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There is a suffi cient number of research works devoted to the study of lexical- grammatical features of emotional lexeme fear in linguistics. But today the question of the functioning and transposition of this lexeme has not been fully studied in the modern Ukrainian language. The aim of the article is to analyze the functioning and transposition of emotional lexeme fear in the modern Ukrainian language, to reveal its semantics as a linguistic and cultural concept, and to determine the peculiarities of language expression. In the article, by means of the analysis of the defi nitions of fear in the Academic Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language, the Etymological Dictionary, and Dictionary of Synonyms, a description of the conceptual features of this lexeme is given, grammatical features are determined, and its transposition phenomena are analyzed in the system of the Ukrainian language. Lexical and grammatical features of the lexeme fea r are the same as in other abstract nouns, but similar use of the word, typical for nouns, is not limited by its functioning. Lexeme fear can be used as an adverb: 1) in the meaning of terrible; 2) in the meaning of expressing admiration, surprise, etc.; 3) in the meaning of extraordinary, very much. Regarding to the large number of someone, something, somebody or something very big, strong fear refers to exclamation The lexeme fear has a wide distributional opportunities: the noun fear + noun (where the main word is a lexeme fear , but this it can also be a dependent word); noun fea r + adjective that points to the emotional state, feelings, emotions of the person; verb + fear , where the noun fear acts as the object of action or state (a part of such word combinations is stable in its composition and structure, lexically indivisible and integral in terms of the meaning of the word combination, which have the function of separate lexeme, so they function as idioms in the modern Ukrainian language); possessive pronoun + noun fea r. The grammatical transformation of the analyzed word has affected not only at the loss of its original meaning, but also its compatibility with other words. Prospects of the research are the study of verbal representation of the emotional state of fear in a separate fi ction text.

Язык представляет собой живую систему, которая эволюционирует и изменяется вместе с обществом, которому он принадлежит. В настоящее время наблюдается активная фаза наполнения лексики русского языка заимствованиями из английского языка, что объясняется многими факторами. Однако это явление не новое и история заимствований из французского языка насчитывает более 300 лет. Цель данной статьи показать, что процесс заимствования является естественным для любого языка и способствует обогащению лексического состава языка-реципиента. В статье описаны тенденция и причины распространения англицизмов в современном русском языке и отмечена взаимосвязь с историей заимствований из французского языка. Проанализированы результаты исследования, посвященного определению степени информированности о значениях французских заимствований в русском языке и о первоначальных значениях этих слов. Выявлена корреляция между знанием иностранных языков и знанием значений заимствованных слов., Language is a living system which evolves and changes along with the society to which it belongs. Nowadays, there is an active phase of filling the vocabulary of the Russian language with borrowings from English, which is explained by many factors. However, this phenomenon is not new and the history of borrowings from French is more than 300 years old. The aim of this article is to show that the process of borrowing is natural for any language and contributes to the enrichment of the lexical composition of the recipient language. The article describes the tendency and reasons for the spread of anglicisms in modern Russian, and points out the interrelation with the history of borrowings from the French language. The article analyses the results of the research, aimed at determining the degree of awareness about the meanings of French borrowings in Russian and the original meanings of these words. The correlation between the knowledge of foreign languages and the knowledge of the meanings of borrowed words was revealed., Russian Linguistic Bulletin, Выпуск 7 (43) 2023

Russian Linguistic Bulletin, Выпуск 7 (43) 2023

What is the estrangement of architecture? The concept has been incessantly mentioned by academics while there seems to be a lack of discussion systematically sorting out the significance, influence, and origins of estrangement as an architectural concept. This work aims to discern the meaning of estrangement from the beginning and its process of entering the field of architecture. The first part is expected to answer the following questions: what is estrangement's original meaning in the field of literature and its variantions? The second part determines what estrangement is in architecture and in what form estrangement is represented according to these arguments. The third part points out the difference during this translation from literature to architecture and demonstrates the reasonable inference that may actually compose the possible way of applying the estranging technique in architecture.

This paper examines the astonishing parallels in the depictions of childhood experience in the works of Polish writer Bruno Schulz and German philosopher Theodor W. Adorno, which so far have not received any attention in research. For both authors, the experience of the child−be it autobiographically remembered as in Adorno, or fantastically transformed as in Schulz−bears the characteristics of transcendental experience manifest in everyday life. As similar as the childhood images and scenes in Schulz and Adorno might be, their significance points in two different directions. While for Schulz, the experience of the child leads back to an original meaning of things and thus to myth, for Adorno, it points to the conditions of a new order and thus to utopia.

The aim of our work is twofold: the exploration of corpora combined with the search for an innovative modality for refining intercultural competence. For this purpose, we use the brand name Kärcher, which for many years has largely departed from its original meaning as a high-pressure water cleaner by acquiring semantic weight and discursive versatility through discourse, as it blends with other semantic-syntactic combinatorics for the linguistic needs of speakers. In a first step, we will demonstrate that the name Kärcher, which by antonomasia was associated with "scum" at its origins, evolves in discourses and affects other spheres. Namely, native French-speaking writers or not, appropriate the Brand Name Kärcher and transform it as they please by applying it to the most distant domains compared to that of cleanliness in the literal and figurative sense of the term. Finally, interculturality as a "dynamic between" escapes the seemingly fixed side of culture and manifests itself as a dynamic between different domains. L’objectif de notre travail porte sur une double exigence: l’exploration de corpus combinée à la quête d’une modalité innovante pour peaufiner la compétence interculturelle, dans le cadre d’une formation universitaire en médiation culturelle. Pour ce faire, nous avons recours au nom de marque (désormais NdM) Kärcher qui s’est depuis de longues années largement démarqué de son sens initial de nettoyeur à eau à haute pression en acquérant à travers les discours épaisseur sémantique et polyvalence discursive, car il se marie avec d’autres combinatoires sémantico-syntaxiques pour les besoins langagiers des parlants. Nous allons démontrer que le nom Kärcher qui par antonomase était associé à "racaille" à ses origines, évolue dans les discours et prend des envolées insoupçonnées affectant d’autres sphères. A savoir, les scripteurs francophones natifs ou non s'approprient du NdM Kärcher et le transforment à leur guise pour l'appliquer aux domaines les plus éloignés par rapport à celui de la propreté au sens propre et figuré du terme. Finalement, l’interculturel comme « dynamique entre » échappe au côté qui peut paraître figé du culturel et se manifeste comme une dynamique entre domaines différents. «Les transferts, les branchements interculturels [de la lexie Kärcher] et [sa] circulation dans les médias sont cruciaux pour constituer des «sas» de reconnaissance et d’évolution des appartenances socio-économiques, à tous les niveaux de chaque société et entre les sociétés» nous apprend Demorgon (2003), en effet, de la «racaille» aux Recteurs d'université ou Présidents d'établissements bancaires, la dérivation «karcheriser» sert, au fil du temps, à désigner le licenciement de représentants des plus hautes sphères de la hiérarchie sociale. Serait-il possible de voir une sorte de migration interculturelle et inter-groupale ? Nous nous attachons à le démontrer dans un deuxième temps.

The Qur'an is a guide for humanity that contains everything related to all creatures, it was just that in interpreting the meaning of the Qur'an there are still many who do not know and master the meaning of these verses. The word Al-Nafs is a word found in the Qur'an in various forms. The Qur'an mentions the term Al-Nafs as many as 298 mentions in 270 verses contained in 63 letters. Of the many mentions there are different meanings, namely: the Essence of Allah SWT, the Spirit, the inner side of humans, Person, offspring, the human self and something that refers to what is contained in humans that produces behavior. This research focuses on finding out the term Al-Nafs in the interpretation of Al-Sya'rawi, then examining it to find out how it is interpreted in interpreting the verses related to al-Nafs and how efforts to shape and make al-Nafs itself have a good impact on the community. one's self. In this study, the researcher used a qualitative method, this method was used to give birth to a thought figure from one of the commentators who were studied on a selected theme. And describe the character's thoughts by connecting and returning the original meaning carefully to all data, either in the form of opinions or statements. The research sources consist of the interpretation of Al-Sha'rawi and various literature related to this research.

Metaphor in the Qur'an is a form of beauty in the language of the holy book which is one part of literary construction. In addition, it also influences the interpretation. In parrot science it is called majaz. The style of language that puts the meaning of the branch on the original meaning, such as the majaz mursal in the letter Asy-Syu'ara which is meticulously written. The reason for the author to research and study it is, first, the style of majaz influences, expands the meaning of the wording in the Qur'an and understands the meaning desired by Allah Swt. Second, it has implications for translation and interpretation. Third, in the Surah Ash-Syu'ara, Allah Swt uses majaz in the verse of the doom of the previous prophets. Fourth, the verses are interesting both in sentence composition and rhetorically (balāghiyyah). This study uses a descriptive-analytical method of majaz mursal in surah Asy-Syu'ara, using a linguistic approach, especially balagah, by analyzing the verses in the letter, detailing the types of majaz mursal and its 'alāqah, explaining the interpretation and message. From this research, it can be seen, first, in the letter Asy-Syu'ara, there are two majaz mursal in two verses, namely in QS. Ash-Syu'ara: 105 with 'alāqah kulliyah and in QS. Ash-Syu'ara: 208 with 'alāqah mahalliyyah. Second, the two verses depart with different contexts, as well as different themes. In verse 105, regarding Noah's people who denied Noah and the teachings of monotheism. Meanwhile, verse 208 deals with polytheists who reject the Qur'an and ask Allah SWT to hasten the punishment. In addition, the language of majaz is also used in conveying stories as ibrah or lessons. For example in the story of Noah.

Eristic and dialectics are used in their original meaning in Greek to describe conflicting relations between man and water (eristic) and their logical reconciliation (dialectics). A historic peregr...

This article investigates the various senses and derivations of the term nuna in the Inuit-Yupik languages in order to reveal its origin in referring to the Arctic tundra. These languages arguably derive from that of the ancestors of the earliest inhabitants of the North American tundra, other inhabitants of the circumpolar Arctic today having only moved up at later times. Likely etymological correspondences in Eurasian languages of the far north support the original meaning of the word, whose connotations can be contrasted with those of English land, by which it is usually translated. They include reference to the unique vegetation of the Arctic tundra and to settlement and migratory movements across it in the past. The word has survived through millennia as far apart as mountainous East Greenland and the Aleutian Islands chain, where it has been adapted (as Unangan tanaX) to the archipelagic setting. It is suggested that the term nunamiut, literally “tundra dwellers,” can suitably be applied to speakers of all these languages still today., Les sens et dérivations diverses du terme nuna dans les langues Inuit et Yupik sont le sujet de cette enquête qui montre que nuna renvoie originalement à la toundra arctique. Ces langues proviennent de celle des ancêtres des habitants plus anciens de la toundra nord-américaine. Les autres habitants de l’Arctique circumpolaire aujourd’hui n’y sont arrivés que plus tard. Des correspondances étymologiques probables dans les langues autochtones du Nord-eurasiatique apportent leur soutien au sens original, dont les connotations contrastent avec celles du mot land en anglais, par lequel on traduit habituellement nuna. Celles-ci comprennent une référence à la végétation unique de la toundra arctique ainsi qu’à l’habitation et aux mouvements migratoires à travers elle dans le passé. Le mot a survécu pendant des milliers d’années entre des régions si éloignées que les montagnes du Groenland oriental et les îles aléoutiennes, où il s’est adapté (comme Unangan tanaX) à l’environnement d’archipel. L’article suggère que le terme nunamiut, littéralement « les habitants de la toundra » peut s’appliquer convenablement à ceux qui parlent toujours ces langues-là aujourd’hui.

The paper highlights the main stages of the formation of such a philological and legal phenomenon as a metaphor. From ancient times to the present time, the "metaphorical imperative" has determined the most important aspects of the emerging legal reality. The transfer of meanings in jurisprudence took the form of analogy and the objective influence of symbolization and virtual legal structures.Metaphors were also considered as factors of the formation of legal theories acting as some kind of "preforms". Metaphors did not perceive existing similarities, but they themselves created them. This was their significance as "demiurg tools". Therefore, metaphorical expression produced effects rather than meanings, but meanings leading to change. The birth of a new legal meaning was largely spontaneous and unpredictable: it is known that law enforcement sometimes differs from the original intention of the lawmaker and legislator. For the precise establishment of the content of the law, legal knowledge of its original meaning is also necessary. The hermeneutic problem is to bridge the gap between the law and the incident. A change in the social or political situation should not determine the current law to obsolescence: the inherent irrational elasticity of a legal idea provides a field of action.There are also "resonating" metaphors that induce a large number of implications, stimulating new interpretations that reveal hidden implications. Thus, a certain loss of meaning inevitably takes place.The paper clarifies: in the history of law, the metaphor has gone from mythological and traditional ideas to modern legal fiction and "simulacrum".

A consciencialização de vivermos hoje sob o signo de uma tripla crise – sanitária, económica e social – provocada pela pandemia, convida a recuperar o sentido originário arquétipo grego krisis que, na disrupção que anuncia, exprime o corte repentino com o conhecido e familiar, mas também a oportunidade de mudança para melhor. É a metamorfose da crise que inspira um conjunto de textos dedicados à história das pandemias e às consequências éticas, jurídicas e sociais que a pandemia da SARS-CoV-2 trouxe a todo o planeta, principalmente no plano das decisões éticas, das políticas públicas, sob a perspetiva dos direitos humanos. Este editorial problematiza as questões desenvolvidas neste volume, a partir de reflexões de vários continentes e de diversos horizontes discursivos: História, Direito, Filosofia, Medicina, Ciências Sociais e Políticas sanitárias, numa obra que visa a concretização de uma reflexão bioética como ciência inter- e transdisciplinar.

This article discusses the meaning of jihad in QS. Al-'Ankabut: 6-7 and its relevance in preventing the covid-19 virus. This type of research is literature, using qualitative descriptive-analytical methods with the Ma'nā Cum Magzhā approach, namely by describing the meaning of jihad in the 7th century (linguistic analysis), looking at asbabun nuzul (historical analysis), the relationship of verses with other verses/munasabah verse (intratextual analysis), the relationship of the verse with the text outside the Qur'an (intertextual analysis), the meaning of the verse (maghza dates), and contextualization of the verse with the present era (maghza al-mutkharik al-mu'ashir). This study will focus on three aspects of the discussion, firstly related to the original meaning of jihad which was seen in the 7th century, namely when the Qur'an was revealed, Second, discussing the original meaning of jihad contained in QS. Al-'Ankabut: 6-7. The third explains the relevance of the meaning of jihad to current contemporary issues, namely COVID-19. The results of this study indicate that the first jihad is the ability to be serious in the face of difficulties or trials in fighting enemies, demons, and against oneself, namely fighting lust with the sole purpose of seeking the pleasure of Allah SWT. The second jihad in QS. Al-'Ankabut verses 6-7 are jihad to do good, do good deeds, and preach to invite mankind to convert to Islam, and be patient in facing trials. The third relevance of the meaning of jihad to the current contemporary issue, namely covid-19, can be seen when someone tries to fight jihad against COVID-19, namely by complying with government regulations such as self-isolation, PSBB, physical distancing, and implementing a healthy lifestyle. In addition, it also strives in terms of spirituality by doing good deeds such as practicing special prayers to avoid the plague and getting closer to Allah SWT.

The extension particles are not considered as discourse markers by all researchers mainly considering the grammatical function the connectors which they are based on can present. However, as for discourse markers which “desemantisation” has been revoked, other researchers argue that extension particles maintain part of their original meaning while endorsing an intersubjective value. I try to study this question in this article for the Mauritian Creole extension particle sipa ki which is formed on the connector sipa. A fine-grained conversational and pragmatics analysis of 6 hours of ordinary conversations, collected in 2014 shows how sipa ki plays a part in conversational relation co-construction. While helping the enunciator to construct their own discourse and showing their attitude towards it, sipa ki provides information on the way the sentence has to be interpreted by soliciting (assumed) shared experience by interlocutors for message reconstruction. I argue that speech effects provided by extension particle sipa ki partly rely on the meaning of connector sipa on which it is constructed and which also holds an intersubjective value.

Aesthetics is a subject focusing on studying the nature and significance of beauty (including beauty in language, art, literature, etc.). Moreover, the development of aesthetics, within the broader context of literary systems, is of significant importance. Chinese Literature (which in essence differs from that of English Literature) expresses beauty using its unique ways, especially with the employment of fuzzy language (also known as “vague language”). By including a certain degree of “fuzziness”, Chinese Literature grants readers room fir imagination. However, the process of translating Chinese fuzzy language into other languages is not an easy feat to accomplish. Such translations can, to a large extent, seriously affect the original meaning of the text. To explore proper ways of “fuzzy language” translation, this paper ventures to analyze the processing methods used in the translated work “Dr. Zha’s Diary of Fighting the COVID-19”. Categorizing vague language into three perspectives, namely, semantic vagueness, cultural vagueness and rhetorical vagueness, the paper analyzes the way to tackle fuzzy language with 16 detailed cases. Based on the case analyses, the paper proposes that the proper translation of fuzzy language in literature will be more conducive for readers to appreciate the works and helps to improve the translation quality. By exploring the ways of processing fuzzy language, this paper hopes to bring some suggestions and inspiration to other researchers.