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Monascus is a filamentous fungus with a long history of application in China, which can produce a variety of secondary metabolites, including Monascus red pigments, Monascus orange pigments, Monascus yellow pigments, and citrinin. There is widespread attention being paid to natural pigments because of their safety. Among the many natural pigments, orange pigment has a wide range of applications because of its unique color, but current production levels in the orange pigment industry are limited to a certain extent due to the insufficiently wide range of sources and low production. In this study, the ARTP mutation was used to obtain a strain with high-yield orange pigment and low citrinin. The strain RS7 was obtained through two-step mutagenesis, and all three pigments were improved to different degrees. The color value of orange pigment was elevated from the original 108 U/mL to 180 U/mL, an increase of 66.7% compared to the original strain, and the citrinin content was reduced by 69%. The result of microscopic morphology showed that RS7 has more wrinkles and is more convex than the R1 strain, but there was little change between the two strains. Therefore, the ARTP mutation influenced the growth and the biosynthesis of pigments in Monascus. In addition, the conditions of ultrasonic extraction of Monascus pigments were optimized using the response surface, and the separation of pigments was achieved with the method of thin-layer chromatography. Pigment stability results showed that the temperature had no significant effect on orange pigment, while tea polyphenol could improve its stability. This study generated a strain with high-yielding orange pigment and could lay a foundation for the future application of Monascus orange pigment in the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to isolate and identify potent pigment producers. From thirty-three fungal isolates, one isolate (FPO2) which isolated from yoghurt samples was able to produce an extracellular orange pigment. The fungal isolate was identified as M. ruber. Among the tested culture media, potato dextrose broth (PDB) was the most suitable medium for the maximum orange pigment secretion. The supplementation PDB with mannitol at concentration 1.5% the maximum orange pigment was produced by M. ruber. On the other hand, the addition of any nitrogen source to the medium led to decrease in orange pigment production. Pigment production gradually increased as the incubation period increased, reaching the maximum value (O.D460 2.856) after 9 days. Additionally, 2% inoculum size was found to be optimum for pigment production under shaking conditions (150 rpm) at pH 7.0 when the fungus grown at 28 °C in darkness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The coated fabrics by NIR pigment Fe3+-doped La 2 Zr 2 O 7 were the first study. • The synthesized Fe3+-doped La 2 Zr 2 O 7 -coated fabrics present orange color, also have high NIR solar reflectance. • Simulated experiments show that the designed coated fabrics has lower heat flux than other fabrics. • The coated fabrics could be used in the fields of thermal insulation and energy saving. Novel orange thermal insulation coated fabrics were prepared by applying La 2 Zr 2-x Fe x O 7-δ (0.00 ≤ x ≤ 0.25) pigments. The formation of Fe3+-doped La 2 Zr 2 O 7 pigment was ensured by analyzing XRD and XPS patterns. The pigment samples have near-spherical particles with particle sizes between 30 and 70 nm. The NIR solar reflectance of the pigments is very high, ranging from 75.97 % to 96.18 %, and its change is caused by the variation in free charge carrier concentration. Doping with Fe3+ ions makes the color of the pigment appear orange and reduces the band gap vaule from 5.17 eV to 2.32 eV, mainly attributed to the charge transfer transition of La 5d ↔ Fe 3d. The La 2 Zr 2-x Fe x O 7-δ -coated fabrics exhibit excellent orange color and outstanding NIR solar reflectance (R* = 51.08 % − 64.47 %). Experimental simulations revealed that the designed coated fabrics have lower internal surface temperatures, with a temperature difference of 7.9–14.7 ℃ compared to conventional orange coated fabric, which shows superb thermal insulation performance. The fastness of washing, acids, and alkalis was excellent for fabric. In conclusion, the La 2 Zr 2-x Fe x O 7-δ -coated fabrics can achieve thermal insulation and energy savings by means of NIR solar reflectivity pigments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insects are a component of the diet of different animal species and have been suggested as the major source of human dietary protein for the future. However, insects are also carriers of potentially pathogenic microbes that constitute a risk to food and feed safety. In this study, we reported the occurrence of a hemolytic orange pigmented producing phenotype of Lactococcus garvieae/petauri/formosensis in the fecal microbiota of golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia) and feed larvae (Zophobas atratus). Feed insects were identified as a regular source of L. garvieae/petauri/formosensis based on a reanalysis of available 16S rRNA gene libraries. Pan-genome analysis suggested the existence of four clusters within the L. garvieae/petauri/formosensis group. The presence of cyl cluster indicated that some strains of the L. garvieae/petauri/formosensis group produced a pigment similar to granadaene, an orange cytotoxic lipid produced by group B streptococci, including Streptococcus agalactiae. Pigment production by L. garvieae/petauri/formosensis strains was dependent on the presence of the fermentable sugars, with no pigment being observed at pH <4.7. The addition of buffering compounds or arginine, which can be metabolized to ammonium, restored pigment formation. In addition, pigment formation might be related to the source of peptone. These data suggest that edible insects are a possible source of granadaene-producing lactococci, which can be considered a pathogenic risk with zoonotic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insects are a component of the diet of different animal species and have been suggested as the major source of human dietary protein for the future. However, insects are also carriers of potentially pathogenic microbes that constitute a risk to food and feed safety. In this study, we reported the occurrence of a hemolytic orange pigmented producing phenotype of Lactococcus garvieae/petauri/formosensis in the fecal microbiota of golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia) and feed larvae (Zophobas atratus). Feed insects were identified as a regular source of L. garvieae/petauri/formosensis based on a reanalysis of available 16S rRNA gene libraries. Pan-genome analysis suggested the existence of four clusters within the L. garvieae/petauri/formosensis group. The presence of cyl cluster indicated that some strains of the L. garvieae/petauri/formosensis group produced a pigment similar to granadaene, an orange cytotoxic lipid produced by group B streptococci, including Streptococcus agalactiae. Pigment production by L. garvieae/petauri/formosensis strains was dependent on the presence of the fermentable sugars, with no pigment being observed at pH

A series of NIR-reflective brownish orange pigments comprising various amounts of Fe2O3 have been synthesized by a conventional solid-state reaction at 1100 °C. Magnesium titanate base pigment was synthesized from MgO and leucoxene mineral which was employed as TiO2 source. The resultant pigment had brownish gray appearance (L*a*b* = 68.67, 7.83, 18.68, respectively) and NIR reflectance of 81.0%. Incorporating the magnesium titanate pigment with various amounts of Fe2O3 (molar ratio (x) = 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9 and 1.0) resulted in a change of color hue to brownish orange, and a change of NIR reflectance from 81.0 to 41.1% upon the increase of Fe2O3 content. Optical bang-gap energies derived from diffused reflectance spectra reduced from 2.75 eV for the magnesium titanate to 2.25, 2.20, 2.10, 1.90, 1.70 and 1.60 eV for pigments incorporated with 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9 and 1.0 mole Fe2O3, respectively. At the optimum synthesis condition (x = 0.3), the pigment exhibited light brownish orange color hue (L*a*b* = 52.02, 23.94, 39.37) and NIR reflectance of 80.1%. An accelerated QUV weathering test according to the ASTM G154-16 standard revealed color fading (ΔE*) of only 0.95 indicating excellent weathering stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this work was to research the antibacterial effects of orange pigment, which was separated from Monascus pigments, against Staphylococcus aureus. The increase of the diameter of inhibition zone treated with orange pigment indicated that orange pigment had remarkable antibacterial activities against S. aureus. Orange pigment (10 mg ml−1) had a strong destructive effect on the membrane and structure of S. aureus by the analysis of scanning electron microscopy as well as transmission electron microscopy. Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) further demonstrated that the cell membrane was seriously damaged by orange pigment, which resulted in the leakage of protein from S. aureus cells. A significant decrease in the synthesis of DNA was also seen in S. aureus cells exposed to 10 mg ml−1 orange pigment. All in all, orange pigment showed excellent antibacterial effects against S. aureus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the in vitro cytotoxic activity of pigment extracted from Salinicoccus sp. isolated from Nellore sea coast. Materials and Methods: In the present study, pigment-forming bacteria were isolated from samples collected from Nellore coast, Andhra Pradesh. Among different pigmented isolates obtained on Zobell agar medium, the pinkish orange bacterium was selected for the study. The bacterium was cultured in Zobell broth medium and incubated in an orbital shaker at 120 rpm for 6 days at 25°C. After incubation, the culture broth was centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 10 min to obtain a pellet, and the pellet was extracted using the solvent methanol and acetone (5:1). The crude pigment extract was evaluated for cytotoxic potential and was found to exhibit cytotoxic effect on A549 (human lung cancer) and MCF-7 (breast cancer) cell lines. The cell lines A549 cells, MCF-7, were cultured in Dulbecco's Modified of Eagle medium with L-glutamine and 1000 mg/L glucose supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, penicillin G (100 units/ml), and streptomycin sulphate (0.1 mg/ml) in a humidified atmosphere consisting of 5% CO2at 37°C. Results: The results of the present study revealed that the crude pigment extract has a strong anticancer potential, especially toward the A549 (Lung cancer cell lines) and MCF-7 (Breast cancer cell lines), respectively. Conclusion: This study clearly indicated that the pigment extract of marine Salinicoccus sp. has a strong cytotoxic activity against A549 (lung) and MCF-7 (breast) cancer cell lines which may be utilized for the drug development.

The shades of decorative coatings for façades are currently changing from white and pale to more chromatic ones. This also imposes a phase-out of heavy-metal pigments based on cadmium and lead, which cover the full range of yellow, orange, and red shades, and show excellent performance. The substitute pigments have many limitations regarding heat stability, colour strength, opacity, light fastness, or dispersibility. While all components of the final coating contribute to these properties, we have studied here the stability of four orange pigments suitable to replace the pigments with heavy metals in water-based coatings for outdoor applications in a different binder system (acrylate styrene with different amount of silicone resin, vinyl acetate versatate and acrylate based polymer). The accelerated weathering tests show that the stability of all samples strongly depends on the applied coating base and is systematically higher in white coating bases, especially when combined with pigment pastes prepared without a binder. The pigment chemistry, being inorganic, hybrid, or organic plays a role, but the stability of the coating gradually depends on the other components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple and reliable HPLC-UV method was developed for the simultaneous determination of two orange pigments, rubropunctatin (RPT) and monascorubrin (MSB), in red yeast rice. Alcohols were found unsuitable for the extraction of these pigments because they chemically reacted with the pigments to afford new compounds. Thus, acetonitrile/HO was used as the mobile phase for the chromatographic separation of RPT and MSB. Under optimal conditions, good linearity was obtained over the concentration range of 0.25-50.0 μg mL and 0.5-50 μg mL for RPT and MSB, respectively, with a correlation coefficient ( R) of >0.9994. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.05 and 0.15 μg mL, respectively, for RPT, and 0.10 and 0.30 μg mL, respectively, for MSB. The recoveries of RPT and MSB in red yeast rice were 91.9-101 % and 89.8-102 %, respectively, with relative standard deviations of <5.0 %. This assay was successfully used to measure the amount of RPT and MSB produced by Monascus spp. at different fermentation times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monascus purpureus is a biopigment-producing fungi whose pigments can be used in many biotechnological and food industries. The growth kinetics of biopigment production were investigated in a liquid fermentation medium in a 5-l stirred tank bioreactor at 30°C, pH 7, for 8 days with 100 rpm agitation and 1.38 × 10 N/m aeration. Thai Monascus purpureus strains TISTR 3002, 3180, 3090 and 3385 were studied for color production, growth kinetics and productivity. Citrinin as a toxic metabolite was measured from the Monascus fermentation broth. The biopigment productions were detected from fermentation broth by scanning spectra of each strain produced. Results showed a mixture of yellow, orange and red pigments with absorption peaks of pigments occurring at different wavelengths for the four strains. It was found that for each pigment color, the color production from the strains increased in the order TISTR 3002, 3180, 3090, 3385 with 3385 production being approximately 10 times that of 3002. Similar results were found for growth kinetics and productivity. HPLC results showed that citrinin was not produced under the culture conditions of this study. The L*, a* and b* values of the CIELAB color system were also obtained for the yellow, orange and red pigments produced from the TISTR 3002, 3180, 3090 and 3385 strains. The colors of the pigments ranged from burnt umber to deep red. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thirteen orange-pigmented bacteria associated with cyanobacterial mat samples collected from four different lakes in McMurdo, Antarctica, were isolated. Twelve of the isolates, which were coccoid in shape, were very similar and possessed all the characteristics of the genus Planococcus and represented a new species, which was assigned the name Planococcus antarcticus sp. nov. (CMS 26orT). Apart from the phenotypic differences, P. antarcticus differed from all reported species of Planococcus by more than 2.5% at the 16S rRNA gene sequence level. In addition, at the DNA–DNA hybridization level, it exhibited very little similarity either with P. mcmeekinii (30%–35%), P. okeanokoites (26%–29%), or CMS 53orT (15%–25%), the three species with which it is closely related at the rRNA gene sequence level (2.5%–2.9%). P. antarcticus also showed only 2.5% difference in its 16S rRNA gene sequence compared with the P. alkanoclasticus sequence. But it was distinctly different from P. alkanoclasticus, which exists only as rods, is mesophilic and phosphatase positive, can hydrolyze starch, cannot utilize succinate, glutamate, or glucose, and cannot acidify glucose. Most important, P. antarcticus and P. alkanoclasticus varied distinctly in their fatty acid composition in that C15:0, C15:1, C16:0, iso-C16:1, and C17:0 were present only in P. antarcticus but absent in P. alkanoclasticus. CMS 53orT, the thirteenth isolate, was also identified as a new species of Planococcus and was assigned the name Planococcus psychrophilus sp. nov. This species was distinctly different from all the reported species, including the new species P. antarcticus, with respect to a number of phenotypic characteristics. At the 16S rRNA gene sequence level, it was closely related to P. okeanokoites (98.1%) and P. mcmeekinii (98%), but with respect to the DNA–DNA hybridization, the similarity was only 35%–36%. The type strain of P. antarcticus is CMS 26orT (MTCC 3854; DSM 14505), and that of P. psychrophilus is CMS 530rT (MTCC 3812; DSM 14507). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A bacteria producing orange pigment was isolated from garden soil by visual observation on modified nutrient agar. Studies regarding the growth conditions of the bacteria, extraction of the orange pigment and its application for dyeing of silk, wool and cotton fabrics have been studied. Dyeing of silk, wool and cotton fabrics with this orange compound as a natural dye indicated that the natural orange dye had affinity for silk and wool fibres while no dyeing was observed in case of cotton. The colour strength values of the silk and wool fabrics were good with excellent rubbing fastness, moderate wash fastness and poor light fastness properties. The dyed fabrics showed a remarkable antibacterial property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The synthesized Bi 2 Ce 2 O 7 displays an intense yellow colour with high NIR reflectance and good UV shielding characteristics. • The Bi 2 Ce 1.50 Ti 0.50 O 7 (R% = 65.47) pigment showed coolant impact on the polymeric films. • The synthesized pigments can find application in thermosetting acrylic formulation for good colouring. A series of environmentally benign UV shielding and NIR reflective pigments Bi 2 Ce 2−x Ti x O 7 (x = 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1) with colour ranging from yellow to dark orange were synthesized by solution combustion route. The optical and structural characteristics of the developed pigments were characterized using UV–Vis NIR Spectrophotometer, X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The results indicated that the incorporation of Ti4+ into Bi 2 Ce 2 O 7 showed significant increase in crystallite size due to decrease in lattice strain. The calculated crystallite size of Bi 2 Ce 2−x Ti x O 7 is seen to increase from 15 nm to 41 nm as the concentration of a Ti4+ is increased in Ce4+ sites and resulting crystal structure changed from cubic fluorite (fcc) structure to monoclinic. Progressive substitution of Ti4+ in Bi 2 Ce 2 O 7 lattice showed a red shift in absorption edge to higher wavelength from 450 to 510 nm in the diffuse reflectance spectra resulting in colour change from yellow to reddish brown. The undoped Bi 2 Ce 2 O 7 pigment showed good yellow hue (b* = 43.89) with the high NIR reflectance of 78.61% and good UV absorbance. The colour and NIR reflectance characters of low cost, nontoxic Ti doped Bi 2 Ce 2−x Ti x O 7 pigments are comparable with the commercially available yellow chrome pigment and BiVO 4 (NIR reflectance = 49%). The application of the synthesized pigments was investigated as paint pigments in thermosetting acrylic resin paint formulation for their colouring performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: The aim of this study was to correlate the ophthalmoscopic and histopathological findings of orange pigment overlying a choroidal metastasis., Methods: This is a single case report with clinical follow-up and histopathological examination., Results: Histopathology revealed a choroidal metastasis with subretinal CD68-positive macrophages showing autofluorescent deposits in fluorescence microscopy., Conclusion: The development of orange pigment is not pathognomonic for choroidal melanoma but may be seen in other lesions such as carcinoma metastasis.