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ABSTRACT The construction of composite photocatalysts is a promising strategy for improving the overall catalytic efficiency in organic photochemical transformation. In this study, we synthesize a series of inorganic metal perovskite CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) nanocrystals (NCs) with excellent chemical stability and wide‐range visible‐light absorption. The Pd cocatalyst is then induced to the surfaces of CsPbX3 fabricating Pd/CsPbX3 composites via visible‐light reduction method. Photoelectrochemical measurements show the introduction of Pd cocatalyst promotes efficiently the charge separation and transfer of CsPbX3. The prepared Pd/CsPbX3 composites exhibit remarkable photocatalytic efficiency in visible‐light‐induced C–C cross‐coupling reaction. The reaction is characterized by mild reaction conditions, good recyclability, and high yield from a broad variety of substrates. Mechanism investigations show the reaction relies on the synergy of CsPbX3 photocatalysis and Pd catalysis. The valence band of CsPbX3 oxidizes the phenylboronic acid into active radical species via single electron transfer. On another hand, Pd(0) as active sites occurs oxidative addition with aryl halides for achieving the C–C cross‐coupling reaction. This study displays a feasible approach for the introduction of Pd catalyst in CsPbX3 to achieve the photocatalytic organic transformation via photoinduced electron transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are emerging as promising heterogeneous photocatalysts for organic transformations, owing to their fascinating optical properties, excellent recyclability, and customizable chemical structures. To maximize the photocatalytic activity of COFs, various strategies have been explored, including metal complexation, construction of donor‐acceptor structures, modification of functional groups, hybridization with inorganic semiconductors, and linkage conversion. Among these, linkage conversion has proved to be particularly effective, driving the production of numerous value‐added organic chemicals. In this concept article, we present a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in linkage conversion and highlight the most enlightening examples that have adopted such a strategy to boost the photocatalytic capabilities of COFs for organic transformations. It is anticipated that this concept will assist researchers in designing novel COFs with multifunctional linkages, paving the way towards their broader application in organic synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen-containing heterocycles are an inseparable part of many biologically active compounds. Therefore, the synthesis of these structures is of great importance in the field of synthetic chemistry. Due to the presence of two nitrogen atoms in the amidine structure, this molecule can be considered as a dual nucleophile in the synthesis of various heterocycles. The current review highlights recent advances in the application of amidines, in particular, N-arylamidines, as versatile precursors in transition metal-catalyzed, and metal-free reactions for the construction of N-heterocyclic compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vacancy ordered double perovskites Cs2Te(IV)X6 have been found to exhibit molecule-like electronic behavior when X is Cl- or Br- due to the zero-dimensional (0D) nature of their octahedral units. Electronically isolated building blocks, the [TeBr6]2- ionic octahedron, serve as the fundamental electronic unit of the Cs2TeBr6 solid. Herein, a detailed understanding of the Cs2TeBr6 electronic structure and its photoexcitation is presented with consideration of individual molecular orbitals from these isolated octahedral building blocks. Two optical absorption features correspond to two unique electronic transitions, (1) a highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) to lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) transition under 455 nm excitation and (2) mixed transitions including lower HOMO states to LUMO transition and HOMO to higher LUMO states transition under 365 nm excitation. With this in mind, we examined the excitation wavelength-dependent photo-oxidation of benzyl alcohol using Cs2TeBr6 as the photocatalyst. Significant differences in photocatalytic performance were observed, and different forms of activated alcohol radicals were detected under the two excitation wavelengths. As a case study, this work highlights the application of molecule-like halide perovskites in photocatalysis. The highly tunable energy band structures and catalytic centers in perovskites can offer a valuable platform for photocatalytic mechanistic studies and catalyst development in the foreseeable future.

The self‐assembled metal‐organic cages (MOCs) have been evolved as a paradigm of enzyme‐mimic catalysts since they are able to synergize multifunctionalities inherent in metal and organic components and constitute microenvironments characteristic of enzymatic spatial confinement and versatile host–guest interactions, thus facilitating unconventional organic transformations via unique driving‐forces such as weak noncovalent binding and electron/energy transfer. Recently, MOC‐based photoreactors emerged as a burgeoning platform of supramolecular photocatalysis, displaying anomalous reactivities and selectivities distinct from bulk solution. This perspective recaps two decades journey of the photoinduced radical reactions by using photoactive metal‐organic cages (PMOCs) as artificial reactors, outlining how the cage‐confined photocatalysis was evolved from stoichiometric photoreactions to photocatalytic turnover, from high‐energy UV‐irradiation to sustainable visible‐light photoactivation, and from simple radical reactions to multi‐level chemo‐ and stereoselectivities. We will focus on PMOCs that merge structural and functional biomimicry into a single‐cage to behave as multi‐role photoreactors, emphasizing their potentials in tackling current challenges in organic transformations through single‐electron transfer (SET) or energy transfer (EnT) pathways in a simple, green while feasible manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanotechnology gained a lot of attention nowadays because of its enormous applications. Due to the need for developing new synthetic methods, various physical, chemical, and biological methods are used in the synthesis of nanoparticles. From an environmental point of view, green synthetic methods provide advantages over conventional chemical and physical methods. Among green methods, biosynthesis is a widely emerging method for the synthesis of nanoparticles because it shows prodigious advantages such as low toxicity, simplicity, cheapness, use of less energy, and rapid. Biosynthesis is a highly efficient method for the fabrication of nanoparticles. Palladium nanoparticles are widely used in different areas of applications such as catalysis, medicine, biomedical applications, cosmetics, pharmaceutical products, and electronic components. This review includes recent catalytic advancements in organic transformations using biogenically synthesized palladium nanoparticles and their applications. This review highlights the potential of this field for researchers. Graphical presentation of biosynthesis, characterization, and applications of palladium nanoparticles [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The establishment of green and environmental friendly sunlight‐driven organic reactions has received increasing attention since the 21st century. By virtue of their functional designability, micromesoporous structure, and thermal/chemical stability, porous organic polymers (POPs) have exhibited enormous promise in photocatalytic organic reactions as ideal potential alternatives to conventional small molecule and inorganic semiconductor catalysts. In particular, amorphous POPs are simplified in terms of preparation conditions and process flow. Herein, various amorphous POP materials based on polymers of intrinsic microporosity, hypercrosslinked polymers, conjugated microporous polymers, and porous aromatic frameworks are reviewed, while typical synthetic strategies are briefly introduced. It also highlights an overview of the research progress in photocatalytic oxidation, coupling, reduction, cycloaddition, and polymerization reactions at home and abroad in recent years. Finally, the challenges and prospects for future research on amorphous POPs are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photo‐induced electron transfer is a fundamental step in photochemical reactions, where light energy is used to drive chemical transformations. However, conventional outer‐sphere single electron transfer mechanisms encounter multiple limitations, notably requiring redox potential matching between photocatalysts and substrates, thereby impeding the activation of non‐activated carbon‐halogen bonds. In this concept review, we present an elucidation of the photophysical and photochemical properties exhibited by polynuclear gold photocatalysts, with a particular emphasis on their inner‐sphere single electron transfer mechanism. By exploring these intricate aspects, we endeavor to furnish readers with a more profound insight into the remarkable potential of polynuclear gold photocatalysts and the indispensable role played by inner‐sphere electron transfer in the realm of photocatalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

N-Heterocycle compounds are crucial scaffolds in natural products, synthetic molecules, agricultural chemicals, and pharmaceuticals. Hence, green catalytic systems for the synthesis of N-heterocycles have been widely researched in organic synthesis and industrial catalysis. Polyoxometalates (POMs) are polynuclear metal–oxygen clusters with diverse structures and physicochemical properties. POMs exhibit multiple advantageous properties such as adjustable acidity, redox properties, high thermal stability, and nontoxic nature. Therefore, POMs have been widely investigated for their application in N-heterocycles synthesis and held great potential for industrial applications. In this review, we summarize recent advances (mainly from 2010 to 2023) in the synthesis of N-heterocycles, such as pyrroles, indoles, pyridines, and benzodiazepines, catalyzed by heteropolyacids (HPAs), modified HPA catalysts, and transition metal-modified POMs. The prospects of POM-based catalytic systems for the synthesis of N-heterocycles are also outlined.

Experiments showed that the existence of electric fields in non‐redox processes may alter the catalytic activity, rate enhancement, and selection of organic reactions. It is expected that the interaction between electric fields and chemical reactions will create new avenues for producing materials with desired properties in several chemical disciplines, including synthetic organic chemistry, catalysis, nanotechnology, membrane technology, and enzyme catalysis. Specifically, in this review, we discuss the elegant experimental investigations carried out using the scanning tunneling microscope, the interfacial electric field, and designed local electric fields. The results of these studies are remarkable, leading to new information on the function of electric fields in controlling chemical reactivity and selectivity in different reactions and offering a glimpse of the great potential of electrostatic fields. This article not only presents the core concepts of field‐induced chemical transformations but also illustrates the potential use of electric field catalysis in chemistry and other fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene derivatives-based nanocatalyst finds increasing utilisation in the catalysis field for organic transformations. Researchers have been working on the development of graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, and graphene quantum dots with metal or metal oxide nanocomposites over the last few years. These materials exhibit excellent electrical, catalytic, optical, thermal, and magnetic properties. In particular, GO/rGO/GQDs composites assisted by metal or metal oxides have attracted broad attention for their possible applications in organic compound synthesis, drug delivery, sensors, devices, and the related areas of the environment. In this review, we have summarised GO/rGO/GQDs-metal or metal oxide composites using catalyst for organic conversions and synthesis of organic compounds in accordance with the discussion on the key problems and prospects for future study. Furthermore, there is a significant function for the catalytic efficiency of composites assisted by metal or metal oxide nanocatalyst which is categorised by graphene derivatives bases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ruthenium complexes are remarkable catalysts for the C–H activation approaches and organic transformations. Combining a Ru-catalyst with oxidants and other additives in a one-pot process is considered a sustainable approach due to the reduction in reaction steps and the minimal usage of solvents during synthesis, work-up, isolation of chemicals, and purification of the products. This review highlights the ruthenium-catalyzed organic transformations in a one-pot manner to achieve heterocyclic backbones, including indoles, benzofurans, indazoles, pyrans, pyrimidines, quinolines, and isoquinolines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Complete metal‐free P‐functionalized carbon nanomaterials are synthesized from a single molecular precursor, phytic acid, for photocatalytic solar H2 production and simultaneous organic transformation of 4‐methyl benzyl alcohol to 4‐methyl benzaldehyde by managing the complete redox cycle. It is observed that by increasing the carbonization time, P‐functionalized amorphous carbon dots convert to the highly defined 2D sheet‐like nanostructure with optimum P‐functionality, resulting in efficient light absorption, charge separation, and improved active sites for photocatalysis. Finally, the highly defined sheet‐like structure converts to a more defected aggregated form, resulting in the depletion of photocatalytic efficiency. The structural and elemental features are further correlated with the ongoing photophysics by means of steady‐state and time‐resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. Transient photocurrent responses and Mott‐Schottky plots directly support the optimization of P‐functionalized carbon nanostructure for efficient photocatalysis. Finally, the detailed computational studies are carried out to unveil the charge separation mechanism and the crucial role of P‐functionalities as active sites for better charge accumulation as well as H2O adsorption on the surface. Overall, the in‐depth structure–property correlation and critical optimization of the heteroatom functionalized carbon nanomaterials will open up new possibilities for further development of metal‐free photocatalysts for solar‐energy conversion devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon dioxide (CO2) utilization for the production of fuels and energy-rich chemicals is one of the attractive topics of research in modern-day chemistry. The main barriers in the CO2 utilization include: 1) the cost associated in CO2 capture, separation, purification, and transportation; 2) higher energy demand for conversion due to its higher kinetic and thermodynamic stability; 3) the lack of socio-economical driving forces. Valorization of CO2 has been realized as a viable option for the mitigation of CO2 as well as to create new business opportunities. Carbon dioxide is a nontoxic, renewable, and abundant C1 source; whereas carboxylation of olefins to carboxylic acids represents one of the most important transformations owing to the broad applicability of these chemicals in various domains, such as water-absorbing polymers, preservatives of food, fertilizers, building blocks for the manufacturing of cosmetics, soaps, detergents, rubbers, dyes, animal feed, plastics, agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals. The present review mainly focuses on the recent advances in the transition metal-catalyzed carboxylation of the olefins by using carbon dioxide as a feedstock. Firstly, the hydrocarboxylation or direct carboxylation using coordination complexes of transition metals such as rhodium, copper, cobalt, nickel, ruthenium, iron, palladium, and zirconium have been discussed in detail. In the next section, the hetero carboxylation reactions, for example, boracarboxylation, silacarboxylation, carbocarboxylation, thiocarboxylation and dicarboxylation have been presented to explore the wider scope of CO2 utilization for carboxylation reactions. Lastly, the carboxylation of dienes and difunctionalization reactions have been discussed. Further, the recent trends and key challenges in the use of CO2 as a carbxylating agent for carboxylation reactions have been described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we are reporting biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles and hydrothermal synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles. Using convenient mechanical milling methods, nanocomposites with superior photocatalytic and catalytic properties are synthesized. Herein, we have adopted a green, eco-friendly, and economical route for the synthesis of Ag nanoparticles using Zingiber officinalae rhizome extract in an aqueous solution. The synthesized materials were characterized using UV–Vis spectroscopy, XRD, SEM & FE-SEM, FT-IR, Raman, and a particle size analyzer with zeta potential analysis. The photocatalytic activities of Ag, ZnO and their composites were studied by observing the degradation of methylene blue and crystal violet dyes under natural sunlight. Then the catalytic efficacies of synthesized nanoparticles for various organic transformation reactions were studied. Ag–ZnO nanocomposites were predicted to have improved photocatalytic activity and organic transformation reactions, allowing them to be used in environmental remediation applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of semiconductors-based photocatalysts in organic transformation has been limited by the low light utilization efficiency and the rapid recombination of photo-induced charge carriers. In this paper, we have successfully fabricated a hollow cuboctahedral nanostructure (CNNCH), which is composed of N-doped carbon layer and CuO/NiO p-n heterojunctions. The hollow structure in CNNCH can effectively favor the light utilization through the multiple light reflection and scattering. The separation of photo-induced charge carriers can be highly improved by the exitence of charge transfer pathways between the p-n heterojunctions and semiconductor/N-doped carbon layer interfaces. Due to the above advantages, hollow cuboctahedral CNNCH as the photocatalyst has behaved high performance towards the photocatalytic cross-dehydrogenative coupling reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid spatial growth and rural-urban migration in Dhaka have influenced the dynamic evolution of the city's unplanned and old neighbourhoods. Despite development control and planning regulations, following the diverse needs of the residents, most neighbourhoods evolve through organic transformation and restructuring of space. This photo essay argues that the 'throwntogetherness' of the citizens in these neighbourhoods results from cohesion, mutual support, and affordability priorities. In contrast, the pursuit of ordered and regimented urban space in the city denies the fluid transformation that has led to high value planned residential areas and condominiums, predominantly to provide exclusive urban services to those who can afford them. However, such placemaking creates fragmentation and encourages hostility and 'thrownapartness'. This essay contends that the planned production of space in this city should recognise the value of diversity, fluidity and openness and move away from exclusive and rigid space making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The same carbon-based nanomaterials have shown their potential photocatalytic applications toward environmental and energy-related problems based on their excellent light absorption abilities. Herein, we summarized the findings associated with visible light and sunlight-induced photocatalysis, specifically using carbon dots (CD), doped-CD, and their nanocomposite as an advanced photocatalytic material. Doped-CD and CD-based composite have improved light absorption abilities compared to bare CD, which is the essential parameter for photocatalysis applications. Various parameters, such as fabrication methodologies, efficiency, and stability, have also been discussed. The possible mechanistic insights involving the photocatalysis method applied in multiple chemical reactions have been discussed in detail, including degradation of organic dye, reduction of higher toxic oxidation states of metal ions, CO2 conversion, water splitting, organic transformation reaction, and NOx removal, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a kind of versatile, excellent catalyst carriers, mesoporous silicas (mSiO 2) have been widely applied for preparing various supported catalysts with ideal catalytic properties due to their uniform and regular channels, adjustable medium pore size, big surface area, controllable wall composition, high hydrothermal stability, easy functional modification and good accessibility of larger reactant molecules. mSiO 2 not only enhances the dispersity of the active phase and generates more active sites for superior catalytic activity but also improves resulted selectivity and cyclic lifespan for enhanced interaction. And high adsorption capacity of mSiO 2 also increases the reactant molecule enrichment. In addition, mesoporous feature of the mSiO 2 pore wall can ensure diffusion of the substrate molecules and prevent leaching of active components. Thus, related investigation and application have been rapidly growing in the past decades. In this review, the development of mesoporous silica based catalysts on preparation, modification, pore size tune and energy-related applications, especially in hydrogenation reaction, esterification reaction, hydrogen production by alkane dry reforming and alcohol steam reforming and photocatalytic water splitting, is introduced in detail and the design ideas, preparation strategies and corresponding mechanism of different composite catalysts are discussed. • Recent progress on mesoporous silica based catalysts are reviewed. • Design ideas and preparation strategies of mSiO 2 supported catalysts for energy-related reactions were evaluated. • More or new active phases on surface, in pore or skeleton caused by modification. • Universal support suitable for different catalysts toward various catalytic reactions, especially energy-related reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green chemistry is the basis for fast‐growing, eco‐friendly, alternative sustainable technologies for the development of chemical products without the use or generation of hazardous catalysts. The role of naturally occurring fruit juice as a catalyst or solvent in organic synthesis has gained focused interest across the globe. Lemon juice‐mediated synthesis has been widely explored recently as a highly significant, selective solvent and biocatalyst in organic synthesis. This review presents recent developments on lemon‐juice mediated transformations and their application to synthesize molecules or building blocks of pharmaceutical interest. We believe this review article will be of interest to researchers both in academic and industrial settings focused on developing novel pharmacophores from a green chemistry principles perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Benzimidazoles (BIs) have good and extensive biological activities in the bactericidal, anti‐inflammatory, anticancer, and antiviral fields. In addition, BIs can also be used as curing agents, metal surface treatment agents, catalysts and intermediates in organic synthesis. The preparation of BIs is an important subject of synthetic chemistry. Photocatalytic process provides a new route for the green synthesis of BIs. In this minireview, a systematic summary of the photocatalytic preparation of BIs, and the influence of reaction conditions, such as photocatalyst, solvent, atmosphere, substrates, and substituent groups, on the formation of BIs were made. The probable reaction mechanisms were introduced as well. We believe that this work will provide an inspiration and reference for the development of new photocatalysts for the synthesis of BIs and promote the application of photocatalytic technique for organic transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ruthenium complexes are remarkable catalysts for the C–H activation approaches and organic transformations. Combining a Ru-catalyst with oxidants and other additives in a one-pot process is considered a sustainable approach due to the reduction in reaction steps and the minimal usage of solvents during synthesis, work-up, isolation of chemicals, and purification of the products. This review highlights the ruthenium-catalyzed organic transformations in a one-pot manner to achieve heterocyclic backbones, including indoles, benzofurans, indazoles, pyrans, pyrimidines, quinolines, and isoquinolines.

The structural synthesis and catalytic application of polyoxovanadates (POVs), an important subfamily of polyoxometalates (POMs), have attracted significant attention, owing to their rich coordination chemistry and splendid redox properties. In this review, the advances in the past 10 years in the oxidative transformations catalyzed using all-inorganic POVs, organ functionalized POVs, and POV-based inorganic–organic hybrids have been summarized and are discussed in detail. In particular, we focus on the selective oxidation of organic molecules, including alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, sulfides, sulfur-mustard simulants, and organic dyes. For most oxidative transformations, the active V-peroxo species generated in the presence of hydrogen peroxide or tert-butyl hydroperoxide account for enhanced catalytic activities. In addition, the challenges and prospects in the development of POM-based catalysts are addressed.

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are a class of crystalline porous materials which contain organic build blocks linked via covalent bonds to form ordered and periodic structures. In recent years, 2D COFs have been developed as promising heterogeneous photocatalysts due to their extended π‐conjugated skeletons, high surface area, tunable structure, regular pore structure, and high crystallinity. Herein, recent advances in the design and synthesis of 2D COFs for photocatalysts are surveyed, the illustration of the structural features and synthetic strategy is focused on, and the relationship between the construction and property of 2D COFs for photocatalytic water splitting, CO2 reduction, organic transformation, and degradation of organic pollutants is elucidated. This overview is expected to provide clues to rational design and synthesis of ultra‐stable, high crystalline, and high‐performance 2D COFs for photocatalytic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In chain-growth polymerization, the polymerization behaviors are governed by the nature of monomer depending on the sidechain structure (e.g. conjugated/non-conjugated, electron-rich/deficient), leading to limitations in (co)polymers we can synthesize. This highlight review summarizes recent development in polymer reactions to overcome such limitations. The key is the design of transformable monomers as well as the utilization of novel organic transformations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, the modern scientific and industrial communities demand inexpensive, energy efficient, green and sustainable catalytic approaches. In this regard, polymeric graphitic carbon nitride materials (g-C3N4), a two-dimensional (2D) graphite-like structure, has drawn immense attention in organic synthesis as a metal-free heterogeneous catalyst. Unlike traditional carbon-based materials and corrosive and hazardous catalyst, g-C3N4 has high catalytic activity, high stability, narrow band gap, non-toxic, easy structure, easy preparation, nitrogen-rich carbon and specific tunable properties with various metals. In recent years, graphite carbon nitride (g-C3N4) are extensively applied in numerous organic transformations like reduction reaction, C–C bond formation, C–H activation reaction, oxidation reaction, hydrogenation of alkenes and alkynes, cyclization reaction and epoxidation etc. Furthermore, Due to the narrow band gap, g-C3N4 absorbed light in visible region. That’s why g-C3N4 showed good photocatalytic properties and widely used in many reactions as photocatalyst. In general, g-C3N4 can employ as a support for catalysts, a cover to protect catalysts, or the catalytic center itself. This review summarizes a number green and sustainable “dream reactions” catalyzed by g–C3N4–based materials followed by critical comments and possible solutions. This review offers key information to the catalysis society about the g–C3N4–based materials in sustainable catalysis.

Constructing Z-scheme photocatalysts is an effective approach to enhance the conversion efficiency of solar to chemical energy. Herein, W 18 O 49 /g-C 3 N 4 heterostructures have been synthesized by growing W 18 O 49 ultrathin nanowires on g-C 3 N 4 nanosheets via a convenient solvothermal process. Various characterizations were performed on the materials to understand the structure-performance relationship. The photocatalytic properties of the W 18 O 49 /g-C 3 N 4 heterostructures were evaluated by the two oxidation reactions, phenol degradation and oxidative N C coupling of benzylamines, under a simulated sunlight (360 ≤ λ ≤ 780 nm). With tuning the W 18 O 49 /g-C 3 N 4 mass ratio, the optimal photocatalyst of W 18 O 49 (30)/g-C 3 N 4 containing 30 wt% W 18 O 49 nanowires exhibited the highest activity in both the photocatalytic reactions. The generations and contributions of the active species in the photocatalytic reactions were identified by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra and active-species-eliminating experiments. Accordingly, the photocatalytic mechanism of W 18 O 49 /g-C 3 N 4 heterostructures has been expounded based on the direct Z-scheme electron transfer between the two semiconductors as well as the synergistic actions of active sites on W 18 O 49 nanowires and g-C 3 N 4 nanosheets. This work demonstrates a rational paradigm to construct 1D/2D semiconductor heterostructures and provides further insights into Z-scheme photocatalytic mechanism for boosting solar-driven pollutant degradation and organic transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heteroatom‐doped porous carbon derived from biomass have recently received increasing attention due to their unique properties such as high electrical conductivity, large specific surface area, high porosity, and easy availability, which are appealing materials for versatile applications in catalysis, energy, separation and adsorption, and life sciences as well. On the basis of our previous work in this field, we summarized in this account our recent progress on design, synthesis of metal (e. g. Pd, Co) nanoparticles supported heteroatom‐doped hierarchical porous carbon material derived from bamboo shoots and their applications for important organic transformations, including chemoselective semihydrogenation of alkynes, hydrosilylation of alkynes, cascade synthesis of benzofurans from terminal alkynes and iodophenols, selective hydrogenation of functionalized nitroarenes to form anilines, imines, and formamides. Finally, the current state and future challenges in this field are discussed. We hope this account could shed light on the rational design of novel non‐noble metal based heterogeneous catalysts derived from biomass for efficient and sustainable organic transformations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlight • Both additives stabilized municipal sewage sludge (MSS) organic decomposition. • Organic functionality, composition and structure were modified after amendment. • Lime increased available fractions of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs). • Lime and mussel shell addition reduced PhACs' available fractions. • Mixture of lime and mussel shell is recommended for amending MSS. Abstract The deterioration in its strength from long-term degradation of organic matter and release of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) have caused adverse environmental effects in municipal sewage sludge (MSS) landfill. Lime and a mixture of lime and mussel shell were employed as potential stabilization agents for MSS in this work. Their efficacy was assessed by investigating the effects on transformation of organic matter, as well as the occurrence and fate of four PhACs (fluoxetine, gemfibrozil, triclosan and carbamazepine) over 42 days. The addition of the selected agents: (i) prevented the microbial degradation of organic matter; (ii) modified the predominant functional groups of amide groups (amide I and II) and polysaccharides to deprotonated carboxylic groups and destruction of amide groups; and (iii) shifted the abundance of organic constituents from microbial by-products to humic acid-like organics with conformational changes. The measurement method provided reliable and precise results for determining PhAC concentrations in MSS with and without amendment, although matrix effects and process effects were found to affect measurement sensitivity. Available fractions of the PhACs increased in MSS with lime addition, but decreased in the presence of the mixture of lime and mussel shell due to the strong adsorption effects of the shells. The mixture of lime and mussel shell would be recommended for stabilizing MSS prior to being landfilled. However, longer term and larger scale investigation may be needed to better evaluate the applicability of lime and mussel shell for reducing the hazards and facilitating the management of MSS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have emerged as novel materials in photocatalytic technology for green energy and chemicals production. However, exploring highly efficient and stable COFs based materials for photocatalytic aromatic ethers and amines synthesis is still urgent. Herein, olefin-linked COFs modified with or without –F/-OCH 3 groups were constructed by Knoevenagel condensation reaction. In addition, Ni active sites were embedded in the frameworks through bipyridine units to afford highly efficient and repeatable photocatalytic C-O/N coupling reaction. Through this strategy, it was found that the -F group modification greatly elevated photogenerated carriers separation efficiency attributing to its strong electronegativity and electron-withdrawing properties. Photocatalytic experiments conveyed that sp2c-F-COF dpy -Ni displayed highest photocatalytic activity and catalyzed cross-coupling of aryl C-O/N both with high yield exceeding 99 %, and exhibited excellent substrate compatibility for aryl bromides substituted with electron-withdrawing/donating groups. This investigation provides new insights into structure design of COFs for photocatalytic organic transformation. [Display omitted] • 2D COFs prepared by introducing electron withdrawing and pushing groups. • Excellent catalytic activity for light-driven C-O/N coupling from aryl bromide. • Full recovery and repeated use of COFs-Ni without any decrease in activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of renewable feedstocks through the coupled oxygen evolution reaction (OER) with selective organic oxidation requires a perfect balance in the choice of a catalyst and its synthesis access, morphology, and catalytic activity. Herein we report a rapid in-liquid plasma approach to produce a hierarchical amorphous birnessite-type manganese oxide layer on 3D nickel foam. The as-prepared anode exhibits an OER activity with overpotentials of 220, 250, and 270 mV for 100, 500, and 1000 mA·cm -2 , respectively, and can spontaneously be paired with chemoselective dehydrogenation of benzylamine under both ambient and industrial (6 M KOH, 65 °C) alkaline conditions. The in-depth ex-situ and in-situ characterization unequivocally demonstrate the intercalation of potassium in the birnessite-type phase with prevalent Mn III states as an active structure, which displays a trade-off between porous morphology and bulk volume catalytic activity. Further, a structure-activity relationship is realized based on the cation size and structurally similar manganese oxide polymorphs. The presented method is a substantial step forward in developing a robust MnO x catalyst for combining effective industrial OER and value-added organic oxidation.

This study investigated the composting performance of Enteromorpha for product maturity and organic carbon transformation under membrane-covered aerobic composting and windrow composting. Meanwhile, the effects of adding mushroom waste as an additive on the Enteromorpha composting process performance were evaluated. Results show that Enteromorpha was highly compostable and had low phytotoxicity under different composting techniques after 60 days. Each method's high temperature (>50 °C) can maintain for more than 5 days during the composting process of Enteromorpha, which meets the Chinese national standard for organic fertilizer production. Moreover, the highest GI (113%) was obtained by the forced ventilation treatment with mushroom waste, which was mainly achieved by adjusting the raw materials of compost. The addition of mushroom waste could improve the polymerization of humic substances and maintain nutrients, while the Enteromorpha alone composting had a serious nutrient loss phenomenon no matter what method was adopted. Regardless of composting conditions, the rapid decline of cellulose, fat, and starch content occurred during the high-temperature period. In addition, the maturity of Enteromorpha compost was mainly related to the degradation of organic matter. Forced ventilation can reduce the phytotoxicity of Enteromorpha composting better than windrow composting. The results can provide theoretical basis and measures for the practical application of Enteromorpha treatment and the directional control of compost maturity. [Display omitted] • Enteromorpha is highly compostable regardless of composting method. • Adding Mushroom waste can improve the polymerization of humic substances. • Forced ventilation can reduce the phytotoxicity of Enteromorpha composting. • Enteromorpha composting with mushroom waste can maintain nutrients. • Maturity of the product was mainly related to the degradation of organic matter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of simple and reliable protocols for the immobilization of catalytically active species is an important aspect of the field of hybrid nanomaterials. We have attempted (succeeded) to entrap aldehyde species on the surface of micron-sized zeolite particles functionalized with amine groups. Thus, we have demonstrated that 4-methyl-2,6-diformyl phenol bound at high surface coverage on 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (3-APTS)-functionalized NaY zeolites generates excellent heterogeneous catalysts for organic transformation reactions. The assembly of Schiff base compound on the zeolite surface occurs via an interaction of 4-methyl-2,6-diformyl phenol with the amine groups present in 3-APTS leading to a new class of catalyst. The synthesized catalysts were characterized by DRS, FTIR, TGA, XRD, BET, PL and ICP-OES. The Ni and Cu complexes grafted on amino functionalized zeolite are efficient catalysts for esterification, Diels–Alder and aldol condensation at ambient conditions. In all these reactions, the modified zeolite showed higher yield and selectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]