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The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into healthcare has the potential to revolutionize medical diagnostics, particularly in specialized fields such as Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT) medicine. However, the successful adoption of AI-assisted diagnostic tools in ENT practice depends on the understanding of various factors; these include influences on their effectiveness and acceptance among healthcare professionals. This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the usability and integration of AI tools in ENT practice, determine the clinical impact and accuracy of AI-assisted diagnostics in ENT, measure the trust and confidence of ENT professionals in AI tools, gauge the overall satisfaction and outlook on the future of AI in ENT diagnostics, and identify challenges, limitations, and areas for improvement in AI-assisted ENT diagnostics. A structured online questionnaire was distributed to 600 certified ENT professionals with at least one year of experience in the field. The questionnaire assessed participants' familiarity with AI tools, usability, clinical impact, trust, satisfaction, and identified challenges. A total of 458 respondents completed the questionnaire, resulting in a response rate of 91.7%. The majority of respondents reported familiarity with AI tools (60.7%) and perceived them as generally usable and clinically impactful. However, challenges such as integration with existing systems, user-friendliness, accuracy, and cost were identified. Trust and satisfaction levels varied among participants, with concerns regarding data privacy and support. Geographic and practice setting differences influenced perceptions and experiences. The study highlights the diverse perceptions and experiences of ENT professionals regarding AI-assisted diagnostics. While there is general enthusiasm for these tools, challenges related to integration, usability, trust, and cost need to be addressed for their widespread adoption. These findings provide valuable insights for developers, policymakers, and healthcare providers aiming to enhance the role of AI in ENT practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Noise-induced hearing loss is the most prevalent occupational disease worldwide and is historically associated with the Industrial Revolution. This study analyses early descriptions of this disorder during the pre-industrial period in the work of the Italian physician Bernardino Ramazzini (1633–1714). Method: Primary and secondary historical literature were reviewed. Results: Ramazzini described hearing loss in corn millers and in coppersmiths and recognised that this disorder is irreversible and progressive when exposure to noise continues. He also seemed to describe tinnitus. He further suggested the use of earplugs as a preventive measure for these classes of workers. Ramazzini's anatomical and pathological knowledge appears to be based on ancient authors; he did not discuss contemporaneous medical authors' work on hearing function. Conclusion: Despite some limitations, Ramazzini's work appears pioneering for his time and represents an important milestone in the history of otolaryngology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To identify differences in inpatient otolaryngology consultations and interventions for patients based on COVID-19. Records were reviewed for all patients for whom otolaryngology was consulted at a high-volume tertiary care hospital from April 30, 2020 to October 1, 2020. Demographic information, length of stay, COVID-19 status, indication for consultation, and otolaryngology interventions were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using R software. Bleeding composed a significantly higher proportion of otolaryngology consults in COVID-19 positive patients (28% vs. 8.4%, p<0.0001). Management of bleeding was the most common procedure performed in positive patients (n=37, 35%), and they had a higher median number of interventions performed when compared to bleeding patients who tested negative (1, IQR 1-2 vs. 1, IQR 0-1, p=0.04). COVID-19 positive patients with bleeding were more likely to expire than those with other indications for otolaryngology consultation (50% vs. 7%, p<0.001). Bleeding and associated interventions comprised the predominant discrepancy between COVID-19 positive and negative patients in our cohort. We encourage routine use of simple and cost-effective methods to decrease risk of bleeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: For centuries, the tympanum has remained the only visible structure of the organ of hearing. This study aimed to trace the understanding of the tympanic membrane from antiquity to the early twentieth century. Methods: A review was conducted of primary and secondary historical and scientific literature describing the tympanic membrane anatomy. Results: Although ancient polymaths sensed that sounds were vibrations that could spread in the air and be perceived by the hearing organ, there were numerous misconceptions about the tympanum until human dissections performed during the Renaissance. The tympanum was correctly described only centuries later when technological advances enabled otologists to understand it as a fundamental part of the hearing organ. Conclusion: The tympanic membrane history reflects key stages in medical knowledge; limited for centuries, a great technological leap was possible in the nineteenth century, contributing to the emergence of otologists and laying the foundations of modern otology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Otitis media is an umbrella term for middle ear inflammation; ranging from acute infection to chronic mucosal disease. It is a leading cause of antimicrobial therapy prescriptions and surgery in children. Despite this, treatments have changed little in over 50 years. Research has been limited by the lack of physiological models of middle ear epithelium. Methods: We develop a novel human middle ear epithelial culture using an air‐liquid interface (ALI) system; akin to the healthy ventilated middle ear in vivo. We validate this using immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and membrane conductance studies. We also utilize this model to perform a pilot challenge of middle ear epithelial cells with SARS‐CoV‐2. Results: We demonstrate that human middle ear epithelial cells cultured at an ALI undergo mucociliary differentiation to produce diverse epithelial subtypes including basal (p63+), goblet (MUC5AC+, MUC5B+), and ciliated (FOXJ1+) cells. Mature ciliagenesis is visualized and tight junction formation is shown with electron microscopy, and confirmed by membrane conductance. Together, these demonstrate this model reflects the complex epithelial cell types which exist in vivo. Following SARS‐CoV‐2 challenge, human middle ear epithelium shows positive viral uptake, as measured by polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. Conclusion: We describe a novel physiological system to study the human middle ear. This can be utilized for translational research into middle ear diseases. We also demonstrate, for the first time under controlled conditions, that human middle ear epithelium is susceptible to SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, which has important clinical implications for safe otological surgery. Level of Evidence: NA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Sarcoidosis is a multisystemic inflammatory disease with extrathoracic manifestations, most commonly affecting the young and middle‐aged, female and Black populations. Diagnosis usually requires evidence of non‐caseating granulomata and, when treated, prognosis is usually favourable. We aim to establish the incidence, clinical features and optimal treatment of ENT manifestations of this disease. Design: We performed a PubMed literature review to determine the evidence base supporting this. Results: ENT manifestations are present in 5%‐15% of patients with sarcoidosis, often as a presenting feature, and require vigilance for swift recognition and coordinated additional treatment specific to the organ. Laryngeal sarcoidosis presents with difficulty in breathing, dysphonia and cough, and may be treated by speech and language therapy (SLT) or intralesional injection, dilatation or tissue reduction. Nasal disease presents with crusting, rhinitis, nasal obstruction and anosmia, usually without sinus involvement. It is treated by topical nasal or intralesional treatments but may also require endoscopic sinus surgery, laser treatment or even nasal reconstruction. Otological disease is uncommon but includes audiovestibular symptoms, both sensorineural and conductive hearing loss, and skin lesions. Conclusions: The consequences of ENT manifestations of sarcoidosis can be uncomfortable, disabling and even life‐threatening. Effective management strategies require good diagnostic skills and use of specific therapies combined with established treatments such as corticosteroids. Comparisons of treatment outcomes are needed to establish best practice in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to assess the quality and readability of websites on chronic rhinosinusitis. Methods: A total of 180 results from 3 different search engines regarding 'chronic rhinosinusitis', 'sinusitis' and 'sinus infections' were analysed for readability using the Flesch–Kincaid Grade Level, Flesch Reading Ease Score and Gunning Fog Index. The Discern tool was used to approximate information quality. Results: From 180 total searches, 69 unique websites were identified. These had an average Flesch–Kincaid Grade Level of 9.75 (95 per cent confidence interval = 9.12–10.4), a Flesch Reading Ease Score of 45.0 (41.0–49.0) and a Gunning Fog Index of 13.7 (12.9–14.4), which equates to the average reading level of a college or university student. Discern scores were variable but consistently showed good-quality information. Conclusion: Chronic rhinosinusitis information is of a high quality but is for a reading level higher than that of the average adult. Standardising patient information should ensure adequate comprehension and improve patient compliance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Rhinoplasty is a surgery which can be done in state hospitals, private hospitals and private clinics. Patients gen-erally go to the most suitable clinic whereas most surgeons prefer to perform surgery in private clinics. Thus, patients often confuse where to attend. Social media plays a crucial role for patients to decide where and who to choose. We compared readability of the information text from internet pages of private clinics and private hos-pitals from both plastic surgeons and otorhinolaryngologists. Material and Methods: The word "Rhinoplasty" was searched through internet and first 30 web sites were taken into account. First 100 words from information texts about rhinoplasty from both private clinic and hospital web sites were copied and studied using a program called LIDA. Gunnig-Fog index, Flesch-Kincaid and Atesman values were noted and evaluated. Results: The readability of both private hospitals and private clinics were found to be hard. Flesch-Kincaid values showed that information texts from private clinics in web sites (23.24 ± 3.45) were significantly different (p=0,035) than private hospitals (25,19 ± 3,5). As believed to be more specific to Turkish, Atesman values in private clinics (48,58 ± 16,71) were found to be more readable than private hospitals (38.81 ± 18.06) (p=0,034). Conclusion: Comparison of information texts between private clinics and private hospitals of plastic surgeons and otorhinolaryngologists showed that Atesman values, which are believed to be more specific to Turkish, and Flesch-Kincaid values were significantly high in private clinics suggesting it is easier to understand. To sum it up, infor-mation texts guide patients to private critics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The airway management of a patient with severe tracheal stenosis depends on its severity, length, location, and type of surgery. Its management is complex and requires the collaboration of an experienced team of anaesthetist and ear, nose, and throat surgeon. We report an innovative combination of Ventrain? and S-Guide? for airway management of a planned endoscopic dilation of a severe subglottic stenosis in an adult patient. This new alternative may offer advantages over existing airway management techniques in similar cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In the Southeastern Anatolia Region, two new Ear Nose and Throat (ENT) specialists, one in the provincial center and one in the district center, were evaluated for the number, variety and complications of their operations in the first year of their specialty. A detailed analysis of the surgeries and complications was done and it was aimed to give an idea about the future of the ENT physicians who are still studying assistantship. Methods: The records of surgeries between February 1, 2017 and February 1, 2018 were reviewed. Results: The physician working at the province center performed 205, the other physician performed 165 operations. The operations were grouped according to their types. The rates of the most frequent operations in ENT practice were determined. The ratio of adenoidectomy, tonsillectomy and ventilation tube insertion were determined as 35.5% in the physician working in the province center and 25.6% in the physician working in the district center. The rate of septoplasty was 21% and 15.8%, and the rate of septorhinoplasty was 10.4% and 12.8% respectively. The rate of tympanoplasty was 15% and 9.75%, and the ratio of lymph node, cyst and lipoma excision was determined as 5% and 7.3%, respectively. Conclusion: Every ENT specialist should be able to perform basic operations effectively while graduating. Treatment options and approaches to the complications should be known. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inthepresentreview, weaimedtoevaluatetheroleofvitamin D in otolaryngological diseases. Since the recognition of vitamin D as a steroid hormone, it has attracted clinicians as a research issue due to its unique and complicated functions in human body processes. Numerous studies have investigated the associationbetweenvitaminDandhumandiseases, includinginthe otolaryngologicalfield. However, althoughvitaminDalterations may theoretically be involved in the pathogenesis of several otolaryngological diseases, a clear association has not been demonstrated due to inconsistent results from the studies to date. Further randomized controlled trials with large patient populationsarerequiredtodeterminetheexactroleofvitamin D in otolaryngological diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Otorhinolaryngology Clinic, which is an integral part of Vojvodina Clinical Centre, is the first teaching base of the Department of Otorhinolaryngology from 1964. It was founded only four years after the establishment of the Faculty of Medicine in Novi Sad, pursuant to the faculty's decision. From the beginning and until now ninety professors and assistants were their consistent part. The Department of Otorhinolaryngology joined the organization of the teaching process at the Faculty of Medicine, according to the Bologna Declaration's guidelines from 2005. Since this year 2017, the teachers of the Department of Otorhinolaryngology will conduct theoretical and practical teaching in ten teaching subjects in the Serbian language as a part of the first degree studies. For the purpose of taking specialist exams from 2016, the Department of Otorhinolaryngology has two specialist commissions, and from the previous period a commission for the examination of narrow specializations in audiology and phoniatry. The Department od Otorhinolaryngology celebrated 50th anniversary since its establishment in 2014 year. The Department of Otorhinolaryngology has been and now is a nursery for the best personnel in the field of Otorhinolaryngology in Serbia and in Vojvodina. Through the decades of its existence success can be seen through numerous student awards and recognitions which are the best proof for continuous work on acquiring new and expanding existing knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Otorhinolaryngological diseases have a high incidence in the general population; about 40% of the consultations to the health services are for reasons that referal that include alterations of ear, nose and pharyngolaringeal. Such pathologies commonly receive an erroneous approach that makes it difficult to establish the specific diagnosis leading to an inadequate therapeutic approach. Currently, there are different molecular techniques that facilitate the timely identification of some pathogens and offer new alternatives for treatment and management, although many of these still require more rigorous studies, offer the possibility of developing new ways of approaching patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is considered one of the most common causes of acquired hearing impairment in developing countries. CSOM is a multifactorial persistent inflammatory disease of the middle ear. A distinct pathophysiologic mechanism linking allergic rhinitis (AR) and CSOM remains to evolve. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between AR and CSOM in adults. This was a case-control study. Materials and Methods: The subjects were 62 adults (23 male, 39 female) with established CSOM and 61 healthy controls. CSOM was diagnosed when there was a history of chronic (persisting for at least 3 months) otorrhea, accumulation of mucopurulent exudates in the external auditory canal or middle ear and/or perforated tympanic membrane on otoscopy. All participants were evaluated for the presence of AR by clinical evaluation of allergic symptoms, and underwent a skin-prick test for 23 common regional allergens. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 16. Results: The prevalence of clinical rhinitis (allergic and non-allergic) was significantly higher among the cases compared with controls (62.5% vs. 37.5%, P=0.02). The prevalence of AR (proven by positive skin-prick test) was also significantly higher among affected adults than controls (24.6% and 13.8%, respectively). Adjusting for age, a logistic regression model showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups. Patients with AR and non-AR were at 3.27- (95% CI=1.15-9.29; P=0.036) and 2.57-(95% CI=1.01-6.57; P=0.048) fold increased risk of developing CSOM, respectively, compared with healthy individuals. Conclusion: The study showed a higher prevalence of AR in CSOM patients than in controls. It may be valuable to evaluate and control this factor in these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives:To describe a method of using real patients in teaching ENT to undergraduates and to examine whether being a case patient affected patient satisfaction.Methods:In a cross-sectional study, 68 teaching-involved patients (case patients) with a suspected common ENT illness and 68 matched (in terms of age, sex and region of complaint) control patients evaluated the health service and their encounter with the physician. The students saw the case patients first independently and then saw the patient with the teacher physician. The controls were treated in a normal way.Results:Fifty-eight case patients (84 per cent) and 65 control patients (95 per cent) answered the questionnaire. The median duration of the visit was significantly longer for the case patients than the controls (115 vs 60 minutes). Almost all patients in both groups graded the overall quality of the health service, and the variables describing various aspects of the setting and the encounter with the physician, as either good or excellent.Conclusion:Patients who took part in the undergraduate teaching of ENT diseases were equally content with their primary visit as the control patients, even though their visit took a markedly longer time. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This study aims to assess the association between microbial composition, biofilm formation and chronic otorhinolaryngologic disorders in Malaysia. A total of 45 patients with chronic rhinosinusitis, chronic tonsillitis and chronic suppurative otitis media and 15 asymptomatic control patients were studied. Swab samples were obtained from these subjects. Samples were studied by conventional microbiological culturing, PCR-based microbial detection and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM). Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) and other Streptococcus species were detected in subjects of both patient and control groups. Biofilm was observed in approximately half of the smear prepared from swab samples obtained from subjects of the patient group. Most of these were polymicrobial biofilms. S. aureus biofilm was most prevalent among nasal samples while H. influenzae biofilm was more common among ear and throat samples. Results from this study supported the hypothesis that chronic otorhinolaryngologic diseases may be biofilm related. Due to the presence of unculturable bacteria in biofilms present in specimens from ear, nose and throat, the use of molecular methods in combination with conventional microbiological culturing has demonstrated an improvement in the detection of bacteria from such specimens in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective: Surgical management of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) usually involves resection via microlaryngoscopy. Intralesional injection of cidofovir has been shown to be an effective adjuvant treatment, but remains unlicensed. United Kingdom General Medical Council guidelines recommend the prescribing doctor should “be satisfied that there is a sufficient evidence base and/or experience of using the medicine to demonstrate its safety and efficacy”. This study reviews the published dosing regimens of intralesional cidofovir in the treatment of RRP in order to provide a precedent for those that wish to prescribe it. Methods: A systematic review of the literature was undertaken using Medline, EMBASE and CINAHL. Articles describing the use of intralesional cidofovir for RRP were reviewed. Information regarding cidofovir concentration, volume, total dose, number of treatments, interval between treatments, overall treatment period and follow up was extracted. Results: Fifty-one articles were identified. Concentration of cidofovir injected ranged from 0.0001mg/ml to 37.5mg/ml, with 5 to 7.5mg/ml being the most common. The volume of cidofovir solution injection ranged from 0.1 to 20ml. The total dose per injection ranged from 0.15 to 105mg. There was wide variation in dosing regimens with different intervals between endoscopies, number of injections and total doses delivered. Conclusions: Based on this published literature, the precedent for prescribing intralesional cidofovir supports a concentration of 5 to 7.5mg/ml. Volumes up to 5ml per injection are routinely used. Total dose and frequency of cidofovir administration is highly variable. The need for repeat doses of cidofovir should be judged on an individual basis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objectives: Some data suggest that the clinical diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in a child should be confirmed by polysomnography before adenotonsillectomy (AT), but otolaryngology literature generally does not agree and few studies have examined surgical practice patterns.Methods: We mailed, to 603 members of two North American otolaryngology societies, surveys about children aged 5.0–12.9 years upon whom they performed ATs in the previous year.Results: A total of 183 otolaryngologists estimated that they had performed 24,000 ATs. Reported major surgical indications, not mutually exclusive, included recurrent throat infections (for 42% of procedures), obstructed breathing of any type (59%), OSA (39%), poor school performance (17%), and poor attention (11%). Pre-operative evaluations included an office-based, sleep-related history in 93% of children, any objective testing for OSA in <10%, and laboratory-based polysomnography in <5%. Surgeons with academic affiliations, higher volumes of ATs, and pediatric specialization reported lower percentages of ATs performed for recurrent tonsillitis as opposed to other indications.Conclusions: As a common indication for AT, OSA now rivals recurrent throat infection. No more than 12% of school-aged children who undergo AT for OSA have polysomnography prior to the procedure. Indications for AT may depend, in part, on practice settings and otolaryngologists'' backgrounds. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]