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Summary Background Aim Methods Results Conclusions There is a scarcity of published studies evaluating transgender/gender‐diverse youth before initiating gender‐affirming hormones.To study the body composition, metabolic syndrome (MetS) components and lifestyle habits in treatment‐naïve transgender youth.Cross‐sectional study evaluating 153 transgender youth [median age 15.7 years, 94 transgender males] who attended The Israeli Children and Adolescents Gender Clinic between 6/2021–12/2022. Clinical, metabolic data and lifestyle habits (diet, physical activity and sleep patterns) were retrieved from the medical files. Body composition was determined by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Body mass index and muscle‐to‐fat ratio z‐scores were calculated by sex designated at birth.Weight categories differed between genders, with a greater proportion of subjects classified as underweight among transgender females, and a greater proportion affected by overweight/obese/severe obese among transgender males (p = 0.035). The odds for MetS components were increased by 2.2 for every 1 standard deviation decrease in the muscle‐to‐fat ratio z‐score (95%CI: 1.45 to 3.26, p < 0.001). About one‐third of the cohort did not meet any of the three lifestyle recommendations. Transgender males had increased odds for MetS components by 3.49 (95%CI: 1.63 to 7.44, p = 0.001).Treatment‐naïve transgender‐male adolescents have an imbalance between muscle and adipose tissue, which places them at increased susceptibility for MetS components even prior to hormonal treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The goals of this study were: (1) to assess students’ physical activity levels in a sport education season according to the phases of the model, adjusted for body mass index; (2) to uncover the contribution of the phases of the model to the World Health Organization recommendations; (3) to understand its impact in students with overweight/obesity. Methods: A total of 42 primary education students with a mean age of 10.68 ± 0.69 years, enrolled in one year 5 (10–11 years) and one year 6 (11–12 years). Physical Education lessons of the same school agreed to participate. Students in both groups experienced a 14-lesson learning unit in team handball through the sport education. Each participant wore an ActiGraph GT3X accelerometer to measure physical activity levels, counts/minute and steps counted. Cole and Lobstein cutoff points were used to determine groups based on body mass index (thin, normal-weight, overweight/obese). Results: The results showed that the overweight/obese group achieved scores for moderate to vigorous physical activity and sedentary time that were not significantly different from the normal-weight group. According to the phases, the preseason was the most active and contributed most to the World Health Organization recommendations in all groups. Conclusions: Sport education could be considered an appropriate pedagogical framework to help overweight/obese children achieve moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and sedentary scores similar to their normal-weight classmates. Key elements of sport education include performing roles, learning work routines, and having the autonomy to choose games/tasks, all of which promote physical activity amongst all students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chronic inflammation plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of overweight/obesity. Nuclear receptor subfamily 2, group E, member 1 (NR2E1) is one of the nuclear receptor family proteins that play crucial roles in regulating numerous life processes. In this study, we attempted to detect NR2E1 levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of overweight/obese people and preliminarily elucidate the regulatory role of NR2E1 in obesity-related chronic inflammation. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of the clinical and biochemical data from 62 overweight/obese people and 70 control subjects. PBMCs of the participants were collected for detection of NR2E1 levels. PBMCs isolated from the control subjects were treated with different concentrations of palmitic acid (PA). We also transfected p-EGFP-N1-NR2E1 plasmids into PBMCs and treated them with PA, then detected TNF-α and IL-6 concentrations in the supernatant of PBMCs. Results: The NR2E1 mRNA and protein levels in overweight/obese people were both significantly higher than those in normal-BMI people (p

Abstract Background Malnutrition including undernutrition, overnutrition, and micronutrient deficiencies are considerable problems worldwide, with variable burdens among different communities. Its complications include physical and cognitive impairment, with the probability of irreversible lifelong consequences. We aimed to assess the prevalence of undernutrition, overweight, obesity, and anemia in preschoolers, being a risk group for developmental adverse events. Methods We recruited 505 healthy preschool children, with a male: female ratio of 1.05:1. Children with chronic diseases were excluded. We used anthropometry and complete blood count to screen for malnutrition and anemia. Results The mean age of the study group was 3.8 ± 1.4 years (1.02–7). The screening results were average in 228 (45.1%) children, while 277 (54.9%) children had either abnormal anthropometry, anemia, or both. We observed undernutrition in 48 (9.5%) children; among them, 33 (6.6%) were underweight, 33 (6.6%) wasted, and 15 (3%) were stunted, with no significant difference between children aged below or above five. We identified overnutrition in 125 (24.8%); 43 (8.5%) were overweight, 12 (2.4%) were obese, and 70 (13.9%) had a high body mass index Z score, not qualifying the definition of overweight. Anemia was diagnosed in 141 (27.9%) children and was significantly more frequent among older children without gender discrimination. About 10% (50 children) had both anemia and abnormal anthropometry. The frequency of abnormal anthropometry was comparable between children with anemia and those with normal hemoglobin. Conclusion Malnutrition and anemia in preschoolers are still a heavy burden affecting about half of our study group, with an upward trend towards the overnutrition side. Anemia is still a moderate public health problem in preschoolers.

Currently, most predictions of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) in school-aged children utilize indicators that usually predict nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The present study aimed to develop new predictive models and predictors for children with MAFLD, which could enhance the feasibility of MAFLD screening programs in the future. A total of 331 school-aged overweight/obese children were recruited from six primary schools in Ningbo city, China. Hepatic steatosis and fibrosis were detected with controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) and liver stiffness measurement (LSM), respectively. Machine learning methods were adapted to build a set of variables to predict MAFLD in children. Then, the area under the curve (AUC) of multiple models and indices was compared to predict pediatric MAFLD. Compared with non-MAFLD children, children with MAFLD had more obvious metabolic disturbances, as they had higher anthropometric indicators, alanine aminotransferase, fasting plasma glucose, and inflammation indicators (white blood cell count, hemoglobin, neutrophil count) (all P < 0.05). The optimal variables for all subjects selected by random forest (RF) were alanine aminotransferase, uric acid, insulin, and BMI. The logistic regression (LR) model performed best, with AUC values of 0.758 for males and 0.642 for females in predicting MAFLD. LnAI-BMI, LnAI, and LnAL-WHtR were approving indices for predicting pediatric MAFLD in all participants, boys and girls individually. Conclusions: This study developed LR models and sex-specific indices for predicting MAFLD in overweight/obese children that may be useful for widespread screening and identification of children at high risk of MAFLD for early treatment. What is Known: • Most of the indicators predicting pediatric MAFLD are derived from the predictive indicators for NAFLD, but the diagnostic criteria for MAFLD and NAFLD are not exactly the same. • The accuracy of predictors based on routine physical examination and blood biochemical indicators to diagnose MAFLD is limited. What is New: • This study developed indicators based on routine examination parameters that have approving performance for MAFLD, with AUC values exceeding 0.70. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Obesity adversely influences the quality of oocytes and embryos and can affect DNA repair in embryos, leading to reproductive issues. However, the effects of body mass index (BMI) on DNA repair ability in oocytes during intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles have not yet been investigated. Therefore, this retrospective study aimed to analyze the influence of sperm DNA damage on embryo development and reproductive outcomes in overweight/ obese and normal-weight women in ICSI cycles. Methods: A total of 1,141 patients who received the first fresh ICSI cycle treatments were recruited from July 2017 to July 2021. Based on the BMI of the women, all patients were divided into normal weight (18.5≤BMI<25 kg/m² ; n=824; 72.22%) and overweight/obese (BMI≥25 kg/m² ; n=317; 27.78%) groups. Furthermore, according to the sperm DNA fragmentation index (DFI), these two groups were subdivided into two subgroups: DFI<30% and DFI≥30%. Results: In the normal-weight women group, the embryonic development and reproductive outcomes of ICSI cycles were not statistically different between the two subgroups (DFI<30% and DFI≥30%). However, in the overweight/obese women group, couples with a sperm DFI≥30% had a significantly lower fertilization rate (76% vs. 72.7%; p=0.027), cleavage rate (98.7% vs. 97.2%; p=0.006), and high-quality embryo rate (67.8% vs. 62.6%; p=0.006) than couples with a sperm DFI<30%.Conclusion: When injected sperm with high DFI into the oocytes of overweight/ obese women, resulting in lower fertilization, cleavage, and high-quality embryo rates in ICSI cycles, and the decreased early developmental potential of embryos from overweight/obese patients may be caused by the diminished capacity of oocytes to repair sperm DNA damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Both low‐carbohydrate (LC) and calorie-restricted (CR) diets have been shown to have metabolic benefits. However, the two regimens have yet to be thoroughly compared. We conducted a 12-week randomized trial to compare the effects of these diets separately and in combination on both weight loss and metabolic risk factors in overweight/obese individuals. Methods A total of 302 participants were randomized to LC diet (n = 76), CR diet (n = 75), LC + CR diet (n = 76), or normal control (NC) diet (n = 75) using a computer-based random number generator. The primary outcome was the change in body mass index (BMI). The secondary outcomes included body weight, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, body fat, and metabolic risk factors. All participants attended health education sessions during the trial. Results A total of 298 participants were analyzed. BMI change over 12 weeks was − 0.6 (95% CI, − 0.8 to − 0.3) kg/m2 in NC, − 1.3 (95% CI, − 1.5 to − 1.1) kg/m2 in CR, − 2.3 (95% CI, − 2.6 to − 2.1) kg/m2 in LC, and − 2.9 (95% CI, − 3.2 to − 2.6) kg/m2 in LC + CR. LC + CR diet was more effective than LC or CR diet alone at reducing BMI (P = 0.001 and P

Background: Malnutrition including undernutrition, overnutrition, and micronutrient deficiencies are considerable problems worldwide, with variable burdens among different communities. Its complications include physical and cognitive impairment, with the probability of irreversible lifelong consequences. We aimed to assess the prevalence of undernutrition, overweight, obesity, and anemia in preschoolers, being a risk group for developmental adverse events. Methods: We recruited 505 healthy preschool children, with a male: female ratio of 1.05:1. Children with chronic diseases were excluded. We used anthropometry and complete blood count to screen for malnutrition and anemia. Results: The mean age of the study group was 3.8 ± 1.4 years (1.02–7). The screening results were average in 228 (45.1%) children, while 277 (54.9%) children had either abnormal anthropometry, anemia, or both. We observed undernutrition in 48 (9.5%) children; among them, 33 (6.6%) were underweight, 33 (6.6%) wasted, and 15 (3%) were stunted, with no significant difference between children aged below or above five. We identified overnutrition in 125 (24.8%); 43 (8.5%) were overweight, 12 (2.4%) were obese, and 70 (13.9%) had a high body mass index Z score, not qualifying the definition of overweight. Anemia was diagnosed in 141 (27.9%) children and was significantly more frequent among older children without gender discrimination. About 10% (50 children) had both anemia and abnormal anthropometry. The frequency of abnormal anthropometry was comparable between children with anemia and those with normal hemoglobin. Conclusion: Malnutrition and anemia in preschoolers are still a heavy burden affecting about half of our study group, with an upward trend towards the overnutrition side. Anemia is still a moderate public health problem in preschoolers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Both low‐carbohydrate (LC) and calorie-restricted (CR) diets have been shown to have metabolic benefits. However, the two regimens have yet to be thoroughly compared. We conducted a 12-week randomized trial to compare the effects of these diets separately and in combination on both weight loss and metabolic risk factors in overweight/obese individuals. Methods: A total of 302 participants were randomized to LC diet (n = 76), CR diet (n = 75), LC + CR diet (n = 76), or normal control (NC) diet (n = 75) using a computer-based random number generator. The primary outcome was the change in body mass index (BMI). The secondary outcomes included body weight, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, body fat, and metabolic risk factors. All participants attended health education sessions during the trial. Results: A total of 298 participants were analyzed. BMI change over 12 weeks was − 0.6 (95% CI, − 0.8 to − 0.3) kg/m2 in NC, − 1.3 (95% CI, − 1.5 to − 1.1) kg/m2 in CR, − 2.3 (95% CI, − 2.6 to − 2.1) kg/m2 in LC, and − 2.9 (95% CI, − 3.2 to − 2.6) kg/m2 in LC + CR. LC + CR diet was more effective than LC or CR diet alone at reducing BMI (P = 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). Furthermore, compared with the CR diet, the LC + CR diet and LC diet further reduced body weight, waist circumference, and body fat. Serum triglycerides were significantly reduced in the LC + CR diet group compared with the LC or CR diet alone. Plasma glucose, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, and cholesterol concentrations (total, LDL, and HDL) did not change significantly between the groups during the 12-week intervention. Conclusions: The reduction of carbohydrate intake without restricting caloric intake is more potent to achieve weight loss over 12 weeks when compared to a calorie-restricted diet in overweight/obese adults. The combination of restricting carbohydrate and total calorie intake may augment the beneficial effects of reducing BMI, body weight, and metabolic risk factors among overweight/obese individuals. Trial registration: The study was approved by the institutional review board of Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University and registered at the China Clinical Trial Registration Center (registration number: ChiCTR1800015156). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Overweight/obese major depressive disorder (MDD) patients have a high probability of developing glucose metabolism disorders; however, the results are inconsistent due to the confounding variables involved in the studies. The purpose of this study was to explore the prevalence and risk factors for elevated fasting glucose in Chinese Han patients with overweight/obese first-episode and drug naïve (FEDN) MDD. Methods: The study used a cross-sectional design and recruited 1718 FEDN MDD patients between the ages of 18 and 60 years. Socio-demographic information, anthropometric data, and biochemical parameters were collected. The 17-item Hamilton Assessment Scale for Depression (HAMD), the 14-item Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA), and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) positive subscale were used to assess symptoms of all patients. Results: MDD patients with elevated fasting glucose had higher TSH, TPOAb, TC, TG, LDL-C, systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels than those with normal fasting glucose. Logistic regression analysis showed that age, TSH, TgAb, TPOA, and TG were related factors for elevated fasting glucose, while TSH and combination all these five parameters had the potential to differentiate between patients with elevated fasting glucose and those with normal fasting glucose. Multifactorial regression analysis showed that TSH, TG, and LDL-C were independently associated with elevated fasting glucose. Conclusion: Our findings suggest a high prevalence of elevated fasting glucose in overweight/obese FEDN MDD patients. Several clinically relevant factors and metabolic parameters are associated with elevated fasting glucose in overweight/obese FEDN MDD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the effects of orlistat combined with drospirenone/ethinylestradiol tablets (DRSP/EE) on anthropometric indices, sexual hormones, hepatorenal function parameters of overweight or obese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Methods: 75 overweight or obese PCOS patients [body mass index (BMI) ≥ 24 kg/m2] were recruited within the Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, from April 2019 to January 2020, for a prospective, randomized, open-labelled comparing study. They were numbered one by one according to the order of recruitement and randomly divided into two groups, group 1 included 50 patients, orlistat plus DRSP/EE; group 2 included 25 patients treated with DRSP/EE alone. Both groups got the same comprehensive intervention in terms of individualized, standardized managment and monitoring of life-style like diet and exercise. The changes of anthropometric indices, sexual hormones, hepatorenal function parameters before and after three months of treatment in the two groups were compared . Results: After three months of treatment, body weight, waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC) and BMI of both groups were significantly decreased (P 0.05). Conclusion: To our knowledge our study is the first to investigate the effects of orlistat combined with DRSP/EE in overweight or obese PCOS patients comparing with the effect of using DRSP/EE alone. Orlistat combined with DRSP/EE was better than use DRSP/EE alone in getting weight loss, which provides an evidence for the choice of rational drug use in clinical practice.

Postprandial oxidative stress has been shown to promote atherosclerosis. Grape pomace (GP) is a source of similar-to-wine bioactive micro-constituents with known antioxidant properties. The aim of the present study was to evaluate metabolic and oxidative stress responses after the intake of grape pomace (GP) extract along with a high-fat meal, in normal and overweight healthy women. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study, 18 women were finally included, 11 with BMI < 25 kg/m2 and 7 with BMI > 25 kg/m2, and consumed a high-fat meal with placebo or GP extract capsules in two separate visits. Blood samples were collected before and 6 h after the consumption. Measurements included basic biochemical markers, uric acid (UA), protein carbonyls (PC), thiobarbituric acid substance (TBARS) levels, as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities. At certain time points, the GP extract consumption in normal-weight women reduced UA, TBARS levels, and SOD activity, whereas it increased UA and reduced PC levels in overweight/obese women, compared to the placebo. GP-derived bioactive compounds may exert antioxidant actions during the postprandial state in healthy women, through different mechanisms according to their BMI status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder of reproductive age females with a prevalence of 10%. Obesity is one of its characteristic association with a prevalence of 40-60%, usually leads to reduce fertility, lower pregnancy potential and increase pregnancy loss. Aim of the study: to decide the better gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues down regulation protocol for overweight/obese PCOS women by studying ICSI outcome in form of ovarian response, embryos' quality, pregnancy rate and OHSS development. Material & methods: Forty sub-fertile women with PCOS whom their body mass index (BMI) = 26 were included in the study. Their male partners had mild to moderate impairment in semen quality. All are subjected to COS by GnRH analogues and separated into 2 groups; group 1: down regulated by GnRH antagonist (n=14) and group 2: down regulated by GnRH agonist (n=26). Results: not significant difference between both groups concerning ovarian response. Pregnancy rate was greater and the rate of developing OHSS was lower in GnRH antagonist group with non-significant statistical difference 57.1% vs 38.5% and 0% vs 7.7% respectively. Conclusions: both GnRH antagonist and agonist had the same efficacy when used during COS/ICSI for overweight/obese PCOS, but had lower safety in favor of GnRH antagonist protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study examined associations between sleep and physical activity among a diverse sample of 97 urban children (ages 7–9) with persistent asthma. Differences in associations were evaluated by race/ethnicity and weight status. The extent to which sleep moderated the association between lung function and physical activity was also evaluated. Generalized linear models were utilized to examine associations. Findings indicated that, among the aggregate sample, more frequent nighttime awakenings were associated with less time spent engaging in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Important differences in these associations were identified by both race/ethnicity and weight status. Better lung function was associated with, (a) higher levels of MVPA for children with better sleep efficiency and fewer nighttime awakenings, and (b) lower levels of MVPA for children with poorer sleep efficiency and more frequent nighttime awakenings. In short, sleep mattered with respect to children's physical activity levels in this sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Depression and overweight/obesity often cooccur but the underlying neural mechanisms for this bidirectional link are not well understood. Methods: In this functional magnetic resonance imaging study, we scanned 54 individuals diagnosed with depressive disorders (DD) and 48 healthy controls (HC) to examine how diagnostic status moderates the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and brain activation during anticipation and pleasantness rating of food versus nonfood stimuli. Results: We found a significant BMI‐by‐diagnosis interaction effect on activation in the right inferior frontal gyrus (RIFG) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) during food versus nonfood anticipation (p <.0125). Brain activation in these regions was greater in HC with higher BMI than in HC with lower BMI. Individuals with DD showed an opposite pattern of activation. Structural equation modeling revealed that the relationship between BMI, activation in the RIFG and ACC, and participants' desire to eat food items shown in the experiment depended on the diagnostic status. Conclusions: Considering that food anticipation is an important component of appetitive behavior and that the RIFG and ACC are involved in emotion regulation, response inhibition and conflict monitoring necessary to control this behavior, we propose that future clinical trials targeting weight loss in DD should investigate whether adequate mental preparation positively affects subsequent food consumption behaviors in these individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chronic inflammation plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of overweight/obesity. Nuclear receptor subfamily 2, group E, member 1 (NR2E1) is one of the nuclear receptor family proteins that play crucial roles in regulating numerous life processes. In this study, we attempted to detect NR2E1 levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of overweight/obese people and preliminarily elucidate the regulatory role of NR2E1 in obesity-related chronic inflammation., Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of the clinical and biochemical data from 62 overweight/obese people and 70 control subjects. PBMCs of the participants were collected for detection of NR2E1 levels. PBMCs isolated from the control subjects were treated with different concentrations of palmitic acid (PA). We also transfected p-EGFP-N1-NR2E1 plasmids into PBMCs and treated them with PA, then detected TNF-α and IL-6 concentrations in the supernatant of PBMCs., Results: The NR2E1 mRNA and protein levels in overweight/obese people were both significantly higher than those in normal-BMI people (p < 0.01). NR2E1 mRNA levels in PBMCs of overweight/obese people were positively related with TC, FFA, IL-6, TNF-α (r = 0.387, 0.440, 0.610, 0.530, p < 0.01) and LDL-c (r = 0.290, p < 0.05). A similar correlation was also found between NR2E1 protein levels and these parameters. The expression of NR2E1 in PBMCs from the control subjects increased apparently with the treatment of PA in a concentration-depend manner in vitro . Overexpression of NR2E1 in PBMCs decreased TNF-α and IL-6 expression induced by PA (p < 0.01)., Conclusion: NR2E1 levels are increased in overweight/obese people and have a positive relationship with TC, FFA, LDL-C, TNF-α and IL-6. Overexpression of NR2E1 could alleviate PA-induced chronic inflammation. NR2E1 may be a potential target for regulating chronic inflammation in obesity., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Weiling Leng,1 Danlan Pu,2 Juan Jiang,2 Xiaotian Lei,1 Qinan Wu,3,&ast; Bing Chen1,&ast; 1Endocrinology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of the Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, People’s Republic of China; 2Endocrinology and Nephrology Department, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital and Chongqing Cancer Institute and Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China; 3Endocrinology Department, Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Dazu Hospital, Dazu District People’s Hospital, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Qinan Wu; Bing Chen Email wqn11@126.com; chenbingxnyy@126.comBackground: This study investigated the effects of metformin on breast density in overweight/obese premenopausal women.Methods: Overweight/obese premenopausal women (n=120) were randomly assigned to the metformin or placebo group, and all women received lifestyle interventions. The outcomes included weight, BMI, FPG, FIN, glucose, HOMA-IR, LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, TC, SBP, DBP, FSH, E, AD, and the BIRADS grade, and the incidence of breast cancer was assessed by pathological biopsy and BIRADS grade greater than 4.Results: In total, 120 overweight/obese women completed the 1-year trial. Seven patients had a BIRADS grade greater than 4, including 5 patients who were biopsy positive, in the control group, and 2 patients had a BIRADS grade greater than 4, including 1 patient who was biopsy positive, in the metformin group. Compared with those in the control group, the body weight, BMI, FIN, FPG, HOMA-IR, TC, BIRADS grade and positive pathological biopsy rate in the metformin group were significantly decreased (P< 0.05), while AD was significantly increased (P< 0.05). The correlation analysis indicated that the BIRADS grade was significantly correlated with weight, BMI, FPG, FIN, HOMA-IR, SBP, AD and the positive pathological biopsy rate, and the positive pathological biopsy rate was significantly correlated with weight, BMI, HOMA-IR, SBP, AD and BIRADS grade. The logistic regression analysis revealed that the BIRADS grade was significantly correlated with the positive pathological biopsy rate and AD and that the positive pathological biopsy rate was significantly correlated with the BIRADS grade.Conclusion: As adjunctive therapy, the combination of lifestyle changes and metformin was found to be a safe strategy for improving related metabolic markers and increasing adiponectin. The BIRADS grade was significantly correlated with the positive pathological biopsy rate and AD, and the positive pathological biopsy rate was significantly correlated with the BIRADS grade.Keywords: metformin, breast density, overweight/obese, adiponectin

BackgroundWeight loss is an appropriate approach to reduce the health risks associated with overweight/obese children and adolescents, and the optimal method of weight loss requires further research. This study systematically explores scientific co-operation, disciplinary interaction, hotspots and trends in the field of weight loss in overweight/obese children and adolescents (WLOCA), and provides references for further research.MethodsCitespace 5.8.R1 (64-bit) was adopted to conduct a comprehensive visualization analysis of the literature on WLOCA from Web of Science Core Collection, including publication, institution, country/region, author, journal, keywords and reference.Results2,513 papers were found in the Web of Science Core Collection, and the annual number of papers published has increased significantly since 2003. Cincinnati Children's Hospital is the institution with the largest number of publications, while Washington University plays a pivotal role in the collaboration network. In terms of nations, USA has made greater contributions than the rest in terms of the number of publications and global co-operation research. The most influential authors in this field are Thomas H. Inge, Thomas Reinehr, Todd M. Jenkins, Epstein LH, Ogden CL, etc. The most active journals are “Obesity,” “International Journal of Obesity,” “Obesity Surgery,” “Pediatrics,” etc. which are characterized by interdisciplinary interactions. Research hot topics mainly include “assessment of obesity and pathophysiological mechanism,” “comprehensive intervention,” and “bariatric surgery,” and there's a gradual shift from “lifestyle intervention” and “pathophysiological mechanism” to “clinical surgical application.” In addition, disciplinary integration and comprehensive research, targeted intervention and treatment, and prospective research are the future research trends.ConclusionThe overall trend in WLOCA study is positive. The main contribution of this study is to reveal the overall picture of the research in this field with visual maps and detailed data by combining quantitative with qualitative approaches, which can provide valuable references for relevant researchers to quickly understand the status of studies on WLOCA, to seek co-operation, and grasp research hotspots and frontier trends.

Aim To determine the antiobesity effect and safety of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) including liraglutide, exenatide and semaglutide treatment in overweight/obese patients without diabetes. The random-effect model was used to pool data extracted from included literatures. The weighted mean difference (WMD), odds ratio and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to present the meta-analysis results (PROSPERO registration number: CRD 42020173199). The sources of intertrial heterogeneity, bias and the robustness of results were evaluated by subgroup analysis, sensitivity analysis and regression analysis, respectively. A total of 24 RCTs were recruited in the present analysis which included 5867 patients. The results showed that the treatment of overweight/obese patients without diabetes with GLP-1RAs including liraglutide, exenatide and semaglutide significantly achieved greater weight loss than placebo [WMD=–5.39, 95% CI (–6.82, –3.96)] and metformin [WMD=–5.46, 95% CI (–5.87, –5.05)]. The subgroup analysis showed that semaglutide displayed the most obvious antiobesity effect in terms of weight loss, the reduction of body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). However, GLP-1RAs treatments had more gastrointestinal adverse events (such as nausea and vomiting) than placebo and Met. The subgroup analysis also represented that semaglutide displayed the lowest risk of gastrointestinal adverse events among three kinds of GLP-1RAs. Our meta-analysis demonstrated that GLP-1RA had a superior antiobesity effect than placebo/Met in overweight/obese patients without diabetes in terms of body weight, BMI, and WC, especially for semaglutide, which had more obvious antiobesity effect and lower GI adverse events than liraglutide and exenatide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Vitamin D has been identified to have a relation to the development of insulin resistance-related diseases, such as type 2 diabetes (T2D). T2D is often associated with obesity and dyslipidemia. Our study aimed to analyze the relationship between vitamin D and lipid profile in patients with T2D. Methods: A total of 446 T2D patients who were hospitalized from January 2015 to December 2016 were recruited. Baseline characteristics were recorded, including body mass index (BMI), serum level of 25 hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D), and other biochemical indicators. T2D patients were divided into normal-weight group and overweight/obese group according to their BMI. Subgroup analysis was conducted after patients were subdivided using the quartet-method according to serum level of 25(OH)D. Differences in glucose and lipid metabolism indicators were analyzed. The correlation between serum 25(OH)D and lipid profiles was assessed by the multiple linear regression. Results: The levels of serum 25(OH)D and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in T2D patients of overweight/obesity group were significantly lower than those in normal-weight group, while the levels of triglyceride (TG) and HOMA-IR were significantly higher (P < 0.05). Subgroup analysis uncovered that total cholesterol (TC) and TG levels were lower with higher 25(OH)D in normal weight T2D patients. In overweight/obese T2D patients, TG level was lower in patients with higher 25(OH)D (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting insulin (FINS), and hemoglobin Alc (HbAlc) among Q1-Q4 in both normal weight and overweight/obese groups. Pearson test showed that serum 25(OH)D was positively correlated with high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and negatively correlated with TC and TG. Serum 25(OH)D was unrelated to low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in both groups. Multiple linear regression analysis only demonstrated an independent negative correlation between 25(OH)D and TG levels in the overweight/obese group (P < 0.01). Conclusions: In overweight/obese patients with T2D, serum 25(OH)D was independently, negatively correlated with TG. Vitamin D supplementation should be guaranteed in patients with diabetes, especially with obese T2D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The objective of this study was to examine the association of designated sex at birth, body composition, and gender-affirming hormone treatment (GAHT) with the components of metabolic syndrome (MetS) (overweight/obesity, elevated blood pressure [BP], altered glucose metabolism, and dyslipidemia) in transgender/gender diverse (TGD) adolescents and young adults. Methods: TGD individuals underwent body composition studies by bioelectrical impedance analysis according to designated sex at birth, and their muscle-to-fat ratio (MFR) z-scores were calculated. Generalized estimating equations with binary logistic models ( n  = 326) were used to explore associations while adjusting for potential confounders. Results: A total of 55 TGD females and 111 TGD males, with mean age of 18 ± 1.9 years and median duration of GAHT of 1.4 years (interquartile range = 0.6-2.5), were enrolled. Overall, 118/166 (71%) of the TGD cohort showed evidence of at least one MetS component, with a significantly higher rate among TGD males compared with TGD females (91.1% vs. 50.9%, p  < 0.001). TGD males were at increased odds for overweight/obesity, elevated/hypertensive BP, elevated triglycerides (TGs), and an atherogenic dyslipidemia index (TG/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-c], TG:HDL-c). The odds of overweight/obesity increased by 44.9 for each standard deviation decrease in the MFR z-score, while the odds for an elevated TG:HDL-c index increased by 3.7. Psychiatric morbidity increased the odds for overweight/obesity by 2.89. Conclusions: After considering confounding variables, the TGD males on GAHT were found to be at an increased risk for cardiometabolic disease. Our observations support the importance of targeted medical nutrition intervention in this group of individuals.

Postprandial oxidative stress has been shown to promote atherosclerosis. Grape pomace (GP) is a source of similar-to-wine bioactive micro-constituents with known antioxidant properties. The aim of the present study was to evaluate metabolic and oxidative stress responses after the intake of grape pomace (GP) extract along with a high-fat meal, in normal and overweight healthy women. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study, 18 women were finally included, 11 with BMI < 25 kg/m2 and 7 with BMI > 25 kg/m2, and consumed a high-fat meal with placebo or GP extract capsules in two separate visits. Blood samples were collected before and 6 h after the consumption. Measurements included basic biochemical markers, uric acid (UA), protein carbonyls (PC), thiobarbituric acid substance (TBARS) levels, as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities. At certain time points, the GP extract consumption in normal-weight women reduced UA, TBARS levels, and SOD activity, whereas it increased UA and reduced PC levels in overweight/obese women, compared to the placebo. GP-derived bioactive compounds may exert antioxidant actions during the postprandial state in healthy women, through different mechanisms according to their BMI status.

Background: In recent years, the exciting emergence of circulating miRNAs as stable, reproducible, and consistent among individuals has opened a promising research opportunity for the detection of non-invasive biomarkers. A firm connection has been established between circulating miRNAs and glycaemic as well as metabolic homeostasis, showing that levels of specific miRNAs vary under different physio-pathological conditions. Objective: In this pilot study, we investigated the expression of candidate miRNAs, hsa-miR-191-3p and hsa-miR-375, in relation to biomarkers associated with insulin sensitivity in a subgroup (n=58) of subjects participating to the European I.Family Study, a project aimed to assess the determinants of eating behaviour in children and adolescents and related health outcomes. The sample included overweight/obese children/adolescents since overweight/obesity is a known risk factor for impaired glucose homeostasis and metabolic disorders. Biological targets of candidate miRNAs were also explored in silico. Results: We observed a significant association of the two miRNAs and early changes in glycaemic homeostasis, independent of covariates including country of origin, age, BMI z-score, puberty status, highest educational level of parents, total energy intake, energy from fats, energy from carbohydrates, and energy from proteins. Conclusion: Identification of circulating miRNAs associated with insulin impairment may offer novel approaches of assessing early variations in insulin sensitivity and provide evidence about the molecular mechanisms connected to early changes in glycaemic homeostasis. Trial registration: ISRCTN, ISRCTN62310987. Retrospectively registered, http://isrctn.com/ISRCTN62310987 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Growth faltering is associated with adverse consequences during childhood and later life. However, questions remain on the relative importance of preconception maternal nutritional status (PMNS) and child growth during the first 1000 d of life.Objectives: We examined associations between PMNS, gestational weight gain (GWG), and child growth during the first 1000 d with attained body size at age 6-7 y.Methods: We used data from a follow-up of a double-blinded randomized controlled trial of preconception micronutrient supplementation in Vietnam (n = 5011 women). The outcomes included offspring height-for-age z score (HAZ), BMI-for-age z score (BMIZ), and prevalence of stunting and overweight/obese at age 6-7 y (n = 1579). We used multivariable linear and Poisson regression models to evaluate the relative contributions of PMNS (height and BMI), GWG, and conditional growth in 4 periods: fetal, 0-6 mo, 6-12 mo, and 12-24 mo.Results: PMNS was positively associated with child-attained size at 6-7 y. For each 1-SD higher maternal height and BMI, offspring had 0.28-SD and 0.13-SD higher HAZ at 6-7 y, respectively. Higher maternal BMI and GWG were associated with larger child BMIZ (β: 0.29 and 0.10, respectively). Faster linear growth, especially from 6 to 24 mo, had the strongest association with child HAZ at 6-7 y (β: 0.39-0.42), whereas conditional weight measures in all periods were similarly associated with HAZ (β: 0.10-0.15). For BMIZ at 6-7 y, the magnitude of association was larger and increased with child age for conditional weight gain (β: 0.21-0.41) but smaller for conditional length gain. Faster growth in the first 2 y was associated with reduced risk of stunting and thinness but increased risk of overweight/obese at 6-7 y.Conclusions: Interventions aimed at improving child growth while minimizing the risk of overweight during the school age years should target both women of reproductive age prior to conception through delivery and their offspring during the first 1000 d. The trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01665378. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Purpose: The study aimed to investigate the relationship between elevated maternal body mass index (BMI) and foetal chromosomal aberrations by performing single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array-based genetic testing on products of conception (POC). Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the data for 1068 assisted reproductive technology (ART)-conceived POC originated from 1068 patients with early spontaneous miscarriage. First, all types of chromosomal abnormalities were defined. Then, the baseline characteristics, including maternal age, BMI, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), gestational age, fertilization method, reasons for fertility treatment, embryo transfer (ET) cycle, stage of embryo development and the embryo morphology grade, were compared between chromosomally normal and abnormal POC groups. Finally, a multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyse various factors affecting the foetal chromosomal abnormality rate. Results: The SNP array results showed that 45.3% (484/1068) of POC were chromosomally normal and that 54.7% (584/1068) of POC presented chromosomal abnormalities. Of these 584 chromosomally abnormal POC, 388 (66.4%) were trisomy, 42 (7.2%) had a monosomy, 68 (11.6%) were found with segmental aneuploidy, 46 (7.9%) were mosaic, 28 (4.8%) were identified as polyploidy and 12 (2.1%) were euploid samples with uniparental disomy (UPD). Multivariate logistic regression results showed that the risk of miscarrying chromosomally abnormal POC increased 1.424-fold in women with normal BMI compared to women with an elevated BMI (≥ 25 kg/m2) (OR = 1.424, 95% CI = 1.074–1.888, p = 0.014). Conclusion: Women with an elevated BMI (≥ 25 kg/m2) are more likely to miscarry chromosomally normal POC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: While excess energy intake and physical inactivity constitute the obvious causes of body fat accumulation, persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are novel factors that have been linked to cardiometabolic disorders. Major sources of POPs are animal fats including fatty fish. Given the putative protective effects of fish on cardiovascular disease, we explored whether high consumption of fatty fish increased serum concentrations of POPs.Methods and Results: Men and women aged 35-70 years with body mass index between 25 and 38 kg/m2 and at least 1 cardiometabolic component were randomized to high intakes of fatty fish (mostly farmed salmon, ∼630 g/week; n = 45), high intakes of nuts (∼200 g/week; n = 42) or a control group following their usual diet but restricting fatty fish and nuts for 6 months (n = 44). Concentrations of 15 POPs (5 organochlorinated compounds, 2 dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls and 8 non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls) and cardiometabolic risk factors were measured at baseline and end of the study. Results showed that changes in concentrations of individual and classes of POPs did not differ between the dietary groups and controls (p > 0.05). Among cardiometabolic risk factors HDL-cholesterol increased in the fatty fish group compared to controls (+0.10 mmol/L, CI (0.05-0.20); p = 0.005) while no changes were observed in the group consuming nuts.Conclusion: Fatty fish consumption for 6 months did not increase the serum concentrations of POPs in individuals with overweight or obesity and metabolic risk. While this finding appears reassuring regarding short-term intakes of farmed salmon, long term variations in POPs in adipose stores require further study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the increased prevalence of pediatric obesity and risk of developing chronic disease, there has been great interest in preventing these conditions during childhood by focusing on healthy lifestyle habits, including nutritious eating and physical activity (PA). The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between PA, body mass index (BMI) and food choices in adolescent males and females. This cross-sectional study, using a survey questionnaire, evaluated 1212 Southern Californian adolescents' self-reported PA, BMI and food frequency. Results revealed that even though males are more active than females, they have higher BMI percentile values (p < 0.05). Females consumed salad, vegetables and fruit more frequently than males (p < 0.05), where males consumed hamburgers, pizza, red meat, processed meat, eggs, fish, fruit juice, soda and whole milk more frequently than females (p < 0.05). Overweight/obese teens consumed red meat, processed meat and cheese more frequently than healthy weight teens (p < 0.05), yet there was no difference in PA between healthy and overweight/obese teens. These results demonstrate that higher levels of PA may not counteract an unhealthy diet. Even though PA provides numerous metabolic and health benefits, this study suggests that healthy food choices may have a protective effect against overweight and obesity. Healthy food choices, along with PA, should be advocated to improve adolescent health by encouraging maintenance of a healthy weight into adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food insecurity (FI), the limited or unreliable availability of safe and nutritious food, is a pressing public health concern affecting millions of U.S. citizens. Unfortunately, FI tends to impact those who are most vulnerable (e.g., low-income minorities) and potentially increases obesity risks, diet-sensitive disease risks (e.g., hypertension and type 2 diabetes), and hospital utilization. Low-income Latino patients may be particularly sensitive to adverse outcomes based on unaddressed socioeconomic needs. Nurses are in a prime position to assess and address FI in these patients. Our article will discuss how nurses can be advocates in combating FI in Latino patients with overweight/obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the association of obesity phenotypes with non-obese components of metabolic syndrome (MetS) by considering the presence of general adiposity and central obesity. We analyzed the data of population-based cross-sectional study of 981 adults' individuals who were community dwelling in urban population of Babol, the north of Iran. The demographic characteristics and anthropometric measures and hypertension were collected with standard method by trained nurses. The fasting blood sugar, CHL, TG, HDL-C and LDL-C were measured by enzymatic method. The presence of cardiometabolic risk factors were analyzed according to the combination of obesity phenotypes either overweight/obese or central obese. The logistic regression model was used to calculate the adjusted odds ratio (OR) of obesity phenotypes in compared with normal weight not central obese in association of presence of metabolic abnormality. The 394 (40.6%) individuals were both overweight/obese and central obese and 295 (30.1%) persons were "normal weight not central obese" and the minority 28(2.9%) were normal weight but central obese and the remainder 260 (26.5%) were "overweight/obese not central obese". Overweight/obese not central obese increased significantly the odds of presence of ≥2 non-obese components of metabolic abnormality by 2.17 times (95%CI OR: 1.51, 3.13) but the OR was elevated for the joint phenotypes of overweight/obese and central obese (OR = 4.16 (95%CI: 2.85, 6.06) as compare with normal weight not central obese. Overweight/obese alone increased the risk of cardiometabolic abnormality but being overweight/obese and central obese a further elevated the risk compared with "normal weight not central obese". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This experimental study evaluated associations between sleep duration, food-related inhibitory control, and food reward in adolescents aged 12-18 with normal weight and overweight/obesity. The potential moderating effect of weight status on the associations between sleep, inhibitory control, and food reward was also examined.Methods: Thirty-two adolescents with normal weight and 32 adolescents with overweight/obesity (ages 12-18) participated in this study. Participants spent 5 hr in bed per night (restricted sleep) or 9 hr in bed per night (habitual sleep) for five nights with experimental periods separated by 3 weeks. Participants completed a food-related inhibitory control task and a questionnaire assessing food reward on the sixth day of each study phase.Results: Repeated measures analyses of variance revealed that adolescents performed more poorly on a food-related inhibitory control task and had heightened food reward following sleep restriction. Adolescents with overweight/obesity demonstrated heightened food reward compared with adolescents with normal weight; there was no main effect of weight on food-related inhibitory control. There was a significant interaction between sleep condition and weight status on food reward, with adolescents with normal weight demonstrating heightened food reward following sleep restriction. Adolescents with overweight/obesity showed consistently high food reward with no effect of sleep duration.Conclusions: When sleep restricted, adolescents demonstrated heightened food reward and were less able to inhibit prepotent responses to food images. Adolescents with normal weight who experience acute sleep restriction may perceive foods to be more rewarding relative to normal sleep. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food cue-reactivity tasks are used to induce and evaluate food cravings. Extant research has implicated the role of tasting foods in heightening cue-elicited food craving. The present study was the first to evaluate a taste manipulation during a food cue-reactivity task to optimize cue-elicited craving and predict food intake. Participants with overweight/obesity (N = 35; M age = 33.46 years [SD = 13.27]; M BMI = 32.91 kg/m2 [SD = 5.34]) engaged in one laboratory session and were randomized to a 'No Taste' or 'Taste' condition. All participants reported baseline food craving and observed two types of high-calorie food cues during a cue-reactivity task: photographic and real foods. The Taste group tasted real food cues and the No Taste group did not. Cue-elicited craving was assessed after the presentation of each food cue. Calorie intake of palatable foods was subsequently measured during a bogus taste test. Results indicated that cue-elicited craving to high-calorie foods was greater for the No Taste relative to the Taste group and that calorie intake was greater for the Taste relative to the No Taste group; both effects were nonsignificant, but of medium-size. Cue-elicited craving was significantly greater following exposure to high-calorie real food cues compared to photographic food cues. Results provide initial evidence that presenting high-calorie real (vs. photographic) food cues and forgoing taste manipulation during a food cue-reactivity task may optimize cue-elicited craving, and that taste manipulation could increase subsequent food intake. Future research should be conducted to replicate findings in larger samples with greater power to detect significant effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the differences in dietary intake and quality between normalweight (NW) and overweight/obese (OW/OB) young adults in Klang Valley, Malaysia. A case-control study was conducted among 294 private universities students in Klang Valley, Malaysia. Respondents completed a set of questionnaire and 3 days 24-hr dietary recall. Weight, height, body fat percentage (%BF), visceral fat, and waist circumference of respondents were measured. Dietary intake of respondents was analyzed and their diet quality was evaluated using a healthy eating index (HEI) scale. Findings displayed OW/ OB group had significantly higher energy, macronutrient, sugar, saturated fat, cholesterol and sodium intake (p < 0.001) than NW group. The total HEI score was significantly lower in OW/OB group [45.14 (11.13)] than NW group [51.43 (11.61)]. This was affected by component scores of percentages (%) of energy from fat (p < 0.001) and saturated fat (p = 0.023), cholesterol and sodium intake (p < 0.001) with OW/OB had significantly lower score than NW group. However, OW/OB group achieved a significantly higher component score for cereals (p < 0.001) and meat food groups (p = 0.005) than NW group. HEI analysis also displayed both groups achieved low component scores for fruits, vegetables, milk, and food variety. Although OW/OB group had poorer diet quality than NW group, both groups had low consumption of fruits, vegetables, milk, and less varied diet. Therefore, there is a need for educational campaigns on food groups' diversification especially in increasing nutrient-dense food in their diet to increase awareness in healthy eating among young adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrate-rich food can increase nitric oxide production and improve vascular and brain functions. This study examines the feasibility of a randomised controlled trial (RCT) testing the effects of prolonged consumption of different doses of dietary nitrate (NO3−) in the form of beetroot juice (BJ) in overweight and obese older participants. A single-blind, four-arm parallel pilot RCT was conducted in 62 overweight and obese (30.4 ± 4 kg/m2) older participants (mean ± standard deviation (SD), 66 ± 4 years). Participants were randomized to: (1) high-NO3− (HN: 2 × 70 mL BJ/day) (2) medium-NO3− (MN: 70 mL BJ/day), (3) low-NO3− (LN: 70 mL BJ on alternate days) or (4) Placebo (PL: 70 mL of NO3−-depleted BJ on alternate days), for 13 weeks. Compliance was checked by a daily log of consumed BJ, NO3− intake, and by measuring NO3− and NO2− concentrations in plasma, saliva, and urine samples. Fifty participants completed the study. Self-reported compliance to the interventions was >90%. There were significant positive linear relationships between NO3− dose and the increase in plasma and urinary NO3− concentration (R2 = 0.71, p < 0.001 and R2 = 0.46 p < 0.001, respectively), but relationships between NO3− dose and changes in salivary NO3− and NO2− were non-linear (R2 = 0.35, p = 0.002 and R2 = 0.23, p = 0.007, respectively). The results confirm the feasibility of prolonged BJ supplementation in older overweight and obese adults.

Background: Obesity adversely influences the quality of oocytes and embryos and can affect DNA repair in embryos, leading to reproductive issues. However, the effects of body mass index (BMI) on DNA repair ability in oocytes during intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles have not yet been investigated. Therefore, this retrospective study aimed to analyze the influence of sperm DNA damage on embryo development and reproductive outcomes in overweight/obese and normal-weight women in ICSI cycles., Methods: A total of 1,141 patients who received the first fresh ICSI cycle treatments were recruited from July 2017 to July 2021. Based on the BMI of the women, all patients were divided into normal weight (18.5≤BMI<25 kg/m 2 ; n=824; 72.22%) and overweight/obese (BMI≥25 kg/m 2 ; n=317; 27.78%) groups. Furthermore, according to the sperm DNA fragmentation index (DFI), these two groups were subdivided into two subgroups: DFI<30% and DFI≥30%., Results: In the normal-weight women group, the embryonic development and reproductive outcomes of ICSI cycles were not statistically different between the two subgroups (DFI<30% and DFI≥30%). However, in the overweight/obese women group, couples with a sperm DFI≥30% had a significantly lower fertilization rate (76% vs. 72.7%; p=0.027), cleavage rate (98.7% vs. 97.2%; p=0.006), and high-quality embryo rate (67.8% vs. 62.6%; p=0.006) than couples with a sperm DFI<30%., Conclusion: When injected sperm with high DFI into the oocytes of overweight/obese women, resulting in lower fertilization, cleavage, and high-quality embryo rates in ICSI cycles, and the decreased early developmental potential of embryos from overweight/obese patients may be caused by the diminished capacity of oocytes to repair sperm DNA damage., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Jiang, Shen, Xu, Zhu, Wang, Chen, Sun and Yang.)

Objective: The present study examined the prevalence of and risk factors for malnutrition in a population-based cohort of women of childbearing age in rural Bangladesh.Design: A cross-sectional study that collected pre-pregnancy weight, height, and data on selected risk factors for nutritional status of women.Setting: The study was conducted in Sylhet District of Bangladesh.Subjects: Study subjects included 13 230 non-pregnant women of childbearing age. Women were classified into underweight (<18·5 kg/m2), normal (18·5-24·9 kg/m2) and overweight/obese (≥25·0 kg/m2) using BMI; and into moderate to severe stunting (<150 cm), mild stunting (150-<155 cm) and normal (≥155 cm) using height. Two multinomial logistic regression models were fitted for BMI: model 1 examined individual and household factors associated with BMI, and model 2 additionally examined the association of community variables. The same analysis was conducted for height.Results: Prevalence of underweight, overweight/obesity and moderate to severe stunting was 37·0, 7·2 and 48·6 %, respectively. Women's education and household wealth were inversely related to both underweight status and stunting. Underweight rate was significantly lower in the post-harvest season. Women with any education and who belonged to households with higher wealth were more likely to be overweight/obese.Conclusions: The study documented high underweight and stunting, and moderate overweight/obesity rates among rural Bangladeshi women; and recommends design and implementation of a multidimensional intervention programme based on individual-, household- and community-level risk factors that can address underweight, stunting and overweight/obesity to improve the nutritional status of women of childbearing age in Bangladesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To compare intakes of dietary iron and enhancers and inhibitors of iron absorption between overweight/obese (OW/OB) adolescents and their normal weight (NW) peers, and between parental education levels stratified by weight status.Methods: This was a comparative cross-sectional study of adolescents (n 121 OW/OB and n 102 NW) aged 12-14 years, attending a secondary school in Nonthaburi province, Thailand. Socio-demographic data were obtained from participants’ parents using a questionnaire. Participants recorded their intakes for 3 non-consecutive days, using a prospective food record.Results: Compared with NW adolescents, OW/OB adolescents consumed more total protein and animal protein after adjustment for energy intake (both p = 0.047). OW/OB adolescents whose mothers were less educated consumed more total iron and available iron after adjustment for energy intake, compared with their OW/OB peers whose mothers were more educated (p = 0.045 and p = 0.040). NW adolescents with more highly educated mothers had higher absolute and energy-adjusted fibre intakes (both p = 0.047). However, NW adolescents of mothers with a high-intermediate level of education consumed less calcium, after adjustment for energy intake (p = 0.028).Conclusions: OW/OB adolescents with less educated mothers had higher energy-adjusted intakes of iron and available iron. Dietary differences in OW/OB adolescents relative to maternal education, and other socioeconomic indicators, should be explored in a nationally representative data set. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inhibitory control refers to the ability to stop, change or delay a response, and is often used in order to protect higher order goals. Theoretical models suggest that appetitive cues such as pictures of alcoholic drinks or food evoke strong automatic appetitive responses which lead to transient impairments in inhibitory control, and that these effects of cues may be related to individual differences (e.g. in body mass index, or alcohol consumption). In order to investigate these claims we conducted a random effects meta-analysis of 66 effect sizes (35 alcohol, 31 food) from 37 articles that tested the effect of exposure to appetitive (alcohol/food) cues on indices of inhibitory control. The overall effect of cue exposure was small, but robust (SMD = -0.12 [95% CI -0.23, -0.02]; Z = 2.34, p = .02, I2 = 84%). Exposure to alcohol-related cues significantly impaired inhibitory control (SMD = -0.21 [95% CI = -0.32, -0.11]; Z = 4.17, p < .001), however exposure to food-related cues did not lead to impairments (SMD = -0.03 [95% CI = -0.21, 0.15]; Z = 0.36, p = .720). There was no evidence that drinking or weight status significantly moderated the effects of cues on inhibitory control. Similarly, cue modality (words, pictures, or smells) did not significantly moderate the effects. Trim and Fill analysis suggested bias in the literature, which when corrected, made the overall effect of cues non-significant. Overall, these findings provide some tentative support for theoretical claims that exposure to appetitive cues prompts transient impairments in inhibitory control. Further research is required to determine the clinical significance of these observations. However, care should be taken when drawing conclusions from a potentially biased evidence base. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Obesity is linked to metabolic diseases characterized by insulin resistance, such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. In this study, we investigated the metabolic disorders of uncomplicated obesity to identify early alterations in biological systems.Methods and Study Design: Metabolic differences between overweight/obese (n=36) and normal-weight (n=35) young Chinese men without known metabolic disorders were assessed. Metabolic profiling of the serum and urine was performed using ultra-performance liquidchromatography quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS). Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was undertaken to reveal and classify the differences between the two groups.Results: Compared to normal-weight men, obese men had higher levels of the serum metabolites phenylalanine, Phe-Phe, and L-tryptophan, whereas those of p-cresol sulfate and p-cresol were less in obesity. Urinary metabolites phenylacetamide, L-glutamine, phenylacetylglutamine, indoxyl sulfate, p-cresol, and p-cresol sulfate were greater in obese men.Conclusions: These findings indicate that disorders involving aromatic amino acids and the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) have microbiomic involvement in the uncomplicated phase of obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context Weight loss remains one of the most important arms in obese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS). Further studies are needed to identify the best treatment. Objective To evaluate the effects of exenatide ( EXE) on reproductive and metabolic function in overweight/obese ( OW/ OB) PCOS. Design This is a 24-week open-label prospective, randomized, clinical study. Patients and Measurements This study randomized 176 OW/ OB women diagnosed with PCOS to receive either EXE 10 μg BID (n = 88) or metformin ( MET) 1000 mg BID (n = 88) for the first 12 weeks. Then all patients were treated with MET alone during the second 12 weeks. We observed metabolic parameters at 0 and 12 weeks, and then tracked the rate of pregnancy during the second 12 weeks. Results After the first 12 weeks of intervention, compared with MET, subjects who received EXE had significantly decreased weight (4.29 ± 1.29 kg vs 2.28 ± 0.55 kg, P < .001) and total fat% (4.67 ± 0.09% vs 1.11 ± 0.32%, P < .001), improved the homeostasis model of assessment for insulin resistance (1.30 ± 0.58 vs 0.59 ± 0.12, P < .001) and increased the menstrual frequency ratio (0.62 ± 0.12 vs 0.37 ± 0.01, P < .001). During the second 12 weeks, the rate of natural pregnancy of EXE-treated patients was significantly higher than MET-treated patients (43.60% vs 18.70%, P < .05). Conclusions Short-term EXE therapy was linked to significant weight loss and central adiposity reduction, which may further explain the improvements in insulin resistance, inflammatory marker and menstrual cycle, which may contribute to increasing pregnancy rates in OW/ OB women with PCOS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Overweight/obese major depressive disorder (MDD) patients have a high probability of developing glucose metabolism disorders; however, the results are inconsistent due to the confounding variables involved in the studies. The purpose of this study was to explore the prevalence and risk factors for elevated fasting glucose in Chinese Han patients with overweight/obese first-episode and drug naïve (FEDN) MDD., Methods: The study used a cross-sectional design and recruited 1718 FEDN MDD patients between the ages of 18 and 60 years. Socio-demographic information, anthropometric data, and biochemical parameters were collected. The 17-item Hamilton Assessment Scale for Depression (HAMD), the 14-item Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA), and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) positive subscale were used to assess symptoms of all patients., Results: MDD patients with elevated fasting glucose had higher TSH, TPOAb, TC, TG, LDL-C, systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels than those with normal fasting glucose. Logistic regression analysis showed that age, TSH, TgAb, TPOA, and TG were related factors for elevated fasting glucose, while TSH and combination all these five parameters had the potential to differentiate between patients with elevated fasting glucose and those with normal fasting glucose. Multifactorial regression analysis showed that TSH, TG, and LDL-C were independently associated with elevated fasting glucose., Conclusion: Our findings suggest a high prevalence of elevated fasting glucose in overweight/obese FEDN MDD patients. Several clinically relevant factors and metabolic parameters are associated with elevated fasting glucose in overweight/obese FEDN MDD patients., Limitation: Due to the cross-sectional design, no causal relationship could be derived., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Gao, Deng, Cai, Zhang, Xiao and Zhang.)

Nitric oxide (NO), which is produced by NO synthase (NOS), plays to modulate immune function, blood vessel dilatation, neurotransmission, and mechanism of toxicity. Here, we examined whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the NOS1 gene contribute to the susceptibility for overweight/obesity in Korean population. We recruited 370 subjects (159 control and 211 overweight/obese subjects), genotyped 3 SNPs in NOS1 gene using Affymetrix targeted genotyping chip array, and analyzed genetic data by Haploview4.2 and SPSS 23.0. Among 3 SNPs, 2 SNPs (rs2293048 and rs9658490) showed significant association with overweight/obesity (rs2293048, Fisher's exact p=0.048 in codominant 2 model, Fisher's exact p=0.045 in recessive model; rs9658490, p= 0.025, OR=1.830, 95% CI=1.078-3.105 in codominant 1, p=0.037, OR=1.734, 95% CI=1.033-2.910 in dominant model, respectively). In addition, haplotype TCG and TGG was also associated with a susceptibility of obesity (TCG, p=0.019; TGG, p=0.028). In conclusion, our study suggests that NOS1 gene may be related to overweight/obesity in Korean population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatocellular adenoma (HCA) is a benign hepatocyte-derived tumor commonly seen in reproductive-aged women with long-term use of oral contraceptives (OCs) in European and North American countries. Accordingly, HCA is currently classified into four molecular subtypes as adopted by the World Health Organization. The present study was firstly to characterize and determine the genetic alterations and clinicopathological features of the largest series of HCAs in China. We reviewed 189 patients with HCA who underwent hepatectomies at our liver center from January 1984 to January 2012, among which 36 HCAs were randomly selected for the sequencing of HNF1α, β-catenin and gp130 genes, and 60 HCAs were randomly selected for detecting microsatellite instability (MSI). Compared with Western studies, our data showed distinctive findings including male (69.8%) and overweight/obese (50.3%) predominance. Only 3.5% of female patients had a documented history of OCs use for 2–4 years. All 36 sequenced HCAs showed HNF1α mutations (72% missense, 28% synonymous), 2 hotspot polymorphisms of HNF1α (I27L: rs1169288 and S487N: rs2464196) were seen in 17 (47%) and 10 (27.8%) cases, respectively, and a novel single nucleotide polymorphism site (rs1169304) in intron 9 of HNF1α was detected in 32 (88%) cases, but no β-catenin or gp130 gene mutation was detected, and no nuclear β-catenin staining was detected by immunohistochemistry. The frequency of MSI was 75% for D12S1398 (HNF1α inactivated pathway) and 78.5% for D6S1064 (HIPPO signaling pathway) in 34 overweight/obese patients with HCA. Our results firstly indicate that patients with HCA in China frequently occur in male overweigh and obese adult population, lack an association with OCs use and exhibit unique genetic alterations. Taken together, these observations suggest that alternative pathogenetic pathways involve in HCA tumorigenesis in Chinese patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]