maghrebide nappes during late Miocene‐Early Pleistocene (12–1 Ma). Key Points: The Peloritan terrane rotated 30° CCW during Early Cretaceous (similar to Iberia), and 130° CW since the late Miocene on top of MaghrebidesPaleomagnetism proves that Iberia, S Sardinia and AlKaPeCa blocks formed "Greater Iberia" before Oligo‐Miocene (<30 Ma) dispersalPaleomagnetic data indicate that after 30 Ma the Peloritan and Calabria terranes underwent different drift and rotation histories [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The past ice sheet dynamics and the timing of retreat events in the paleo-record in the Ross Sea is an issue still few understood. In order to contribute to this topic, we provide a multiproxy data from marine sediment archives (cores and box cores) collected in three sites in the Central Basin (Western Ross Sea, Antarctica). Each site recorded different environments, affected by different oceanographic conditions and sedimentary regime. This makes the three investigated sediment cores and box cores unique and useful for comparison with other studied cores collected in the same basin. The data set includes physical (paleomagnetism, grain size and petrography), chemical, micropaleontological (diatom, foraminifera and silicoflagellate assemblages) analyses and cryptotephra characterization increasing the information already reported in literature. The importance of this dataset is related to a multi-disciplinary approach in a site, the Central Basin, few investigated which represents a key area to connect the Southern Ocean and the Ross Sea.

Abstract Speleothems are mineral deposits capable of recording detrital and/or chemical remanent magnetization at annual timescales. They can offer high‐resolution paleomagnetic records of short‐term variations in Earth's magnetic field, crucial for understanding the evolution of the dynamo. Owing to limitations on the magnetic moment sensitivity of commercial cryogenic rock magnetometers (∼10−11 Am2), paleomagnetic studies of speleothems have been limited to samples with volumes of several hundreds of mm3, averaging tens to hundreds of years of magnetic variation. Nonetheless, smaller samples (∼1–10 mm3) can be measured using superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) microscopy, with a sensitivity better than ∼10−15 Am2. To determine the application of SQUID microscopy for obtaining robust high‐resolution records from small‐volume speleothem samples, we analyzed three different stalagmites collected from Lapa dos Morcegos Cave (Portugal), Pau d'Alho Cave (Brazil), and Crevice Cave (United States). These stalagmites are representative of a range of magnetic properties and have been previously studied with conventional rock magnetometers. We show that by using SQUID microscopy we can achieve a five‐fold improvement in temporal resolution for samples with higher abundances of magnetic carriers (e.g., Pau d'Alho Cave and Lapa dos Morcegos Cave). In contrast, speleothems with low abundances of magnetic carriers (e.g., Crevice Cave) do not benefit from higher resolution analysis and are best analyzed using conventional rock magnetometers. Overall, by targeting speleothem samples with high concentrations of magnetic carriers we can increase the temporal resolution of magnetic records, setting the stage for resolving geomagnetic variations at short time scales.

Abstract A large‐scale apparent polar wander occurred during the Jurassic interval, which is interpreted as true polar wander (TPW). As the motion is nearly orthogonal to the TPW axis, the North China Block (NCB) experienced the largest latitudinal and environmental changes and provides unique constraints on Jurassic TPW. However, due to the lack and uneven quality of paleomagnetic data, TPW records in North China are controversial. Here, we report a new paleomagnetic pole (80.8°N, 13.0°E, A95 = 7.4°) from the late Jurassic sills and dykes that intrude the Nandaling and Xiahuayuan formations in the NCB. The new pole places the NCB at 36.8° ± 7.4°N at 155 ± 3.4 Ma, using Beijing as the reference site. Combined with the reliable Jurassic poles, our study reveals a large, steady southward shift of 37.3° ± 7.2° for the NCB during the Middle and Late Jurassic, and reflects a component of TPW. The position of ∼155 Ma pole also supports significant TPW prior to ∼160 Ma and agrees with proposals attributing the diachronous 165–155 Ma aridification across the Eastern Asian blocks.

Abstract We investigate full vector paleomagnetic changes recorded in high‐resolution sediments of Petermann Fjord, North Greenland, deposited over the last 6 kyr, in the context of the recent rapid changes in the geomagnetic field. A Paleomagnetic Secular Variation (PSV) stack (inclination, declination, and relative paleointensity) was reconstructed using four marine sediment cores with an independent age model constrained by seven radiocarbon ages. Magnetic investigations demonstrate that the paleomagnetic signal is carried by low coercivity ferrimagnetic minerals and is well reproduced in all cores, attesting to the quality and reliability of the paleomagnetic recording of these sediments. This signal is broadly consistent in directional changes with distant records in North America and the northern North Atlantic at centennial and millennial timescales, and has millennial scale intensity variations that are consistent with model predictions. The offset between a magnetization age determined through comparison with a northern North Atlantic PSV reference curve, GREENICE, and the radiocarbon age model indicates either a reasonable lock‐in depth of magnetization (∼11 cm from the coretop) or centennial‐scale reservoir age variation through time in the fjord. Reconstructed virtual geomagnetic pole (VGP) migration for the last 6 kyr shows that the recent migration of the magnetic North Pole is consistent with secular paleomagnetic variations on geologic timescales. Our results suggest that magnetic field intensity variations (temporal and spatial) are linked to magnetic flux lobe dynamics and influence the VGP migration.

Abstract The Early Paleozoic paleolatitudinal position of the terranes in the northern Tibetan Plateau is the key to unraveling the evolution of the Proto‐Tethys Ocean. We present the first Late Cambrian paleomagnetic results from the Oulongbuluke terrane (OT), in the northern Tibetan Plateau. The mean paleomagnetic direction for 16 sites is Ds = 196.2°, Is = −36.9° with κs = 31.5, α95 = 6.7°, corresponding to a paleopole at 68.2°S/51.9°E with dp/dm = 4.6°/7.8°. Rock magnetic and petrologic analyses demonstrate the primary origin of the magnetic mineralogy. This paleomagnetic result defines the Late Cambrian paleolatitude of the OT as 20.6 ± 4.6°S (reference point: 37.2°N/96.6°E). Combined paleomagnetic and geological evidence suggests that the terranes in the northern Tibetan Plateau were located to the northwest of the Indian plate of Gondwana during the Late Cambrian.

Our understanding of Earth's paleogeography relies heavily on paleomagnetic apparent polar wander paths (APWPs), which represent the time-dependent position of Earth's spin axis relative to a given block of lithosphere. However, conventional approaches to APWP construction have significant limitations. First, the paleomagnetic record contains substantial noise that is not integrated into APWPs. Second, parametric assumptions are adopted to represent spatial and temporal uncertainties even where the underlying data do not conform to the assumed distributions. The consequences of these limitations remain largely unknown. Here, we address these challenges with a bottom-up Monte Carlo uncertainty propagation scheme that operates on site-level paleomagnetic data. To demonstrate our methodology, we present an extensive compilation of site-level Cenozoic paleomagnetic data from North America, which we use to generate a high-resolution APWP. Our results demonstrate that even in the presence of substantial noise, polar wandering can be assessed with unprecedented temporal and spatial resolution.