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Reach up to today from ancients, floor pavements have existed to fulfill the needs and add aesthetic value to the architecture. Floor pavements that are applied to the structures considering both aesthetic concerns and advantages of usage have various techniques. In this research, opus spicatum floor pavements technical and functional features that especially increase their popularity in the late antique age and the preferred fields of usage will be analyzed. Within this scope, the structural features of opus spicatum floor pavements are studied and the applicable standard is being considered within its setting place. It’s also strived to uncover the typological and chronological evaluations of the architectures that applied floor pavements and their significant fictional features. Thus, a functional-based relationship between space and floor tiling has been detected and the floor tiling works and its archeological findings that cover until today have also been studied. Moreover, not only the origins of floor tiling and its development have been discovered by analyzing similar samples from Anatolia and out of Anatolia but also the location in the region of Anatolia has been revealed. As a result, it has been determined that the technical features of the floor coverings in the opus spicatum technique are high strength, resistance to external factors and hygiene advantages., Zemin döşemeleri, en eski uygarlıklardan günümüze kadar, ihtiyaçlar ve mimari mekânlara estetik değerler katma amacı ile daima var olmuştur. Hem estetik kaygılar hem de kullanım avantajları gözetilerek mimari mekânlarda uygulanan döşemelerin pek çok farklı tekniği vardır. Bu çalışmada, özellikle Geç Antik Çağ’da popülerliği artan opus spicatum döşemelerinin teknik ve işlevsel özellikleri ile tercih edildiği kullanım alanları değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında, opus spicatum döşemelerin teknik özellikleri incelenmiş ve uygulama ölçütleri bulundukları mekânlarla birlikte değerlendirilmiştir. Döşemelerin tercih edildiği mimari yapıların tipolojik ve kronolojik değerlendirmeleri ile işlevsel özellikleri ortaya çıkartılmaya çalışılmıştır. Böylece işlevsellik temelindeki mekân-döşeme ilişkisi tespit edilerek bugüne kadar gerçekleştirilen benzer çalışmalar ve arkeolojik bulgular çerçevesinde değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca, Anadolu ve Anadolu dışındaki opus spicatum döşemelerinin de incelenmesi ile döşemenin kökeni ve gelişiminin yanı sıra Anadolu coğrafyasındaki önemi de ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, opus spicatum tekniğindeki zemin döşemelerinin teknik özelliklerinin, yapımında tercih edilen pişmiş toprak malzemenin hammadde özellikleri ile de bağlantılı olacak şekilde; yüksek mukavemet, dış etkenlere karşı dayanıklılık ve hijyen avantajı olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Le diagnostic archéologique qui s’est déroulé en amont de la restauration de l’église de Torp, dans le Calvados, a permis, en associant cinq sondages archéologiques à une rapide étude de bâti, de mieux en connaître les différentes phases de construction. Cette opération a mis en évidence un premier édifice, dont les caractéristiques appartiennent plutôt à la seconde moitié du xe siècle. Au milieu du xiie siècle, le chœur, trop exigu, est totalement reconstruit et un peu plus tard, la nef est agrandie et surélevée. The archaeological survey carried out before the restoration of the Torp church, in the Calvados department, helped to improve knowledge of the different construction phases, by combining five archaeological surveys with a quick study of the building. This work revealed an initial building, the characteristics of which belong to the second half of the 10th Century. In the Mid-12th Century, as it was too cramped, the choir was completely rebuilt, and, a little later, the nave of the church was made bigger and raised.

U ovom djelu prikazana je povijest zidanja u kamenu,odnosno način čovijekova staranja utom materijalu. S obzirom na geografski prostor kamen je najrelevantniji materijal za izgradnju u povijesti, pa se tako u ovom radu ukratko opisuje povijesne metode vađenja i obrade kamena. Opisuje se i proizvodnja vapna za mort koji je bio glavno vezivno sredstvo zidanih struktura. Opisuju se i neki povijesni izvori koji nešto govore o povezanoj tematici, ali i suvremena djela koja se odnose na tehnike zidanja poglaviti kamenom. U svakom razdoblju se opisuju tipovi zidanja te se pokušava opisati ponešto o načinu njihova nastanka ili barem svrsi. Počevši od najranijih zidova, pokušavaju se dokučiti veze i utjecaji sa mlađim načinima zidanja, naravno povezane sa novim metodama obrade kamena ili građevinskih tehnika koje dolaze protjecanjem vremena., This work presents the history of masonry in stone, ie the way the historic people created in this material. Given the geographical area, stone is the most relevant historic building material, so this paper briefly describes the historical methods of quarrying and processing stone. The production of lime for mortar, which was the main binder of masonry structures, is also described. There are also some historical sources that say something about related topics presented in this work, but also contemporary works related to the techniques of masonry, especially by stone. In each period, the types of masonry are described and an attempt is made to describe something about the way they were created or at least their purpose. Starting with the earliest walls, attempts are made to grasp the connections and influences with younger ways of historic masonry, of course associated with new methods of stone processing or construction techniques that come with the passage of time.

Listed as “ castrum” in 965, Brancion occupies a “ barred spur” type site, dominated by the ruins of a fiefdom’s, duke’s and then royal castle, near to a route leading from east to west from the Saône to the Loire rivers. Archaeology has made it possible to outline the development between the focal point of cemetery and church on the one hand, occupied by a 6th century building then by a necropolis from the 7th century onwards, and that of the castle on the other hand, where an elite residence was established in the late 9th century. Commenced perhaps as early as the 10th century, the communal walls were completed in the 12th century. The interior is dotted with streets and an intermediary noble habitat was established in the 12th century at the foot of the castle. Circa 1300, the restructuring of the castle, which had become the property of a duke, went hand in hand with a clearer separation from what was henceforth referred to as the town, where constructions and streets developed in the 14th and 15th centuries. The Wars of Religion brought a halt to this dynamic, in turn leading to an initial tightening up of the village : the land registry of 1833 pays witness to this state. Key words : Brancion, Burgundy, early Middle Ages, central Middle Ages, late Middle Ages, Modern Times, Wars of Religion, necropolis, cemetery, church, castle, opus spicatum, elite habitat, streets., Cité comme «castrum» en 965, Brancion occupe un site de type «éperon barré » , dominé par les ruines d’un château seigneurial, puis ducal et royal, près d’un itinéraire est-ouest de la Saône à la Loire. L’archéologie permet d’esquisser son évolution entre le pôle du cimetière et de l’église d’une part, occupé par un bâtiment au VIe siècle puis par une nécropole à partir du VIIe, et celui du château d’autre part, où se fixe une résidence élitaire à la fin du IXe siècle. Initiée peut-être dès le Xe siècle, l’enceinte commune est achevée au XIIe ; l’intérieur est parcouru de voiries, et un habitat noble intermédiaire se fixe au XIIe siècle au pied du château. Vers 1300, la restructuration du château devenu ducal va de pair avec sa plus nette séparation de ce qu’on appelle désormais la «ville » , où se développent constructions et voiries aux XIVe et XVe siècles. Les guerres de Religions donnent un coup d’arrêt à cette dynamique, entraînant à leur suite un premier resserrement du village : c’est cet état que traduit le cadastre de 1833., Citada como castrum en 965, Brancion se sitúa en un «espolón cerrado » dominado por las ruinas de un castillo señorial, luego ducal y real, cerca de una ruta este-oeste desde el río Saône hasta el Loira. La arqueología permite trazar su evolución entre, por una parte, el polo del cementerio y la iglesia, ocupado por un edificio en el siglo VI y luego por una necrópolis del siglo VII y, por otra, el del castillo, donde se estableció una residencia de élite a finales del siglo IX. Comenzada quizás ya en el siglo X, la muralla común se completó en el siglo XII ; el interior está recorrido por caminos, y en el siglo XII se construyó un hábitat intermedio noble a los pies del castillo. Alrededor del año 1300, la reestructuración del castillo, que se convirtió en un ducal, fue acompañada de su más clara separación de lo que hoy llamamos la «ciudad » , donde se desarrollaron construcciones y una red de caminos en los siglos XIV y XV. Las Guerras de Religión pusieron fin a esta dinámica, conduciendo a una primera reducción del tamaño del pueblo : este es el estado reflejado en el catastro de 1833., Saint Jean Vitus Benjamin. Brancion, castrum, village et château : une relecture de l’évolution du site (VIe-XVIIe siècle) à la lumière des données archéologiques récentes (commune de Martailly-lès-Brancion, Saône-et-Loire). In: Archéologie du Midi médiéval. Tome 36, 2018. Numéro spécial. L'archéologie au village. Le village et ses transformations, du Moyen Âge au premier cadastre. Actes du colloque de Perpignan, 20-22 septembre 2017 - Travaux réunis par Olivier Passarrius et Aymat Catafau. pp. 203-215.

International audience; Several years ago our knowledge on the Roman town of Arles/Arelate during the late Republican period was still limited to selective observations. Since 2013 the excavations carried out on the site of La Verrerie, situated on the right bank of the river Rhône, completely changed the issue concerning the urban plan and about the transition from the Protohistoric town to the Roman ruled colony set up in 46 or 45 BC, but also the question raised by the import of Italic know-how in Gaul, detected through the plan, architecture and decoration of a house dated to the first half of the 1st c. BC. The diversity and exceptional quality of the decorative ornaments of this house give a new insight into the knowledge of late Republican decorative modes: wall painting of the second Pompeian style, stucco and pavements.; Les connaissances sur la ville romaine d’Arles/Arelate à la période tardo-républicaine se réduisaient, il y a encore quelques années, à des observations ponctuelles. Depuis 2013, les fouilles menées sur le site de la Verrerie, localisé sur la rive droite du Rhône, bouleversent la problématique du plan d’urbanisme arlésien et du passage de la ville protohistorique à la colonie de droit romain mise en place en 46 ou 45 av. J.-C. Il en va de même pour la question de l’importation d’un savoir-faire italique en Gaule, que l’on perçoit à travers le plan, l’architecture et la décoration d’une maison datée de la première moitié du Ier s. av. J.-C. La variété et la qualité exceptionnelle de la parure décorative de cette demeure renouvellent la connaissance des modes décoratives tardo-républicaines : peintures murales de deuxième style pompéien, stucs et pavements.

[EN] In recent years, the use of three-dimensional (3D) models in cultural and archaeological heritage for documentation and dissemination purposes has increased. New geomatics technologies have significantly reduced the time spent on fieldwork surveys and data processing. The archaeological remains can be documented and reconstructed in a digital 3D environment thanks to the new 3D survey technologies. Furthermore, the products generated by modern surveying technologies can be reconstructed in a virtual environment on effective archaeological bases and hypotheses coming from a detailed 3D data analysis. However, the choice of technologies that should be used to get the best results for different archaeological remains and how to use 3D models to improve knowledge and dissemination to a wider audience are open questions. This paper deals with the use of terrestrial laser scanners and photogrammetric surveys for the virtual reconstruction of an archaeological site. In particular, the work describes the study for the 3D documentation and virtual reconstruction of the Sanctuary of Isis in Lilybaeum, the ancient city of Marsala (southern Italy). The Sanctuary of Isis is the only Roman sacred building known in this archaeological area. Based on the survey data, it has been possible to recreate the original volumes of the ancient building and rebuild the two best-preserved floors –a geometric mosaic and an opus spicatum– for a first digital reconstruction of the archaeological complex in a 3D environment., [ES] En los últimos años, el uso de los modelos tridimensionales (3D) en el patrimonio cultural y arqueológico para los propósitos de documentación y difusión están aumentando. Las nuevas tecnologías geomáticas han reducido significativamente el tiempo de trabajo de campo y procesamiento de los datos. Los restos arquitectónicos se pueden documentar y reconstruir en un entorno digital tridimensional (3D) gracias a las nuevas tecnologías de levantamiento 3D. Además, los productos generados con las tecnologías modernas de levantamiento se pueden reconstruir en entornos virtuales a partir de bases e hipótesis arqueológicas sólidas que provienen de un análisis detallado de los datos 3D. Sin embargo, la elección de las tecnologías que se deberían usar para obtener los mejores resultados en diferentes objetos y cómo los modelos 3D para mejorar el conocimiento y la divulgación a un público más amplio son cuestiones abiertas. Este artículo aborda el uso de los escáneres láser terrestre y de los levantamientos fotogramétricos para la reconstrucción virtual del Santuario de Isis en Lilybaeum, la antigua ciudad de Marsala (sur de Italia). El Santuario de Isis es el único edificio sagrado en la ciudad romana en esta área arqueológica. Sobre la base de la toma de datos, es posible recrear los volúmenes originales del edificio antiguo y reconstruir los dos suelos mejor conservados, un mosaico geométrico y un opus spicatum, para una primera reconstrucción digital del complejo arqueológico en un entorno 3D.

'Kibyra Antik Kentinden Opus Spicatum Döşemeler' başlığı altında kaleme alınan bu tezin içeriği, 2009 ve 2014 yıllarında Kibyra Kentinde gerçekleştirilmiş kazılarla gün yüzüne çıkarılan opus spicatum döşemelerden oluşmaktadır. Bilimsel yayını henüz yapılmamış olan söz konusu döşemeler kent içinde I. Teras Caddesi olarak isimlendirilen alanın doğu stoası ve geç dönem dükkânlarının yanı sıra Odeion / Bouleterion önü geç dönem işliğinin zemininde yer almaktadır. Kent içinde yer alan bu döşemeler alışılagelmiş Anadolu mozaiklerinden farkı olarak pişmiş topraktan yapılmışlardır ve başta balıksırtı motifi olmak üzere geometrik bezeme tasarımına sahiplerdir. Bu çalışmada, sözü edilen döşemeler öncelikle bulundukları mekânla birlikte değerlendirilmiştir. Bu aşamada ait oldukları mimari yapıların tipolojik ve kronolojik değerlendirmelerinin yapılmasıyla döşemenin sahip olduğu işlevsel özellikler ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Böylece işlevsellik üzerine kurulu mekân-döşeme ilişkisi tespit edilmiştir. Ardından bezeme sınıflandırılması yapılarak şimdiye kadar yapılan mozaik çalışmaları ve arkeolojik bulgular çerçevesi içinde yorumlanmaya çalışılmıştır. Ayrıca Anadolu ve Anadolu dışındaki benzer örneklerin incelenmesi sonucunda döşemenin kökeni ve gelişiminin yanı sıra Anadolu coğrafyasındaki yeri ortaya çıkarılmıştır.Sonuç olarak ait oldukları yapıların mimari özellikleri, buluntu kontekstleri ve döşemelerin teknik özellikleri neticesinde İ.S. 5. yüzyıla tarihleyebileceğimiz bu döşemeler üzerinde ilk kez kapsamlı bir çalışma bu tez vasıtasıyla gerçekleşmiş bulunmaktadır.Anahtar Sözcükler: Kibyra, Zemin DöĢemesi, Opus Spicatum, PiĢmiĢ Toprak, Stoa, Geç Antik Dönem The content of this thesis written down on under the title `Opus Spicatum pavements from Ancient Kibyra City` consists of opus spicatum floor pavements which are unearthed in excavations conducted in the Ancient City of Kibyra in 2009 and 2014. The above mentioned floor pavements the scientific release of which hasn't been realized yet hold their place within the city in the East Stoa of the area named First Terrace Street and on the floor of late period shops as well as on the front floor of Odeion / Bouleterion late period workshop. Those pavements sited within the city unlike conventional Anatolian mosaics are manufactured from terra cotta and possess geometric ornament design primarily herrignbone pattern.The pavements mentioned in this paper are primarily assessed along with the location in which they are sited. At this stage, through the typological and chronological evaluations of the architectural structures to which they belong, the floor pavements' functional features are revealed. Hence; the relation based on functionality is identified. Afterwards, performing ornament classification, it is tried to be interpreted in accordance with the mosaic studies and archeological findings discovered so far. Furthermore; as a result of analyzing similar samples from Anatolia and out of Anatolia, the origin and development of the pavement as well as its place in Anatolian geography are brought to light.Consequently, by view of the architectural features of the constructions to which they pertain, foundling contexts and the pavements' technical features, a first comprehensive study on those pavements which we can date back to 5 B.C. is conducted by means of this thesis.Keywords: Kibyra, Floor Pavement, Opus Spicatum, Terra Cotta, Stoa, Late Antique Er 124

Few are the different bonds of brickwork in medievel Spain. Walls entirely built with bricks are scarce. Brick is used combining header bond and sideways bond, opus spicatum or vertical bond. Among mixed bonds, the «toledan bond» is very characteristic. A diachronic cartography can show the variation of these different bonds according to time and historical regionsLes modalités d’appareillage des murs de brique dans l’Espagne médiévale sont peu variées. Rares sont les murs construits entièrement en brique ; celle-ci est utilisée en appareil de revêtement en combinant disposition «en carreau» et « en boutisse, en opus spicatum ou «ce chant». Parmi les appareils mixtes, l’ «appareil tolédan» est aisément identifiable. Une cartographie diachronique permet de rendre compte de la variation de ces modes d’utilisation de la brique.

L’utilisation de la pierre dans les bâtiments ruraux anciens de Normandie est mal documentée et varie fortement selon leur localisation dans la province. La méthode d’étude adoptée consiste à partir du matériau lui-même et de son origine, à observer les bâtiments ruraux anciens, et enfin à confronter les observations aux sources écrites (tabellionnages, terriers, sources narratives, comptes de construction…) et aux données de l’archéologie. Si un grand nombre de paramètres interviennent dans l’utilisation et dans la provenance des pierres, il est avéré que, lorsque la géologie le permet, on fit systématiquement appel aux ressources locales pour l’édification du blocage des murs. A côté des exploitations approvisionnant une ou quelques paroisses existaient des carrières produisant des pierres de meilleure qualité, des produits finis ou semi-finis. Enfin, la construction rurale fait appel pour des usages particuliers à des pierres plus lointaines qui sont diffusées à partir de grands centres de production en nombre limité.The use of stone in Normandy’s old rural buildings is not well documented. These uses vary widely from one part of the province to another. The method applied to study these uses was to articulate the study on the material itself and its quarry origins, to observe the old rural buildings in the field and to confront these observations with written sources (‘tabellionnages’, land registers, narrative sources, building accounts…) and with archaeological evidence. Although many considerations are at play in the use and provenance of the stones, it is clear that when geology permitted it, local resources were used whenever possible for the structural walls. Alongside stone quarries which supplied one or several parishes, other quarries produced higher quality stone and finished or semi-finished products. Finally, for certain specific uses, rural construction used stones from further afield, produced and commercialised at a few centres.

Mozaičku baštinu antičke Ise u svjetlu najnovijih proučavanja možemo promatrati kao zaokruženu cjelinu u kojoj se jasno ocrtavaju stilske i vremenske odrednice nastanka i razvoja kako tehnologije materijala i izvedbenih tehnika tako i korištenih likovnih uzoraka. Sada se prvi put u okviru antičke provincije Dalmacije može materijalnim dokazima potkrijepiti pretpostavljeno dugo vremensko trajanje vrlo aktivnog mozaičkog stvaralaštva koje seže u helenističko razdoblje i prije izrazite rimske kulturne dominacije. Pa premda likovno skromno, ali izvedbeno savršeno, bilo da se radi o importu ili pak o domaćim uradcima, helenističko naslijeđe mozaičkog stvaralaštva ključno je za razumijevanje nastanka i razvoja ne samo viškog mozaičkog repertoara nego i čitavog korpusa rimske provincije Dalmacije.

Na obali provincije Dalmacije registrirano je oko 205 lokaliteta rimskih vila rustika ali zbog slabe istraženosti nije posvećena posebna pažnja njihovoj međusobnoj zavisnosti. Najranija izgradnja vila rustika na istočnoj jadranskoj obali datirana je u period ranijeg Carstva, odnosno u 1. stoljeće poslije Krista. Na lokalitetima koji se pripisuju rimskim vilama rustikama evidentirane su sljedeće tehnike gradnje: opus spicatum, opus isodomum, opus pseudoisodomum, opus caementicium, opus incertum, opus reticulatum, opus tesselatum, opus vermiculatum, opus sectile i opus signinum. Na osnovi sadržaja u postojećoj literaturi navedeni su lokaliteti s arheološkim ostacima gdje su zastupljene pojedine tehnike gradnje. Tehnika mozaika (opus musivum) korištena je za dekoraciju arhitektonskih površina podova, zidova i svodova. Ta više slikarska tehnika postizala se postavljanjem malih višebojnih kockica od kamena, keramike ili stakla na cementnu bazu. Postojale su dvije različite tehnike izrade: opus tesselatum i opus vermiculatum. Dolaskom Rimljana na istočnoj jadranskoj obali dogodile su se revolucionarne promjene u građevinarstvu. Započela je gradnja lokalnim materijalima, ali spomenutim tehnikama koje nisu bile poznate autohtonom stanovništvu. Upotreba maltera jedna je od najvažnijih novina koju je donio antički svijet. On je bio osnova svim građevnim strukturama, a sam je tvorio temeljnu građu samosvojne strukture nazvane opus caementicium (cementum – sječeni kamen, zidarski kamen). Malter se sastojao od pijeska i vapna u pogodnom omjeru pomješanih s većom ili manjom šljakom. U suvremenom proučavanju arheoloških lokaliteta trebalo bi više pažnje posvetiti tehnikama gradnje kao i vrstama i podrijetlu materijala korištenim pri gradnji određenog objekta., There are 205 registered sites of Roman villae rusticae on the shores of the province of Dalmatia, but no particular attention was dedicated to their mutual ties due to insufficient research. The earliest construction of villae rusticae on the eastern Adriatic coast dates back to the early Imperial period in the first century AD. The following building techniques have been registered at Roman villa rustica sites: opus spicatum, opus isodomum, opus pseudoisodomum, opus caementicium, opus incertum, opus reticulatum, opus tesselatum, opus vermiculatum, opus sectile, and opus signinum. Sites containing archeological remains representing these different building techniques are examined based on the existing literature. The mosaic technique (opus musivum) was used to decorate the surfaces of floors, walls and vaults. This technique, similar to painting, is accomplished by setting multi-colored small stone tiles, glazed ceramic or glass on a mortar base. There are two different mosaic techniques, opus tesselatum and opus vermiculatum. Revolutionary changes in civil engineering occurred with the arrival of the Romans to the eastern Adriatic coast. Construction with local materials commenced, but employing techniques not previously known to the indigenous population. The use of mortar is one of the most important innovations brought by the civilization of Classical Antiquity. It was the foundation of all buildings and it was the basic substance of structures called opus caementicium (cementum – cut stone). Mortar consisted of sand and lime in an appropriate ratio mixed with larger or smaller gravel. Modern research into archaeological sites should draw more attention to building techniques and to the types and origins of materials used to construct specific structures.

Water, without which the life would not exist, may significantly reduce lifetime of a bridge structure, which is not well drained, and not only from the surface of bridge deck, but also from its covering. On the contrary, when a proper drainage is present, it not only prolongs the bridge lifetime, but also significantly reduces the operating costs of its maintenance. In recent years, the newly constructed bridge drainage systems together with the follow-up accessories considerably avoid the accumulation of water in all critical points of the bridge and in layers of asphalt. Its retention in all parts of the bridge, or improper outflow, is causing corrosion of the steel and the concrete. Taking a look at the stone bridges standing alone for centuries and often without the need of major repairs, both layman and expert would wonder: “How is it possible that these jewels of engineering have survived through long years and those elegant bridge works built up in recent decades need often and costly repairs?” It has been a stone composition of “opus spicatum” style that has become one of the first drainage systems used with ancient bridge works. The water retaining in bridge construction is very often the cause of its defects. Correctly and professionally installed drainage systems guarantees perfect water drainage from the all parts of bridge and layers of asphalt, and insures a long lifetime of all the bridge structure parts.