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Phenolic compounds are a group of secondary metabolites synthesized by plants. It is formed by adding the hydroxyl group (-OH) or groups to a benzene ring. Phenolic acids are derivatives of phenolic compounds. They are divided into hydroxybenzoic acids containing 7 carbon atoms (C6-C1) and hydroxycinnamic acids containing 9 carbon atoms (C6-C3). Hydroxycinnamic acids have been shown to have anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-viral, anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-melanogenic activities. These compounds are widely available, natural, and have many biological activities, which provide advantages in terms of studying. In addition to all these, the broad-spectrum antioxidant activity of trans cinnamic acid, caffeic acid and p-coumaric acid increases their potential for use in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, cleaning and food industries. These advantages and potentials make phenolic compounds attractive to study. In this review, some studies on anti-bacterial, anti-biofilm, anti-oxidant and anti-cancer activities of trans-cinnamic acid, caffeic acid and p-coumaric acid are mentioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this study, synergistic effects of secondary compounds on the total diet amount of consumption and biological properties of Uresiphita gilvata, which is a polyphagous species, were investigated. The biological properties of this species against different secondary compounds will provide important clues in the fight against species. For this purpose, nine diets were prepared by adding tannic acid, gallic acid and p-Coumaric acid at different concentrations (1, 3, 5%) in the control diet. With the addition of these secondary compounds to the diet at 3% concentration, a total of fourteen diets were prepared, three diets in double combination, and one diet in triple combination. Compared to the control group, it was found that increasing amounts of tannic acid and p-Coumaric acid in the diet resulted in a decrease in total dietary consumption and pupal protein amounts of U. gilvata larvae. It was found that the total consumption amount and pupal weight increased with the increase of gallic acid concentration in diets. The development time was prolonged by adding all three secondary compounds to the diet at increasing concentrations. In this study, it was observed that the larvae were resistant at the related concentrations and combinations of the secondary compounds used in this study and reached the pupae stage.

Bu çalışmada polifag bir tür olan Malacosoma neustria’nın son larva döneminde toplam diyet tüketim miktarı, pupa ağırlıkları, pupaların lipit ve protein miktarları ve gelişme sürelerine sekonder maddelerin sinerjistik etkisi araştırılmıştır. Kontrol diyetine farklı konsantrasyonlarda (%1, 3, 5) tanik asit, galik asit ve p-Kumarik asit katılarak 9 diyet hazırlanmıştır. Kontrol diyetine %3 konsantrasyonda tanik asit, galik asit ve p-Kumarik asit katılarak ikili kombinasyonlu 3 diyet hazırlanmıştır. Üçlü kombinasyonda bir diyet yapılarak toplamda 14 diyet ile tercihsiz beslenme deneyi yapılmıştır. Lipit miktarının belirlenmesinde kloroform kullanılmıştır. Protein analizi semi-mikro Kjeldahl metodu ile Kjeltec Auto 1030 analizörü (Tecator, Sweden) ile yapılmıştır. İstatistik analizlerde ANOVA-Dunnet testi kullanılmıştır. Kontrol grubuna göre hem tanik asit hem de p-Kumarik asit içeren diyetlere ilave edilen madde konsantrasyonu arttıkça, M. neustria larvalarının toplam diyet tüketim miktarlarında, pupa protein ve lipit miktarlarında azalma olduğu bulunmuştur. Gallik asit ilave edilen diyetlerde gallik asit konsantrasyonu arttıkça toplam tüketim miktarının arttığı belirlenmiştir. Diyete ilave edilen tanik asit konsantrasyonu arttıkça gelişim süresinin uzadığı bulunmuştur. Bu çalışmada kullanılan sekonder maddelerin ilgili konsantrasyonlarına ve kombinasyonlarına larvaların dirençli olduğu ve pupa dönemine ulaşabildikleri gözlemlenmiştir.