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PURPOSE: To describe the use of anti-osteoclastic medications (i.e., bisphosphonates and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa beta (RANK) ligand inhibitors) in treating choroidal osteoma. METHODS: A 42-year-old male with bilateral posterior choroidal osteomas showed extensive outer retinal atrophy in the right eye secondary to decalcification of a choroidal osteoma and progressive extension of retinal pigment epithelial atrophy in the left eye encroaching on the macula with subtle changes in the choroidal osteoma. Bisphosphonates (i.e., oral alendronate 70 mg weekly) or RANK ligand inhibitors (i.e., subcutaneous denosumab 60 mg every six months) were initiated to prevent calcium resorption. RESULTS: After the introduction of more directed therapy, there was stabilization of the patients condition over the next nine years while under bisphosphonate treatment, followed by a switch to RANK ligand inhibitor therapy and later bisphosphonate treatment again. This was made evident through stability in fundus photography, enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography, and B-scan ultrasonography regarding outer retinal layers thickness, and choroidal osteoma thickness and calcification. CONCLUSION: Anti-osteoclastic therapy using bisphosphonates or RANK ligand inhibitors could be a new treatment paradigm to prevent resorption of choroidal osteomas and prevent the subsequent atrophy of outer retinal layers. SUMMARY STATEMENT: A patient with bilateral posterior choroidal osteomas was treated with bisphosphonates and RANK ligand inhibitors to prevent osteoma resorption in the better-seeing left eye. This has led to stability over six years of outer retinal layers thickness, choroidal osteoma thickness, and choroidal osteoma calcification.

Purpose: To describe the use of anti-osteoclastic medications (i.e., bisphosphonates and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa beta (RANK) ligand inhibitors) in treating choroidal osteoma. Methods: A 42-year-old male with bilateral posterior choroidal osteomas showed extensive outer retinal atrophy in the right eye secondary to decalcification of a choroidal osteoma and progressive extension of retinal pigment epithelial atrophy in the left eye encroaching on the macula with subtle changes in the choroidal osteoma. Bisphosphonates (i.e., oral alendronate 70 mg weekly) or RANK ligand inhibitors (i.e., subcutaneous denosumab 60 mg every six months) were initiated to prevent calcium resorption. Results: After the introduction of more directed therapy, there was stabilization of the patient's condition over the next nine years while under bisphosphonate treatment, followed by a switch to RANK ligand inhibitor therapy and later bisphosphonate treatment again. This was made evident through stability in fundus photography, enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography, and B-scan ultrasonography regarding outer retinal layers thickness, and choroidal osteoma thickness and calcification. Conclusion: Anti-osteoclastic therapy using bisphosphonates or RANK ligand inhibitors could be a new treatment paradigm to prevent resorption of choroidal osteomas and prevent the subsequent atrophy of outer retinal layers. Summary statement: A patient with bilateral posterior choroidal osteomas was treated with bisphosphonates and RANK ligand inhibitors to prevent osteoma resorption in the better-seeing left eye. This has led to stability over six years of outer retinal layers thickness, choroidal osteoma thickness, and choroidal osteoma calcification.

Purpose: To study the corelation between outer retinal layer thickness (ORL), outer photoreceptor segment thickness (PROS), and central macular thickness (CMT) with best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in patients having clinically significant macular edema (CSME) and compare these parameters with normal patients. Methods: This was a prospective, nonrandomized, observational, comparative study done during the period of January to May 2019. The study included 60 eyes of 36 patients. The patient population was segregated into two Groups: Group I (30 normal eyes of 15 normal patients) and Group II (30 eyes of 21 diabetic patients) with CSME. The comparison between ORL, PROS, and CMT was made between both the groups, and the correlation between ORL thickness, PROS thickness, and CMT with BCVA in Group II was studied. Results: The mean age in Group I was 52.6+10.66 years, and 53.42+8.15 years in Group II. The male/female ratio was 1.1:1 in Group I and 4:3 in Group II. The mean CMT was greater in Group II (330.13 ± 37.01) than in Group I (222.20 ± 12.30). The mean ORL thickness was greater in Group I (97.73 ± 6.92) than in Group II (80.63 ± 9.03). The PROS thickness was statistically significant in Group I (35.05 ± 3.4) than in Group II (28.57 ± 3.53). There was a strong correlation between BCVA and ORL thickness (r = −0.580, P < 0.001) and more strong correlation between BCVA and PROS thickness in Group II (r = −0.611, P < 0.000). There was a moderate correlation between BCVA and CMT (r = 0.410, P < 0.025), and all results were statistically significant. Conclusion: Both ORL and PROS thickness were greater in healthy normal eyes than in eyes with CSME. BCVA was strongly correlated with PROS and ORL thickness and moderately associated with CMT.

Purpose: To study the corelation between outer retinal layer thickness (ORL), outer photoreceptor segment thickness (PROS), and central macular thickness (CMT) with best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in patients having clinically significant macular edema (CSME) and compare these parameters with normal patients. Methods: This was a prospective, nonrandomized, observational, comparative study done during the period of January to May 2019. The study included 60 eyes of 36 patients. The patient population was segregated into two Groups: Group Ι (30 normal eyes of 15 normal patients) and Group ΙΙ (30 eyes of 21 diabetic patients) with CSME. The comparison between ORL, PROS, and CMT was made between both the groups, and the correlation between ORL thickness, PROS thickness, and CMT with BCVA in Group ΙΙ was studied. Results: The mean age in Group I was 52.6+10.66 years, and 53.42+8.15 years in Group II. The male/ female ratio was 1.1:1 in Group I and 4:3 in Group II. The mean CMT was greater in Group ΙΙ (330.13 ± 37.01) than in Group Ι (222.20 ± 12.30). The mean ORL thickness was greater in Group Ι (97.73 ± 6.92) than in Group ΙΙ (80.63 ± 9.03). The PROS thickness was statistically significant in Group Ι (35.05 ± 3.4) than in Group ΙΙ (28.57 ± 3.53). There was a strong correlation between BCVA and ORL thickness (r = -0.580, P < 0.001) and more strong correlation between BCVA and PROS thickness in Group ΙΙ (r = -0.611, P < 0.000). There was a moderate correlation between BCVA and CMT (r = 0.410, P < 0.025), and all results were statistically significant. Conclusion: Both ORL and PROS thickness were greater in healthy normal eyes than in eyes with CSME. BCVA was strongly correlated with PROS and ORL thickness and moderately associated with CMT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the relationship between outer retinal layer thickness (ORLT) and visual acuity (VA) in patients with retinal vein occlusion (RVO) after resolution of macular edema (ME) with intravitreal injections. Material and Methods: The study included patients who received loading dose of intravitreal ranibizumab (IVR) forME secondary to unilateral RVO and had no ME in optical coherence tomography (OCT) obtained on month 12. The contralateral eyes of the patients were employed as control. ORLT was measured using automated segmentation feature in OCT. The RVO and control groups were compared regarding ORLT and relationship between ORLT and VA was assessed within RVO group. A p value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: The study included 156 eyes of 78 patients. Of the patients, 70.5% had branch RVO and 29.5% had central RVO. There was a significant increase in mean VA on month 12 in the RVO group compared to the baseline (p -0.01). In the RVO group, dexamethasone (DEX) implant was given to 59% of the patients in addition to IVR. In RVO group, ORL thickness in M, N1, S1 and S2 segments were significantly lower than the control group (p <0.05, all values). The ORL thickness in M, N1, T1, T2, S1 and S2 segments were significantly lower in eyes received at least one DEX implant compared to eyes received no DEX implant (p <0.05, all values). There was a significant correlation between the mean VA value in the RVO group on month 12 and ORL thickness in segment M (p <0.01). Conclusion: In RVO patients, subfoveal ORLT measured after resolution of ME is thinner in occlusion eyes than in healthy eyes. The significant ORLT decrease in eyes with DEX than in eyes received DEX implant compared to those received no DEX implant can be explained by the fact that DEX was given to patients with a more severe course of ME. The decrease in subfoveal ORLT resulting in lower VA suggested that RVO can lead to photoreceptor and/or retinal pigment epithelium degeneration in the long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amblyopia screening is often either costly or laborious. We evaluated the Canon Powershot TX1 (CPTX1) digital camera as an efficient screener for amblyogenic risk factors (ARF). We included 138 subjects: 84-amblyopes and 54-normal. With the red-eye-reduction feature off, we obtained Bruckner reflex photographs of different sized crescents which suggested anisometropia, while asymmetrical brightness indicated strabismus; symmetry implied normalcy. Eight sets of randomly arranged 138 photographs were made. After training, 8 personnel, marked each as normal or abnormal. Of the 84 amblyopes, 42 were strabismus alone (SA), 36 had anisometropia alone (AA) while six were mixed amblyopes (MA). Overall mean sensitivity for amblyopes was 0.86 (95% CI: 0.83-0.89) and specificity 0.85 (95% CI: 0.77-0.93). Sub-group analyses on SA, AA and MA returned sensitivities of 0.86, 0.89 and 0.69, while specificities were 0.85 for all three. Overall Cohen′s Kappa was 0.66 (95% CI: 0.62-0.71). The CPTX1 appears to be a feasible option to screen for ARF, although results need to be validated on appropriate age groups.

Ischemic abducens nerve palsy usually presents as isolated cranial nerve palsy in the middle aged and elderly patients with known risk factors such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, carotid artery disease, etc., In this report, we describe four patients with isolated abducens nerve palsy who presented with an acute onset diplopia whose detailed history and examination were suggestive of an ischemic etiology. Detailed systemic and laboratory evaluation revealed hyperhomocysteinemia as the only potential risk factor. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of association of hyperhomocysteinemia and isolated abducens nerve palsy.

We investigated a case of unilateral optic nerve hypoplasia using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT). Optical coherence tomography was done on both eyes using 5-line Raster scan for the fovea to analyze the retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, inner retinal layer thickness, outer retinal layer thickness, and optic disc cube scan for the disc. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, inner retinal layer thickness, and outer retinal layer thickness were manually measured at 21-points of each five lines, and results were compared between both eyes. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and inner retinal layer thickness of optic nerve hypoplasia were significantly thinner than the opposite eye, but there was no significant difference in the thickness of the outer retinal layer between both eyes.

We are presenting the initial results of inverted internal limiting membrane (ILM) flap technique for large macular hole. Five eyes of five patients with large diameter macular hole (>700 μm) were selected. All patients underwent inverted ILM flap technique for macular hole. Anatomical closure and functional success were achieved in all patients. There was no loss of best-corrected visual acuity in any of the patients. Inverted ILM flap technique in macular hole surgery seems to have a better hole closure rates, especially in large diameter macular holes. Larger case series is required to assess the efficacy and safety of this technique.

Systemic imaging of patients with suspect ocular tuberculosis include chest X-rays and computed tomography (CT) scans. Reports have suggested a role for 18 fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/CT (FDG-PET/CT) scans. We report on the clinical utility of 18 FDG PET/CT in two patients. Case 1: A 38-year-old female patient presented with recurrent anterior uveitis. A 18 FDG-PET scan revealed metabolically active supraclavicular and chest lymph nodes. An aspiration cytology of the cervical lymph node revealed caseating granulomas suggestive of tuberculosis. Case 2: A 58-year-old female patient presented with recurrent anterior uveitis. A 18 FDG-PET scan revealed metabolically active lymph nodes in the neck. A biopsy of the cervical lymph node revealed epithelioid granulomas suggestive of tuberculosis. Both patients were started on standard antitubercular therapy with a subsequent marked reduction of activity. PET/CT scans may suggest the sites of safe high-yield biopsies.

Unilateral extensive myelination of the peripapillary nerve fibers may be associated with anisometropic myopia, strabismus, and reduced vision. Myelination of optic nerve fibers terminate at lamina cribrosa. Yet in some patients, myelination progresses into the peripapillary retinal nerve fibers and may affect the visual acuity. In this report, we described 4 patients. All patients presented extensive peripapillary myelinated nerve fibers associated with myopic anisometropia. After routine ophthalmic and orthoptic examinations, all patients underwent treatment for amblyopia through correction with spectacles, contact lenses, and the occlusion of the good eye. Corrected visual acuity improved in 1 patient, but 3 patients had no increase in visual acuity despite treatment with full cycloplegic refraction and appropriate patching. Probably because of structural abnormalies of the macula, visual results are often disappointing with appropriate correction of the refractive error and occlusion.

We investigated a case of unilateral optic nerve hypoplasia using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT). Optical coherence tomography was done on both eyes using 5-line Raster scan for the fovea to analyze the retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, inner retinal layer thickness, outer retinal layer thickness, and optic disc cube scan for the disc. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, inner retinal layer thickness, and outer retinal layer thickness were manually measured at 21-points of each five lines, and results were compared between both eyes. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and inner retinal layer thickness of optic nerve hypoplasia were significantly thinner than the opposite eye, but there was no significant difference in the thickness of the outer retinal layer between both eyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]