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Copyright of Studia Migracyjne Przegląd Polonijny is the property of Wydzial Studiow Miedzynarodowych i Politycznych UJ oraz Polska Akademia Umiejetnosci and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Political Science Studies / Studia Politologiczne is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Prace Filologiczne. Literaturoznawstwo is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Journal of Modern Science is the property of Alcide De Gasperi University of Euroregional Economy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Biografia publiczna Adama Jerzego Czartoryskiego stanowi wymowny przykład kłopotów z władzą i autorytetem charakterystycznych dla epoki rozbiorowej, zwłaszcza zaś w warunkach emigracyjnych. Burzliwe perypetie reputacji księcia dają poznać, jak trudno było wówczas wzbudzić i utrzymać zaufanie społeczne, a także jak łatwo przychodziło upaść w oczach opinii publicznej. Przywództwo w warunkach emigracyjnych nie miało bowiem legalnego umocowania, było możliwe jedynie dzięki publicznemu demonstrowaniu dobrowolnego uznania dla autorytetu. Na emigracyjną część życia księcia przypadają tak skrajnie różne akty opiniotwórcze względem jego pozycji jak ogłoszenie go „nieprzyjacielem emigracji” (1834), parę lat później zaś – „królem de facto” (1839). Ekscesy tego rodzaju nie przeszkodziły wyrażanemu po zgonie Czartoryskiego w 1861 r. uznaniu dla niego jako autorytetu moralnego. Wynikało to jednak nie z wyważonej oceny jego postawy czy dokonań, lecz bezpośrednio z potrzeby chwili. Obchody żałobne posłużyły za pretekst do manifestacji patriotyczno-religijnych, które raz po raz wówczas organizowano, wykorzystując ku temu m.in. rocznice historyczne i pogrzeby. Każda z trzech omówionych niżej inicjatyw wizerunkowych miała własną dramaturgię, tworzyła osobną sieć relacji. Ogląd trzech spektakularnych momentów w biografii publicznej księcia daje wyobrażenie, jak dalece rozbiorowe życie publiczne, w szczególności emigracyjne, miało charakter nieciągły, ekscesywny, uwikłany w dynamikę propagandowo-dyplomatycznej wojny, toczonej przeważnie na papierze, ale często brudnej i bezwzględnej.

The purpose of this article is to explore the multi-faceted dynamics of interest groups in the process of shaping Germany’s foreign policy toward China. The analysis focuses on understanding the role of various interest groups and their influence on decision-making, as well as showing the complexity and implications of this influence in the context of a democratic society. The main thrust of the text is to understand how various interest groups in Germany influence its foreign policy toward China, particularly in the context of mutual economic benefits and the development of political relations. The study focuses on identifying key interest groups and analysing the mechanisms and implications of their impact on decision-making processes. The text poses several research hypotheses: 1) interest groups, such as business associations, research institutes and think tanks, the mass media and the general public, as well as the Chinese diaspora in Germany, play a significant role in shaping Germany’s foreign policy towards China; 2) the mechanisms of interest groups’ influence stem from their ability to channel social interests into the political system and take advantage of institutional opportunities for participation; 3) the varying distribution of power among competing interest groups in Germany, may be explained by indicating that power is not concentrated within a small privileged elite but is rather fragmented among different groups. The role of expert knowledge, the importance of the Chinese diaspora and the interest of the public and the media are all significant factors. The article uses literature analysis and qualitative research based on expert interviews with academics, researchers, think tank representatives, and government officials. These interviews provide valuable information on the mechanisms of interest groups’ effect on German foreign policy. The article demonstrates that interest groups play an important role in shaping Germany’s foreign policy toward China and that this influence results from their capacity to represent public interests and take advantage of institutional opportunities for participation, which is consistent with the liberal paradigm of international relations. A pluralist perspective on analysis emphasizes the importance of competitive politics and citizen participation in decision-making processes. Maintaining democratic integrity and transparency in Germany’s international operations requires an understanding of these complex relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Political Science Studies / Studia Politologiczne is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Political Science Studies / Studia Politologiczne is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Media Research / Zeszyty Prasoznawcze is the property of Jagiellonian University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polish Journal of Management Studies is the property of Czestochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Management and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Biuletyn Kryminologiczny is the property of Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Legal Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Political Science Studies / Studia Politologiczne is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Political Science Review / Przegląd Politologiczny is the property of Faculty of Political Science & Journalism, Adam Mickiewicz University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Comparative Economic Research is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Lodzkiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny (0035-9629) is the property of Adam Mickiewicz University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article is devoted to the issue of awareness of human trafficking and forced labor among Poles. The analysis is based on the results of social opinion polls conducted in Poland between 1998 and 2020. Although there have been several such surveys, there is so far no summary or commentary on them in the Polish literature. There is extensive empirical material, however, some of the studies raise serious methodological doubts. Finally, interpretation of the results sometimes causes considerable controversy. In professional writing, the problem of social awareness of human trafficking has been discussed much less frequently than such issues as the scale of this phenomenon, the effectiveness of prosecution or the situation of the victims. The narrative axis of this article is Amitai Etzioniʼs concept of an active society. This author argues that a sense of community comes down to the development of optimal responses to emerging social needs. Therefore, questions have to be asked about whether Polish society perceives the problem of human trafficking as important, and whether it has developed the kind of readiness that guarantees that it will "deal" with it in the best possible way. In light of the data collected, and the analysis carried out, the proposed answer is decidedly negative. The article demonstrates that a low level of awareness from citizens became one of the factors that negatively affected the process of building an effective system of eliminating modern slavery in Poland. A poorly informed, passive, and most of all undemanding society turned out to be a “convenient” partner for the state apparatus, which never considered human trafficking to be one of its priorities. Even more, the state has almost completely neglected its duty to build a collective awareness of the danger of this crime, or to support societal responsibility for its victims.

Łódź odznacza się najwyższym poziomem zaawansowania procesu starzenia i najwyższymi wartościami negatywnych mierników stanu zdrowia w kraju. Rodzi to konieczność podejmowania intensywnych, wielosektorowych i spójnych działań wobec osób starszych, również w obszarze aktywizacji. Celem artykułu jest ocena opinii mieszkańców województwa łódzkiego na temat potrzeb z zakresu aktywizacji społecznej seniorów. W badaniu przeprowadzonym w 2020 roku wzięło udział 235 mieszkańców województwa łódzkiego. Narzędzie badawcze stanowił anonimowy kwestionariusz ankiety, udostępniony w formie elektronicznej. W analizie statystycznej wykorzystano wskaźniki struktury, miary z zakresu statystyk opisowych i analitycznych – współczynnik korelacji, test niezależności χ2 oraz test U Manna‑Whitneya. Za najatrakcyjniejsze zajęcia skierowane do seniorów ponad jedna trzecia respondentów uznała zajęcia artystyczne, a co czwarty badany wymienił warsztaty z zakresu technologii informacyjnych. Blisko połowa badanych wskazała festyny i imprezy międzypokoleniowe jako najbardziej istotne wydarzenia aktywizujące seniorów. Ośmiu na dziesięciu respondentów widziało potrzebę inicjowania działań z zakresu integracji międzypokoleniowej. Mieszkańcy większych miast częściej niż osoby zamieszkujące wsie i średnie miasta wskazywali na udział seniorów w dedykowanych im wydarzeniach (p < 0,05). Jako bariery korzystania z usług senioralnych mieszkańcy większych miast najczęściej wymieniali brak informacji, a pozostali respondenci problemy z transportem (p < 0,05). Potwierdzono potrzebę inicjowania działań integrujących pokolenia oraz zajęć edukujących seniorów w obszarze nowych technologii. Wzrost kompetencji cyfrowych wśród osób starszych mógłby przyczynić się do zwiększenia ich samodzielności, a tym samym do poprawy komfortu życia seniorów i ich opiekunów.

Wieloaspektowość badań poświęconych jedynemu oratorium Ludwiga van Beethovena Chrystus na Górze Oliwnej może dawać złudzenie braku potrzeby ich kontynuacji. Jednak pośród szczegółowych analiz nadarza się przestrzeń do ujęcia całościowego. Warto pokusić się o umiejscowienie dzieła wiedeńskiego klasyka w kontekście przemian dziejowych i jego osobistych przeżyć, spróbować nakreślić tradycję niemieckiego oratorium i umiejscowić dzieło kompozytora z jego strukturą formalną w realiach epoki. Ten zakres problematyki będzie esencją niniejszego tekstu, stanowiąc pierwszą część obszerniejszego materiału. W drugiej odsłonie rozważania przybiorą zakres bardziej analityczny, poświęcony tekstowi i jego relacji do struktur muzycznych.

Copyright of Political Science Studies / Studia Politologiczne is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article comprises an analysis of public opinion surveys concerning the environmental awareness in Polish society concerning natural resources and their protection, which issue has not been presented to date comprehensively in the literature on the subject. To this end, i.e. to present the degree of this awareness, the results of opinion surveys on the following topics have been presented and analysed: environmental protection as a social problem and the sources of knowledge on this subject, climate change, natural resources as sources of energy, attitude to the nuclear power plant construction, and air quality. The study has been based on representative surveys carried out by public opinion polling centres. The above-mentioned analysis has been preceded by terminological findings on such terms as “environmental security”, “natural resources”, “environmental awareness” and “public opinion”, with a proposal for a new definition of environmental awareness, referring to elements of legal awareness. It has been assumed that the knowledge of the degree of public awareness is useful in designing legal solutions conducive to environmentally sound behaviour and in taking decisions on a gradual increase in the extent to which public participation in natural resource management is allowed. The research hypothesis that awareness of natural resources among the Polish population is not optimal but is gradually increasing was confirmed. It has been pointed out that legal measures to promote environmental measures need to be complemented and strengthened by instructional and educational measures.

Od blisko dwudziestu lat mamy do czynienia z rewolucją internetową i dynamicznym rozwojem różnych rodzajów mediów – zarówno klasycznych, jak i serwisów społecznościowych. W takim kontekście autor postawił następujące pytanie analityczne: jakie są współcześnie podstawowe mechanizmy wpływu mediów na społeczeństwo i opinię publiczną? Opracowanie zawiera przeglądową charakterystykę trzech podstawowych modelów wpływu mediów: agenda setting, framing oraz priming. Rozważania ujęto przede wszystkim w kategoriach medioznawczo-politologicznych.

Copyright of Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Lodzkiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Political Science Studies / Studia Politologiczne is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Przegląd Europejski is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Alcoholism & Drug Addiction / Alkoholizm i Narkomania is the property of Termedia Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Poziom wiedzy społeczeństwa nt. GMO stale się zmienia. W listopadzie i grudniu 2019 r. studenci UKSW w Warszawie przeprowadzili ankiety wśród 699 anonimowych respondentów na temat zastosowania produktów GMO w codziennym życiu Polaków. Osoby ankietowane podzielono wg czterech kryteriów: płci, wieku, wykształcenia i miejsca zamieszkania z podziałem na miasto i wieś, zadając 7 pytań merytorycznych odnośnie do poziomu wiedzy i osobistego podejścia do konsumpcji produktów GMO. Analizę statystyczną wyników wykonano w programie STATISTICA 12. Wykazano, że w ostatnich latach rośnie wiedza mieszkańców w Polsce nt. GMO, ale obawy przed produktami genetycznie modyfikowanymi nadal występują u ponad połowy społeczeństwa. Większość kobiet obawia się GMO, zwraca większą uwagę na oznakowanie produktów zawierających GMO i nie podałaby ich swoim dzieciom. Osoby w wieku poniżej 20 lat są pozytywnie nastawione do GMO, natomiast osoby w wieku powyżej 35 lat obawiają się negatywnych skutków spożywania produktów GMO. Większość osób mieszkających na wsi obawia się produktów GMO, opinia zaś mieszkańców miasta jest podzielona na dwie, prawie równe grupy: zarówno zwolenników, jak i przeciwników GMO. Różnice w odpowiedziach odnośnie obawy przed negatywnymi skutkami spożywania produktów zawierających GMO były statystycznie istotne (p < 0,001) i wykazały większe obawy wśród osób zamieszkujących tereny wiejskie (67%) niż u mieszkańców miast (49%). Jednocześnie, prawie ten sam duży odsetek osób ze wsi i z miasta (67%) był przychylny stosowaniu leków wyprodukowanych drogą inżynierii genetycznej (p < 0,01).

Copyright of Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae is the property of Uniwerystet Kardynala Stefana Wyznskiege w Warzawie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Annals of Social Sciences / Roczniki Nauk Społecznych is the property of Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL & Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawla II and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Political Science Review / Przegląd Politologiczny is the property of Faculty of Political Science & Journalism, Adam Mickiewicz University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

At the beginning of the 17th century in Madrid one deals with a specifically functioning infosphere that influences the formation of the first public opinion. The author describes the phenomena related to the acquisition, dissemination and commenting of information in the city space. In her analysis she uses literary works, dictionaries and chronicles, along with preserved documents of social life. The article shows in a cross-sectional way the nature of the changes taking place in the society of Madrid between the year 1598 - Philip III’s accession to the throne- and the year 1627, when Philip IV issued a regulation prohibiting the free circulation of informative publications, such as reports from events, letters, sermons, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Central European Political Studies / Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne is the property of Faculty of Political Science & Journalism, Adam Mickiewicz University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Yearbook of European Integration / Rocznik Integracji Europejskiej is the property of Faculty of Political Science & Journalism, Adam Mickiewicz University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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An idea of a military government or a pro-democratic coup d'état seems to be completely out of the typical democratic consciousness. This paper attempts to analyze the support for the presence of the military in politics in Poland. Such attitudes are marginal, shared by a small minority of the society. Respondents supporting military rule come from lower social class backgrounds and have lower level of education, usually live in villages or small towns. Such issues as (perceived) lack of order in the country and conservative, authoritarian, strong egalitarian and statist attitudes were linked to opinions supporting military rule. Such views are also typical for proponents of the political right. Comparative analyses in other European countries point to similar attitudes. Military rule and military intervention are turned down even if the social status of military is high. The support and rejection syndrome is correlative in most countries surveyed. Only the relation with the social dimension of democracy is differential and dependent on the country. The results point to the matching image of democracy in European countries and also to the similar pattern of support for non-democratic institutional alternatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper empirically analyzes individual attitudes on the tradeoff between environment and economy and factors that might influence such choice for two representative countries: China and the United States. Based on the World Value Survey, the Chinese are found more inclined to support environmental protection, while people from the United States choose economic growth as priority. Considering three sets of correlates of sociodemographics, environmental attitude and social context, variables such as education, political affiliation and environmental consciousness show significance in influencing personal preferences, and the effect of health, age, employment and marital status demonstrates heterogeneity across countries. Such micro-level evidence on how the public weighs the economy versus environment can provide policy guidance for the government to better respond to public opinions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Media Research / Zeszyty Prasoznawcze is the property of Jagiellonian University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Wieloaspektowość badań poświęconych jedynemu oratorium Ludwiga van Beethovena Chrystus na Górze Oliwnej może dawać złudzenie braku potrzeby ich kontynuacji. Jednak pośród szczegółowych analiz nadarza się przestrzeń do ujęcia całościowego. Warto pokusić się o umiejscowienie dzieła wiedeńskiego klasyka w kontekście przemian dziejowych i jego osobistych przeżyć, spróbować nakreślić tradycję niemieckiego oratorium i umiejscowić dzieło kompozytora z jego strukturą formalną w realiach epoki. Ten zakres problematyki będzie esencją niniejszego tekstu, stanowiąc pierwszą część obszerniejszego materiału. W drugiej odsłonie rozważania przybiorą zakres bardziej analityczny, poświęcony tekstowi i jego relacji do struktur muzycznych.

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Copyright of Media Research / Zeszyty Prasoznawcze is the property of Jagiellonian University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the possible introduction of the euro in Poland. The legal and social aspects of responding to the will of the people on this matter have been analyzed. The accession of a Member State to the Economic and Monetary Union is subject to conditions, specified by convergence criteria, to ensure good preparation of that Member State for the adoption of a single European currency and its integration with the eurozone. Poland is subject to a temporary derogation, which means that it is obliged to join the Economic and Monetary Union after meeting these criteria. Despite of the lack of a deadline for the adoption of the euro by Member States that joined the EU in 2004 or later, the Treaty on the Functioning of the EU (Article 119) requires them to introduce common currency in an indefinite future. In Poland, the issue occasionally raised in the discussion is that citizens should decide in the referendum whether to convert the zloty into euro. Taking into account the predominance of unfavourable attitude to adopting the European currency and strong concerns about its negative impact on the Polish economy and domestic households, it is reasonable to question whether in such circumstances the decision to adopt the euro is legitimate and whether the public opinion may be crucial in the process of adoption common currency in Poland. What legal nuances are important in the referendum on the euro? The experience of other states that have been responsive to the will of the people on the adoption of the euro should be a warning. The Swedes and Danes voted to retain the national currency, based not merely on economic arguments, but also on national symbols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the article is twofold. Firstly, it refers to the stakeholder theory by R. Edward Freeman, that is to say, the stages of its development. The focus of attention is relationship between rules of management and ethics. The reflection of the second kind seems to be useless as long as one does not take into consideration the stakeholder opposition risk. It leads to the question when a stakeholders can expect support from public opinion, in other words, when society-at large or in particular-identifies itself with stakeholders involved into conflict with a company. This is the second purpose of the article. If ethics is treated as a tool to examine stakeholder opposition risk, then one need to determine which ethical proposition may be taken as the prognostic tool (of this kind)? The first answer given be Freeman is the transcendental one. Freeman and Evan believe that Kant's metaphysics of morals is identical with moral expectations of a definite society or at least gives comprehensive informations on this. Alas, this solution meets applied problems which make it useless in management practice. Therefore Freeman, finally chooses diff erent ethical criterion. In the use of constructive norms of ethical correctness he is going to establish when a stakeholders can expect support from their socio-economic partners. This constructive proposition is a subject to further analysis in the article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the political change in Poland as a result of the presidential and parliamentary elections of 2015, the foreign policy guidelines, including bilateral relations with Germany, have been redefined. The previous government introduced innovations in relations with Germany, motivating it to European leadership, with emphasis on the priorities of the Polish foreign policy, i.e. close Polish-German partnership, continuation of the idea of reconciliation and economic cooperation, with the historical policy withdrawn into the background. The present government does not fully continue these ideas: there has been a return to the traditionally understood relations between the two countries. Furthermore, the relations with Germany are handled in a twofold mode -- the official ones are proper and develop in a favourable atmosphere, while the public discourse refers to the resentment policy with clear anti-German undertones. The effects of this duality are deteriorated relations with Germany and worse opinions about Germany among the public. Without doubt, the relations have been further exacerbated by the exodus of refugees to the EU and Poland's lack of readiness to accept immigrants under the relocation policy. In view of the current crisis in Eastern Europe and inside the EU, the future of the Polish-German relationship is burdened with a degree of uncertainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]