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Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) are linked to tobacco smoking, opium use, and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. However, little is known about the association of HPV infection with risk factors of HNSCCs, including opium and tobacco use. This cross‐sectional analysis of a national multi‐center case–control study in Iran included 498 HNSCC cases and 242 controls. We investigated the association of opium and tobacco use with α‐ (n = 21), β‐ (n = 46), and γ‐HPV (n = 52) types in saliva samples using type‐specific bead‐based multiplex genotyping assays (TS‐MPG). We found that α‐HPV positivity was significantly associated with tobacco smoking (OR = 10.35; 95% CI = 1.15, 93; p =.03), but not with opium use (OR = 1.06; 95% CI = 0.41, 2.76; p =.89). Additionally, tobacco smoking correlated with an elevated risk of β‐species 2 HPV infection (OR = 1.28; 95% CI = 1.04, 1.58; p =.020). Conversely, opium use showed a positive association with γ‐species 12 HPV infection (OR = 5.67; 95% CI = 1.43, 22.44; p =.013). These findings indicate that tobacco and opium use may influence the risk of HPV infection in different ways depending on the HPV genus and species. Further studies are needed to replicate these findings in other populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Because of high prevalence of coronary artery diseases (CADs) in Iran and their relationship with low physical activity (LPA), this study aimed to measure the epidemic size of LPA, its incidence rate, and its relationship with other CAD risk factors in Kerman, Iran. Methods: About 10,000 adults were randomly recruited through single-stage cluster sampling. Demographic characteristics, biochemical variables, smoking, opium use, mental status, and physical activities were assessed. The relationship between LPA and 7 other CAD risk factors was measured. Five-year incidence rate of LPA was calculated according to the data from the physically active participants in the first phase of the study (n = 3416) who attended the second phase after 5 years. Results: The prevalence of low, moderate, and intense physical activity was 47.2%, 34.8%, and 18.0%, respectively. LPA rose from 45.1% to 62.2% after the age of 25 years. Women had higher LPA than men. Participants with LPA had significantly higher chance of cigarette smoking, diabetes, overweight/obesity, hypertension, and opium addiction. Five-year incidence rate of LPA was 5.1 persons/100 person-years among physically active population. Conclusion: Almost half of the studied population suffering from LPA was at risk of CAD. Such risky lifestyle pattern while worsened in the last 5 years makes the emerging of CAD epidemic unavoidable, if appropriate timely interventions not being in place accordingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The aim of this study was to investigate the association of denture stomatitis prevalence with cigarette, hookah and opium consumption and also dose–response relationship between the cigarette smoking duration and odds of denture stomatitis in population of Rafsanjan cohort center. Methods This cross-sectional study based on data of Rafsanjan Cohort Study (RCS) with 10,000 participants. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 1619 participants were included in the analysis. Data were collected by oral examination and completion of pre-designed questionnaires to assess denture hygiene, smoking behavior, opium use and some other exposure variables. Multivariable logistic regression models were fitted to investigate possible association of cigarette, hookah and opium consumption and denture stomatitis. Results Prevalence of denture stomatitis among all 1619 denture wearers was 21.6%. Cigarette smoking was associated with a higher odds of denture stomatitis, with the adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) of 2.29 (1.53–3.41). Also, dose–response increases were observed with the highest odds ratio in the 4th quartile for denture stomatitis (p-value

Introduction: Due to the importance of sleep disorders and the unknown effects that they may have on the course of the disease in COVID-19 patients, in this study, we aimed to investigate the factors affecting sleep disorders in these patients. Materials and Methods: The present research was a cross-sectional analytical study conducted in Razi Hospital in Rasht. The study population included COVID-19 patients referred to the corona clinic of Razi Hospital for follow-up. Information about age, gender, body mass index (BMI), underlying disease, drugs used, a history of using cigarette and opioids, duration of hospitalization, and type of hospitalization (normal ward or the intensive care unit (ICU) ward) was extracted from patients’ files and recorded in the data collection form. The Petersburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used to assess sleep disorders. The collected data were entered into SPSS software version 24. The significance level of the tests was considered P < 0.05. Results: The mean age of the subjects in this study was 43.79 years. According to the results, 52 people were male (52.5%) and the rest were female. Based on the results, it was found that age (p = 0.540), gender (p = 0.141), BMI (p= 0.464), cigarette use (p = 0.675), opium use (p = 0.757), underlying disease (p = 0.430), drug use (p = 0.327), and duration of hospitalization (p = 0.203) were not significantly associated with sleep disorders. Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, sleep in patients with COVID-19 is not associated with age, gender, cigarette use, opium use, underlying disease, duration of hospitalization, and a history of drug use.

Abstract Background There are differences of opinion about the beneficial or detrimental effects of opium consumption on cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). So, we aimed to study the association between opium use and CVDs. Methods We used data obtained from the Rafsanjan Cohort Study (RCS), as a part of the prospective epidemiological research studies in IrAN (PERSIAN), with detailed, validated data on opium consumption and some other exposures. A total of 10,000 adults were enrolled in the study. Logistic regression models were used to assess the possible relationships of opium consumption with the prevalence of ischemic heart diseases (IHD) and myocardial infarction (MI). Results In this study, 9990 participants in the baseline phase of the Rafsanjan adult cohort study were included according to their completed questionnaire. Among all participants, 870 and 296 individuals were found to suffer from IHD and MI, respectively. Opium consumption was found to be relatively high in the RCS participants, especially in men (men = 2150 and women = 228). Opium use was associated with a higher odds of IHD and MI, with the adjusted odds ratios (95% CI) of 1.51 (1.22–1.86) and 1.79 (1.31–2.45), respectively. Also, dose-response increases were observed with the highest odds ratios in the 4th quartile for MI and IHD (p-values for trend

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the association of denture stomatitis prevalence with cigarette, hookah and opium consumption and also dose–response relationship between the cigarette smoking duration and odds of denture stomatitis in population of Rafsanjan cohort center. Methods: This cross-sectional study based on data of Rafsanjan Cohort Study (RCS) with 10,000 participants. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 1619 participants were included in the analysis. Data were collected by oral examination and completion of pre-designed questionnaires to assess denture hygiene, smoking behavior, opium use and some other exposure variables. Multivariable logistic regression models were fitted to investigate possible association of cigarette, hookah and opium consumption and denture stomatitis. Results: Prevalence of denture stomatitis among all 1619 denture wearers was 21.6%. Cigarette smoking was associated with a higher odds of denture stomatitis, with the adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) of 2.29 (1.53–3.41). Also, dose–response increases were observed with the highest odds ratio in the 4th quartile for denture stomatitis (p-value < 0.001). Opium consumption was associated with a decreased odds of denture stomatitis (adjusted OR; 0.81, 95% CI 0.58–1.13) which was not statistically significant. Also interaction between opium consumption and cigarette smoking was not associated with higher odds of denture stomatitis (adjusted OR: 1.65, 95% CI 0.85–3.22). Conclusions: Based on the findings of the present study, while cigarette smoking had a dose–response relationship with the increased odds of denture stomatitis; this association was not found with opium consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence and associated factors of cigarette smoking and the association between cigarette smoking and opium use among patients visiting an outpatient clinic in Afghanistan. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on consecutive patients aged 18 years and older from January 2018 to April 2018. Data on patients’ sociodemographic characteristics and clinical variables were collected using an interview-based survey. Results: Six hundred and twenty-two patients (391males vs. 231 females) were interviewed for this study. The overall prevalence of current smoking was 50.2% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 46.2–54.2). Males were (odds ratio [OR] = 9.5; 95% CI: 5.3–17.1) more likely to smoke cigarettes than females. The odds of current cigarette smoking increased with having a family member smoker or a friend smoker (OR =3.3; 95% CI: 2.0–5.3). Cigarette smoking was significantly associated with the level of education (illiterate OR = 8.9; 95% CI: 4.0–19.8), primary/private education (OR = 7.8; 95% CI: 3.9–15.6), and secondary education (OR = 4.4; 95% CI: 2.3–8.4), with high school or higher education as the reference group. Rural residents were 3.7 times (95% CI: 2.3–6.2) more likely to smoke cigarette than urban residents. Opium users were 23.0 times (95% CI: 12.5–42.3) more likely to smoke cigarettes than non-opium users. Conclusions: The prevalence of cigarette smoking among patients visiting an outpatient clinic in Afghanistan was high, and there was an association between cigarette smoking and male gender, a family history of smoking or a friend history of smoking, level of education, rural residency, and opium consumption.

Background: There are differences of opinion about the beneficial or detrimental effects of opium consumption on cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). So, we aimed to study the association between opium use and CVDs.Methods: We used data obtained from the Rafsanjan Cohort Study (RCS), as a part of the prospective epidemiological research studies in IrAN (PERSIAN), with detailed, validated data on opium consumption and some other exposures. A total of 10,000 adults were enrolled in the study. Logistic regression models were used to assess the possible relationships of opium consumption with the prevalence of ischemic heart diseases (IHD) and myocardial infarction (MI).Results: In this study, 9990 participants in the baseline phase of the Rafsanjan adult cohort study were included according to their completed questionnaire. Among all participants, 870 and 296 individuals were found to suffer from IHD and MI, respectively. Opium consumption was found to be relatively high in the RCS participants, especially in men (men = 2150 and women = 228). Opium use was associated with a higher odds of IHD and MI, with the adjusted odds ratios (95% CI) of 1.51 (1.22-1.86) and 1.79 (1.31-2.45), respectively. Also, dose-response increases were observed with the highest odds ratios in the 4th quartile for MI and IHD (p-values for trend < 0.001). Increased odds were observed for the two main methods of opium consumption, i.e. oral and smoking, but oral administration had higher odds ratio.Conclusions: Opium consumption is associated with the increased odds of both IHD and MI diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Associations between hookah and opium use and an increased risk of ischemic heart disease (IHD) have been suggested in a few studies, but more research is needed on the nature of these associations. We aimed to investigate the association between hookah and opium use and the prevalence of IHD in a population with relatively high prevalence of these exposures in Iran. Methods: Using baseline data from the Pars Cohort Study (PCS), a prospective study of individuals aged 40-75 years in Fars province, southern Iran, we calculated adjusted and crude odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the independent association of hookah and opium use with prevalence of IHD. Results: Of 9248 participants, 10.2% (95% CI: 9.5, 10.9) had self-reported IHD. Prevalence of ever use of hookah and opium was 48.9% (95% CI: 44.6, 53.6) and 10.2% (95% CI: 8.3, 12.5) among those with IHD, and 37.0% (95% CI: 35.7, 38.3) and 8.1% (95% CI: 7.5, 8.7) among those without IHD, respectively. Adjusted OR for the association with prevalence of IHD was 1.26 (95% CI: 1.08, 1.46) for hookah use and 1.71 (95% CI: 1.30, 2.24) for opium abuse. No dose-response association was found between hookah and prevalence of IHD. Conclusion: Hookah and opium abuse were associated with prevalent IHD in this study. Although more research is needed on these associations, particularly in prospective settings, reducing hookah and opium use could potentially reduce IHD risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides an overview of drug consumption in the Pamirs in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and examines the evolution of the early Soviet responses to opium smoking in Soviet Badakhshan on the basis of published literature, archival materials, oral histories and medical records. The author demonstrates that biomedicine remained significantly underdeveloped in that region during the first decades of Soviet rule, with central and local authorities relying on punitive and restrictive administrative measures in their fight against drug addiction. As these measures failed to wipe out opiate addiction in Gorno-Badakhshan, the opium war at the ‘roof of the world’ culminated in the Great Terror, providing the Stalinist regime with the ‘radical’ solution by liquidating drug dealers without any ‘show trials’ and incarcerating opiate consumers. The consequences of such administrative regulation of addiction in Soviet Badakhshan were dire: in the years between 1941 and 1968, only few patients with the diagnosis of narkomania were hospitalized in the Tajik Republican Psychiatric Hospital, while the exact numbers of repressed drug users who perished in prisons and Gulag camps are destined to remain unknown. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This study aimed to identify socio-cultural factors facilitating initiation of opium use among drug users in Darab, Iran. A qualitative study using in-depth interviews was conducted. The study began in June 2006 and included 76 drug users, aged 20–43, of whom 95% (72) were male, and 5% (4) were female. The five most common factors facilitating initiation of drug use were revealed to be: lack of hobbies, treatment of general medical problems, modeling, peer networks, and cultural norms. Partner pressure was a common complaint among women in this study. Cultural factors perceived to facilitate initiation of drug use revealed in this study have not been fully addressed by current prevention and rehabilitation programs. Programs can be targeted at social and family levels to alter drug use culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The differentiation between legal and illegal opiate product use through the detection of marker compounds in urine is one of the most important subjects in forensic toxicology. Thebaine, an opium alkaloid, can be detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and has been suggested as a good marker of poppy seed use in differentiation from that of illicit heroin. In the present study, thebaine was targeted as a urinary marker of opium use because it is a major constituent of opium. Although thebaine lacks the conventional functional group, it was found to form a trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivative. This has made it possible to simultaneously detect thebaine together with morphine and codeine in the same urine sample to confirm opium use, thus saving time and cost of analysis while using less material. The TMS derivatization was found to enhance the stability and chromatographic properties of thebaine and to increase the sensitivity of its detection about 50-fold in comparison with that of the underivatized compound. Using the present method, thebaine was analyzed for a number of actual urine samples obtained from users of opium, illicit heroin, or codeine preparation. The results showed that thebaine is a useful opium-use marker subject to its oral administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To evaluate the prevalence of opium use in the Fars province, Iran. Method: A household survey of a representative sample of 3840 people aged 15 years and over. Researchers assessed opium use disorders using a semistructured interview and the Research Version of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I, during 2003. Results: Mean age of the sample was 33.9 years (SD = 15). Of the participants, 689 (17.9%) admitted use of opium one or more times during their lives (28.4% of men and 7.4% of women). Three hundred thirty-nine (8.8%) were current opium users (14.3% of men and 3.3% of women). Opium ever-use and current-use were not functions of marital status. Both opium ever-use and current-use are found across the educational, occupational and income spectrums. Both peaked in the 40-49 age category, suggesting that first use usually occurs before 40 years of age and that current use extends across all age groups. Conclusion: Men are at greater risk than women. This report provides useful information for health planning. Prevention programs should focus on those under 40 years of age, and treatment is required across all age groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]