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The present study longitudinally explores regressive phonological cross-linguistic influence (CLI) in seven adolescents (aged 12–13) and seven adults (aged 21–39) by examining voice-onset time (VOT) of /p,t,k/ in their first, second, and third language (L1, L2, and L3, respectively). All participants had the same language combination (L1 German, L2 English, L3 Polish) and were recorded completing a range of production tasks in all three languages four times over the course of the first year of L3 learning. The scope of previous research on phonological CLI is thus broadened in two ways: (1) by tracing the development of all languages upon the arrival of a new language in a multilingual’s system longitudinally, and (2) by investigating CLI patterns in two age groups when input and learning environment are comparable. Previous L2 age studies have mostly only made retrospective assumptions about (target) language development, so that longitudinal data, including the entire language repertoire of multilingual speakers, are needed to substantiate claims made in that regard. For the adolescent group, significant changes to both their L1 and L2 over time were found, while the adults’ background languages remained relatively stable on the group level. However, for both groups, much individual variation was uncovered., Finanziert durch den Open-Access-Publikationsfonds der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster (WWU Münster).

Sprache und Literatur sind grundlegende Elemente von Kultur; ihre Erforschung ist somit für das kulturelle Modell von Behinderung im Sinne der Disability Studies zentral. Der Beitrag stellt die beiden Fächer Sprachwissenschaft und Literaturwissenschaft in ihren Beziehungen zu den Disability Studies dar, referiert internationale Schlüsselwerke und gibt einen Überblick über den Stand der deutschsprachigen Forschung. Der Schwerpunkt liegt auf den Literaturwissenschaften als Forschungszweig der (Cultural) Disability Studies.

Diese Dissertation untersucht die Faktoren, die den Erwerb der Rhotizität (d.h. die Realisation des /r/ in der Silbencoda) im Englischen von Mandarin Chinesisch sprechenden jungen Erwachsenen beeinflussen. Durch die Einbeziehung von Produktion und Perzeption, einem longitudinalen Studiendesign und der Verwendung neuester statistischer Methoden leistet sie damit einen innovativen und bedeutenden wissenschaftlichen Beitrag zur Erforschung des Erwerbs einer soziolinguistischen Variable durch Zweitsprachenlernende. In dieser Dissertation wird ein neues Modell entwickelt, das L2 Sociophonological Development Model (SPDM), das Vorhersagen zum Zweitspracherwerb von soziolinguistisch variierenden phonologischen Variablen macht.

Elektronische Reproduktion von: Grammatik des tunesischen Arabisch : nebst Glossar / von Hans Stumme. - Leipzig : Hinrichs, 1896. - VIII, 183 S. - Standort: Universität Marburg, Universitätsbibliothek. - Signatur: 085 8 2015/00754. - Bemerkungen: Digitalisiert 2021, Vorbemerkung. 8 Inhaltsverzeichnis 10 Verzeichnis der Abkürzungen 12 Nachträge 13 Lautlehre, Formenlehre, Syntaktisches 14 - I. Lautbestand und Lautregeln 16 1 - II. Verbum 21 3 - - A. Dreiradikaliges Verbum 21 3 - - B. Vierradikaliges Verbum 51 38 - - C. Sonstiges auf das Verbum Bezügliches 54 41 - III. Nomen 54 - - A. Nomen im Singular 54 43 - - B. Nomen im Dual 89 93 - - C. Nomen im Plural 90 94 - - D. Rectionsverhältnis des Nomens 105 117 - IV. Pronomen 117 - - A. Pronomen personale 117 130 - - B. Pronominalsuffixe 117 131 - - C. Demonstrative, interrogative etc. Pronomina 133 147 - V. Zahlwort 139 159 - VI. Präpositionen 143 165 - VII. Adverbia und Partikeln 151 177 - VIII. Syntaktisches (Substantiv u. Adjektiv. Komparation des Adjektivs. Verbum) 166 189 Glossar 172 157 - a, b, t, tt, z, ḥ, ḫ, 174 - d, r, z, s, š, ṣ, ḍ, ṭ, x, ẋ 180 - f, q, k, l, e, n, h, w/u, j 190

Elektronische Reproduktion von: Altindische Grammatik / von Jakob Wackernagel ; 1: Lautlehre. - Göttingen : Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1896. - LXXIX, 343 Seiten. - Standort: Universität Marburg, Universitätsbibliothek. - Signatur: 013 EV 120 W115 -1 Bemerkungen: Digitalisiert 2021

In meiner Studie untersuche ich das Zusammenspiel der Konzepte Entfremdung und Nostalgie, die ich als die beiden organischen Enden eines Kontinuums begreife. Sie beleuchtet daher vor allem jene Fälle, in denen in der Poesie eine enge kausale Verbindung zwischen ghurba und hanin zu beobachten ist. Anliegen meiner Dissertation ist es, die Entwicklung dieses thematischen Komplexes in der arabischen Poesie der „klassischen Periode“ von der vorislamischen Zeit bis ins 4./10. Jahrhundert zu untersuchen. Die Arbeit untersucht die geographischen, emotionalen, sozialen und intellektuellen Dimensionen des Themas und die Entwicklung bzw. Regression seiner konstitutiven Elemente, ghurba und hanin. So zeigt die Arbeit, welche poetischen und außerpoetischen Elemente zum Überleben dieses Zwillingsmotivs in der Poesie beitrugen, welche Elemente zu seinem Verfall beitrugen, und welche seine Herausbildung förderten.

The research activities on the Mokṣopāya (MU) and related texts in the last decade have produced interesting results: a large number of manuscripts could be examined through which the history of the transmission became more transparent; new versions were found and the date and localization of the earliest text, the Mokṣopāya, could be settled. Some of these results are for the first time presented in the subsequent articles. But also for those not directly involved in the field, these results when placed in a wider context can be of value, since the processes involved are not untypical for the development of research in historiography of Indian literature.

Julius Jolly übersetzt und kommentiert eine Sanskrit-Ode, die die Pandits der Provinz Bengalen aus Anlass des fünfzigjährigen Regierungsjubiläums von Königin Victoria verfasst hatten.

In the philosophy of the Mokṣopāya we find a peculiar mixture of accident and determination when it comes to explaining creation, for the creator Brahmā determines the future creation in a unique manner: his first accidental ideas automatically become the determining coordinates within his universe. According to this text, everything is produced by the mind and is thus no more than an insubstantial, “empty” imagination, and consequently the whole world is just a collective imagination of human minds within the mind of Brahmā. As we read in this text, fire burns upwards and water flows downwards, simply because the Creator had this idea in mind at the beginning of creation and for this reason no one within Brahmā’s universe will be able to change these natural laws. In another universe created or rather imagined by another creator, the basic rules could be entirely different, so that in this theory of determination (niyati) the content of such “natural laws” is unpredictable. Brahmā’s first thoughts are not premeditated, rather the opposite (abuddhipūrva), simply because the first ideas are by definition unprecedented and—as the Mokṣopāya would maintain—without a cause.

Es ist sicher nicht ganz falsch, die Indische Philologie oder Indologie, wie sie sich in Deutschland nach der Fachbegründung durch August Wilhelm Schlegel seit Beginn des 19. Jh. ausgebildet hat, als eine akribische und produktive, aber auch nüchterne und spekulationsunwillige akademische Tradition zu charakterisieren. Sie entwickelte sich in einer gewissen Anlehnung an die klassische Philologie, jedoch wurden entscheidende Weichen schon in der zweiten und dritten Dekade des 19. Jh. gestellt, mithin vor umwälzenden Entwicklungen in den anderen Philologien. Die Indologie hat daher eine sehr umfassende Definition der Philologie als Selbstverständnis behalten und weder die Trennung in Alt- und Neuphilologie konsequent vollzogen noch die in Literaturwissenschaft und Linguistik.

Denn die Götter wünschen, um den Sieg davonzutragen, den Sohn aus Schiwas Kraft als ihren Herzog. Der Gott aber, den Du durch das Niederfallen nur eines Deiner Pfeile bezwingen könntest, hat sich ganz in Brahman versenkt, und mit Hersagen von heiligen Sprüchen berührt er die brahman-heiligen Stellen des Körpers.

When I first received copies of this manuscript during editing the Utpattiprakaraṇa, it looked at first sight very promising, because it seemed to transmit the text of the MU, merely lacking some of the doubtful and even problematic verses. For instance, the awkward set of verses that start this Prakaraṇa (3.1.1–4) is missing and the Prakaraṇa is, as would be expected, introduced by the pratisandhiśloka. Further comparison showed that the manuscript contained in the beginning of the Utpattiprakaraṇa an almost complete text and one was left wondering about its self-designation as saṅgraha.

In a recent article, Sheldon Pollock has tried to explore some of the changes and discontinuities that beset Sanskrit learning and literature – perhaps through most of its history, but more palpably in the phases for which our sources are richer – and summarised these processes with the strong metaphor of the “Death of Sanskrit”.

Predmet istraživanja ovog rada ukrajinski je književni postmodernizam koji je zbog određenog povijesnog i kulturnog konteksta, prikazanog u ovome radu, imao posebne funkcije i razvojna obilježja. Detaljnoj analizi podvrgnut je korpus tekstova ukrajinske književnosti koji se sastoji od romana, kratkih priča i drama. Tekstovi su po obilježjima i autorstvu grupirani u skupine i podskupine te su analizirani s ciljem da se pokaže što im je zajedničko, a što specifično unutar korpusa ukrajinske postmodernističke književnosti. Cilj je ovog istraživanja ustanoviti postoji li postmodernizam u ukrajinskoj književnosti, istražiti poetiku spomenutog razdoblja, a polazna je pretpostavka da su krajem XX. stoljeća u ukrajinskoj književnosti vidljiva neka obilježja koja su svojstvena podjednako i europskomu postmodernizmu i povijesno-kulturnom kontekstu sovjetske i specifično ukrajinske povijesti i kulture. Utvrđeno je kako to književno razdoblje postoji u ukrajinskoj književnosti te ima posebne funkcije i obilježja. Potvrđena je hipoteza istraživanja da ukrajinski postmodernizam ne nastaje toliko kao opreka modernizmu koliko kao opreka totalitarnomu diskursu i socrealizmu. Istraživanje i navedeni prikaz znanstvenih radova ukrajinskih i stranih znanstvenika potvrdili su pretpostavku o postojanju ukrajinskog postmodernizma, pomogli su detektirati brojne pojave i fenomene unutar postmodernizma, identificirati opseg i granice ovog kulturnog i stilskog fenomena. Utvrđeno je da rasprave i studije koje su se razvijale u vezi s novom ukrajinskom književnošću svjedoče o tome da u Ukrajini od osamdesetih godina XX. stoljeća započinje aktivni proces novog kritičkog čitanja klasika i formiranja nove stilske formacije. Definirana su obilježja ukrajinskog postmodernizma na primjeru stvaralaštva autora koji se smatraju predstavnicima raznih smjerova razvoja unutar ukrajinskog postmodernizma te predstavljaju glavna obilježja i specifičnosti takvih smjerova (J. Andruhovyč, O. Zabužko, J. Izdryk) te su razmotrene osobitosti njihova stvaralaštva. Uočeno je kako je uz dekonstrukciju i demitologizaciju jezika te jezične igre u postmodernističkoj književnosti ipak prisutan metafizički aspekt jezika kod nekih autora i autorica. Također, pokazalo se da dolazi do transformacije junaka te uočeno je kako se iz bezbrižna karnevalskog boema književni junak ukrajinskog književnog postmodernizma transformira u dezorijentirana, slaba i bolesna junaka te da je raspon muške „euforije odrastanja“ zaista mnogo širi i emotivniji od ženskog pogleda na svijet što utječe na formiranje cjelokupne suvremene književnosti. The topic of this thesis is Ukrainian literary postmodernism which, due to the specific historical and cultural context that will be presented in this thesis, had special functions and developmental characteristics. A detailed analysis has been conducted on a corpus of Ukrainian literature which consists of novels, short stories and dramas. The texts are divided into groups and sub-groups according to their characteristics and authorship. Their composition, the motivation of the literary processes, their characteristics and their meaning was analysed with the aim of demonstrating what is common and what is particular within the corpus of Ukrainian postmodern literature. The aim of this thesis is to determine whether or not postmodernism exists in Ukrainian literature and to explore the poetics of that period. The starting hypothesis is that in the period beginning in the 1980s, features that are inherent in both European postmodernism and in the historical and cultural context of Soviet, and more specifically, Ukrainian history and culture, are visible in Ukrainian literature. It has been established that this literary period does in fact exist in Ukrainian literature and has special functions and characteristics. The thesis’ hypothesis that Ukrainian postmodernism does not arise in opposition to modernism but rather in opposition to totalitarian discourse and social realism has also proven to be true. The first chapter provides an overview of the discussions on postmodernism in Ukraine; the periods of the development of discussions of postmodernism from the beginning to the present are laid forth, as are tendencies that have prevailed in particular periods, from a complete rejection to a detailed analysis of postmodern phenomena based on Ukrainian texts. The various approaches to the study of postmodernism in Ukrainian literature are mentioned as well. The first chapter discusses the existing periodization of Ukrainian postmodernism and proposes a new chronological framework for the period in question. The study of new style formations required a reconstruction of the historical context, as well as a new overview of the corpus that preceded the emergence of Ukrainian postmodernism, an interpretation of the advent of nationalism and neo-nationalism, an account of certain works created within the framework of the social realist canon and an examination and concise analysis of the works of the previous literary generations from the 1960s and the underground of the 1970s. Later in the first chapter the directions, which according to the critical representations of Ukrainian scholars coexist with postmodernism at the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st centuries in Ukrainian literature, namely neo-modernism and neo-positivism, are set forth. The second chapter defines the features of Ukrainian postmodernism which, according to the author, are considered representative of the various directions of development within Ukrainian postmodernism and represent the main features and specificities of such directions. The reasons for singling out the mentioned authors (Y. Andrukhovych, O. Zabuzhko, Y. Izdryk) from the general literary corpus are explained, and the characteristics of their works are examined. Furthermore, the particularities of Yuri Andrukhovych 's works, which are characteristic of the initial period of Ukrainian carnival postmodernism, are discussed. The second subchapter highlights the features of feminist prose by Oksana Zabuzhko, where a particular emphasis is placed on the inner voice of the woman who speaks openly about her traumas, desires, ambitions and fears and who accuses and analyses the world around her through resentment towards the father of 60s and unrealized love through defeat in her personal life. Oksana Zabuzhko's works represent an intellectual vision of women's selfaffirmation, while generational conflict becomes one of the key conflicts in Ukrainian postmodernism. The last subchapter of chapter two presents Yuri Izdryk’s perfect example of "rhetorical apocalypse" in his work Wozzeck as well as in his other works in which the features of the second wave of postmodernism in Ukrainian literature are developed and which reveal the peripheral, unattractive, flickering world of marginal, lost and sick heroes. Chapter three outlines particular functions of Ukrainian postmodernism, with a special emphasis on the functions of negation, revision and renewal. The functions of negating social realist myths, revising the old canon, confronting old and new fears and emancipation from previous frameworks are all highlighted. The fourth chapter presents an overview of the features of Ukrainian postmodernism. Based on research by Sophia Pavlychko, Tamara Gundorova, Natalia Bedzir and other scholars, the features of postmodernism in literary traditions are highlighted in a general fashion, the features of postmodernism within a narrower post-Soviet scope are discussed, and the features that are inherent in Ukrainian literature are also touched on. Features of postmodernism in Ukrainian literature include a depiction of the correlation between postmodernism and post-totalitarianism, post-colonialism, populism, modernism, avant-garde, kitsch and socialism, and the relationship between modernism and postmodernism within the Ukrainian cultural situation is defined. The final subchapter presents a review of the periodization of literary generations in Ukraine, that is, of aesthetic orientations in the postmodern period. Late twentieth-century Ukrainian literature has certain features that are characteristic of both European post-modernism and of the historico-cultural context of Soviet, as well as Ukrainian culture specifically. The functions and characteristics of Ukrainian literary postmodernism were studied and extracted with reference to previous stylistic formations in literature. In the fifth chapter, an analysis of the phenomenon of Ukrainian postmodernism covering several subchapters was carried out. The subchapter entitled The Stanislav Phenomenon singles out artists from a small, enclosed region in Ukrainian Galicia and depicts their opening up to a world of culture and literature beyond Soviet borders, which has resulted in their works to be considered a separate phenomenon within Ukrainian postmodernism. The subchapter entitled The Hero of New Literature (in a new context) presents an overview of the transformation of heroes which reflects the whole retrospective of the changes made in Ukrainian literature of the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. The hero’s transformations (the playful performer, the erotic bohemian, the superhero, the ambassador to the West, the sick soul, the sick body, the loser) were explored, and it is noted how from the carefree “carnival” bohemian, the literary hero has transformed into a lost and weak, disoriented and sick hero. In the subchapter entitled The Heroine of New Literature, the phenomenon of women's prose and feminism in Ukrainian literature is discussed. After an analysis of the last two subchapters, it was concluded that the range of the euphoria surrounding the male process of growing up is much broader and more emotional than the woman's mature worldview. The separate phenomena of euphoria, chaos and community, which in the opinion of many scholars (Andreychyk, Gundorova and others) link the works of postmodern writers, are presented. Furthermore, the traditional metaphysical role of language, the deconstruction of traditional language myths and the language play of postmodernists in Ukrainian literature is also examined. It was concluded that along with the deconstruction and demythologization of language and language play in postmodern literature, the metaphysical aspect of language is present in the works of some authors. An alternate history of Kozheljanko and Irvanec in the new novel, in short stories and in narratives is presented as a therapeutic and very courageous project. The fifth chapter analyses the attitude that previous periods of Ukrainian literature had towards the classics of Ukrainian literature as well as the link between old and new literature as represented in the works of Taras Shevchenko, B.I. Antonych, I. Kotlyarevsky and Lesya Ukrainka. Ukrainian and Soviet myths in new works experienced their metamorphosis because writers use them for their own new, aesthetic purposes. Following an analysis of the mentioned phenomena, the results and insights on the phenomena of Ukrainian postmodernism are briefly presented. The new hero of Ukrainian literature emerges in opposition to socio-realist optimism and powerful heroes and, at the same time, to the ardent and self-sacrificing fighter for Ukrainian independence. The literary hero, and thus the author himself, ceased to be the leader of the people, and simply became a writer, thereby diminishing his role in society; new characteristics of marginalized personality which are peculiar to Ukrainian prose were born. Research together with the aforementioned scholarly works by Ukrainian and foreign scholars have confirmed the assumption that Ukrainian postmodernism exists. They have also helped to detect numerous occurrences and phenomena within postmodernism as well as identify the scope and boundaries of this cultural and stylistic phenomenon. It has been found that discussions and studies that have evolved in relation to new Ukrainian literature testify to the fact that 1980s Ukraine saw the beginning of the active process of a new critical reading of the classics and the formation of a new style formation, that is, Ukrainian postmodernism. The features of Ukrainian postmodernism which are considered representatives of various developmental directions within Ukrainian postmodernism and represent the main features and specificities of such directions were defined according to various authors’ works (Y. Andrukhovych, O. Zabuzhko, Y. Izdryk), and the singularities of these works were analysed. It was established that along with the deconstruction and demythologization of language and language play, in postmodern literature the metaphysical aspect of language is in fact present in some authors. Also, it was shown that there was a transformation in the hero. From a carefree “carnival” bohemian, the literary hero of Ukrainian literary postmodernism transforms into a disoriented, weak and sick hero. It was also established that the range of the euphoria surrounding the male process of growing up is much broader and more emotional than the woman's worldview, which influences the formation of contemporary literature as a whole. An exploration of the poetics of Ukrainian postmodernism in Croatian Ukrainian studies and the broader Slavic context helps shed light on the issues of Ukrainian postmodernism and is imperative to the understanding of this period in recent Ukrainian literature. The study will serve students of Ukrainian studies as a basis for studying and understanding the aforementioned period, but it will also serve a wide range of experts, comparators, and all those interested in Ukrainian literature.

Aus Anlass einer Zusammenkunft von Gelehrten (sabhā) zur Gründung einer Handschriftenbibliothek in Benares schreibt Julius Jolly über deren Stiftung, Schenkungen, Bestände an Sanskritliteratur und Nutzungsmöglichkeiten.

I (Professor Julius Jolly) consider it a great honor to have been asked by the American Oriental Society to record my opinion of Professor Whitney's services, in the field of Indian Philology especially, and I will try to comply with their request.

Die Hauptquelle für alle bisherigen Ausgaben und Bearbeitungen des Sanskrittextes der sog. Viṃśatikā des Vasubandhu ist eine nepalesische Palmblatt- Handschrift, die sich derzeit in den National Archives in Kathmandu befindet. Die erste Edition wurde bereits im Jahre 1925 von Sylvain Lévi aus diesem codex unicus erstellt, wobei auch die Übersetzungen ins Tibetische und Chinesische einbezogen wurden. Diese Erstausgabe diente als Grundlage für eine Reihe von Bearbeitungen und Studien zur Viṃśatikā, ehe die Quelle - also die Handschrift, die Lévi benutzt hatte - im Jahre 1989 in einer Faksimile-Edition durch Mimaki et al. zugänglich gemacht wurde.

Diese Dissertation behandelt Die Problematik der Kontextualisierung in deutschen Koranübersetzungen anhand ausgewaehlter Beispiele - Eine Studie über den Kontext auf dem Gebiet der arabischen Sprachwissenschaft, in der islamischen Rechtsmethodologie und in der Koraninterpretation. In der vorliegenden Arbeit, die neben der Einleitung, Schlusswort und dem Glossar enthält, werden sowohl die Bedeutung des sprachlichen und außer-sprachlichen Kontexts in den zuvor erwaehnten Wissenschaften erörtert als auch die Problematik der Berücksichtigung oder Nichtberücksichtigung des Kontextes bei der Koranübersetzung anhand ausgewaehlter Beispiele aus islamischer Perspektive dargestellt.

Die einander isomorphen Vokabeln gelten als zu jenen Strategien gehörig, von denen beim Erlernen einer Zweitsprache Gebrauch gemacht werden kann. Diese Strategien stützen sich in erster Linie auf die Besonderheit der Ähnlichkeit von Vokabeln in Schriftbild und Aussprache. Ist diese Besonderheit in irgendeiner Sprache vorhanden, dann ist sie ein nützliches Mittel bei deren Erlernen. Diese Besonderheit finden wir in der arabischen Sprache, die über eine Anzahl von in Aussprache und Schriftbild einander isomorphen Vokabeln verfügt, was das Vorhandensein gemeinsamer Nenner bedeutet, die sie in zahlreichen linguistischen Themen vereinen. Der Grund für die Ähnlichkeit der Vokabeln untereinander geht auf Radikale und morphologische Strukturen zurück, die beide bei der Entstehung und Vermehrung einander ähnlicher Vokabeln eine wirksame Rolle spielen. Auf Grund dessen stellt sich die Frage: Sind die verbreiteten einander ähnlichen Wörter in der arabischen Sprache dabei behilflich, diese zu erlernen? Diese Frage war die grundlegende Hypothese, die zu überprüfen ich bemüht war, mit dem Ziel, mich ihres Erfolges oder Versagens beim Erlernen der arabischen Sprache zu vergewissern. Daher setzt die Natur dieses Themas voraus, dass das Gerüst der Forschungsarbeit in eine Einleitung, drei Kapitel und ein Schlusswort gegliedert wird.

In the ninth century, Ḥiwi al-Balkhi challenged the fundamentals of Jewish belief with 200 questions and objections which became an important document of rationalist criticism in the intellectual history of Judaism. This chapter deals with Ḥiwi’s criticism of Jewish tradition and its reception. It will be demonstrated that Ḥiwi’s questions and arguments deny not only the authority of the Bible but also of rabbinic exegesis. Moreover, it will be argued that Ḥiwi’s criticism became a crucial impetus for the reinterpretation of Jewish tradition undertaken by his main opponent, Saadia Gaon, in his Book of Beliefs and Opinions. In terms of reception, Ḥiwi’s criticism of tradition in the end became part of Jewish tradition itself.

Layoutgetreues Digitalisat der Ausg.: Paris : Leroux, 1899 Standort: Universität Marburg, Centrum für Nah- und Mittelost-Studien, Semitistik (452) Signatur: Eq 185 Bemerkungen: Titelzusatz und Verfasserangabe: texte syriaque / de Jacques d'Edesse. Publ. pour la premiere fois, avec une trad. française d'après les ms. de Paris et de Londres par F. Nau. - Digitalisiert 2017

It has long been observed that, in a double object constructions (DOC), the two objects exhibit different syntactic behaviour. In Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG), these two objects are characterized as two distinct grammatical functions. The object that syntactically patterns with the monotransitive object is the unrestricted object OBJ. The one that does not is the restricted object OBJθ. The goals of this dissertation are to investigate the syntax of DOCs, and to explore the two object functions in LFG. When thinking about DOCs, the verb that almost invariably comes to mind is GIVE. This verb, however, may not be as prototypical as is commonly assumed. In Cantonese, it is the only verb whose objects are in an anomalous order, with the object that bears the theme role preceding the object which expresses the recipient role. Cantonese as a language does not uniformly have the direct (theme) object preceding the indirect (recipient) object. Other than the difference in their linear order, the objects in the GIVE-construction pattern with those in all other DOCs in the language. In some languages, there is a possibility of having more objects than is required by the underived form of a verb. An additional object can be licensed by the affixation of an applicative morpheme to the verb root. The syntax of the objects in an applicative construction is directly related to the type of semantic role that is applied. This has posed challenges for previous accounts of applicative constructions, as a change in the morphological structure of a verb is accompanied by a change in its argument structure. A new proposal is offered to account for this. A study of the syntax of DOCs involves much more than merely acknowledging the presence of two object functions in the construction. The morphology of the verb, the semantic roles that are required by the verb and the linear order of the arguments that express these roles are all relevant. Assuming various parallel but inter-related levels of representation, the theory of LFG has the suitable tools to take all these into consideration. Reference can be made straight-forwardly to the information at the different levels of representation, including the a-structure, the c-structure, the f-structure and the m-structure.

The article links the Greek legends of Arimaspeans stealing the gold of griffins with modern tales of wild men in Mongolia, and examines the folkloric and linguistic parallels between the two sets of legends.

This thesis is based on literary texts I collected in Acholi and Lango Districts of Uganda between April and October 1962, and those found in the published works of the following authors: J.P. Abe 'Ododo Acholi (Acholi Folk Tales in verse) in Acholi Magazine No. 4 1953. Mr. Abe also lent me his tape recordings of nanga songs; R. S. Anywar, Acholi ki ker Megi 1948; R.M. Bere 'An Outline of Acholi History', Uganda Journal Vol. II No.1, 'Land Tenure among the Acholi' Uganda Journal Vol. 19 No.l; Miss C.B. Cave 'Cardok Acholi' (Acholi Proverbs) in Acholi Magazine No.3 (1952); T.L. Cox 'Lango Proverbs', Uganda Journal Vol. 10; J.H. Driberg The Lango (1923); Rev. H.E. Lees Gang Fables (1930); Rev. Fr. A. Malandra Tekwaro Acholi (1946), 'The Ancestral Shrine of Acholi' Uganda Journal Vol. 7; Rev. Fr. P.A. Negri 'La Tribu niloltica delgi Acioli' La Nigrizia 1932, 1933, 1934. D. Oceng 'Land Tenure among the Acholi' Uganda Journal Vol. 19 No.l L. Okech Tekwaro ki ker Lobo Acholi (1953). D. Ongo 'Buk pa Kwari wa' (The Books of Our Ancestors - songs) Acholi Magazine No. 3.; Rev. Fr. v. Pelligrini Acholi Macon (1949); Rev . Fr. Tarantino 'The Origins of the Lango' Uganda Journal Vo.1. 10, 'Notes on the Lango' Uganda Journal Vol. 13 No. 2. A.C.A. Wright Fifteen Lango Folk Tales (l958), 'Lango Folk Tales - an analysis' Uganda Journal Vol. 24, 'The Supreme Being among the Acholi' Uganda Journal Vol. 7. A select bibliography is appended. The Introduction consists of brief descriptions of Acholi and Lango countries, and the political , social and economic organizations, and the recent history of the two peoples. There is a critical examination of Dr. F. Girling's claim that the Kings of Bunyoro had suzerainty over Acholi. In chapters 2 - 5, I examine Acholi and Lango myths and the historical songs of two Acholi dances: otole and bwala, and the mwoc - praise names , and also Lango Age - Sets songs . An attempt is made to give a sociological explanation for the striking contrast between the Acholi and Lango "in the conspicuous presence in the former and the no less conspicuous absence in the latter, of native history and tradition" (Codrington, R.H . The Melanesians,(l891), p.47). Chapters 6 - 9 consider Acholi Funeral Dirges , the Lango do not have special funeral songs; chants at ancestral spirit shrines in Acholi and Lango; and songs sung at spirit possession dances. Chapter 6 consists of a critical examination of views put forward by other students of Acholi and Lango religous ideas; and a classification of Acholi and Lango spiritual beings . A table of Acholi chiefdom Joks is appended. In Chapters 10 - 12, I consider songs of the Orak dance of the Acholi , Acholi and Lango proverbs and Folk tales as social sanctions and means of inculcating moral ideas. Throughout I have tried to discuss the texts within their proper social contexts, paying attention to the performers and the audience whether in dancing, singing or telling folk tales. Due to shortage of funds (the Acholi District scholarship was terminated in March 1962, and my field work was financed from personal loans and part time jobs) I was unable to do much work among the Lango. For most of the Lango texts I have therefore relied on the available literature.

The subject of the present work is the provision of higher literate education in late Roman Syria (c. 350 - c. 450). The difference that Christianity made to literate education has always been in danger of being explained with the introduction and the development of a new kind of instruction provided in monasteries. A rigid dichotomy between secular schools and Christian monasteries, however, finds limited validation in our sources for literate education. While early Christian literature often presented monasteries as providers of education, documentary evidence offers a more blurred picture. On the one hand, studentsʼ papyri show the penetration of Christianity into schools, and, on the other, secular instructional texts have been found in the excavations of early monasteries in Egypt. This thesis presents a neglected corpus of Christian instructional texts that call into question an oppositional understanding of scholastic and monastic education in the Syrian region during late Antiquity. The corpus consists of the Syriac translations of six literary pieces by (or attributed to) Plutarch, Lucian, and Themistius that bring together features of rhetorical education with an interest in Christian asceticism (ch. 2). While the contents and the transmission of the Syriac translations reveal the link to Christianity and Christian ascetic practice (ch. 3), the textual form and the choice of the texts unearths the underlying connection to traditional literate education (ch. 4). These documents, which will be put in relation to instructional literature composed in Greek, Latin, and Syriac in the same period, challenge the existence of a neat line dividing scholastic and monastic education in the Syrian region during late Antiquity. A fresh analysis that is not constrained by a preconceived model of monastic instruction better accounts for the involvement of early Christian leaders in higher education and prompts a new investigation of their conduct on the social scene. Their agency now appears much closer to that of their non-Christian counterparts, sophists in primis, and raises the broader question of the extent to which they owed their considerable success to the implementation of strategies ultimately derived from the world of professional paideia.

Diese Doktorarbeit ist eine vergleichende Studie zwischen der Schule von as-Sakkākī, der berühmteste arabische Rhetoriker und der Schule von ʾĀyat ʾAllāh al-ʾĀḫūnd, der berühmteste moderne Rechtsmethodologe mit dem Thema: "aṭ-Ṭalab (Einforderung) in as-Sakkākīs Tradition und der neuen Rechtsmethodologie". Dieses Thema war das wichtigste gemeinsame Forschungsthema in der Rechtsmethodologie und in der Rhetorik. Einerseits zeigt die Forschung inwieweit die Rhetorik von den Theorien der Rechtsmethodologie beeinflusst wurde und andererseits die Entwicklung der sprachlich-rhetorischen Forschung bei der modernen Schule der Rechtsmethodologie.

The author examines the conducts and relations between the different language families in Nepalese Himalaya region. The Nepal Himalayas have been the scene of extensive linguistic contact over a considerable period. Languages of different genetic phyla, in particular Indo-European and Tibeto-Burman, have been involved, but so have languages within the Tibeto-Burman phylum representing different stocks with differing typological characteristics. Indeed, the long periods of contact between speakers of Tibeto-Burman languages of different stocks have resulted in considerable lexical and grammatical borrowing, which has tended to obscure genetic relationships. As a result, there is still a good deal of uncertainty as to how even major groupings of languages should be positioned within the family tree.

Die Belegsammlung enthält die Zusammenstellung der akkadischen Einträge aus Archiv für Orientforschung Band 25 (1974/1977) – Band 52 (2011) sowie Beiheft 21 (1986).

Der flämische Schriftsteller Dimitri Verhulst kam im Juni 2013 auf Einladung des Instituts für Niederlandistik der Carl von Ossietzky Universität im Rahmen der Poetik-Gastdozentur nach Oldenburg; diese wurde freundlicherweise wieder von dem Vlaams Fonds voor de Letteren finanziell unterstützt. Verhulst hielt den vorliegenden Vortrag in niederländischer Sprache. Eine studentische Arbeitsgruppe unter der Leitung von Carla Broeder übersetzte ihn ins Deutsche.

Author(s): Noonan, Michael | Abstract: In this paper, I will elaborate somewhat on Slobin's notion of 'thinking for speaking' by introducing the construct of 'rhetorical style', by which I mean a set of related constructions employed to achieve a particular discourse effect. Just as the presence of a particular grammatical category may impel speakers to organize their thinking to meet the demands of the linguistic encoding of that category on-line, so the use of a given rhetorical style may require similar adjustments in thinking for speaking.The goals of this paper are threefold. First I will present data, drawn primarily from narrative discourses, on the use of direct quotes in Chantyal, a Tibeto-Burman language of Nepal. In Chantyal, direct quotes are conveyed by a set of constructions which I will refer to collectively as 'quotatives': quotatives always include a form of the verb 'say' together with a complement of 'say' presented as a direct quote. Second, I will argue that quotatives are used in Chantyal to affect the 'direct speech style', a mode of exploiting quotatives to further narrative goals that in many other languages are achieved by means other than quotatives. And third, I will discuss the direct speech style as a 'rhetorical style', and go on to present an overview of rhetorical styles, their uses, their status as areal features, and their diachronic developments.