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To describe a potential case of pentosan polysulfate maculopathy that seemed to manifest nearly 3 years after drug cessation.Complete ophthalmic examination, including multimodal fundus imaging, electroretinography, automated perimetry, and molecular testing, was performed.A 44-year-old woman with a 435 g cumulative exposure to pentosan polysulfate sodium presented 38 months after drug cessation with 6 months of worsening metamorphopsia and prolonged dark adaptation. Fundus examination and multimodal fundus imaging demonstrated characteristic features of pentosan polysulfate maculopathy, and molecular testing was unremarkable. By contrast, color fundus photographs of the same patient acquired at an outside facility 25 months before did not display features consistent with pentosan polysulfate sodium maculopathy.This case suggests that new-onset clinically detectable pentosan polysulfate maculopathy may develop years after drug cessation. If corroborated, this finding has important ramifications for pentosan polysulfate sodium dosing and surveillance guidelines.

Purpose To assess the distribution pattern of aerosol in the aspect of time and direction during the intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement by air-puff non-contact tonometer (NCT) and further offer references for protection from coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) in the routine ophthalmic examination. Method A single-center observational study was conducted in the ophthalmology clinics of Peking University Third Hospital. Two air quality detectors were equipped to assess the generated particulate matter (PM) concentration simultaneously within 30 s after IOP measurement in the outpatient hall. Detector A was fixed next to the NCT as a reference, while Detector B was fixed 1 meter away. The participants were divided into two groups depending on the position of Detector B. The generation of aerosol was compared within different groups and time intervals. Results 144 participants were enrolled in the final analysis. At a 1 m distance from the NCT, the PM2.5 concentration significantly increased at the 30 s ( Z = 2.898, Bonferroni-corrected P = 0.038) while the PM10 concentration increased immediately after the IOP measurement ( Z = 2.967, Bonferroni-corrected P = 0.030). The PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations at 1 m were significantly higher immediately ( Z = −2.183, P = 0.029; Z = −2.502, P = 0.012) and 30 s ( Z = −2.021, P = 0.043; Z = −2.071, P = 0.038) after the IOP measurements when the Detector B was vertical to the air jet on the lateral side. Conclusions NCT may produce aerosol after the IOP measurement by air-puff. The generated PM2.5 had a prolonged existence compared with PM10 at a 1 m distance. The lateral side of the air-puff direction may be of higher exposure risk to aerosol.

To compare IOP measurement of Perkin’s tonometer and Schiotz tonometer with respect to Goldmann applanation tonometer (GAT).100 eyes of 50 patients aged 18 to 65 years presenting to Ophthalmology OPD were selected by randomization and detailed general and ophthalmic examination was done. IOP was measured using applanation tonometers (Perkin’s and GAT) and indentation tonometer (Schiotz tonometer) in that order. The study population included 38 male eyes and 62 female eyes; 50 right eyes and 50 left eyes. There was a statistically highly significant difference seen for the values between the groups (pThere was a statistically non significant difference seen for the values between Perkin’s tonometer and GAT (p>0.05). While there was a statistically highly significant difference seen for the values between GAT and Schiotz tonometer (pThere was a statistically non significant difference seen for the IOP values between right eye and left eye. There was a statistically non significant difference seen for the IOP values between males and females. Measurement of IOP with Perkin’s was closer to the values obtained by GAT. Perkin’s being portable, easy to use and precise tonometer than Schiotz tonometer, can be considered as an excellent substitute to GAT, for large scale examination, if cost is not a concern.

Purpose: To examine the refractive lens power (RLP) and lens thickness and their associated factors in children from North-Western China.Methods: Children from two schools (primary school and junior high school) in the North-Western Chinese province of Qinghai underwent a comprehensive ophthalmic examination including biometry and cycloplegic refractometry. The RLP was calculated using Bennett’s equation. Results: The study included 596 (77.9%) individuals (mean age: 11.0±2.8 years; range: 6-16 years) with a mean axial length of 23.65±1.24mm (range: 20.02-27.96mm). Mean lens thickness was 3.30±0.16mm (range: 2.85-3.99mm) and mean RLP was 24.85±1.98D (range: 19.40-32.97). In univariate analysis, girls as compared to boys had a significantly thicker lens and greater RLP, shorter axial length, smaller corneal curvature radius and shorter corneal curvature radius (all PP=0.11) and corneal thickness (P=0.16). RLP was positively associated with refractive error (correlation coefficient r=0.33; PPPPβ=−0.07), female sex (Pβ=−0.08), shorter axial length (Pβ=−0.48) and higher lens thickness (Pβ=0.42). Conclusions: In Chinese children, RLP with a mean of 24.85±1.98D decreases with older age, male sex, longer axial length, and thinner lens thickness. Changes in RLP and axial length elongation are important players in the emmetropization and myopization.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether the method of fluorescein administration affects the results of tear film breakup time (TFBUT) measurement in normal dogs. ANIMALS STUDIED Thirty-seven client and hospital staff owned dogs over 1 year of age with no known comorbidities or administration of systemic or topical ophthalmic medications. PROCEDURES A prospective randomized three-way crossover study was conducted. All dogs received an abbreviated ophthalmic examination to rule out ocular surface disease. Using a 30-min washout interval period, each dog's right eye was received: (a) direct application of fluorescein stain strip with one drop of sterile eyewash, (b) direct application of fluorescein stain strip with two drops of sterile eyewash, or (c) application of one drop from a premade fluorescein solution (dilution of one strip in 0.3 mL sterile eyewash). Eyes were assessed using the cobalt blue filter of a slit lamp biomicroscope. TFBUT measurements were summarized as means ± standard deviation. The methods were compared using mixed model analysis of variance. All analyses were performed using sas version 9.4. RESULTS Thirty-seven dogs met the inclusion criteria. Mean TFBUT ± standard deviation (SD) for the three described methods were: (a) 16.58s ± 6.9, (b) 15.98s ± 7.1, and (c) 16.43s ± 8.1. No differences between fluorescein stain application techniques were observed (p = .92). CONCLUSION The technique of fluorescein solution administration did not affect TFBUT measurement in this population of healthy dogs.

To evaluate the effect of subcutaneous omalizumab therapy on the allergic conjunctivitis symptoms of patients being treated for asthma. A total of 84 eyes of 42 patients who were receiving subcutaneous omalizumab therapy for asthma and complained of allergic conjunctivitis symptoms underwent complete ophthalmic examination. All of the patients were graded according to signs and symptoms and duration of symptoms, evaluated using an ocular severity index (SI) and quality of life questionnaires. Immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels and both initial and final %FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in the first second) values were also evaluated. p values

Purpose: To evaluate the dimensions of lower punctum in a sample of Iranian normal population using spectral domain anterior segment optical coherence tomography (OCT). Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 102 eyes of 102 healthy volunteers were enrolled. All participants underwent a detailed history and complete ophthalmic examination. Lower punctum metrics were measured using OCT (Spectralis, Heidelberg) with the anterior segment module. External punctal diameter was defined as the largest diameter at the surface of the punctum. Internal punctal diameter was measured at two different depths of 100 μm and 500 μm from the external surface. Measurements were repeated for 30% of data by another grader. The agreement was measured using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Results: The mean age of the participants was 61.5 ± 7.9 years. The mean external punctal diameter was 425.6 ± 124.3 μm. The mean internal punctal diameter at 100 μm and 500 μm was 183 ± 97.5 μm and 77.7 ± 51.4 μm, respectively. The agreement between the graders was high in assessing all punctal characteristics (ICC >0.9 for all measurements). Conclusion: The spectral domain OCT can be used for measuring lower punctum diameter with acceptable reproducibility.

Spontaneous posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) is a common age-related condition in which prevalence tends to increase with age. Acute PVD can cause the onset of symptoms that include visual disturbances, myodesopsia and photopsia. The goal of this short review was to provide a quick glance at the important factors related to PVD based on current literature in this field, which includes incidence, symptoms, diagnosis, risk factors, and education for patients with acute symptoms, and treatments. The take home message is that an ophthalmic examination at the onset of symptoms is of utmost importance, considering that irreversible sight-threatening complications can be prevented if diagnosed and treated promptly.

Background To report a case of unilateral acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy (APMPPE) in a Hispanic convalescent COVID-19 female patient. Case presentation A 35-year-old Hispanic female with exposure to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was evaluated due to unilateral visual loss. Ophthalmic examination and diagnostic tests were consistent with APMPPE. Discussion Ocular changes can be observed in patients with COVID-19. A complete ophthalmic evaluation must be performed in patients with low vision after SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Zavgorodnia N. G., Mykhailenko N. V. Biometric changes in highly myopic eyes before and after phacoemulsification with intraocular lense implantation. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2021;11(04): 131-143. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2021.11.04.014 https://apcz.umk.pl/czasopisma/index.php/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2021.11.04.014 https://zenodo.org/record/4883646 The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. § 8. 2) and § 12. 1. 2) 22.02.2019. © The Authors 2021; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 26.02.2021. Revised: 31.03.2021. Accepted: 30.04.2021. UDK: 617.753.2:[617.741-004.1-089.87+617.7-089.843-76]]-07:57.087.1 BIOMETRIC CHANGES IN HIGHLY MYOPIC EYES BEFORE AND AFTER PHACOEMULSIFICATION WITH INTRAOCULAR LENSE IMPLANTATION N. G. Zavgorodnia1,2, N. V. Mykhailenko1,2 1Zaporizhzhia State Medical University, Department of Ophthalmology, Zaporizhzhya, Ukraine 2Clinic of Modern Ophthalmology «VISUS», Zaporizhzhya, Ukraine N. G. Zavgorodnia 1,2 ORCID:https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5678-4196 N.V. Mykhailenko 1,2 ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2779-8812 Abstract High short-sightedness is a complicating factor in phacoemulsification cataract affecting the achievement of high visual results. There are no data in the literature that would reflect changes in the biometric parameters of eyes with high myopia after cataract phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation. The authors have shown the reliability of this surgical treatment, the absence of complications and a negative effect on the hydrodynamics of the eye. Patients underwent the ophthalmic examination and for patients preparing for phacoemulsification + IOL: A- and B-scanning, endothelial microscopy, optical biometry. In the group of patients with high myopia, regardless of the age, ranged from 3.1 mm to 3.9 mm with a mean of 3.52 ± 0.34 mm (variation within 10%), while in the group of patients with myopia and concomitant cataract the fluctuations in anterior chamber depth were recorded in the range from 2.6 mm to 4.4 ± 0.1 mm with average values of 3.14 ± 0.038 mm (variation within 25%). In the dynamics of treatment, a significant reduction in intraocular pressure according to Maklakov by 6.9% was noted in 6 months from baseline (p Key words: myopia; phacoemulsification; biometrics

Objectives To describe the use of direct-contact diode laser as a new treatment for distichiasis. Study design Case report. Animals A 2-month-old Italian Friesian calf with bilateral excessive tearing and corneal opacification was presented to the Visionvet Eye Clinic. Abnormalities on ophthalmic examination included epiphora, seromucous discharge, bilateral distichiasis and secondary chronic keratitis affecting both eyes. Methods Distichiae were surgically removed after insertion of the 810-nm diode laser tip into the associated meibomian gland. Results Clinical signs gradually improved postoperatively with minimal and transient post-operative complications. Ophthalmic examination was within normal limits 6 months later beyond distichiae. Conclusion Treatment of distichiasis with direct-contact 810-nm diode laser resulted in long-term resolution of signs in the case described here.

Purpose: To report the computed tomography features of a case with complete luxation of the globe after a road traffic accident. Case Report: A 35-year-old male presented with pain, loss of vision, and bleeding from the left eye 48 hr after a road traffic accident. The ophthalmic examination of the left upper and lower eyelids showed edema with subcutaneous hematoma, crepitus, and complete blepharoptosis. On retracting the eyelids, the left eyeball was not visible and the patient was not able to perceive light. The left temporal region appeared filled with a soft, palpable globular structure situated beneath the temporalis muscle. A non-contrast computed tomography (NCCT) of the head and orbits showed a comminuted and displaced fracture of the floor, medial, and lateral orbital walls in addition to a displaced tripod fracture of the left zygomatic bone. The intact left eyeball was seen below the temporalis muscle without any optic nerve or extraocular muscle attachment. The virtual reality reconstruction highlighted a contributory supero-temporal defect in the bony orbit, which appeared large enough to accommodate the intact eyeball. Conclusion: The computed tomography of the orbits provided a detailed location of the luxated eyeball and provided guidance in further management of the case.

Neuroprotective therapy refers to measures preventing damage to neurons in the retina and optic nerve. It should be carried out when the damage to the nervous tissue has not yet become irreversible [2, 3, 7, 8]. We examined 60 patients (120 eyes) with POAG I, II and III stages with the duration of glaucoma from 5 to 15 years. IOP was compensated by selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT) surgery or local hypotensive therapy treated at the Central Polyclinic of JSC " UZBEKISTON TEMIR YULLARI", Tashkent. The patients were divided into 2 groups: group 1 (control) – 30 patients (60 eyes), who received only traditional medication therapy for glaucoma. Group 2 (main) consisted of 30 patients (60 eyes) who received OMK 2 in 1 drop 3 times a day for 1 month along with traditional medical treatment. All patients underwent the w following ophthalmic examination methods with OCT, which was carried out on the device "3D OCT-1" by "Maestro 2". In this study, structural and functional progression in the control group was accompanied by a decrease in the thickness of the RNFL, GCC and the volume of the NRR. In the main group, these parameters were stable during the observation period or had a positive trend, which indicates the neuroretinoprotective effect of OMK 2. Thus, the use of OMK 2 allows improving the functional characteristics in patients with POAG. The positive effect is presumably associated with IOP control and neuroprotective properties of the medicine.

Background: To determine the clinical profile and causes of various types of secondary glaucoma. Materials and methods : This was a hospital-based cross-sectional study conducted in a tertiary eye hospital of eastern Nepal from 1st June to 30th November, 2017. Patients who met the criteria for secondary glaucoma underwent detailed ophthalmic examination. Results : Out of 7079 patients diagnosed with glaucoma or glaucoma suspects, 528 (7.4%) had secondary glaucoma. The mean age at presentation was 52 ± 17 years with male to female ratio of 1.5:1. The most common cause was lens induced 173 (32.8%) followed by neovascular 107 (20.3%), steroid induced 86 (16.3%), traumatic 76 (14.4%), post-vitrectomy 17 (3.2%), uveitic 11 (2.1%), pseudophakic 10 (1.9%), aphakic 8 (1.5%), post-keratoplasty 5 (0.9%) and miscellaneous included 35 (6.6%). Post-traumatic 31 (29.5%) was more prevalent below 41 years while lens induced glaucoma 86 (49%) above 60 years of age. At presentation, the average IOP was 40 ± 11 mmHg. 36 (6.8%) had no light perception in the presenting eye and a large number of participants 307 (58.1%) presented with visual acuity of

Background: Various factors involved in phaco can influence the tissue structures of the eyeball Ultrasonic energy should be taken into consideration as a risk factor that may affect the structure of the tissue in the eyeball. Objective: To evaluate changes on macular thickness before and after phacoemulsification surgery with variable Phaco Times and constant phaco ‎power by Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). Patients and methods: A prospective observational clinical study on 40 eyes with Nuclear cataract grade II-III. All patients under went full medical and ophthalmic history, history of ocular surgeries, complete ophthalmic examination include ingvisual acuity: Uncorrected VA (UCVA) and best corrected VA (BCVA),Anterior segment examination using Slit-lamp bio microscopy, Intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement by applanation tonometry, Fundus examination, OCT was done preoperatively and then 4-6 weeks postoperatively. Results: In patients with Nuclear cataract, there was no significant correlation between postoperative 4-6 weeks macular thickness (MT) with phaco time. Conclusion: After phacoemulsification surgery with variable phaco times and constant phaco power, there was no significant correlation between postoperative 4-6 weeks macular thickness (MT) with phaco time.

Introduction: The purpose of this study is to find out the association of duration of diabetes and increased HbA1c level with corneal thickness in patients of DM. Materials and Methods: After obtaining approval by ‘Sumandeep Vidyapeeth Institutional Ethical Committee’, a comprised study of 150 type-II DM patients were conducted (only left eye included). All the patients underwent complete ophthalmic examination and all study procedure was performed after obtaining informed consent from all patients and in accordance with declaration of Helsinki. Result: The mean CCT of patients with DM

An 8-year-old, castrated male, Jack Russell Terrier was presented with clinical signs of uveitis and glaucoma in the right eye (oculus dexter (OD)) for 2–3 months. Ophthalmic examination revealed OD episcleral congestion, corneal vascularization, aqueous flare, iris bombe, and vision loss. OD glaucoma and uveitis were under control by medical treatment. After 8 months, the dog had acute uveitis in the left eye (oculus sinister (OS)). General physical examination, blood examinations, radiography, and urinalysis were unremarkable. No improvement was observed after for 1 month of uveitis treatment, and more examinations were strongly suggested. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed several hypoechoic masses or cysts on both kidneys. Computed tomography (CT) showed diffuse nonenhancing hypodense patches in both kidneys. Renal tumor was highly suspected, but biopsy was declined by the owner. Ten days after CT examination, the dog suddenly developed anorexia, weakness, uremia, hyperkalemia, and polycythemia. The dog was euthanatized because of the worsening clinical condition, poor prognosis, and financial constraints, and both kidneys were biopsied for histopathology. Immunohistochemically, the neoplastic cells were positive for B-cell marker (CD20) and negative for T-cell marker (CD3). Bilateral renal B-cell origin lymphoma was diagnosed by histologic and immunophenotyping examinations. In conclusion, bilateral renal lymphoma may be diagnosed with no systemic signs except bilateral uveitis. Renal function impairment was acutely developed with severe clinical signs at the end stage of the disease. Early, aggressive, complete examinations, and treatments are strongly recommended.

A 25-year-old male patient presented with chief complaints of itching in both eyes (OU) for the past one month. Detailed ophthalmic examination showed best-corrected visual acuity of 6/6 OU. On slit-lamp examination of the left eye, Vogt's striae were documented and rest of the anterior segment was normal OU. Pentacam-HR and ASOCT confirmed the diagnosis of keratoconus. The patient was started on Trehalose containing preparation for both eyes. On follow-up visit at 8 months, progression was documented on Pentacam-HR. MS-39 showed epithelial remodeling, but no stromal or posterior elevation, indicative of a pseudo-progression. Corneal epithelial remodeling post topical trehalose containing eye drops application has been very sparsely reported in literature. It is an important differential to consider when faced with a situation of a likely progression of keratoconus, especially to differentiate true from pseudo-progression.

Aim To measure the central choroidal thickness (ChT) in children and adolescents with anxiety disorders. Methods Totally 41 anxiety patients (8-16y) and 35 healthy controls (age-matched) were evaluated. Complete ophthalmic examination was performed. Inclusion criteria were best corrected visual acuity ≥20/20, normal intraocular pressure (IOP; 10-21 mm Hg), and no systemic or ocular diseases according to history. The diagnosis of psychiatric disorders was determined using Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Aged Children Present-Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL). Enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) was used to measure the central ChT. Results The mean age was 12.18±3.24y in the patient group and 12.86±3.15y in the control group. Age and gender distribution of the two groups was similar. Central ChT mean value was 353.26±31.9 µm in anxiety patients while 318.75±60.9 µm in the control group. Mean central ChT was statistically significantly higher in the children and adolescents with anxiety disorders than healthy controls (P=0.002). Conclusion The children and adolescents with anxiety disorders have significantly thicker central ChT than controls. In the larger sample, longitudinal studies will contribute to the use of choroidal differences as a clinical marker for monitoring anxiety disorders.

A 1-year-old Maine Coon female spayed cat was presented for a 7-week history of bilateral pinkish masses located over the dorsotemporal conjunctival quadrants. Ophthalmic examination revealed the presence of bilateral temporal, slightly hyperemic, subconjunctival masses, fluctuant, and nonpainful. The remainder of the ocular examination was unremarkable. Ultrasound biomicroscopy and B-scan ultrasonography confirmed the presence of a bilateral cavitated and tubular structure, extending within the temporal orbit, with anechoic fluid-like content. Surgical removal was performed. Histopathology described the lesions as lacrimal gland tissue, markedly infiltrated by inflammatory cells, associated with cavitated structures filled with proteinaceous debris, and lined by flattened bilayered cuboidal epithelial cells. Bilateral adenitis of unknown origin and dacryops of the temporal lacrimal glands were diagnosed. Both surgical sites healed uneventfully, and no recurrence was reported on either eye during a 12-month follow-up period.

Objectives Determine the prevalence of refractive errors among school children comparing governmental and non-governmental schools. Patients and methods This study was a school-based cross-sectional comparative study, conducted in Tanta city, Gharbia governorate in the middle of the Delta region, Egypt from January and April 2016. The study included 1075 students from Two groups of primary schools private and governmental. Sociodemographic data collected for all student and full ophthalmic examination were done. Results The prevalence of refractive error in our study was 22.1% of all students, only 35.7% of RE students wore glasses before our screening and suspected amblyopia cases who were 31.1% of RE students (6.9% of all students). Distribution of different types of refractive error showed that astigmatism most common followed by myopia and lastly hyperopia (68.1%, 17.6%, and 14.3% respectively). Conclusion About one-fourth of the students had a refractive error with high suspected amblyopia. Most of the refractive error cases especially in governmental school were first detected during our study.

Extreme sensitivity and relatively rapid reaction to environmental changes makes amphibians suitable bioindicators of environmental health. Chemical contaminants, developmental disruptors, ultraviolet radiation, parasitic and viral infections, intrinsic developmental constraints are common factors causing malformations of individuals. In the period October 2017 – February 2018 we investigated fire salamanders (Salamandra salamandra) wintering in underground roosts in Slovakia, Europe. Individuals were measured (SVL, snout-vent length; TBL, total body length), weighed and underwent ophthalmic examination, including tonometry. From 80 individuals, three salamanders with malformations were observed. The deformities recorded were a skin deformity in the lumbar region of one individual, unilateral microphthalmia and syndactyly of the right forelimb. Two of these deformities were detected during one inspection of the artificial gallery. In this paper we also mention incidence of deformities during our several years of research on fire salamanders in Slovakia.

The human amniotic membrane (hAM) has lately demonstrated interesting potential in its retinal applications. Nowadays, the treatment of persistent macular holes is still a challenge. In this paper, we present a case of a hAM plug used to treat a persistent macular hole, with the purpose of highlighting the critical issues of this new surgical procedure. We performed a 23-G pars plana vitrectomy and inserted a hAM plug (diameter of 1.5 mm) under the neuroretinal margins of the hole (diameter of 657 μm). A complete ophthalmic examination with the assessment of best-corrected visual acuity (logMAR units, ETDRS letter score) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans were collected at 1, 4, 6, and 10 weeks after surgery. Visual acuity changed from logMAR 1.0 (1) preoperatively to logMAR 1.0 (2), 1.0 (4), 0.9 (9), and 0.9 (10) at 1, 4, 6, and 10 weeks of follow-up, respectively. The 1 week postoperative OCT did not show neuroretinal adhesion over the plug, but the following visits showed reattachment of the margins with partial neuroretinal ingrowth. These findings suggest that the correct adaptation of the size of the hAM plug to the macular hole is essential to allow the anatomical closure of the hole and potential functional results.

To evaluate the changes in ocular biomechanical properties in active moderate-to-severe Graves’ orbitopathy (GO) after intravenous glucocorticoids (IVGCs), and to clarify correlations between clinical findings and ocular biomechanical properties. A prospective study. A total of 20 consecutive GO patients and 20 age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects were included. GO was diagnosed on the basis of the recommendation by the European Group on Graves’ Orbitopathy (EUGOGO), and disease activity was assessed by the clinical activity score (CAS). Patients were assigned to receive once weekly IVGCs (0.5 g, then 0.25 g, 6 weeks each). All participants received a full ophthalmic examination and biomechanical evaluation was performed with dynamic Scheimpflug analyzer (Corvis ST) at baseline and 12th weeks after therapy. The biomechanically corrected intraocular pressure (bIOP) in GO patients was significantly higher than that in healthy subjects. In contrast, the whole eye movement (WEM) in GO patients was significantly lower than in healthy subjects after adjusting for bIOP. The CAS, NOSPECS score, and exophthalmos were significantly positively correlated with the bIOP and negatively correlated with the WEM after adjusting for bIOP, CCT and age. The WEM significantly increased, whereas bIOP significantly decreased after IVGCs (P

The unique ophthalmic anatomy and generally tractable nature of camelids for ophthalmic examination make them an enjoyable species with which to work. In order to accurately diagnose ophthalmic disorders, it is imperative for the clinician to obtain a working knowledge of the normal ophthalmic anatomy and to be able to competently perform a complete ophthalmic examination. Common ophthalmic disorders ranging from the adnexa to the posterior segment will be reviewed.

To compare intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements obtained with non-contact tonometry (NCT), Icare rebound tonometry (IRT) and Goldmann applanation tonometry (GAT) in pediatric cases and to examine the effect of topical anesthesia on measurements obtained using IRT. Pediatric cases in a healthy general condition and with ophthalmic examination findings within normal limits were included in the study. IOP measurements were taken with NCT and IRT devices in all cases. Topical anesthesia was subsequently applied, and IOP measurements were then repeated using IRT and GAT tonometer devices. Differences between measurements were subjected to statistical analysis. One hundred ten eyes of 55 patients, 27 male, with a mean age of 11.44 ± 2.31 years (7–17) were included. Mean pre-anesthesia IOP values were 16.47 ± 2.89 mmHg with NCT and 17.49 ± 2.57 mmHg with IRT. Mean IOP values after topical anesthesia were 16.91 ± 2.17 mmHg with IRT and 15.51 ± 2.41 mmHg with GAT. IOP measurement values obtained with all three devices exhibited positive correlation with central corneal thickness values. Statistically significant correlation was present in terms of IOP measurement values between all three devices. However, IOP values obtained with the three devices exhibited statistically significant differences. The application of topical anesthesia caused a statistically significant decrease in IRT measurements; however, statistically significant this small change (0.58 mmHg) in recorded IOP would not be considered clinically significant. IOP measurements obtained with NCT, IRT and GAT devices in the pediatric age group correlate with one another, but differ from one another in a statistically significant manner. Application of topical anesthesia affects IRT measurements; however, these small changes would not be considered clinically significant.