Search

Although material parenting is a very common parenting style in China, it has received little attention from researchers, and thus far, only one study has demonstrated that early material parenting fosters materialism in adulthood. However, whether early material parenting promotes materialism in adolescents remains unknown. Therefore, this research aimed to examine the relationship between material parenting and materialism and the underlying mechanisms among Chinese adolescents by conducting two retrospective surveys. A pilot study was first designed to test the recall bias and parent-child rating agreement on a small sample of child-parent dyads (N = 222) using a pairing questionnaire. The results showed that there was no significant systematic error that may affect the relationship between the variables and revealed a high rating agreement between children and parents on material parenting. Then, a formal study investigated the relationship between material parenting and materialism among a larger sample of adolescents (N = 1173) and examined the mediating role of overt narcissism. We found that both conditional material rewards and unconditional material rewards positively predicted materialism, and overt narcissism played a mediating role in the relationship. Our findings indicate that early material parenting may lead to children's overt narcissism and subsequently foster their materialistic values in adolescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Psychological Science is the property of Psychological Science Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The current research examined the relationship between overt narcissism and interpersonal relationship among young adults. A correlational research design was employed to assess the relationship among studied variable. Grandiose Narcissism Scale and Relationship questionnaire scale was used to collect responses from participants.A sample of N= 200 participants of age range 18-24 (M=21.6, SD =1.25) was selected through purposive sampling from Government and private universities. Grandiose Narcissism Scale and Relationship questionnaire scale was employed to assess overt narcissism and interpersonal relationship respectively. It was hypothesized that there would be a significant positive relationship between overt narcissism and interpersonal relationship among young adults. It also hypothesized that there was a significant gender difference in overt narcissism and interpersonal relationships among young adults. The date was analyzed through SPSS (Version 20). Descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages was run for demographic variables. The Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient was employed to assess the relationship between overt narcissism and interpersonal relationships. Independent T-Test used to administer gender differences. The result showed that there is no significant relationship between overt narcissism and interpersonal relationships of young adults. Moreover, it showed that females are more prone to overt narcissism as compared to males. The results are discussed in the light of literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although cyberbullying, a new type of aggressive behavior via electronic means, has been found to be strongly linked with individuals' personality characteristics, few studies to date have investigated its relationship with narcissism, especially overt and covert narcissism. The current study tested the associations between overt and covert narcissism on one hand and cyberbullying perpetration and victimization on the other. To explain these differences further, self-esteem was tested as a mediator through which the two types of narcissism may exert their influences on cyberbullying. An anonymous questionnaire was completed by 814 Chinese adolescents aged 11 to 18. Results of multiple regression analyses indicated that after controlling for gender and student status (middle or high school students), covert narcissism positively predicted both cyberbullying perpetration and victimization, whereas overt narcissism had no association with either perpetration or victimization. Furthermore, when gender and student status were controlled, self-esteem mediated the relationships between overt/covert narcissism and cyberbullying perpetration and victimization, highlighting the possibility that self-esteem is an explanatory mechanism for the associations between the two types of narcissism and cyberbullying. These findings suggest that interventions aimed at reducing engagement in cyberbullying may be more urgent and important for individuals with high levels of covert narcissism. Boosting self-esteem needs to be particularly highlighted in developing anti-bullying measures and policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this study is to examine the mediating role of positive illusions about the self and the spouse and rejection sensitivity in the relationship between expressions of narcissism (overt and covert) and marital adjustment. It is also aimed to define the psychometric properties of two measurements (Hypersensitive Narcissism Scale and Adult Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire) which are used for testing this hypothesis. The data was collected from 205 participants who have been married at least for one year. The participants completed Trait List, Adult Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire, Narcissistic Personality Inventory, Hypersensitive Narcissism Scale and Revised Dyadic Adjustment Scale. The data was analyzed by using SPSS 20 and LISREL 8.51. The results revealed that covert narcissism did not predict marital adjustment directly. Rejection sensitivity and positive illusion about spouse that is defined according to the ideal spouse criterion had full mediation roles on relationship of covert narcissism and marital adjustment. On the other hand, neither positive illusion about spouse defined according to the typical spouse criterion nor positive illusion about self-had a mediation role on this relationship.

Past literature has suggested a dual nature of trait based narcissism, comprising overt and covert forms. While several studies have examined the two subtypes in relation to self-esteem, very few studies have examined narcissistic subtypes and self-efficacy. 115 Psychology undergraduates filled in self-report measures of overt narcissism, covert narcissism, self-esteem and self-efficacy. Results demonstrated no significant relationship between overt and covert narcissism, suggesting two distinct subtypes. Overt and covert forms of narcissism were found to significantly contribute to self-efficacy beyond self-esteem. Further, overt narcissism positively predicted both self-esteem and self-efficacy beyond self-esteem. Conversely, covert narcissism was found to negatively predict self-esteem and self-efficacy beyond self-esteem. Overt narcissism subscale associations were also computed, with Power being associated with higher self-efficacy but not self-esteem, suggesting Power to be a more adaptive subscale. The Special Person subscale was associated with higher self-esteem but not self-efficacy, suggesting it forms the maladaptive core of overt narcissism. Exhibitionism was not associated with either self-esteem or self-efficacy. Results appear congruent with past literature, and have given an additional insight into the implications of trait based narcissism regarding self-efficacy. Findings appear to suggest trait based overt narcissism is a more adaptive construct to individual self-concept than covert narcissism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the current study was to examine the direct and interactive effects of two types of narcissism (overt and covert) and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) reactivity on emotion regulation difficulties in 227 undergraduate students. Overt and covert narcissism and emotion regulation difficulties were assessed with self-report measures (narcissistic personality inventory (NPI)-16, hypersensitive narcissism scale (HSNS), and difficulties in emotion regulation scale (DERS)), and physiological data were measured during the baseline, stress (a public-speaking task), and recovery periods in the laboratory. Results indicated that overt narcissism was negatively related to a lack of emotional awareness and emotional clarity, whereas covert narcissism was positively related to overall emotion regulation difficulties, nonacceptance of emotional responses, impulse control difficulties, limited access to emotion regulation strategies, and a lack of emotional clarity. RSA reactivity in response to a mock job interview moderated the associations between covert narcissism (as a predictor) and overall emotion regulation difficulties and impulse control difficulties (as outcomes). This finding showed that a greater stress-induced RSA decrease may serve as a protective factor and ameliorate the effect of covert narcissism on individuals’ emotion regulation difficulties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The condition of narcissism is divided into grandiose (overt) and hypersensitive (covert) narcissism. These two states are different in terms of etiological and behavioral dimensions. Correct assessment is important for determining the treatment. The Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) does not predict covert narcissism, whereas the Hypersensitive Narcissism Scale (HSNS) does. The aim of this study is to assess the psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the HSNS. Method: Participants of the study were 300 university students. The HSNS, the NPI and the Basic Personality Traits Inventory (BPTI) were administered as the primary outcome measure. Results: Factor analysis revealed that the item content of the newly created eight-item Turkish version of the HSNS reflected one factor identified as hypersensitivity. Moreover, the reliability analysis demonstrated that the eight-item Turkish version of the HSNS was a reliable scale. On the other hand, no significant relationships were found between age, gender, and educational levels of the participants and their scores on the Turkish version of the HSNS. A near-zero correlation between the Turkish version of the HSNS and the NPI was demonstrated. Finally, there were significant negative correlations between the HSNS and the BPTI's subscales of extraversion and agreeableness, and significant positive correlations between the HSNS and the BPTI's subscales of neuroticism and negative valence. Conclusion: The current study revealed that the reliability and validity of eight-item Turkish version of the HSNS were adequate, and it provided some evidence to demonstrate the existence of selected personality features that may be useful in differentiating hypersensitive narcissism from grandiose narcissism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim in the current study was to investigate the causal relationships among the variables of covert-overt narcissism, causal attribution, responsibility attribution, and forgiveness based on the entailment model. Our aim was to differentiate between overt and covert narcissism in terms of their relationship with forgiveness. First, our findings in this study demonstrated that only covert narcissism was associated with forgiveness, whereas there was no association between overt narcissism and forgiveness. Second, path analysis revealed that both causal attribution and responsibility attribution mediated the relationship between covert narcissism and forgiveness, but this was not the case for overt narcissism. In addition, responsibility attributions mediated the relationship between causal attributions and forgiveness. Study implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Punitiveness of overt and covert narcissists was examined in a non-ego-threatening condition. In judging fictitious criminal cases, high scorers in overt narcissism were as punitive as low scorers; this result was independent of crime severity. For covert narcissism, however, high scorers were more punitive toward a serious crime and more lenient toward a mild crime, when compared to low scorers. This study provides pioneering data on narcissists’ punitive judgments in the absence of ego threat, which has been overlooked by previous research. The findings not only support the theoretical distinction between the overt and covert subtypes of narcissism, but also help clarify the meaning of punishment to narcissists. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This study investigated the theoretical and empirical links between narcissism and competitiveness by focusing on the multifaceted features of these individual difference variables. The present study compared measures of overt narcissism (Narcissistic Personality Inventory, NPI; ) and covert narcissism (Hypersensitive Narcissism Scale, HSNS; ) with measures of competitiveness (Revised Competitiveness Index, CI-R; ) and hypercompetitiveness (Hypercompetitive Attitude Scale, HCS; ). Based on a sample of 324 undergraduates, positive relationships were found between overt narcissism and general competitiveness and hypercompetitiveness. However, covert narcissism was negatively related to general competitiveness but positively related to hypercompetitiveness. The findings highlight the similarities and distinctions between different forms of narcissism and competitiveness and provide a broader framework for understanding the relationship between narcissism and competitiveness. Implications for the interpersonal manifestation of these different forms are discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The money attitude of covert and overt narcissists was studied. Both covert and overt narcissism predicted the power-prestige dimension of money attitude, which were both mediated by the need for social power. Interestingly, the relationship for covert narcissism was also mediated by the fear of negative social evaluation, confirming its socially vulnerable and hypersensitive features. In addition, the anxiety and distrust factors of money attitude were correlated with covert narcissism only. Anxiety was explained by the need for power and avoidance motivation, but no significant mediator was found for distrust. These findings provide evidence to the similarities and differences between the two types of narcissism. They also shed light on narcissists’ money-related behaviors, such as investment strategy and consumer behaviors. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In recent years, there has been increasing acknowledgment of the multidimensionality of narcissism and that different types of narcissism may relate differently to other domains of functioning. Similarly, aggression—a frequently discussed correlate of narcissism—is a heterogeneous construct. In this study, the relations of proactive and reactive aggression with overt and covert manifestations of narcissism were examined in a sample of 674 Italian high school students (mean age=15.5 years, SD=2.1 years). Overt narcissism was positively related to both proactive and reactive subtypes of aggression, whereas covert narcissism related only to reactive aggression. Vanity, Authority, Exhibitionism, and Exploitativeness were the components of overt narcissism related to Proactive Aggression (all remained unique correlates when controlling for Reactive Aggression), whereas Reactive Aggression was associated with the Exhibitionism, Superiority, and Entitlement subscales (only the latter was uniquely related when controlling for Proactive Aggression). Aggr. Behav. 36:21–27, 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]