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BACKGROUND: The role of arterial collateral and venous outflow status on the response to intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (IV-tPA) has not been sufficiently clarified in acute major cerebral occlusions. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 130 patients (mean age: 71 years; 73 females) with acute middle cerebral artery M1/M2 segment or terminal internal carotid artery occlusion treated solely with IV-tPA were analyzed. Regional leptomeningeal score (rLMC) was used for cerebral arterial collateral scoring, and the cortical vein opacification score (COVES) and modified Prognostic Evaluation based on Cortical vein score difference In Stroke (PRECISE) superficial and deep scores were used for venous outflow profile. Exploratory logistic models for response to IV-tPA [positive response: National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) decrease 4 (or decrease to 0) at 24 h; dramatic response: NIHSS decrease ≥8 (or decrease to 0 or 1)], functional outcome (modified Rankin’s score 0–1 as “excellent” and 0–2 “good”) and tPA-associated hemorrhagic transformation were constructed. RESULTS: IV-tPA efficacy was positive in 47% and dramatic in 32%. Dramatic response was linked to better arterial collateral status (exp[B] =1.115 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.016–1.223]). Excellent outcome was noted in 26% and good in 45%. One-point increase in rLMC score independently increased good prognosis (exp[B] =1.209 [1.034–1.412]). Patients with good prognosis had higher (by 0.5 points) modified PRECISE deep score (P = 0.047) and less frequent nonsufficient modified PRECISE deep score (0–2) (P = 0.017) in univariate analyses. However, these associations failed to survive in multiple regression. Any type tPA-associated cerebral hemorrhagic transformation was observed in 23% and parenchymal hemorrhage type 2 in 5.4%. While rLMC score showed a borderline strength correlation to hemorrhage (exp[B] =0.899 [95% CI, 0.808–1.001]), outflow scores not. CONCLUSION: While arterial collateral status modifies the effect of tPA in acute anterior circulation major artery occlusions, venous outflow capacity is not so critical.

This paper analyzes socio-demographic trends over the past sixty years in the northern territories of Western Siberia, specifically the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs. The study spans from the initial development of mineral resources in the 1950s–1960s to the present day. These regions are distinctive not only for their climatic and ethnocultural characteristics but also for their unique socio-economic models of regional development. The active phase of resource exploitation led to substantial population growth and rapid urbanization in the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs, resulting in the establishment of over 20 new cities. However, since the 2000s, a gradual decline in oil and gas production has reversed these trends, causing a persistent outflow of population and reduced economic activity in many municipalities. The study identifies both commonalities and divergences in socio-demographic trends across the two regions. For instance, the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, unlike the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, has experienced a gradual population increase, primarily driven by natural population growth and positive net migration. Meanwhile, both regions exhibit similar changes in the age and gender structure of their populations and a shift in settlement patterns between urban and rural areas. The findings highlight the need for further comprehensive analysis of socio-demographic trends, with particular attention to permanent residents, indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, and populations engaged in shift work. Additionally, the study underscores the importance of considering socio-cultural and climatic conditions in evaluating health indicators, as well as mortality and fertility rates.

Multi-year droughts are ever-present and transformational features of California’s Mediterranean climate and can fundamentally affect the water quality and the ecosystem responses of the San Francisco Estuary and the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta. This study assessed data collected by long-term monitoring programs over the past 46 water years (1975–2021) to evaluate how water quality in the estuary changes during multi-year droughts. Data were aggregated by region (South-Central Delta, North Delta, confluence, Suisun Bay, and Suisun Marsh) and season, then differences between multi-year drought periods, multi-year wet periods, and neutral periods were compared using generalized linear models. We found that multi-year drought periods altered multiple physical and chemical parameters in the estuary, increasing water temperature, salinity, water clarity, and nutrient levels. This trend was consistent across regions and seasons, with few exceptions. Increases in these parameters during drought periods were likely caused by reduced Delta inflows that intensified in each successive dry year because of reduced precipitation and managed estuarine inflows and outflows. Drought periods did not substantially affect tidal velocities within the estuary, which remained mostly consistent across wet and drought periods. Trends in chlorophyll concentrations during drought periods were more nuanced with higher concentrations occurring in the South-Central Delta region and during the winter and spring. Together, these results characterized drought in the estuary as warm, clear, high in nutrients, with patchy phytoplankton blooms (as indexed by chlorophyll), all of which have implications for higher trophic levels. Considering that droughts are expected to increase in frequency and intensity in California with climate change, understanding the effects of multi-year droughts on the water quality conditions of the estuary can help inform water management decisions.

This study identified the in- and outflow of critically ill emergency patients in 70 medical service districts, categorized them into regional types, and analyzed their association with demographics, economy, and medical resources in South Korea. This study analyzed 922,108 emergency department (ED) visits for severe diseases from 01 January to 31 December 2021. The relevance (RI) and commitment (CI) indices were calculated, followed by cluster analysis to categorize region types for critical care. Demographic, economic, and medical resource factors were compared and analyzed for each district type. Finally, a correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis were conducted to compare the association of demographic, economic, and medical resources with RI and CI. The district types were divided into 21 outflow and 49 inflow districts. Additionally, RI was associated with the number of primary clinics (β = -0.805), the average number of performed computed tomography scanners (β = 1.320), the average number of performed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners (β = -1.125), and the average number of dedicated specialists in the ED (β = 1.176) (p < 0.01). The CI was associated with the financial autonomy rate (β = 0.366), the number of primary clinics (β = 0.708), the number of intensive care units (ICUs) (β = -1.290), the number of vulnerable areas for emergency medicine (β = 0.395), the average number of dedicated specialists in the ED (β = -0.512), and the number of beds in the ED (β = 0.915) (p < 0.01). The lower the average number of MRIs and the number of primary clinics, the greater the outflow of critically ill emergency patients from the central region. The higher the number of ICUs and the average number of dedicated specialists in the ED, the greater the inflow of critically ill emergency patients from other districts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The role of arterial collateral and venous outflow status on the response to intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (IV-tPA) has not been sufficiently clarified in acute major cerebral occlusions. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 130 patients (mean age: 71 years; 73 females) with acute middle cerebral artery M1/M2 segment or terminal internal carotid artery occlusion treated solely with IV-tPA were analyzed. Regional leptomeningeal score (rLMC) was used for cerebral arterial collateral scoring, and the cortical vein opacification score (COVES) and modified Prognostic Evaluation based on Cortical vein score difference In Stroke (PRECISE) superficial and deep scores were used for venous outflow profile. Exploratory logistic models for response to IV-tPA [positive response: National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) decrease 4 (or decrease to 0) at 24 h; dramatic response: NIHSS decrease ≥8 (or decrease to 0 or 1)], functional outcome (modified Rankin's score 0–1 as "excellent" and 0–2 "good") and tPA-associated hemorrhagic transformation were constructed. RESULTS: IV-tPA efficacy was positive in 47% and dramatic in 32%. Dramatic response was linked to better arterial collateral status (exp[B] =1.115 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.016–1.223]). Excellent outcome was noted in 26% and good in 45%. One-point increase in rLMC score independently increased good prognosis (exp[B] =1.209 [1.034–1.412]). Patients with good prognosis had higher (by 0.5 points) modified PRECISE deep score (P = 0.047) and less frequent nonsufficient modified PRECISE deep score (0–2) (P = 0.017) in univariate analyses. However, these associations failed to survive in multiple regression. Any type tPA-associated cerebral hemorrhagic transformation was observed in 23% and parenchymal hemorrhage type 2 in 5.4%. While rLMC score showed a borderline strength correlation to hemorrhage (exp[B] =0.899 [95% CI, 0.808–1.001]), outflow scores not. CONCLUSION: While arterial collateral status modifies the effect of tPA in acute anterior circulation major artery occlusions, venous outflow capacity is not so critical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Indus River, a lifeline for Pakistan, holds paramount significance for its geography, history, and economy. This research delves into a comprehensive analysis of the river's behavior by introducing a novel statistical framework. Combining the Gumbel Type 2 distribution and the Rayleigh distribution, a new generalized Gumbel Type 2 (GG2) distribution is derived, and used for modeling the data about the river's outflow at the Tarbela Dam during 2020–2021. Our study contributes to the understanding of the complex dynamics of the Indus River. The GG2 distribution, designed for extreme value events, adept at modeling positive-valued variables, were combined to model the complexed characteristics of the river's flow. Parameters are estimated using both classical and Bayesian methods, enhancing the accuracy and reliability of our findings. The Bayse estimators are not in the closed form expression, hence the Tierney-Kadane approximation technique is used. Through simulation study and analysis, the data set of overflows of the river Indus over Tarbela Dam, the Bayes estimators demonstrate superior performance in minimizing risk compared to classical estimators. It is shown graphically that that our proposed distribution performs better than its competitor distributions. The results not only deepen our understanding of the river's behavior but also offer insights crucial for infrastructure planning, flood control, and resource allocation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Patient-specific simulations of transcatheter aortic valve (TAV) using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) often rely on assumptions regarding proximal and distal anatomy due to the limited availability of high-resolution imaging away from the TAV site and the primary research focus being near the TAV. However, the influence of these anatomical assumptions on computational efficiency and resulting flow characteristics remains uncertain. This study aimed to investigate the impact of different distal aortic arch anatomies—some of them commonly used in literature—on flow and hemodynamics in the vicinity of the TAV using large eddy simulations (LES). Methods: Three aortic root anatomical configurations with four representative distal aortic arch types were considered in this study. The arch types included a 90-degree bend, an idealized distal aortic arch anatomy, a clipped version of the idealized distal aortic arch, and an anatomy extruded along the normal of segmented anatomical boundary. Hemodynamic parameters both instantaneous and time-averaged such as Wall Shear Stress (WSS), and Oscillatory Shear Index (OSI) were derived and compared from high-fidelity CFD data. Results: While there were minor differences in flow and hemodynamics across the configurations examined, they were generally not significant within our region of interest i.e., the aortic root. The choice of extension type had a modest impact on TAV hemodynamics, especially in the vicinity of the TAV with variations observed in local flow patterns and parameters near the TAV. However, these differences were not substantial enough to cause significant deviations in the overall flow and hemodynamic characteristics. Conclusions: The results suggest that under the given configuration and boundary conditions, the type of outflow extension had a modest impact on hemodynamics proximal to the TAV. The findings contribute to a better understanding of flow dynamics in TAV configurations, providing insights for future studies in TAV-related experiments as well as numerical simulations. Additionally, they help mitigate the uncertainties associated with patient-specific geometries, offering increased flexibility in computational modeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of the present paper is study the level and dynamics of foreign direct investments (FDIs) in Poland and China as countries that have been growing at completely different rates in the last 11 years. This is largely the effect of different transformation variants implemented by both countries in the second half of the XX century. In order to evaluate a given economy’s ability to export capital abroad and to absorb capital imported from other countries, it is especially important to analyse the investment balance in terms of inflow to the country and outflow abroad. Methodology: The review of source materials and literature as well as statistical and comparative analysis methods were used in the paper. The base for analysis included documents published by the National Bank of Poland (NBP), Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China (MOFCOM), OECD and World Bank statistics. Findings: Taking into account the differences between Poland and China in terms of the GDP and FDI dynamics, the following research questions were asked: - do the GDP dynamics correspond to the dynamics of investment in the form of foreign direct investments (FDIs) in both of the aforementioned countries? - if the investment balance classifies Poland as a capital importer and China as a capital exporter, then how did this classification change in 2010-2021? - did the pandemic affect the investment dynamics in 2020? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil fertility is the controlling factor of agricultural production worldwide including Waghimera zone, Ethiopia. However, it has been diminished from time to time and leads to low crop yield. Measuring of soil nutrient inflow-outflow affords necessary information about the current nutrient status of the soils, and to take appropriate nutrient management practices. The study was conducted to estimate the full soil nutrient balance of cultivated farms in the northern, of Ethiopia, in the 2020/21 main season. Inflow and Outflow of N, P, and K into, and out of farms were measured through the interview, field measurement, laboratory analysis, USLE model, and pedo-transfer functions. The full N balance of barley, tef, and wheat were -66.7, -8.9, and - 47.1 kg ha-1 yr-1, respectively. P full balance was -5.4, 1.4, and -1.9 kg ha-1 yr-1 for barley, tef, and wheat farms, respectively. Whereas, K balance was also -12.4, -3.3, and -6 kg ha-1 yr-1 for barley, tef, a nd wheat, respectively. The balance quantification was done by subtracting nutrient outflows from the inflows. The results revealed that N, P, and K had negative balances except for P in tef. Grain yield and crop residue removal were the major paths of nutrient loss. To sustain, and boost agricultural production, reversing the imbalance between inflows, and outflows is critically essential for the study area. The current highly depleted nutrient should be corrected by adding sufficient organic, and inorganic nutrient sources, like in situ manuring, biochar, green manure, and remaining crop residue in the fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An hourglass-shaped magnetic field pattern arises naturally from the gravitational collapse of a star-forming gas cloud. Most studies have focused on the prestellar collapse phase, when the structure has a smooth and monotonic radial profile. However, most observations target dense clouds that already contain a central protostar, and possibly a circumstellar disk. We utilize an analytic treatment of the magnetic field along with insights gained from simulations to develop a more realistic magnetic field model for the protostellar phase. Key elements of the model are a strong radial magnetic field in the region of rapid collapse, an off-center peak in the magnetic field strength (a consequence of magnetic field dissipation in the circumstellar disk), and a strong toroidal field that is generated in the region of rapid collapse and outflow generation. A model with a highly pinched and twisted magnetic field pattern in the inner collapse zone facilitates the interpretation of magnetic field patterns observed in protostellar clouds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article aims to increase the energy efficiency of the vortex micro-power plant, which would be achieved due to its compatibility with the terrain. In particular, the inlet channel connected to the water intake of the pressure chamber and the water collector placed in the upper pool by transverse joints, and the flexible siphon connected by vertical and horizontal joints to the diffuser of the same chamber with a telescopic end. The boundary conditions were selected with parameters such as the water flow acceleration according to the river bed’s slope angle and the inclination angle of the upstream channel near the vertical pressure cone chamber. The level difference between the upper and lower pools was adjusted. Inside the pressure chamber, the inclined guides of the small wings were hinged to its wall and were adjusted by ballasts. The reactive forces generated by the upward reflection of the incoming flow from the surfaces on the inclined small guide wings of the pressure chamber were a factor in curbing the said flow (compensating for the insufficient volume flow) and ensuring the continuity of the water supply to the turbine in shallow water. The mentioned circumstances allowed for improving the synchronization of incoming and outgoing flows. As a result of the above improvements, an increase in the energy efficiency (i.e., annual electricity generation) of 15–20 % was achieved.

Zooplankton density and community composition in estuaries can be affected by variation in freshwater inputs, with important implications for higher trophic levels. In the San Francisco Estuary, management agencies have initiated autumn flow augmentations in the form of changes to reservoir releases or to exported water from the South Delta to increase and improve available habitat for endangered Delta Smelt, Hypomesus transpacificus, during the season when their body condition most influences fecundity. Autumn flow augmentation only occurs in years with higher precipitation, effectively moving the Low-Salinity Zone (LSZ) downstream to key foraging habitats for Delta Smelt in Suisun Bay and Suisun Marsh. To assess whether augmented flow enhanced prey resources for Delta Smelt, we compared autumn zooplankton abundance, biomass, spatial distribution, and community composition in years when flow was augmented (2017, 2019) with reference years when flow was not augmented (2018, 2020). In augmented years, we detected higher total zooplankton abundance and altered community composition in Suisun Bay and Suisun Marsh. Increased freshwater in these regions was associated with higher abundance of Pseudodiaptomus forbesi, a preferred prey of Delta Smelt, while species associated with higher salinities—Acartiella sinensis and Tortanus dextrilobatus—were less abundant. Thus, autumn flow augmentations can influence foraging habitat and prey availability for Delta Smelt, underscoring the complex responses of estuarine zooplankton communities to changes in response to flow and salinity regimes. This study is management- relevant because it shows that important Delta Smelt prey items increase in downstream regions when X2 is lower. Whether that results in a response in Delta Smelt abundance remains to be seen.

Forecasting inflation and outflow is very important for the government to make price control policies. We propose SpVARX be applied to inflation and outflow forecasting. SpVARX can simultaneously accommodate interrelationships between variables, the influence of metric exogenous variables, and spatial aspects. Our study shows SpVARX has better forecasting performance than SpVAR, as most of SpVARX's Root Mean Square Errors (RMSEs) are smaller than SpVAR's. Based on the forecast, the highest inflation in Semarang and Solo will occur in November 2023, while the highest inflation in Yogyakarta will occur in December 2023. The highest outflow forecast for all these cities is in April 2023. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Condition indices are key predictors of health and fitness in wild fish populations. Variation in body condition, therefore, can be used to identify stressful conditions that may impact endangered species, such as California’s endemic Delta Smelt (Hypomesus transpacificus McAllister, 1963). Here, we examined spatiotemporal variation in the condition indices of > 1600 Delta Smelt collected over nine years (2011–2019), a period characterized by tremendous variability in hydrodynamic and water quality conditions. The population exhibited low hepatosomatic index (HSI) and condition factor (CF) during September/October/November (fall), and both condition indices declined over the nine-year study during fall. HSI was positively correlated with indicators of pelagic productivity (e.g., Chlorophyll a, zooplankton biomass, and proximity to tidal wetlands), whereas CF was negatively correlated with temperature, peaking at a relatively cool 10–13 °C. In sum, seasonal and interannual variation in body condition corresponded most strongly with pelagic productivity and water temperature, with little correlation to freshwater outflow. Management actions that increase pelagic productivity, restore and freshen productive wetlands during late summer-fall, and reduce water temperatures overall are likely to benefit condition indices and, therefore, fitness of the Delta Smelt population.

In evaluating the unique geomorphology of Hebrus Valles on Mars, an outflow channel southeast of Utopia Planitia, we investigated the role of fluvial dynamics in forming subsurface conduits. Unlike typical Martian channels that terminate under younger sediment rocks, Hebrus Valles retains its downstream features, thus offering a window into surface and subsurface interactions between liquid water and regolith. Employing physical lab simulations, we utilized buried polygonal tunneling configurations in a sandy matrix to replicate the incision features observed at the channel's terminus. This study provides the first lab‐based evidence demonstrating the role of conduits in conveying large floods in the Hebrus Valles. Our results lend support to the interpretation that Hebrus Valles conveyed high‐volume floods by demonstrating that conduits are necessary to form the features observed on the surface of Hebrus Valles. The experiments also highlight the role of sinkholes as floodwater capture points, which suggests the formation of a regional interconnected network of subsurface channels and caverns. These findings affirm that fluvial dynamics in Hebrus Valles could have expanded subsurface discontinuities into functioning conduit systems, potentially directing floodwaters through an interconnected subterranean network. Plain Language Summary: Many channels on Mars end in areas hidden beneath younger layers in the northern plains. Hebrus Valles, southeast of Utopia Planitia, is unique because its lower parts are preserved as a mix of surface flows and underground pathways. Our investigation simulated the self‐organization of surface‐to‐underground water flow via the formation of an underground network of channels. We performed experiments in the lab using tunnel‐shaped structures in sand to copy the features found at the end of Hebrus Valles. This is the first lab evidence showing that surface features on Mars can be interpreted as having been formed by megafloods of water pouring into the ground in a reversal of outbursts of floods. Our experiments also show that sinkholes help connect different channels and caves in the area, which probably played a big part in helping floodwater "disappear" into the ground in Hebrus Valles. Key Points: Hebrus Valles Mars shows fluvially dissected sinkholes, suggesting that enormous conduits served as megaflood subsurface evacuation routesWe conducted a series of flume experiments to simulate infiltration patterns through sinkholes similar to those observed along Hebrus VallesWe hypothesize the presence of discontinuities in the Martian subsurface due to subsurface drainage, forming organized conduits [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To provide an overview of the existing alternative models for studying trabecular meshwork (TM). Literature review. The TM is a complex tissue that regulates aqueous humor outflow from the eye. Dysfunction of the TM is a major contributor to the pathogenesis of open-angle glaucoma, a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. The TM is a porous structure composed of trabecular meshwork cells (TMC) within a multi-layered extracellular matrix (ECM). Although dysregulation of the outflow throughout the TM represents the first step in the disease process, the underlying mechanisms of TM degeneration associate cell loss and accumulation of ECM, but remain incompletely understood, and drugs targeting the TM are limited. Therefore, experimental models of glaucomatous trabeculopathy are necessary for preclinical screening, to advance research on this disease's pathophysiology, and to develop new therapeutic strategies targeting the TM. Traditional animal models have been used extensively, albeit with inherent limitations, including ethical concerns and limited translatability to humans. Consequently, there has been an increasing focus on developing alternative in vitro models to study the TM. Recent advancements in three-dimensional cell culture and tissue engineering are still in their early stages and do not yet fully reflect the complexity of the outflow pathway. However, they have shown promise in reducing reliance on animal experimentation in certain aspects of glaucoma research. This review provides an overview of the existing alternative models for studying TM and their potential for advancing research on the pathophysiology of open-angle glaucoma and developing new therapeutic strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An hourglass-shaped magnetic field pattern arises naturally from the gravitational collapse of a star-forming gas cloud. Most studies have focused on the prestellar collapse phase, when the structure has a smooth and monotonic radial profile. However, most observations target dense clouds that already contain a central protostar, and possibly a circumstellar disk. We utilize an analytic treatment of the magnetic field along with insights gained from simulations to develop a more realistic magnetic field model for the protostellar phase. Key elements of the model are a strong radial magnetic field in the region of rapid collapse, an off-center peak in the magnetic field strength (a consequence of magnetic field dissipation in the circumstellar disk), and a strong toroidal field that is generated in the region of rapid collapse and outflow generation. A model with a highly pinched and twisted magnetic field pattern in the inner collapse zone facilitates the interpretation of magnetic field patterns observed in protostellar clouds.

Reservoirs play an important function in human society due to their ability to hold and regulate the flow. This will play a key role in the future decades due to climate change. Therefore, having reliable predictions of the outflow from a reservoir is necessary for early warning systems and adequate water management. In this sense, this study uses three approaches machine learning (ML)-based techniques—Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM) and artificial neural network (ANN)—to predict outflow one day ahead of eight different dams belonging to the Miño-Sil Hydrographic Confederation (Galicia, Spain), using three input variables of the current day. Mostly, the results obtained showed that the suggested models work correctly in predicting reservoir outflow in normal conditions. Among the different ML approaches analyzed, ANN was the most appropriate technique since it was the one that provided the best model in five reservoirs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Groundwater depletion is an emerging problem worldwide due to changes in climate and an increase in urbanization. Two significant water-bearing formations, the Oligocene-aged Nari and the Miocene-aged Gaj, were utilized as a case study exposed near Karachi, Pakistan. Groundwater budgeting was performed through a classical equation. The inflow of groundwater in the formations was calculated by thermo-pluviometric data and water loss of Hub Dam. The potential of evapotranspiration (PET) was calculated by the Thornthwaite method. The groundwater inflow from Hub Dam was estimated by using 20 years of annual water loss data by removing PET. The total mean annual inflow of groundwater in the formations was 2414.12 US Gallons per Second (gps). The annual mean outflow was estimated by calculation of groundwater usage for industries and domestic purposes and the mean annual groundwater outflow was 5562.61 US gps and an annual deficit of groundwater was 3148.5 US gps. The research is composed of validating the groundwater budget. Direct Current Electrical Resistivity (DCER) and static water level data from existing industrial wells were used for groundwater maps. The DCER data indicates A-Type and K-Type sub-surface with high resistivity in the three-layer model. The average water table of residential areas in 2019 was 60 m and in industrial areas was 130 m. The oscillation of the groundwater table over the last 20 years and the deficit of the groundwater budget shows an alarming condition for the future. If the same scenario persists, then by 2025, the water table will decline up to 140 m.

Introduction The aim of this study was to evaluate outflow variation in different locations of the pyelocaliceal system with the use of different ureteral access sheath (UAS) sizes and different UAS positioning. Material and methods The experimental setup included an anaesthetised porcine model, a 7.5-Fr ureteroscope with a 200-µm laser fibre inserted in the working channel, a hand-held pumping irrigating system, and UAS of different sizes, namely: 9.5/11.5 Fr, 12/14 Fr, and 14/16 Fr. Each UAS was placed just below the ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) or in the mid-ureter. The ureteroscope was placed in the renal pelvis, upper and lower calyces, and outflow measurements were obtained with 3-second interval pumping for one minute in every experimental setup. Results The UAS positioning in the mid-ureter was associated with significantly higher outflow rates in the lower calyx (p = 0.041). While the UAS was below the UPJ, we observed a trend of lower outflow rate in the lower calyx, which was completely inverted when the UAS was in the mid-ureter. Increasing the UAS size from 9.5/11.5 Fr to 12/14 Fr led to a significant increase in outflow in the renal pelvis and upper calyx (p = 0.007), but not in the lower calyx. A further increase to 14/16 Fr did not produce increased flow. Conclusions Different locations of the pyelocaliceal system have different fluid mechanics during fURS. In the renal pelvis and upper calyx increasing the diameter of the UAS improved the outflow, whereas in the lower calyx the position of the UAS seems to be the most relevant factor. These variables should be considered when performing fURS, especially with high-power laser lithotripsy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large-eddy simulation is a formidable method for predicting winds around complex terrain, but predictions can be highly dependent on the lateral boundary conditions used in the computations. When periodic boundary conditions are not an option because of terrain complexity, inflow and outflow boundary conditions must be adopted. A common practice in micro-scale wind simulations with incompressible flow solvers is to orient the terrain such that the incoming wind is always orthogonal to the inflow face and impose constant pressure outlet boundary conditions on a flat terrain far away from the region of interest. However, terrain reorientation becomes computationally expensive to ingest meandering winds as inflow. In the present work, we demonstrate shortcomings of this existing practice when oblique inflow angle is imposed at the inlet faces. To address these shortcomings, we pursue a Neumann-type pressure boundary condition at the outflow boundaries with a global mass conservation correction step on the momentum field. Additionally, we revise the so-called box perturbation method to generate evenly distributed turbulence at inlet faces with oblique inflow direction. We use the canonical channel flow, the Perdigão terrain, and the Askervein hill examples to demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed fixes. The major benefits of our proposed approach are savings in computational cost due to the ability to use a smaller simulation domain and elimination of laborious terrain reorientation and tapering, and mesh generation steps for every new wind direction. We expect our approach to be beneficial, particularly, for model-chain approaches for arbitrarily complex terrain simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on magnetic properties and chemical element content of environmental deposits has been conducted for various purposes. This study focuses on characteristic magnetic susceptibility, magnetic mineral morphology, and the elemental composition of Cangar and Padusan hot springs in the Arjuno-Welirang geothermal system to differentiate upflow and outflow systems, respectively. The measurements were performed for better understand the relation between magnetic susceptibility, Fe-Silicate content, magnetic mineral morphology, surface temperature and compare these characteristics in two kinds of hot springs in the same mountain system. Magnetic susceptibility ranged (7.558 - 62.694) × 10-6 m³/kg with an average of 30.651 × 10-6 m³/kg for Cangar (upflow) and (11.821 - 28.101) × 10-6 m³/kg with an average of 18.148 × 10-6 m³/kg for Padusan (outflow). In situ magnetic minerals extracted of hot springs are averaged of magnetic susceptibility is 26.981 × 10-6 m³/kg for Cangar and 24.445 × 10-6 m³/kg for Padusan. The element content dominated by Al, Si, K, Ca, Ti and Fe, where Fe is more abundant in Cangar as an upflow. The higher magnetic susceptibility, the greater of Fe-silicate content in both of hot springs. The surface temperature ranged from 38 - 48°C, where the higher temperature, the magnetic susceptibility increased. In Cangar, extracted magnetic minerals tend show crystalline, especially hedralic shape with very fine surface, clean and free of impurities. Meanwhile, some magnetic minerals are also found in spherical shapes, especially in Padusan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This research aims to interpret rice inventory control by Perum Bulog Regional Office of NTB Methodology/approach: This research uses a qualitative approach with ethnomethodology method. Data collection techniques used observation and interviews. The informants in this study amounted to 4 people consisting of 2 warehouse weighers, 1 OPP implementation staff, and 1 quality management. Findings: The results of this study indicate that the control of rice inventory by Perum Bulog Regional Office of NTB consists of, entry flow, exit flow, and storage of rice quality maintenance in the warehouse. The flow of rice is carried out according to the order from the office in the form of SO (Sell Order) Form through the distribution of disaster relief rice reserves, distribution of class groups, movement activities, and distribution of supply availability and price stability (KPSH). In addition, the flow of rice in the Bulog Regional Office of NTB is carried out in accordance with orders from the office in the form of PO (Purchase Order) Forms through work units (Satker), partnership programs, and through grain and rice processing units (UP-GB). Control of rice inventory at Perum Bulog Regional Office of NTB is carried out in accordance with logistics orders to maintain inventory turnover at the price of government regulations. Practical and Theoretical contribution/Originality: Controlling rice inventory at Perum Bulog Regional Office of NTB using Ethnomethodology methods Research Limitation: It is difficult to arrange informants' schedules to conduct interviews due to many other jobs so that researchers have difficulty when obtaining data

The temporal heterogeneity of rainfall is substantial in urban catchments, and it often has huge impacts on stormwater simulation and management. Using a design storm with a fixed pattern may cause uncertainties in hydrological modeling. Here, we propose an event-based stochastic parametric rainfall simulator (ESPRS) for stormwater simulation in a sponge city with green roofs, permeable pavements, and bioretention cells. In the ESPRS, we used five distributions to fit the measured rainfall events and evaluated their performance using Akaike's Information Criterion, Anderson—Darling goodness-of-fit test, and p-values. The vast rainfall time series data generated using the ESPRS were used to run the storm water management model for outflow simulations in the catchment, thus revealing the influence of temporal rainfall characteristics on the hydrological responses. The results showed the following: (1) The ESPRS outperforms the Chicago method in predicting extreme precipitation events, and its control factors are the rainfall peak period, rainfall peak fraction, and cumulative rainfall fraction at the peak period. (2) The best-fit functions for the rainfall depth in each period have different distributions, mostly being in lognormal, gamma, and generalized extreme value distributions. (3) Rear-type precipitation events with high peak fractions are the most negative pattern for outflow control. The developed ESPRS can suitably reproduce rainfall time series for urban stormwater management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The telecommunication company functioned in the market with extremely high competitiveness. Attracting new customers needs 5-10 times more expenses than maintaining an existing one. As a result, effective customer churn management and analysis of the reasons for customer churn are vital tasks for telecommunication operators. As a result, predicting subscriber churn by switching on the competitors becomes very important. Data Science and machine learning create enormous opportunities for solving this task to evaluate customer satisfaction with company services, determine factors that cause disappointment, and forecast which clients are at a greater risk of abandoning and changing services suppliers. A company that implements data analysis and modelling to develop customer churn prediction models has an opportunity to improve customer churn management and increase business results. The purposes of the research are the application of machine learning models for a telecommunications company, in particular, the construction of models for predicting the user churn rate and proving that Data Science models and machine learning are high-quality and effective tools for solving the tasks of forecasting the key marketing metrics of a telecommunications company. Based on the example of Telco, the article contains the results of the implementation of various models for classification, such as logistic regression, Random Forest, SVM, and XGBoost, using Python programming language. All models are characterised by high quality (the general accuracy is over 80%). So, the paper demonstrates the feasibility and possibility of implementing the model to classify customers in the future to anticipate subscriber churn (clients who may abandon the company's services) and minimise consumer outflow based on this. The main factors influencing customer churn are established, which is basic information for further forecasting client outflow. Customer outflow prediction models implementation will help to reduce customer churn and maintain their loyalty. The research results can be useful for optimising marketing activity of managing the outflow of consumers of companies on the telecommunication market by developing effective decisions based on data and improving the mathematical methodology of forecasting the outflow of consumers. Therefore, the study's main theoretical and practical achievements are to develop an efficient forecasting tool for enterprises to control outflow risks and to enrich the research on data analysis and Data Science methodology to identify essential factors that determine the propensity of customers to churn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the role of latitudinal differential rotation (DR) in the spin evolution of solar-type stars. Recent asteroseismic observation detected the strong equator-fast DR in some solar-type stars. Numerical simulations show that the strong equator-fast DR is a typical feature of young fast-rotating stars and that this tendency is gradually reduced with stellar age. Incorporating these properties, we develop a model for the long-term evolution of stellar rotation. The magnetic braking is assumed to be regulated dominantly by the rotation rate in the low-latitude region. Therefore, in our model, stars with the equator-fast DR spin down more efficiently than those with the rigid-body rotation. We calculate the evolution of stellar rotation in ranges of stellar mass, |$0.9 \, \mathrm{M}_{\odot } \le M \le 1.2\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$|⁠ , and metallicity, |$0.5\, \mathrm{Z}_{\odot } \le Z \le 2\, \mathrm{Z}_{\odot }$|⁠ , where M⊙ and Z⊙ are the solar mass and metallicity, respectively. Our model, using the observed torque in the present solar wind, nicely explains both the current solar rotation and the average trend of the rotation of solar-type stars, including the dependence on metallicity. In addition, our model naturally reproduces the observed trend of the weakened magnetic braking in old slowly rotating solar-type stars because strong equator-fast DR becomes reduced. Our results indicate that latitudinal DR and its transition are essential factors that control the stellar spin down. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Field‐aligned distributions of H+ with energy less than 100 eV in the magnetosphere originate from the ionosphere through ionospheric outflow. Recently, a statistical interhemispheric asymmetry in this ion outflow was reported. In this study, we investigate a case study of asymmetric field‐aligned distributions (E < 100 eV) resulting from asymmetric outflow observed on 13 August 2019 by the Hot Plasma Composition Analyzer onboard the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission. During the reported event, the average phase space density in the parallel direction (pitch angle < 45°) is about 4.7 times higher than in the anti‐parallel direction (pitch angle > 135°), indicating greater outflow from the southern hemisphere. In this event, electron precipitation fluxes are also asymmetric between hemispheres, with more electrons traveling to the southern hemisphere than to the northern hemisphere. Global MHD simulation results (SWMF/BAT‐S‐RUS available from the CCMC) confirm that several ionospheric parameters (joule heating, convection velocities, and energy fluxes of precipitating electrons) are more enhanced in the southern hemisphere. We suggest that these interhemispheric asymmetries might cause a stronger outflow from the southern hemisphere than from the northern hemisphere, to produce the observed asymmetric field‐aligned distributions for the low‐energy H+. Key Points: Low‐energy (E < 100 eV) H+ field‐aligned distributions are asymmetric in the outer magnetosphereConditions in the southern hemisphere ionosphere are favorable and result in asymmetric outflowThe observed low‐energy H+ pitch‐angle distributions are consistent with asymmetric outflow as the cause [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the effect of different ureteroscope positions, saline pumping frequency, laser fiber diameter and ureteral access sheath (UAS) on outflow rate during flexible ureteroscopy (fURS). This study was performed in an anesthetized porcine model. The fURS setup included a manual pumping system, a 9.5 Fr single used-digital flexible ureteroscope and a ureteral access sheath (UAS). Outflow was collected and measured from the UAS during 1 min in all experimental settings. The evaluated variables were the position of the ureteroscope, the pumping frequency (2 s, 3 s or 5 s), the diameter of the used UAS (12/14 Fr or 14/16 Fr) and laser fiber (200 μm or a 272 μm). Ureteroscope position in the lower calyx was associated with significantly lower outflow rate (p < 0.05). The use of the 14/16 Fr UAS resulted in improved flow in the renal pelvis and upper calyx (p < 0.05) but not in the lower calyx. The use of a 200 μm laser fiber only improved flow in the upper calyx and when a 14/16 Fr UAS was being used. Pumping frequency did not show a significant correlation with outflow rate. The ureteroscope positioning and UAS size were important determinants of outflow rate through the UAS during fURS, while laser fiber diameter had a limited effect. In the lower calyx the outflow was minimal and was not improved by using a larger UAS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lake Fetzara is one of the important lakes in the northeast of Algeria; the water supplying this lake comes from different precipitation and wadis. Moreover, Meboudja wadi constitutes the drainage channel. The water of the lake and the underlying groundwater is exposed to excessive overuse; which seriously threatens the hydrological and ecological balance. The overexploitation is explained by the increase in water mineralization, which poses a risk of soil salinization. To this end, this article deals with the subject of current salinity and predict its evolution over time by means of the modeling of the artificial neural network (ANN), according to the period of low water and the period of high water. The ANN were trained using three different algorithms: the Scaled Conjugate Gradient back propagation (SCG) algorithm and One Step Secant back propagation (OSS) algorithm and Quasi-Newton algorithm (BFGS). The performance results indicate that the three algorithms provided satisfactory simulations according to the determination coefficient (R2) and the performance criteria of the mean square error (RMSE), with priority to the BFGS algorithm; where the coefficient of determination using the BFGS algorithm varies between 69.5% and 95.3%. The BFGS method presents better results in order to design appropriate institutional mechanisms, capable of leading to the protection of the quality of these resources essential to the promotion of sustainable development.

Subject and purpose of work: The subject of the research is the Silesian Voivodeship, identified with the region which, almost until the end of the 20th century, was characterized by a positive balance of population migration in interregional flows. Since 1999, it has become a runoff area. The aim of the article is to present the size of the links in terms of permanent migration of the Silesian region population with other voivodeships and the resulting demographic losses that this region has suffered over 20 years.

Soil acts as storage for many toxic substances, including mercury and its compounds. However, in addition to its storage function, soil can also be a source of many substances to the aquatic environment. Methylmercury (MeHg) is one of the most toxic form of mercury (Hg) present in the environment. Some studies consider Poland to be one of the major emitters of Hg into both the atmosphere and the Baltic Sea. The purpose of the study was to identify factors affecting the formation and retention of MeHg in the soil as well as it remobilization to the river. Fifteen soil core samples with a length of 200 cm were collected during the fall/winter of 2021–2022. The factors responsible for the inflow and formation of MeHg were precipitation, distance from the riverbank, soil moisture and age of organic matter. MeHg can be transported to topsoil with precipitation. An increase in MeHg concentration was also observed in moist soils located in the vicinity of riverbank. MeHg concentration was lower in soils with degraded organic matter than with fresh organic matter. [Display omitted] • Soil in northern Poland has low methylmercury concentration. • Age and degradation of organic matter affect methylmercury formation in soils. • Increase of methylmercury concentration in moist soil near riverbank. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address the problem of poor hydrodynamic conditions in Yilong Lake and to meet the water quality standards, the EFDC model was applied to propose an optimization plan for water supplement and outflow management of Yilong Lake. The model explores the impact of wind forcing, water supplement from external watersheds, outflow management and setting up an enclosure in the lake on the hydrodynamics in Yilong Lake. The results show that (1) the overall velocity of the water body of Yilong Lake is relatively slow, 90% of the area is lower than 0.01 m s−1, the central and eastern areas are faster and the western is slower. During the dry period and the wet periods of the year, improves the flow velocity of the water body in 90% of the area is increased by 80% compared to no wind velocity; (2) the increase in the amount of water supplement is significant for the improvement of the hydrodynamic conditions of water body; the water supplement volume at the two water supplement points of Mafangwan is conducive to improving the hydrodynamic conditions. If the total water supplement volume is increased by 10 million cubic meters per year which corresponds to water supplement volume increases at the Pubu and the Mafangwan by 33 and 35%, respectively, then water area with flow velocity greater than 0.007 m can be increased to 70%; (3) based on the demand for water quality, the water level management curves for different seasons are designed. It should be dominated by the eastern outflow, during the spring, coordinated by the southern and eastern outflows during the summer, and should be dominated by the southern outflow during the autumn and winter period. HIGHLIGHTS The hydrodynamics of Yilong Lake are analyzed comprehensively.; Water level, temperature and flow field are important factors.; Hydrodynamic conditions are better in winter than in summer.; Water supplement can significantly improve the hydrodynamic conditions of Yilong Lake.; Formed the outflow management opinion.;

Soil fertility has been declining in many parts of Ethiopia, moreover limits agricultural production, sustainability and food security. Nutrient balance is used to evaluate the state of soil fertility, rate of nutrient depletion, sustainability of land productivity, as well as to take the appropriate management decisions. This study was conducted to quantify soil nutrient balance and stocks on smallholder farms at Agew Mariam watershed, in northern Ethiopia in the 2020/21 season. The inflows-outflows of NPK into, and out of barley, tef, and wheat farms were determined through, field measurement, laboratory analysis and interviews. The nutrient balance in each crop was quantified by subtracting nutrient outputs from the inputs. The N partial balance of barley, tef and wheat was −66, −9.8, and −50.7 kg ha−1 yr−1fields, respectively. The P balance was also −5.9, 0.9, and −2.6 kg ha−1 yr−1 for barley, tef, and wheat fields, respectively. The K balance was −12.3, −3.2, and −5.4 kg ha−1 yr−1 in barley, tef, and wheat fields, respectively. The analysis revealed that N, P, and K had negative values except for P in tef. The stock of N was 1295, 1510, and 1240 in barley, tef, and wheat kg ha−1fields, respectively. The P stock was 63, 18.7, and 27.5 kg ha−1 in barley, tef, and wheat farms, respectively. Similarly, K stock was 1092.7, 1059.4, and 1090.6 kg ha−1 in barley, tef, and wheat cropping systems, respectively. Reversing the imbalance between inflows and outflows via adding organic and inorganic fertilizer is essential for barley, tef, and wheat cropping systems in the study area.

PurposeTo evaluate aqueous humor outflow (AHO) in intact eyes of live human subjects during cataract surgery using fluorescein aqueous angiography.MethodsAqueous angiography was performed in 8 live human subjects (56 to 86 y old; 2 men and 6 women). After anesthesia, fluorescein (2%) was introduced into the eye [either alone or after indocyanine green (ICG; 0.4%)] from a sterile, gravity-driven constant-pressure reservoir. Aqueous angiographic images were obtained with a Spectralis HRA+OCT and FLEX module (Heidelberg Engineering). Using the same device, anterior-segment optical coherence tomography (OCT) and infrared images were also concurrently taken with aqueous angiography.ResultsFluorescein aqueous angiography in the live human eye showed segmental AHO patterns. Initial angiographic signal was seen on average by 14.0±3.0 seconds (mean±SE). Using multimodal imaging, angiographically positive signal colocalized with episcleral veins (infrared imaging) and intrascleral lumens (anterior-segment OCT). Sequential aqueous angiography with ICG followed by fluorescein showed similar segmental angiographic patterns.DiscussionFluorescein aqueous angiography in live humans was similar to that reported in nonhuman primates and to ICG aqueous angiography in live humans. As segmental patterns with sequential angiography using ICG followed by fluorescein were similar, these tracers can now be used sequentially, before and after trabecular outflow interventions, to assess their effects on AHO in live human subjects.

Within the framework of an approach based on the equation of a viscous fluid as a continuum medium (CM), the process of the outflow of a granular medium under the action of gravity from a volume between two plates inclined to each other at a certain angle is studied. At the boundary with a solid wall, the condition of partial slip (or adhesion) is adopted, which is described by a certain coefficient that varies from 0 to 1. In a two-dimensional setting, the distribution of the velocity of the medium inside the container is found. The influence of a change in the slip coefficient on the nature of the flow of a granular medium is analyzed. The CM approach is compared with an approach based on the description of a granular medium as discrete layers (DL). Formulas for the speed and flow rate of a granular body at the outlet of the container are given. The dependences of these parameters on the coefficient of internal friction and the opening angle between the walls of the flow geometry are analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Groundwater depletion is an emerging problem worldwide due to changes in climate and an increase in urbanization. Two significant water-bearing formations, the Oligocene-aged Nari and the Miocene-aged Gaj, were utilized as a case study exposed near Karachi, Pakistan. Groundwater budgeting was performed through a classical equation. The inflow of groundwater in the formations was calculated by thermo-pluviometric data and water loss of Hub Dam. The potential of evapotranspiration (PET) was calculated by the Thornthwaite method. The groundwater inflow from Hub Dam was estimated by using 20 years of annual water loss data by removing PET. The total mean annual inflow of groundwater in the formations was 2414.12 US Gallons per Second (gps). The annual mean outflow was estimated by calculation of groundwater usage for industries and domestic purposes and the mean annual groundwater outflow was 5562.61 US gps and an annual deficit of groundwater was 3148.5 US gps. The research is composed of validating the groundwater budget. Direct Current Electrical Resistivity (DCER) and static water level data from existing industrial wells were used for groundwater maps. The DCER data indicates A-Type and K-Type sub-surface with high resistivity in the three-layer model. The average water table of residential areas in 2019 was 60 m and in industrial areas was 130 m. The oscillation of the groundwater table over the last 20 years and the deficit of the groundwater budget shows an alarming condition for the future. If the same scenario persists, then by 2025, the water table will decline up to 140 m. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An assemblage of tree-ring chronologies for the Nazas (NZW) in the Western Sierra Madre (WSM), Mexico was developed to determine water inflow at the Lazaro Cardenas Dam (LCD), the main source of water for surface irrigation in the Irrigation District 017 (DDR 017), Comarca Lagunera. A Principal Component Analysis of the ring-width chronologies was conducted to determine a common climate signal, and a stepwise model based on selected chronologies of the PC1 (CBA, COC) and PC2 (ARN) were used to develop a water inflow reconstruction to the Lazaro Cardenas Dam (LCD) extending from 1753 to 2003 (251 years), resulting in the following significant findings: the warm phase of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the winter-spring season had a significant influence (SOI; Dec–Feb = −0.24, p < 0.01), but the North American Monsoon System (NAMS) was the most important in determining the water yield in the summer season (r = 0.48, p < 0.01). Water gauge inflow records (77 years) at the LCD used to determine the annual allocation of water for agriculture in the irrigation district 017 was an average of 1676 × 106 m3, where the maximum annual water outflow allowed of 1100 × 106 m3 for safety reasons, the dam infrastructure was released in 74% of the years and increasing to 78% when considering the reconstructed inflow. Prolonged drought episodes lasting more than 10 consecutive years were detected in the reconstructed inflow, information that could be used by decision makers to establish proper irrigation management strategies to ameliorate the economic and social impact when these extreme hydroclimatic events may occur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to describe our procedure for vascular reconstruction and back table bench preparation for the right lobe live donor allograft. Live donor liver transplantation (LDLT) remains an important option for the expansion of the donor pool. The procedure has been widely used, and its success is dependent on a technically perfect operation with appropriate inflow and outflow of the allograft. Adequate preparation of the right lobe (RL) allograft prior to implantation remains a vital part of the procedure. Our technique of back table vascular reconstruction of the RL allograft has been performed using a hepatic vein patch venoplasty, inferior hepatic vein inclusion, portal vein reconstruction, and segment V and VIII reconstruction for all of our LDLTs. Between March 2009 and January 2020, 321 consecutive adult LDLTs were performed and underwent back table reconstruction with the techniques described. During that time period, no patients had hepatic insufficiency. There was a single thrombosis of a superior mesenteric vein (SMV) to PV jump conduit. Our technique of back table reconstruction of the LDLT right lobe graft remains a crucial part of the operative procedure. Our experience with RL grafts without middle hepatic vein (MHV) and our systematic approach for inflow and outflow reconstruction has yielded excellent results with no technical outflow issues and minimal inflow complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reason for quiescent intervals and isolated emission episodes in gamma-ray burst (GRB) light curves is still not well understood. Probing these questions further requires the study of the spectral characteristics and properties of the outflow of such GRBs. GRB 120709A is a burst with three distinct emission episodes, separated by quiescent periods lasting several seconds. The episodes are comparable with each other in terms of peak flux and duration. The GRB was observed by the Fermi LAT and GBM instruments, covering over six orders of magnitude of energy. In this work, we carry out the time-integrated and time-resolved spectral analysis of GRB 120709A. We use these results to study the temporal variation of its parameters. In particular, we find that the peak energy of the spectrum of each episode traces the flux of those episodes. We also study and parameterise the correlation between the isotropic luminosity and intrinsic peak energy. Finally, we determine the parameters of the outflow based on gamma-gamma opacity calculations. We find that if we require the MeV emission to occur above the photosphere, then the ratio of the GeV and MeV emission radii can not be greater than ∼ 1.2. This implies an internal origin of the GeV emission. This also allows us to estimate the average value of the Lorentz factor to be in the ∼ 100–200 range. We also evaluate the photospheric and MeV emission radii and find them to be in the (4.5–5.3) × 10 12 cm and (2.1–5.2) × 10 14 cm ranges, respectively. We note the limitations of this exercise due to the relative faintness of the GRB which prevents us from doing a very fine time-resolved analysis or fitting the spectra with multi-component models. We also discuss GRB 120709A in the context of models for distinct emission episodes and quiescent intervals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to an intensification of anthropogenic activities and climate change in recent decades, the hydrological connections and relationships between rivers and lakes have been significantly modified globally. Poyang Lake is one of the largest freshwater lakes globally and is one of the few that remain naturally connected to the Yangtze River. To investigate the full hydrological conditions (extreme high and low discharge) of Poyang Lake outflow under current bathymetric conditions, a large‐scale 1D‐ and 2D‐coupled high‐resolution hydrodynamic model of the Poyang Lake basin–Yangtze River system was developed. We simulated the outflow and water levels of Poyang Lake under nine different extreme hydrological scenarios with high precision and computational efficiency. We propose (1) a novel partition calibration method to characterize the roughness coefficient of large water bodies in complicated geographical terrain both for wet and dry seasons; (2) a new method for setting initial conditions for hydrodynamic simulation of large water bodies subject to strong hydrological regulation. Results indicated that (1) maximum outflow and water levels will reach 37,200 m3/s and 22.28 m when Poyang Lake basin floodwater coincides with flooding on the Yangtze River; (2) precipitation over the lake has increased outflow but this has had very limited influence on its changing hydrological pattern; (3) the effect of hydrological conditions within the system differs for both the lake outflow and water level. The research provides important reference conditions for the application of the InfoWorks ICM model in future applications and studies of large river–lake systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To fill the knowledge gap about the functioning of the lake–river system subjected to restoration treatments, two tributaries, a shallow, restored lake and its outflow, were examined. The quality of water inflows, lake and outflow was compared before (BR), during sustainable (SR, deep water aeration, phosphorus inactivation and biomanipulation for 3 years) and limited lake restoration (LR, only aeration for 2 years). Physico-chemical parameters were analysed monthly at five stations. The nutrient concentrations at the inflows decreased over the years due to the improvement of water and sewage management in the catchment (in Mielcuch from 18.0 to 8.0 mgN L−1 and 1.0 to 0.6 mgP L−1). The decline at the outflow was the result of a better quality of water at the tributaries and SR in the lake. During LR, decrease of phosphorus concentration still occurred (0.11 mgP L−1), but nitrogen concentration slightly increased (3.9 mgN L−1). Although the outflowing waters still transported a high content of chlorophyll a and suspended solids during SR, their amount was lower (34.5 μg L−1 and 17 mg L−1, respectively) than that during BR and LR. During restoration, it is significant to monitor the water quality not only in the lake but also at the outflow. The slow deterioration of water quality at the outflow indicated that introducing changes in the applied restoration methods must be done carefully because the previously achieved effect may be lost. Hence, restoration of the upstream lake and good quality of its tributaries are of great importance for water bodies located downstream. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both water balance (WB) and rating curve (RC) are methods for estimating streamflow. The first is mostly used to estimate reservoir outflows, while the second is usually adopted in hydrometeorological network streamflow gauges. While WB uses hourly collected data, the RC estimates streamflow using current water level and extrapolation techniques. The objective of this study was to analyze variations in the reservoir's hourly outflow at Queimado Hydroelectric Power Plant (HPP Queimado) and to propose a method to evaluate whether the estimate of the daily outflows, obtained by the WB method, is similar to the flow values obtained at a conventional station. The logistic regression (LR) model was used because it is a method that adopts binary, categorically dependent variables to identify the event of interest. The results showed that the values of streamflow, obtained from an average of two daily readings, were a good representation of the flows in the region. The LR was able to identify atypical data, especially in the rainy season. This means that data consistency analysis can be faster and safer, when adequately employed and considering the proposed conditions, contributing to both management policies and the management of water resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Due to an intensification of anthropogenic activities and climate change in recent decades, the hydrological connections and relationships between rivers and lakes have been significantly modified globally. Poyang Lake is one of the largest freshwater lakes globally and is one of the few that remain naturally connected to the Yangtze River. To investigate the full hydrological conditions (extreme high and low discharge) of Poyang Lake outflow under current bathymetric conditions, a large‐scale 1D‐ and 2D‐coupled high‐resolution hydrodynamic model of the Poyang Lake basin–Yangtze River system was developed. We simulated the outflow and water levels of Poyang Lake under nine different extreme hydrological scenarios with high precision and computational efficiency. We propose (1) a novel partition calibration method to characterize the roughness coefficient of large water bodies in complicated geographical terrain both for wet and dry seasons; (2) a new method for setting initial conditions for hydrodynamic simulation of large water bodies subject to strong hydrological regulation. Results indicated that (1) maximum outflow and water levels will reach 37,200 m3/s and 22.28 m when Poyang Lake basin floodwater coincides with flooding on the Yangtze River; (2) precipitation over the lake has increased outflow but this has had very limited influence on its changing hydrological pattern; (3) the effect of hydrological conditions within the system differs for both the lake outflow and water level. The research provides important reference conditions for the application of the InfoWorks ICM model in future applications and studies of large river–lake systems.

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