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Pressure–composition binary phase diagrams were determined for methanethiol, dimethyl sulfide, thiophene, benzothiophene, or dibenzothiophene with carbon dioxide at temperatures from 363 to 453 K and pressures from 2 to 20 MPa. Utilizing Gibbs ensemble Monte Carlo molecular simulation, phase coexistence compositions were determined, along with the impact of 4% water cosolvent on select results. Solution structure as a function of pressure and temperature is characterized via radial distribution functions. Comparison to available experimental composition data gives overall mean absolute percentage deviations of 2.2% for thiophene, 37% for methanethiol, and 99% for benzothiophene. Solubilities in a CO2-rich phase are calculated to be sufficient to allow extraction and detection of the compounds studied here via supercritical fluid chromatography and mass spectrometry as a possible analysis approach for future Mars rover missions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the last two decades, organosulfur compounds have been used in the field of transition metal catalysis. Some of such compounds are known for their ability to withstand their exposure to air and moisture. These compounds are very important ligands. They may be obtained using simple and smooth modular synthetic protocols which include nucleophilic substitution reactions. The development of click chemistry represents a new era of innovation. It is a lighthouse of reliable and efficient reactions. In recent past, click chemistry has also been applied for the synthesis of such organosulfur ligands specifically suited for the dynamic field of transition metal catalysis. In order to synthesize novel compounds containing sulfur and triazole ring, click chemistry is an advantageous methodology over other approaches. This article covers the general features and uses of this methodology for the development of catalytically active organosulfur compounds. The significant advances in the design of transition metal catalytic systems utilizing such ligands, their use in the catalysis of many chemical transformations are also covered in this article. Effort has also been made to present a comparative overview of the performances of such catalysts vis‐à‐vis the catalysts designed commonly used ligands. Catalytic performances have been discussed thoroughly in order to identify the impact of ligand architecture on efficacy of the catalyst. Effect of reaction conditions (such as time, temperature etc.) and mechanistic aspects have also been rationalized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Desulfurization of organosulfur compounds in petrochemical fuels is mainly limited by diffusion in porous solids. Design and optimization of such heterogeneous process need basic knowledge of molecular diffusion inside porous solids. In this work, molecular dynamics method was applied to study the intrinsic pore diffusion and surface diffusion of some common organosulfur compounds of thiophene, benzothiophene and dibenzothiophene in silica pores. Based on the molecular dynamics data, the effects of temperature and pore size on the intrinsic pore diffusion and surface diffusion were investigated by an established mathematic model considering the molecular size effect on diffusion. It was found that the widely used Knudsen diffusion model might overestimate the pore diffusion as much as a few dozens folds, but could be improved by incorporating molecular interaction and molecular size effect into diffusion model. The proportion of mass transfer by surface diffusion in total mass transfer in different pores was estimated. The results exhibited herein convey some basic instruction not only for design pores of porous solids used in hydrodesulfurization or in adsorption desulfurization, but also for optimization of operation conditions for desulfurization processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dithioacetalization of lactaldehyde derivatives with ethane-1,2-, propane-1,3-, butane-1,4-, and pentane-1,5-dithiols in the presence of 4 mol% of scandium triflate has been described. A series of cyclic dithioacetals were obtained with yields ranging from quantitative to 37%. The dithioacetalization of lactaldehyde derivatives with butane-1,4-dithiol and pentane-1,5-dithiol groups are accompanied by the formation of 14- and 16-membered macrocyclic sulfur structures with yields of 3% and 18%, respectively. In the case of a cyclic dithioacetal derivative with three methylene groups, a diastereoisomeric pair of enantiomers was obtained, the structure of which was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Dithioacetals are useful building blocks in the synthesis of complex chemical structures. Macrocyclic compounds can be used to complex metal ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigates the dynamic behavior of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) under oil reservoir conditions, focusing on their interplay within both aqueous and organic phases. Surprising findings emerge, notably the heightened solubility of H2S at 250°C compared to 150°C, with values of 19.9 mg to 41.5 and 12.8 mg to 16.4 mg in 100ml of solution, respectively, diverging from conventional expectations, due to organosulfur compounds generated at the water/n-decane interface under high pressure and temperature conditions. Through an examination of Henry's Law and the calculation of Henry's constants across several temperatures, insights into these observations are gained. In the organic phase, temperature is observed to catalyze the formation of organosulfur compounds from n-decane and H2S. Notable compounds identified include aromatic hydrocarbons bearing sulfur substituents. highlighting the presence of 2-Propyldibenzothiophene (2 – 392 mg/mL), which represents between 57 and 95% of the total concentration of organosulfur compounds found in the organic fraction, being more abundant at 250°C. These findings underscore the intricate interplay between temperature, pressure, and phase composition, elucidating the nuanced solubility patterns and reaction dynamics of sulfur and organosulfur compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyclic organic compounds containing sulfur atoms constitute a large group, and they play an important role in the chemistry of heterocyclic compounds. They are valuable intermediates for the synthesis of other compounds or biologically active compounds themselves. The synthesis of heterocyclic compounds poses a major challenge for organic chemists, especially in the context of applying the principles of "green chemistry". This work is a review of the methods of synthesis of various S-heterocyclic compounds using green solvents such as water, ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents, glycerol, ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and sabinene. The syntheses of five-, six-, and seven-membered heterocyclic compounds containing a sulfur atom or atoms, as well as those with other heteroatoms and fused-ring systems, are described. It is shown that using green solvents determines the attractiveness of conditions for many reactions; for others, such use constitutes a real compromise between efficiency and mild reaction conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new sulfur glycosides, bursapastoris A–B (3–4), were extracted and isolated from shepherd's purse seed, along with two new natural products, 11-(methylsulfinyl)undecanoic acid (2) and 10-(methylsulfinyl)decanoic acid (1). Their structures were determined though infrared spectroscopy, one-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (1H and 13C), and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Additionally, the structures of 3–4 were further identified by two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (HMBC, HSQC, 1H-1H COSY, and NOESY). Compounds 1–4 showed relatively favorable docking to NF-κB. Unfortunately, we only discovered that compound 1–4 had weak anti-radiation activity at present. Therefore, further research regarding the biological activity of these organosulfur compounds is required at a later stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document provides detailed information on the synthesis and characterization of several compounds, including their chemical composition, yield, melting point, and spectroscopic data. The authors acknowledge financial support from the Research Council of the Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch, and no conflicts of interest were reported. [Extracted from the article]

The use of natural bioactive constituents from various food sources for anticancer purposes has become increasingly popular worldwide. Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) is on the top of the consumed vegetables by the masses. Its raw matrix contains a plethora of phytochemicals, such as glucosinolates and phenolic compounds, along with rich amounts of vitamins, and minerals. Consumption of broccoli-derived phytochemicals provides strong antioxidant effects, particularly due to its sulforaphane content, while modulating numerous molecules involved in cell cycle regulation, control of apoptosis, and tuning enzyme activity. Thus, the inclusion of broccoli in the daily diet lowers the susceptibility to developing cancers. Numerous studies have underlined the undisputable role of broccoli in the diet as a chemopreventive raw food, owing to the content in sulforaphane, an isothiocyanate produced as a result of hydrolysis of precursor glucosinolates called glucoraphanin. This review will provide evidence supporting the specific role of fresh florets and sprouts of broccoli and its key bioactive constituents in the prevention and treatment of different cancers; a number of studies carried out in the in vitro and in vivo conditions as well as clinical trials were analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing consumption of food supplements demands the development of improved analytical methodologies to ensure their quality and authenticity. In this paper, two new approaches, liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and flow injection analysis-(electrospray ionization) mass spectrometry (FIA-(ESI)MS), were optimized and validated for their application in the quantitative analysis of bioactive S-allyl-L-cysteine (SAC) in commercial aged garlic supplements (AGS). Although both methodologies were found to be useful for the sensitive and precise quantitation of SAC, the LC-MS approach allowed the differential determination of SAC and its bioactive diastereoisomer, S-1-propenyl-L-cysteine (S1PC), together with the identification of a number of organosulfur compounds typical of garlic. Mass fingerprints by FIA-(ESI)MS were proposed as an advantageous alternative to LC-MS analysis when the fast (4 min/sample) screening of AGS for their SAC content is intended, as in applications aimed at high-throughput quality control or standardization. Finally, the results gathered by the application of these two methodologies evidenced the highly variable composition of commercial AGS, as well as the identification of a number of potential composition frauds affecting their genuineness and benefits on health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Allium is important vegetables and seasonings in China, Tibet is rich in unique resources of the genus Allium, but lacks development and utilization. Methods: We compared the biological features and comprehensively evaluating the quality of twelve germplasm resources of the genus Allium collected from Tibet. Results: The results revealed that nine germplasm resources were bolting and bloom normally except for SC015, SC019, and SC048, all twelve germplasm resources were able to vegetative growth. The individual differences in moisture, soluble sugar, and protein content among the twelve germplasm resources were relatively small, with pyruvic acid content ranging from 0.11 to 1.12 mg/g and a large variation coefficient. A total of 8 categories and 97 volatile compounds were detected in twelve germplasm resources, the majority possessed the highest proportions of aldehydes and organosulfur compounds, but there were certain differences between the different Allium species. Additionally, 11 to 16 types of free amino acids were present in all germplasm resources, proline exhibited the highest content. The total content of essential and non-essential amino acids in SC009 was the highest. Carbon (C) accounted for the largest proportion of all elements, and the contents of other mineral elements varied greatly among the different plants. Conclusion: In conclusion, combined with biological performance and comprehensive evaluation of quality, SC009 is the excellent germplasm resource suitable for growth and capable of reproduction with good quality. These results improved the exploitation and utilization of the genus Allium in Tibet, as well as provided germplasm resources for high-quality breeding of the genus Allium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bean flower thrips (Megalurothrips usitatus) is a major French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) pest. Small‐scale farmers manage the pest using mixed plant extracts although their efficacy has not been scientifically validated. We evaluated the efficacy of mixed plant extracts comprising; Capsicum frutescens, Allium sativum, Lantana camara, Tagetes minuta and Azadirachta indica, against M. usitatus under laboratory and screenhouse. We identified and quantified the secondary metabolites associated with insecticidal activity using spectrophotometry and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS). The plant combinations included PE1 (C. frutescens + A. sativum + L. camara + T. minuta extracts infused for 14 days), PE2 (same as PE1 but infused for 24 h) and PE + N (the five plant extracts infused for 24 h) in distilled water. We used an organic commercial botanical (Pyneem) as a positive control and distilled water as a negative control. Pyneem and PE + N induced the highest mortality at 88% and 77%, respectively, in the laboratory, and 68% and 71%, respectively, in the screenhouse. Phenolics, terpenoids and organosulfur compounds were identified in PE + N and individual plant extracts in varied quantities. These compounds were significantly higher (p < 0.001) in PE + N compared to individual plant extracts. The study showed that PE + N efficiently manages bean flower thrips, and mixing different plant extracts amplifies the secondary metabolites' abundance. The use of mixed plant extracts could be incorporated into integrated pest management strategies for thrips management in legumes. The specific compounds identified in PE + N should be investigated further to understand their modes of action against the pest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypercholesterolemia plays a pivotal role in the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases, and its prevention seems to be a crucial healthcare strategy to ameliorate these conditions. Subjects with mild hypercholesterolemia are frequently advised against using cholesterol-lowering drugs due to potential side effects, with an emphasis instead on prioritizing dietary adjustments and lifestyle modifications as the primary strategy. In this context, the use of dietary supplements based on medicinal plants may be recommended as a complementary approach to managing elevated cholesterol levels. The aim of this study was to investigate the safety and potential therapeutic effectiveness of a standardized formulation containing extracts from garlic and onions in addressing the health concerns of individuals with slightly elevated cholesterol levels. A controlled, randomized, double-blind, two parallel-group study was conducted over 8 weeks, with clinical visits scheduled at baseline, weeks 2 and 4, as well as at the end of the study. The results revealed significant reductions in both low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol levels among participants who received the extract. Additionally, improvements in blood pressure, as well as in oxidative and inflammatory markers were observed, thus suggesting its potential as a valuable therapeutic intervention for managing mild hypercholesterolemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) has been subject of fascination and research for centuries, owing to its diverse culinary and medicinal properties which further afftects its agronomic significance. This review paper delves into the multifaceted aspects of the garlic crop, aiming to unveil the various dimensions that make it truly remarkable botanical wonder. Among the plethora of compounds found in garlic, allicin an organosulfur compound (OSC), has emerged as a focal point of interest for researchers and health enthusiasts alike. Allicin is known for its powerful antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cardiovascular benefits, rendering garlic a potent natural remedy and a valuable addition to realm of alternative medicine. Allicin's synthesis, bioavailability, and mechanism behind its medicinal effects has also been discussed. Furthermore, the impact of various drying techniques on the allicin content of garlic has been examined. As the understanding of allicin's health benefits continues to evolve, this comprehensive review contributes valuable insights into optimizing garlic's drying methods to preserve and enhance the allicin content, thus maximizing its therapeutic potential. By synthesizing existing knowledge, we provide a platform for future research to address gaps in the field of garlic drying technology and its profound impact on allicin retention for various health applications. [Display omitted] • Bioprotective properties of garlic. • Allicin: a potent bioactive compound with diverse health benefits. • Encapsulation improves bioavailability of allicin. • Novel drying techniques reduces loss of bioactive compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an intracellular organelle that contributes to the folding of proteins and calcium homeostasis. Numerous elements can disrupt its function, leading to the accumulation of proteins that are unfolded or misfolded in the lumen of the ER, a condition that is known as ER stress. This phenomenon can trigger cell death through the activation of apoptosis and inflammation. Glucoraphanin (GRA) is the predominant glucosinolate found in cruciferous vegetables. Various mechanical and biochemical processes activate the enzyme myrosinase, leading to the hydrolysis of glucoraphanin into the bioactive compound sulforaphane. Sulforaphane is an organosulfur compound that belongs to the isothiocyanate group. It possesses a wide range of activities and has shown remarkable potential as an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor, and anti-angiogenic substance. Additionally, sulforaphane is resistant to oxidation, has been demonstrated to have low toxicity, and is considered well-tolerable in individuals. These properties make it a valuable natural dietary supplement for research purposes. Sulforaphane has been demonstrated as a potential candidate drug molecule for managing a range of diseases, primarily because of its potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties, which can be mediated by modulation of ER stress pathways. This review seeks to cover a wealth of data supporting the broad range of protective functions of sulforaphane, improving various diseases, such as cardiovascular, central nervous system, liver, eye, and reproductive diseases, as well as diabetes, cancer, gastroenteritis, and osteoarthritis, through the amelioration of ER stress in both in vivo and in vitro studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Garlic is a vegetable with numerous pro-health properties, showing high antioxidant capacity, and cytotoxicity for various malignant cells. The inhibition of cell proliferation by garlic is mainly attributed to the organosulfur compounds (OSCs), but it is far from obvious which constituents of garlic indeed participate in the antioxidant and cytotoxic action of garlic extracts. This study aimed to obtain insight into this question by examining the antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity of six OSCs and five phenolics present in garlic. Three common assays of antioxidant activity were employed (ABTS● decolorization, DPPH● decolorization, and FRAP). Cytotoxicity of both classes of compounds to PEO1 and SKOV-3 ovarian cancer cells, and MRC-5 fibroblasts was compared. Negligible antioxidant activities of the studied OSCs (alliin, allicin, S-allyl-D-cysteine, allyl sulfide, diallyl disulfide, and diallyl trisulfide) were observed, excluding the possibility of any significant contribution of these compounds to the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of garlic extracts estimated by the commonly used reductive assays. Comparable cytotoxic activities of OSCs and phenolics (caffeic, p-coumaric, ferulic, gallic acids, and quercetin) indicate that both classes of compounds may contribute to the cytotoxic action of garlic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Allium plants, including onions, garlic, leeks, chives, and shallots, have long been recognized for their potential health benefits, particularly in oxidative and cancer prevention. Among them, onions and garlic have been extensively studied, unveiling promising biological activities that are indicative of their potential as potent antioxidant and anticancer agents. Research has revealed a rich repository of bioactive compounds in Allium species, highlighting their antioxidative properties and diverse mechanisms that target cancer cells. Compounds such as allicin, flavonoids, and organosulfur compounds (OSCs) exhibit notable antioxidant and anticancer properties, affecting apoptosis induction, cell cycle arrest, and the inhibition of tumor proliferation. Moreover, their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory attributes enhance their potential in cancer therapy. Studies exploring other Allium species beyond onions and garlic have revealed similar biological activities, suggesting a broad spectrum of natural products that could serve as promising candidates for developing novel anticancer treatments. Understanding the multifaceted potential of Allium plants will pave the way for innovative strategies in oxidative and cancer treatment and prevention, offering new avenues for pharmaceutical research and dietary interventions. Therefore, in this review, we compile an extensive analysis of the diversity of various Allium species, emphasizing their remarkable potential as effective agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose of reviewOrganosulfur compounds are intentionally added to natural gas as malodorants with the intent of short-term nasal inhalation to aid in leak detection. Regulatory exposure limits have not been established for all commonly used natural gas odorants, and recent community-level exposure events and growing evidence of indoor natural gas leakage have raised concerns associated with natural gas odorant exposures. We conducted a scoping review of peer-reviewed scientific publications on human exposures and animal toxicological studies of natural gas odorants to assess toxicological profiles, exposure potential, health effects and regulatory guidelines associated with commonly used natural gas odorants.Recent findingsWe identified only 22 studies which met inclusion criteria for full review. Overall, there is limited evidence of both transient nonspecific health symptoms and clinically diagnosed causative neurotoxic effects associated with prolonged odorant exposures. Across seven community-level exposure events and two occupational case reports, consistent symptom patterns included: headache, ocular irritation, nose and throat irritation, respiratory complaints such as shortness of breath and asthma attacks, and skin irritation and rash. Of these, respiratory inflammation and asthma exacerbations are the most debilitating, whereas the high prevalence of ocular and dermatologic symptoms suggest a non-inhalation route of exposure. The limited evidence available raises the possibility that organosulfur odorants may pose health risks at exposures much lower than presently understood, though additional dose-response studies are needed to disentangle specific toxicologic effects from nonspecific responses to noxious organosulfur odors. Numerous recommendations are provided including more transparent and prescriptive natural gas odorant use practices.

Some plants have a remarkable coping mechanism when they experience stress: they pump their tissues full of a molecule called dimethylsulfoniopropionate, or DMSP, which gives cells a kind of armor [...]

Introduction: Distinguishing and categorizing the origin of garlic are highly significant, considering its widespread use as a flavoring agent. With billions of dollars annually in global trade, garlic is frequently susceptible to fraudulent practices. Methodology: Paper spray ionization mass spectrometry (PS‐MS) was employed to quickly analyze garlic samples from distinct geographic origins: China and Brazil. The so‐generated PS‐MS data were treated with metabolomic multivariate approaches, and the garlic samples from these different geographic regions were easily discriminated. Results: Brazilian garlic was characterized to contain higher levels of amino acids, such as arginine, proline, and valine, and organosulfur compounds, such as allicin, alliin, and l‐γ‐glutamil‐S‐allyl‐l‐cysteine, compared to Chinese garlic. The PS‐MS data were treated employing multivariate approaches, typically used in the metabolomics field, and this protocol was promptly able to discern among both types of samples. Conclusion: Hence, this combined strategy holds promise not only as an effective tool for the authentication of the geographical origin of garlic but also as a powerful means for biomarker discovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thioureas are preferred structures in the disciplines of chemosensors, organic, and pharmaceutical field. Thioureas, a class of tuneable organosulfur compounds, and their derivatives are widely used in both biological and nonbiological fields. These compounds, which include sulfur (S) and nitrogen (N) atoms, have nucleophilic characteristics that assist in intra‐ or intermolecular H‐bonding among the molecules or analytes. Hence, the incorporation of the thiourea moiety into a wide spectrum of organic molecules has resulted in very versatile compounds with widespread applications in a variety of domains. Thiourea derivatives have been frequently produced and researched due to their chemosensing capability. Finally, in this work, a detailed comparison and analysis of the detecting capabilities of thiourea‐based cation sensor is performed. The knowledge gained in this work will be extremely useful in future endeavours to create organic sensors based on Fluorescence (Fl) and colorimetry, for the recognition of physiologically relevant metal ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a technology for producing base oil by oxidizing organosulfur compounds, contained in petroleum distillates and deasphaltisates, with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of vegetable (rapeseed and castor) oils, followed by extraction of oxidates and dewaxing of raffinates. Extraction of the resulting oxidized mixture (oxidate) was carried out with N-methylpyrrolidone. The content of rapeseed oil contained in the raffinate and extract was determined. The extract solution from a medium-viscosity oil distillate was cooled to obtain a secondary raffinate represented by a sulfoxide concentrate. The secondary raffinate was used as a base oil for producing a lubricant with high tribological properties for use in heavily loaded friction units. The rapeseed oil remained in the raffinate improves its viscosity index and lubricating properties. The raw materials and obtained raffinates were analyzed to assess their physicochemical and tribological properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep hydrocarbon systems form through transformation of high-temperature deep fluids, which comprise mixtures of various volatile compounds. These processes determine the elemental and group composition of crude oil and natural gas. According to available data, deep fluids represent mixtures of methane, hydrogen, water, carbon dioxide, carbon, hydrogen sulfide, elemental sulfur, NO2, and metal-containing structures. Methane, the main component of deep fluids, is generated in large quantities in the Earth's interior. Since some components of these mixtures exhibit catalytic activity in the processes of hydrocarbon polymerization, it can be assumed that deep fluids constitute a natural catalytic system. Elemental sulfur present in deep fluids possesses catalytic properties, thus being capable of triggering polymerization processes. This leads to the formation of high-molecular hydrocarbon and organosulfur structures. Metals in deep fluids, particularly vanadium as a catalyst, also trigger the formation of high-molecular complexes, such as porphyrins. Due to incorporation of sulfur and vanadium into crude oils, they become the largest concentrators of these elements. The variability of the ratio of these elements in deep fluids and their redox character affects the intensity of hydrocarbon polymerization processes and formation of organosulfur compounds and metal complexes. This leads to generation of either crude oils with various sulfur and metal contents or natural gas systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Garlic (Allium sativum) is a popular food spice worldwide with many health benefits. Garlic and its products have been used to treat various infections in traditional medicine in India, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia. Garlic and its organosulphur compounds have antibacterial properties against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), but the antibiofilm property and interaction with methicillin have been relatively unexplored. Biofilm formation is crucial in MRSA infections, one of the most common nosocomial infections. Method: The antibacterial activity fresh garlic extract (FGE) against MRSA was evaluated by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and zone of inhibition using microdilution and well diffusion assays respectively. Microtiter plate crystal violet assay and scanning electron microscopy was use to evaluate the antibiofilm activity of FGE against MRSA. Results: Sub-MIC concentrations of FGE significantly reduce methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) and MRSA biofilm formation. Scanning electron microscopy analysis suggests that FGE reduces the attachment of MSSA and MRSA. Diallyl sulphide, one of the organosulphur compounds of garlic, inhibited the biofilm formation of MSSA and MRSA. Sub-MIC concentration of FGE also sensitized MRSA to methicillin, completely inhibiting MRSA growth when used in combination. Similar effects were noticed when FGE was combined with other β-lactam antibiotics to which MRSA was resistant. Conclusions: The study validates garlic as an antibacterial agent in ethnomedicine through scientific evidence. Garlic and its organosulphur compounds are potential antibiofilm agents against MRSA. Moreover, garlic could be potentially used as a complementary or alternative medicine to treat infections caused by drug-resistant bacteria such as MRSA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The review covers the results of studies published in the literature on the use of hydrazonoyl halides in the synthesis of five‐ (pyrazoles, thiazoles, triazoles, oxa‐ and thiadiazoles), six‐ (oxa‐ and thiadiazines, indazoles, pyridazines, pyrazines, tetrazines) or seven‐membered (benzotriazepine) heterocycles. In the formation of these heterocycles, the main intermediate stage of the reaction is the in situ generation of nitrilimine, which enters into a cycloaddition reaction with substituted acetylenes (including in situ generated benzynes, naphthynes), allenes, activated olefins, anthranilic acid derivatives, organosulfur compounds (mercaptoaldehydes, mercaptocarboxylic acids) or with fused heterocycles. Examples are given of the formation of heterocycles by replacing the halogen atom from a hydrazonoyl halide molecule with a nucleophilic group, followed by exhaustive intramolecular cyclization into the target compound. There are discussions of reactions in which the cycloaddition of the nitrilimine to the in situ synthesized Knoevenagel condensation product (from CH‐acid compounds, such as di‐ and monocarbonyl compounds, dinitrile malonic acid) occurs, leading to spiro‐linked or conventional pyrazoles. Some syntheses of biologically active representatives are shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Onions are known not only for their culinary importance but also for their nutritional and health-promoting properties. Both properties are closely linked to their content of organosulfur compounds, which account for up to 5% of the dry weight of an onion. Given the importance of these compounds, suitable analytical methods are required for their study. Two techniques should be highlighted in this context: gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS). In this study, eight different onion varieties were analyzed using two distinct analytical techniques: direct thermal desorption–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (DTD-GC-MS) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) on an LC-ESI-QqTOF instrument. Each method identified different organosulfur compounds, with LC-HRMS targeting 15 non-volatile compounds, such as cysteine sulfoxides, and GC-MS targeting 18 volatiles, such as disulfides and trisulfides. The results obtained were studied using Pearson correlations and principal component analysis. No precise correlation was found between the initial organosulfur compounds in onions and their hydrolysates. Consequently, although GC is one of the most employed techniques in the scientific literature, the use of LC-HRMS or a combination of both techniques may offer a more comprehensive and accurate description of the metabolomic profile of onions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Removal of sulfur compounds from transportation fuels is a requirement in the worldwide effort to reduce emissions from transportation fuels. Refineries use the hydrodesulfurisation (HDS) process to reduce sulfur compounds in fuels. However, the HDS process requires high hydrogen pressure and temperature, making it costly. An alternative to the HDS process is oxidative desulfurisation via solvent extraction, which requires low-temperature operating conditions. In this regard, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are attractive for researchers to desulfurise transportation fuels via solvent extraction due to their low-cost. In our study, DESs were synthesised using phenylacetic acid (PAA) and salicylic acid (SAA) as hydrogen bond acceptors (HBAs) and tetraethylene glycol (TTEG) as hydrogen bond donor (HBD) in the mole ratio of 1:2. DESs were characterised by using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Physicochemical properties of DESs, such as density, viscosity and refractive index, were also measured. The synthesised DESs were used to extract organosulfur compounds from model fuel and actual diesel. An oxidation study was carried out for model fuel and diesel, followed by solvent extraction using these synthesised DESs. The extraction efficiency for PAA/TTEG(1:2) and SAA/TTEG(1:2) was achieved as 50.16% and 38.89% for model fuel at a temperature of 30°C using a solvent to feed ratio of 1.0 while for diesel, it was 38% and 37%. However, it increased to 77%, 68% and 54%, 73%, respectively, for PAA/TTEG(1:2) and SAA/TTEG(1:2) when the feedstocks were oxidised. These results showed better extraction performance of DES PAA/TTEG(1:2) than that of SAA/TTEG(1:2) at low temperature 30°C using combined extractive catalytic oxidative desulfurisation. Hence, the DES synthesised using SAA and TTEG in the molar ratio of 1:2 works better as an extraction solvent for removing organic sulfur compounds from fuels at low temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the use of photocatalysis in [2,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement reactions of diazo compounds. Metal catalysts are commonly used to access the carbene fragment necessary for these reactions, but visible-light-mediated transformations have gained interest for their green and sustainable synthesis potential. The authors explore the use of heavy atoms and organosulfur compounds as catalysts in these reactions, and optimize the conditions using ruthenium catalysts. The photocatalytic rearrangement reactions are found to be efficient and yield moderate to high yields of the desired products. [Extracted from the article]

Phytochemicals are plant-based bioactive compounds produced by plants for their protection. In Allium species, the principal bioactive phytochemicals include organosulfur compounds, polyphenols, and saponins. Most of them have also displayed antioxidant activities aside from other biological properties. Selection for productivity, disease resistance, and long shelf life has brought the biologically active substances out of control of selection. However, at the same time, enhancement of their contents could result from hybridization with some wild species of Allium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Garlic contains various components, such as allicin, ajoenes, and allyl sulfides, which are organosulfur compounds. It exhibits antimicrobial activities in all forms, including garlic powder, garlic extract, and garlic oil. Additionally, it exerts anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antibiofilm, and antifungal effects. The drastic increase in drug-resistant organisms worldwide, especially methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains, has led to treatment failure in various infectious diseases. To overcome this issue, we aimed to assess the antibacterial activity of garlic extract against MRSA and explore its action mechanism against penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) in this study. Mueller–Hinton agar was used for the agar well diffusion test. Moreover, bactericidal activity was determined using the Mueller–Hinton agar and spot tests. Molecular docking was performed using AUTODOCK to evaluate the PBP-binding ability of allicin. A wide zone of inhibition was observed for MRSA, and molecular docking revealed a strong interaction between PBP3 of S. aureus and allicin. Overall, our findings revealed the antibacterial activity of garlic extract against MRSA, a prevalent gram-positive coccus causing healthcare-associated infections. In addition to its affordability, the beneficial effects of garlic suggest its therapeutic potential for MRSA treatment in combination with cefoxitin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endothelial dysfunction (ED) is associated with progressive changes contributing to clinical complications related to macro- and microvascular diseases. Garlic (Allium sativum L.) and its organosulfur components have been related to beneficial cardiovascular effects and could improve endothelial function. The ENDOTALLIUM Study aimed to evaluate the effect of the regular consumption of encapsulated purple garlic oil on microvascular function, endothelial-related biomarkers, and the components of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in untreated subjects with cardiometabolic alterations. Fifty-two individuals with at least one MetS component were randomized (1:1) in a single-center, single-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. The participants received encapsulated purple garlic oil (n = 27) or placebo (n = 25) for five weeks. Skin microvascular peak flow during post-occlusive reactive hyperemia significantly increased in the purple garlic oil group compared to the placebo group (between-group difference [95%CI]: 15.4 [1.5 to 29.4] PU; p = 0.031). Likewise, hs-CRP levels decreased in the purple garlic group compared to the control group (−1.3 [−2.5 to −0.0] mg/L; p = 0.049). Furthermore, we observed a significant reduction in the mean number of MetS components in the purple garlic group after five weeks (1.7 ± 0.9 vs. 1.3 ± 1.1, p = 0.021). In summary, regular consumption of encapsulated purple garlic oil significantly improved microvascular function, subclinical inflammatory status, and the overall MetS profile in a population with cardiometabolic alterations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyclopropylmethyl sulfides react with N‐fluorosulfonimide (NFSI) or molecular iodine, enabling C−S cleavage to generate cyclopropylcarbinyl cations, which evolve through cyclopropane ring‐opening reactions into homoallyl cations suitable to react with nucleophiles present in the reaction media. This desulfurative cleavage of cyclopropylmethyl thioethers under non‐acidic conditions facilitates homoallylation of N‐based nucleophiles such as alkyl or aryl amines as well as sulfonimides through a one‐pot protocol in one or two steps depending on the nucleophile. The reaction is initiated by a halogen‐sulfur bond that causes C−S bond cleavage. Moreover, the reaction with iodine proceeds through homoallyl iodide intermediates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Catalytic oxidative desulfurization (ODS) using titanium silicate catalysts has emerged as an efficient technique for the complete removal of organosulfur compounds from automotive fuels. However, the precise control of highly accessible and stable-framework Ti active sites remains highly challenging. Here we reveal for the first time by using density functional theory calculations that framework hexa-coordinated Ti (TiO6) species of mesoporous titanium silicates are the most active sites for ODS and lead to a lower-energy pathway of ODS. A novel method to achieve highly accessible and homogeneously distributed framework TiO6 active single sites at the mesoporous surface has been developed. Such surface framework TiO6 species exhibit an exceptional ODS performance. A removal of 920 ppm of benzothiophene is achieved at 60°C in 60 min, which is 1.67 times that of the best catalyst reported so far. For bulky molecules such as 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene (DMDBT), it takes only 3 min to remove 500 ppm of DMDBT at 60°C with our catalyst, which is five times faster than that with the current best catalyst. Such a catalyst can be easily upscaled and could be used for concrete industrial application in the ODS of bulky organosulfur compounds with minimized energy consumption and high reaction efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research reports the synthesis of a library of thiosemicarbazones (3-16) through a two-step chemical transformation. All the synthesized derivatives were purified and fully characterized through mass spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy (1H-, and 13C-NMR), and IR spectroscopy. All the members of the synthesized library were found to be new except compound 8. The synthesized library was screened for its inhibition potential against the urease enzyme. Almost all the compounds exhibited potent activity with the IC50 = 5.3 ± 0.8 − 15.5 ± 0.6 µM in comparison to the thiourea and acetohydroxamic acid used as standard (IC50 = 21.1 ± 0.2, 20.5 ± 0.4 µM). While significant activity was exhibited by compounds 14 and 15 with the IC50 = 23.6 ± 0.6 and 27.3 ± 1.2 µM. Furthermore, kinetic studies were carried out to determine the inhibition mode and molecular docking was employed to recognize the ligand-enzyme interactions. Thereby, the docking results are well in the direction of the in vitro results. Compounds ((E)-N-(2,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-(4-fluorobenzylidene)hydrazine-1-carbothioamide (3) and (E)-2-(2-chlorobenzylidene)-N-(2-fluorophenyl) hydrazinecarbothioamide (5) were identified as the most potent inhibitors of urease by both the in vitro and in silico studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In light of the important biological activities and widespread applications of organic disulfides, dithiocarbamates, xanthates, thiocarbamates and thiocarbonates, the continual persuit of efficient methods for their synthesis remains crucial. Traditionally, the preparation of such compounds heavily relied on intricate multi‐step syntheses and the use of highly prefunctionalized starting materials. Over the past two decades, the direct sulfuration of C−H bonds has evolved into a straightforward, atom‐ and step‐economical method for the preparation of organosulfur compounds. This review aims to provide an up‐to‐date discussion on direct C−H disulfuration, dithiocarbamation, xanthylation, thiocarbamation and thiocarbonation, with a special focus on describing scopes and mechanistic aspects. Moreover, the synthetic limitations and applications of some of these methodologies, along with the key unsolved challenges to be addressed in the future are also discussed. The majority of examples covered in this review are accomplished via metal‐free, photochemical or electrochemical approaches, which are in alignment with the overraching objectives of green and sustainable chemistry. This comprehensive review aims to consolidate recent advancements, providing valuable insights into the dynamic landscape of efficient and sustainable synthetic strategies for these crucial classes of organosulfur compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A binuclear dioxomolybdenum catalyst [(MoO2Cl2)2(L)] (1) (with L (1S,2S)-N,N′-bis(2-pyridinecarboxamide)-1,2-cyclohexane) was prepared and used as catalyst for the desulfurization of a multicomponent model fuel containing the most refractory sulfur compounds in real fuels. This complex was shown to have a high efficiency to oxidize the aromatic benzothiophene derivative compounds present in fuels, mainly using a biphasic 1:1 model fuel/MeOH system. This process conciliates catalytic oxidative and extractive desulfurization, resulting in the oxidation of the sulfur compounds in the polar organic solvent. The oxidative catalytic performance of (1) was shown to be influenced by the presence of water in the system. Using 50% aq. H2O2, it was possible to reuse the catalyst and the extraction solvent, MeOH, during ten consecutive cycles without loss of desulfurization efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), an organosulfur compound, is widely used as the gold standard solvent in biological research. It is used in cell culture experiments and as a component of formulations in in vivo studies. Unfortunately, parameters related to sulfur metabolism are often not taken into account when using DMSO. Therefore, in this work we aim to show that the addition of DMSO to the culture medium (even in amounts commonly considered acceptable) alters some parameters of sulfur metabolism. For this study, we used three cell lines: a commercially available Caco-2 line (HTB-37, ATCC) and two lines created as part of our early studies (likewise previously described in the literature) to investigate the anomalies of sulfur metabolism in mucopolysaccharidosis. As the negative effects of DMSO on the cell membrane are well known, additional experiments with the partial loading of DMSO into polymerosomes (poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether-block-poly(lactide-co-glycolide), PEG-PLGA) were performed to eliminate these potentially disruptive effects. The results show that DMSO is a source of interference in studies related to sulfur metabolism and that there are not just simple effects that can be corrected in the final result by subtracting control values, since complex synergisms are also observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Garlic (Allium sativum) exhibit well defined therapeutic properties due to presence of distinct bioactive compounds, specifically organosulphur compounds. Spectral analysis by UV–Vis and FT-IR confirmed interaction of different functional groups and free electrons with the electromagnetic waves showed presence of different bioactive compounds formulated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using diallyl sulphide (DAS) also done for aqueous garlic extract. Different assays performed for confirming the presence of antibacterial and anticancer properties of DAS-AgNPs and garlic extract. The minimum inhibitory concentration required to inhibit Gram negative (Escherichia coli, V. cholera) and Gram positive (S. aureus, B. cereus) were found lesser in DAS-AgNPs followed by garlic extract. Cytotoxicity effect confirmed by DAS-AgNPs and A. sativum towards HeLa cell line by MTT assay. The IC50 values obtained for MTT assay were at 24.09 μg/ml in DAS-AgNPs and 129.22 μg/ml in garlic extract. Anticancer efficacy was found more potent in DAS-AgNPs as compared with aqueous garlic extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Secondary organic aerosols (SOA), formed through the gas-phase oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), can reside in the atmosphere for many days. The formation of SOA takes place rapidly within hours after VOC emissions, but SOA can undergo much slower physical and chemical processes throughout their lifetime in the atmosphere. The acidity of atmospheric aerosols spans a wide range, with the most acidic particles having negative pH values, which can promote acid-catalyzed reactions. The goal of this work is to elucidate poorly understood mechanisms and rates of acid-catalyzed aging of mixtures of representative SOA compounds. SOA were generated by the ozonolysis of α-pinene in a continuous flow reactor and then collected using a foil substrate. SOA samples were extracted and aged by exposure to varying concentrations of aqueous H2SO4 for 1-2 days. Chemical analysis of fresh and aged samples was conducted using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array spectrophotomety and high-resolution mass spectrometry. In addition, UV-vis spectrophotometry and fluorescence spectrophotometry were used to examine the changes in optical properties before and after aging. We observed that SOA that aged in moderately acidic conditions (pH from 0 to 4) experienced small changes in composition, while SOA that aged in a highly acidic environment (pH from -1 to 0) experienced more dramatic changes in composition, including the formation of compounds containing sulfur. Additionally, at highly acidic conditions, light-absorbing and fluorescent compounds appeared, but their identities could not be ascertained due to their small relative abundance. This study shows that acidity is a major driver of SOA aging, resulting in a large change in the chemical composition and optical properties of aerosols in regions where high concentrations of H2SO4 persist, such as upper troposphere and lower stratosphere.

HKUST-1 is a well-known copper-based metal-organic framework (MOF), promising to be used in separation processes, however its industrial usage remains confined due to its difficult handling and low mechanical stability when in powder form. In this work, we have synthesized and analyzed the mechanical properties of novel HKUST-1 shaped composites based on methylcellulose (MC) and poly(vinyl formal) (PVMF), using a simple and inexpensive extrusion technique. The composites were characterized using different techniques, such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) analysis, which demonstrated that their structure and crystallinity were not compromised by the shaping process. Their mechanical properties were investigated by compressive strength measurements and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The composite with methyl cellulose showed good mechanical resistance, with an average crushing strength value of 40 N. Nitrogen sorption measurements showed that the specific surface area reduction due to the shaping process for HKUST@MC was only 8.6%. The greater hydrolytic stability after heat activation of HKUST@MC compared to that of the pure MOF was also verified. The adsorptive capacity of HKUST@MC towards organosulfur compounds found in sour gas was evaluated in a desulfurization test using a realistic multicomponent gas mixture. HKUST@MC exhibiting a high efficiency to adsorb organosulfur outperformed the benchmark sulfur adsorbent Norit RGM 3 in the adsorption of ethanethiol and dimethyl disulfide. Therefore, in this work we present a technically feasible and cost-effective method to produce a novel HKUST-1 shaped composite with good mechanical and water resistance properties preserving the MOF porosity and gas adsorption properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses a new method for synthesizing diaryl disulfides and arylthio acetic acids using thioglycolic acid and copper catalysts. Traditional methods for synthesizing these compounds can be challenging, but this new method offers a more accessible approach. The article provides optimized reaction conditions and explores the substrate scope of the method, demonstrating its applicability to a variety of aryl iodides. The synthesized compounds can be used as intermediates for the synthesis of asymmetric sulfides. Overall, this method offers a cost-effective and readily available solution for the synthesis of these important compounds. [Extracted from the article]

Allium species have been recommended in traditional medicine for its efficacy in treating a variety of diseases such as arthritis, cardiovascular and kidney diseases, diabetes, colds, flu, headache, cough, hemorrhage, atherosclerosis, asthma, cancer, colic and skin problems Notably, it has shown promise in mitigating inflammation, regulating blood sugar levels and reducing oxidative damage. Metabolic syndrome, a cardiovascular risk factor characterized by a cluster of metabolic irregularities, including obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes mellitus, often precipitates insulin resistance and development of cardiovascular disease or diabetes. This review endeavors to explore the role of various Allium species on different aspect of metabolic syndrome. Bibliographic databases, including PubMed and Scopus, Science Direct and Google Scholar databases were searched for the collection of relevant information. The abundant biological benefits of Allium species against the metabolic syndrome can be attributed to compounds such as flavonoids, steroidal saponins, stilbenoids and organosulfur compounds (OSCs). Both extracts and isolated compounds have exhibited efficacy in reducing internal mediator of hypertension, cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein, showcasing favorable attributes in weight management and type 2 diabetes control. Organosulfur compounds, steroidal saponins and phenolics are among the large number of active components of the genus Allium, displaying multiple pharmacological actions, which are supported by in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies. Nevertheless, while the existing body of evidence underscores the potential of Allium genus and its active components in managing complications associated with metabolic syndrome, further clinical trials are warranted to support their efficacy and safety for clinical application. [Display omitted] • This review presents role of different species belongs to the genus Allium on different aspect of the metabolic syndrome. • The abundant biological benefits of Allium species is dominated by flavonoids, steroidal saponins, stilbenoids and OSCs. • The biological benefits of extracts and pure compounds (in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies) against the metabolic syndrome is comprehensively discussed. • Detailed molecular pathways affected by Allium species are discussed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optically pure sulfoxides are valuable organosulfur compounds extensively employed in medicinal and organic synthesis. In this study, we present a biocatalytic oxidation‐reduction cascade system designed for the preparation of enantiopure sulfoxides. The system involves the cooperation of a low‐enantioselective chimeric oxidase SMO (styrene monooxygenase) with a high‐enantioselective reductase MsrA (methionine sulfoxide reductase A), facilitating "non‐selective oxidation and selective reduction" cycles for prochiral sulfide oxidation. The regeneration of requisite cofactors for MsrA and SMO was achieved via a cascade catalysis process involving three auxiliary enzymes, sustained by cost‐effective D‐glucose. Under the optimal reaction conditions, a series of heteroaryl alkyl, aryl alkyl and dialkyl sulfoxides in R configuration were synthesized through this "one‐pot, one step" cascade reaction. The obtained compounds exhibited high yields of >90 % and demonstrated enantiomeric excess (ee) values exceeding 90 %. This study represents an unconventional and efficient biocatalytic way in utilizing the low‐enantioselective oxidase for the synthesis of enantiopure sulfoxides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfenamides are organosulfur compounds that contain a single bond between nitrogen and sulfur in their structures. Sulfur can react with nucleophiles to yield new compounds. The compounds having nitrogen–sulfur bonds are used in polymers for a variety of purposes, including medicines, agrochemicals, veterinary medications, and environmental studies. This review will examine several chemical reactions that lead to sulfenamide production as well as how they are used in cell biology and biochemical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dibenzothiophene (DBT) is a major form of organo-sulfur compound chiefly found in coal. Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans cells played the role of catalyst in degrading DBT to 2-hydroxy biphenyl (2HBP) through the formation of dibenzothiophene-sulfone and releasing the sulfur present in it. Experiments on the biodegradation of DBT by A. ferrooxidans bacterium using 9K medium with DBT at 3 g/L in a 500 mL shake flask scale achieved degradation of DBT up to 95% in 12 days. The A. ferrooxidans cells degrade DBT to 2-hydroxy biphenyl and release the sulfur atom in DBT through the formation of the intermediate dibenzothiophene-sulfone. The formation of 2HBP from microbial degradation of DBT followed the chemical control model of shrinking core reactions model in solid-liquid interactions. The kinetics of the DBT degradation by A. ferrooxidans followed first-order for a low initial concentration of DBT (3 g/L), and the kinetics were shifted to second-order with an increase in DBT concentration to 5 g/L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the high level of unsaturated fatty acids, cold-pressed oils are easily oxidized, which makes them difficult to maintain. Garlic and mint are high in antioxidants such as flavonoids, phenolic and organosulfur compounds. This research aimed to extend the shelf life of cold-pressed oils by reducing the oxidation process. There were analyzed samples of cold-pressed sunflower oils without additives and samples of the same oil with 20 g of fresh garlic and mint added to them, respectively, as natural antioxidants. The oils were stored under the same conditions at room temperature and in a dark place, over four weeks. The degree of oxidation was determined through the peroxide value, which indicates the oxidation level of oils. Results were processed with a t-test and after statistical processing, we calculated Pearson's correlation coefficient. After 4 weeks, the peroxide value of the oil without additive with the smallest volume of 190 mL was above the permissible limits, and it was not safe to use. In the oils without additives with a larger volume (560 mL, 750 mL and 370 mL), in 4 weeks, the peroxide value is below the permissible limits. The peroxide value of the oils with garlic added to them, after four weeks is 0 mmol O2/kg, and the peroxide value of the oils with the mint added to them is below 2 mmol O2/kg. For oils without additives and oils with the added mint correlation was r = 0.9413, however, there is no correlation between the oils without addition and oils with added garlic, r = 0. The peroxide value is directly proportional to the period of storage, and inversely proportional to the volume of oil in the bottle. The peroxide value is directly proportional to the period of storage, and inversely proportional to the volume of oil in the bottle. Garlic and mint have shown strong antioxidant properties and have increased the oxidative stability of the oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a versatile, Et3N-mediated thia-Michael addition–elimination reaction for producing a series of novel heteroaromatic thiol-based 2H-chromenes in good to excellent yields (59–94%). The protocol involves a one-pot reaction with mild conditions, short reaction period, simple workup procedure, and scalability. The synthesized compounds were screened with different bases and characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and HRMS. The compounds were assessed for their in vitro antibacterial activities against two pathogenic bacterial strains, E. coli and S. aureus. Among all the tested compounds, 17f and 17t exhibited the most excellent potency against both bacterial strains relative to the standard antibiotic, gentamicin, with corresponding MIC values of 12.5 (μg mL−1) and 6.25 (μg mL−1). In the SARs, the compounds 17t and 17f, having –Cl and –Br groups, respectively, showed the highest substantial antibacterial activity. The results revealed a promising lead organosulfur compound for future drug discovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water-soluble ligands based on a 1,10-phenanthroline core are relatively poorly studied compounds. Developing efficient and convenient syntheses of them would result in new interesting applications because of the importance of 1,10-phenanthrolines. In this manuscript, we describe novel and practical ways to introduce a carboxyl and, for the first time, a phenol and dithiocarboxyl group under mild reaction conditions. This strategy enables highly efficient and practical synthesis of suitable organosulfur compounds with high added value, high chemoselectivity, and a broad substrate range. We present the selective conversion of a hydroxydialdehyde in the form of 10-hydroxybenzo[h]quinoline-7,9-dicarbaldehyde into its derivative, unique hydroxydicarboxylic acid, by an oxidation procedure, giving 10-hydroxybenzo[h]quinoline-7,9-dicarboxylic acid. A similar procedure resulted in the formation of 9-methyl-1,10-phenanthroline-2-carboxylic acid by oxidation of commercially available neocuproine. An alternative method of obtaining 1,10-phenanthroline derivatives possessing carboxylic acid group can be based on the hydrolysis of ester or nitrile groups; however, this synthesis leads to unexpected products. Moreover, we apply Perkin condensation to synthesize a vinyl (or styryl) analog of 1,10-phenanthroline derivatives with phenol function. This reaction also demonstrates a new, simple, and efficient strategy for converting methyl derivatives of 1,10-phenanthroline. We anticipate that the new way of converting methyl will find wide application in chemical synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Garlic is in the family Liliaceae and has many different constituents such as organic sulfur compounds, amino acids, carbohydrates, minerals, and vitamins. In this work, a simple, sensitive, and accurate analytical method was developed for the determination of selected organosulfur compounds (OSCs) in garlic bulbs using reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Oil-soluble and water-soluble OSCs were extracted from the garlic samples via acetonitrile and deionized water, respectively. The OSCs were separated on a Phenomenex C18 (250 mm, 4 mm, 5mm) column and the monitoring was performed with a UV detector at 220 nm. An isocratic mobile phase comprising of 0.10 M trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in 85% acetonitrile (ACN) and 0.10 M TFA in distilled water (DW) (90: 10% v/v) was used to elute the analytes. Under optimum experimental conditions, the limits of detection (LOD) for the analytes were calculated in the range of 0.09 to 0.17 mg/kg. For the garlic sample extracts analyzed under optimal instrumental conditions, DAS (diallyl sulfide), DADS (diallyl disulfide), and DATS (diallyl trisulfide) were detected in the ranges of 8.0 to 32.5 mg/ kg, 20.4 to 67.3 mg/kg, and 60.7 to 356.6 mg/kg, respectively. Spiked recovery experiments were conducted on the garlic samples to confirm the method's applicability and accuracy. The recovery results ranged between 39.0% and 90.9% for the garlic samples extracted with deionized water. The developed method is simple, precise, accurate, reliable, and time-effective for the determination of OSCs. Additionally, the green profile of the developed method was investigated by using AGREEprep software and the greenness score was recorded as 0.65, indicating that the method developed is environmentally friendly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]