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The present study focuses on the Spanish idiomatic word 'bies' and its locution, 'al bies', all from the basis of historical phraseology. Thus, we will search in some dictionaries to characterize the past of this word and its locution. These dictionaries are of different kinds: historical, phraseological, etymological, and general of Spanish, French, Catalan, and Aragonese. To find out the past of 'bies,' and its formal and significant characterization, its link with the locution 'al bies', and their respective semantic qualities, we will look at the data of different corpora and dictionaries. All of this aims to better understand how diacritical words work in a romance language and the general configuration of phraseological units with idiomatic voices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents results on the Spanish phraseologically bound words (PLF), also known as cranberry words, based on a corpus analysis. If up to now the different Spanish PLF had been collected introspectively, this article presents a list of the Spanish PLF indicating the phraseological fixation index (IFF) of each one of them in the phraseological unit (UF) that contains them and ordered by the weighted phraseological fixation index (IFFP). To do this, it has been necessary to obtain from the corpus the total number of occurrences of the PLF (NPLF) and to analyse the fixation of these elements both inside the UF or the UFS that contain them (FFPLF) and outside the UF, in their free use. Furthermore, the quantitative data of the PLF which was collected in four differentiated groups from two matrices (the FFPLF matrix and the NPLF matrix) present interesting results on this type of elements.

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Neste artigo presentamos algunhas propiedades dos fraseoloxismos da lingua alemá con compoñentes únicos. Toda lingua conta cun inventario de regras determinado que rexe o modo de combinar palabras para expresar ideas e sentimentos. As unidades fraseolóxicas conteñen con certa frecuencia compoñentes únicos, mais con menor frecuencia ca as combinacións fraseolóxicas, por exemplo, alles, was da kreucht und fleucht, das Hasenpanier ergreifen, jmdm. Eselbrücke bauen, etwas aus dem Effeff kennen, am Hungertuch nagen. As características semánticas das unidades fraseolóxicas con formadores de ligazón fraseolóxica veñen determinadas en primeiro lugar pola función aglutinadora das unidades fraseolóxicas. Esta función aglutinadora dos fraseoloxismos que xurdiron como resultado de diferentes procesos intralingüísticos que se produciron na evolución das linguas e que foron determinados por factores sociais da vida das persoas define a súa capacidade para reproducir información e experiencias de relevancia social, e, en consecuencia, para conservar e transferir distintos coñecementos da historia, da xeografía, da economía, da cultura e da vida cotiá das persoas mediante compoñentes nacionais-culturais da semántica das unidades fraseolóxicas. // In this article, we presented some properties of idioms with unique components in German. Each language has a certain set of rules that govern way words are put together to express facts, ideas, and feelings. Phraseological units contain the unique component rather often but less commonly than phraseological combinations. For example, alles, was da kreucht und fleucht – all creatures great and small, das Hasenpanier ergreifen – to tail off, jmdm. die Eselbrücke bauen – to prompt somebody, etwas aus dem Effeff kennen – to know sth backwards (inside), am Hungertuch nagen – to be starving (on the breadline). The semantic features of phraseological units with the phraseologically linked formative are determined primarily by the cumulative function of phraseological units. The cumulative function of phraseologisms which emerged as a result of various intralingual processes of the language development and were determined by social factors of the life of people, defines their ability to fix, preserve, transfer and thus reproduce the socially significant information and experience, and, as a result, various knowledge from history, geography, economy, culture and everyday life of the people, which comprises the national-cultural component of the semantics of phraseological units.

Neste traballo estúdanse os elementos únicos do alemán actual. Estas palabras tamén se coñecen como unikale Komponenten, Unikalia, phraseologisch gebundene Einheiten en alemán e palabras diacríticas, palabras idiomáticas, compoñentes ligados fraseoloxicamente en castelán. Son palabras sen autonomía sintáctica que unicamente aparecen dentro de unidades fraseolóxicas (UUFF). Forman un conxunto (relativamente) pechado de palabras. Con todo, trátase dun grupo bastante heteroxéneo e parece que non todas teñen as mesmas restricións das súas posibilidades combinatorias. Neste traballo demóstrase mediante a análise dun corpus lingüístico que, de feito, algunhas palabras deste grupo cumpren perfectamente o criterio de restrición de combinabilidade e, polo tanto, da estabilidade, mentres que outras amosan un comportamento menos restrinxido, algunhas até o punto de comportarse como palabras autónomas. // This paper is dedicated to words known as unikale Elemente (unikale Komponenten, Unikalia, phraseologisch gebundene Einheiten) in German, commonly referred to as hapax legomena, cranberry words, or bound words in English. Such words appear only within phraseological units, not in free syntactic constructions. Though they form a (relatively) restricted and closed group of words, they are also quite heterogeneous: not all of them, it turns out, are restricted to the same degree. This project examined the distribution of cranberry words in a large linguistic corpus. In our results, we show that only some of the words proved to be really “unique” and fixed in a phraseological unit, others enjoy more freedom of combination, and still others seem totally autonomous in their ability to be combined.