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Background/Aim: We examined the diagnostic performance of the tongue protrusion with phonation and open mouth (TOPPOM) method for visualizing structures of the oropharynx. Patients and Methods: Transoral endoscopy was performed on 20 healthy participants to evaluate 12 oropharynx subsites under three conditions: open mouth (OM), phonation with open mouth (POM), and TOPPOM. Each subsite was scored from 0 to 2 depending on subsite visualization, and the scores were summed. Images of subsite-adjacent mucosa were similarly scored. Results: The total scores were significantly higher for TOPPOM than for POM and for POM than for OM. Such scores were observed for both the palatine arches, both palatine tonsils, the left lingual tonsillar sulcus, and the vallecula. Conclusion: TOPPOM enables visualization of the oropharynx through transoral endoscopic examination, and TOPPOM with conventional transnasal endoscopy may enable early detection of oropharyngeal carcinomas and lesions and improve the performance of pre- and post-treatment evaluations.

Objectives To examine whether audio-voice guidance application improves adherence to resuscitation sequence and recommended time frames during neonatal resuscitation. Methods A prospective, randomized, pilot study examining the use of an audio-voice application for guiding resuscitation on newborn mannequins, based on the Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP) algorithm. Two different scenarios, with and without voice guidance, were presented to 20 medical personnel (2 midwives, 8 nurses, and 10 physicians) in random order, and their performance videotaped. Results Audio-voice guided resuscitation compared with non-guided resuscitation, resulted in significantly better compliance with NRP order sequence (p Conclusions In this pilot study, audio-voice guidance application for newborn resuscitation simulation on mannequins, based on the NRP algorithm, improved adherence and performance of NRP guidelines.

In this cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study, we sought to compare the ultrasonic thickness of the masseter muscle in people with severe forward head posture vs people without forward head posture, and to determine sex differences in muscle thickness.Thirty-eight volunteers (19 with normal head postures and 19 with severe forward head postures), aged 18 to 35 years, entered the study. The severity of the forward head posture was measured by a plumb line and the craniovertebral angle drawn on the recorded images. Based on the recorded images, the masseter muscle thickness was also measured by a 7.5-MHz linear transducer using an ultrasound device in the seated position with 3 mouth positions (closed, half open, and fully open).The results showed that the head posture affects masseter thickness significantly (P = .01), with masseter thickness significantly lower in the participants without severe forward head postures compared to those with severe forward head postures in the closed, half-open, and fully open mouth positions (P.05). Comparing the mean masseter thickness across sexes showed that the masseter muscle is significantly thicker in men compared to women (P = .01).Head posture and thickness of the masseter muscle are linked, as the masseter muscle was thicker in all 3 positions in the participants with severe forward head postures.

THE SEAS HAD TURNED ROUGH as a sudden squall whipped up the winds enough to howl through the rigging. And with those winds came a powerful smell of oil. Soon I could see the characteristic rainbow sheen from my position on the rail of this fishing trawler. It was May of 2016, and we were in the Gulf of Mexico, about 16 kilometers off the southeast coast of Louisiana. · "Skimmer in the water," bellowed Kevin Kennedy, an Alaskan fisherman turned oil-spill remediation entrepreneur. Ropes groaned as the boat's winches lowered his prototype oil-recovery system into the heaving seas. As the trawler bobbed up and down, Kennedy's contraption rode the waves, its open mouth facing into the slick, gulping down a mix of seawater and crude oil. u The stomach of Kennedy's device, to continue the analogy, was a novel separator, which digested the mixture of seawater and oil. By virtue of its clever engineering, it excreted essentially nothing but water. At the top of the separator's twin tanks, the collected oil began to swell. When enough had accumulated, the oil was sucked safely into a storage tank. Then the cycle would begin again.

Background Following head and neck trauma, the involvement of the cranio-cervical junction (CCJ) and its contribution to a patients transition to chronic pain, is poorly understood. The detection of hypermobility in this region is dependent on clinical examination and static imaging modalities such as x-ray, CT and MRI. Sagittal plane hypermobility of the CCJ is evaluated using saggital view, flexion-extension cervical radiographs. Frontal plane hypermobility is typically assessed using lateral bending and open mouth cervical radiographs. Unfortunately there is no established reliability surrounding the use of these measures. This study explores the reliability of radiographic measurements of lateral-bending open-mouth cervical radiographs. Methods Cervical open-mouth lateral-bending X-ray images were collected from 56 different patients between 18 and 60 years of age patients following cervical spine injury. These images were interpreted by two musculoskeletal radiologists and two clinicians (physiatrist and chiropractor), using a standard set of measurements. Measurements included qualitative and quantitative assessments of the amount of asymmetry noted between various osseous landmarks. Reliability statistics were calculated for levels of agreement using kappa coefficients (κ) and Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC) for dichotomous and continuous variables, respectively. Results Reliability (κ) for qualitative assessments were moderate to substantial for asymmetry of neutral C2 spinous position, dens-lateral mass spacing, and “step off” between the lateral borders of the articular pillars of C2 and C1 lateral mass (κ range = .47–.78). ICC values for the quantitative measurements of dens-lateral mass spacing and “step off” between the lateral borders of the C2 articular pillars and C1 lateral mass were moderate to excellent (ICC range = .56–.97). Conclusions The qualitative and quantitative measurements used in this study demonstrated good to excellent inter-examiner reliability. Correlation with clinical findings is necessary to establish the utility of these measurements in clinical practice.

In the 1990s it became apparent that changes in the FOMC’s target rate could be implemented through announcements alone – “open mouth operations” – without adjustments to reserve supply or the discount rate. This cannot be explained by standard models of the Fed’s system of policy implementation at the time. It differed from experience in the 1970s, the earlier era of interest-rate targeting, though the structure of implementation appeared essentially similar. I explain the appearance of open-mouth operations as a consequence of longstanding Fed discount-window lending practices, interacting with a decrease after the 1970s in the relative importance of discount borrowing by small banks. Data on discount borrowing by large versus small banks in the 1980s–1990s and the 1970s support my explanation. Thanks to James Clouse, Selva Demiralp, Cheryl Edwards, William English, Marvin Goodfriend, Kenneth Kuttner and William Whitesell.

Purpose The aims of this study were to (a) describe the development and utility of the Open Mouth-Maximal Isometric Press (OM-MIP), a tool designed for the quantitative assessment of suprahyoid–infrahyoid muscle strength; (b) examine the effects of age and sex on the OM-MIP; and (c) establish age- and sex-based OM-MIP norms. Method Two hundred sixteen healthy male and female volunteers were recruited. Participants performed the OM-MIP, and the maximum of 3 trials that were within 10% of each other was recorded. Rest between each trial was allowed to avoid fatigue. Multiple regression examined the influence of age and sex on the OM-MIP. Descriptive statistics outlined normative OM-MIP values for young adult (aged 18–39 years), middle-aged adult (aged 40–59 years), old adult (aged 60–79 years), and very old adult (aged ≥ 80 years) men and women. Two-way analysis of variance determined if normative data differed significantly between the age and sex groups. Results Age and sex significantly influenced the OM-MIP, although no significant interaction effect was identified. Women had lower mean OM-MIPs when compared with men ( p < .0005), and very old adults had lower mean OM-MIPs when compared with young ( p = .001), middle-aged ( p < .0005), and old ( p = .013) adults. Conclusions This study establishes age- and sex-based OM-MIP norms and outlines its potential utility during clinical swallowing evaluations and treatment. By providing these norms, clinicians can begin to quantitatively measure suprahyoid and infrahyoid strength, individualize resistance training programs to patients' OM-MIP 1 repetition maximum, and track strength changes over time in response to therapeutic interventions.

Relaxed open-mouth display serves important social functions in relation to submission, reconciliation, affiliation and reassurance among non-human primate societies; however, quantitative evidence on this behavior remains insufficient among multi-level social groups. From July to November 2016, we examined four potential functions of the relaxed open-mouth display during pairwise, intra-unit social interactions among 18 free-ranging adult and sub-adult golden snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) who belonged to three one-male, multi-female units (OMU) at Dalongtan, Shennongjia National Park, China. Results showed that: compared with no relaxed open-mouth display, (1) the occurrence of displacement by a dominant individual approaching a subordinate was lower and the distance of the subordinate to the approaching dominant was shorter when the subordinate showed open-mouth display; (2) relaxed open-mouth display reduced the probability of continued attack for victims of aggression and allowed victims to achieve closer proximity to the aggressor during post-conflict periods; (3) relaxed open-mouth display by dominant individuals allowed them to achieve closer proximity to subordinates; and (4) the exchange of relaxed open-mouth display had a greater impact on the outcome of interactions than one individual alone giving this signal. These findings suggest that relaxed open-mouth display serves important functions regarding submission, reconciliation, affiliation and reassurance in coordinating social interactions within OMUs in golden snub-nosed monkeys.

Objectives To determine the optimal utility of the open mouth maneuver and Metal Artifact Reduction for the Orthopedic Implants (O-MAR) technique for CT of the oral cavity and oropharynx. Methods Between July 2017 and May 2019, 59 subjects who underwent both conventional and open mouth head and neck CT scans were included in this retrospective study. All images were reconstructed using the O-MAR algorithm. With conventional CT with/without the O-MAR (CTc_O/CTc) and open mouth CT with/without O-MAR (CTo_O/CTo), one reader measured the noise level in multiple anatomic regions of the oral cavity and oropharynx. Visual scores for the streak artifact and overall subjective image quality were assessed by two independent readers. Results For the mobile tongue, retromolar trigone, and palatine tonsil, the mean noise was significantly lower, and the mean visual scores were significantly higher, with CTo than with CTc or CTc_O (all, P < 0.001). The mean visual scores were higher with CTo_O than with CTo for the mobile tongue and palatine tonsil (all, P < 0.001). Contrarily, for the mouth floor and tongue base, the mean noise was significantly higher with CTo_O than with CTc or CTc_O, and the mean visual scores were significantly higher with CTc than with CTo or CTo_O (all, P < 0.001). Conclusions The open mouth maneuver and O-MAR technique can have different influences on the CT image quality according to the anatomical subsites of the oral cavity and oropharynx.

Primate communication relies strongly on the visual modality, notably through the production of a wide range of expressive facial signals. We investigated here the facial display repertoire of a relatively little-studied cercopithecid species, red-capped mangabeys (Cercocebus torquatus), and questioned whether their facial displays were dependent on social contexts and accompanied by indices of intentionality. Although the dual intentional and emotional use of apes' facial expressions has recently been suggested, the question of whether monkeys produce facial expressions intentionally to communicate remains open. We described 6 facial displays produced by captive red-capped mangabeys in social contexts. They are based on movements of the mouth, eyebrows, and ears, possibly graded in intensity and produced independently or in combination. We showed that most of the facial displays were produced preferentially in specific social contexts and that repertoires varied with subjects' characteristics, highlighting the communicative function of these displays. Moreover, behavioral markers of intentionality commonly used in gestural studies were found to accompany the production of some of the facial signals observed. Particularly, playful "open mouth" appeared strongly associated with intentionality indices, as previously noticed in ape species. All other facial displays, except yawns, did not exhibit all defined intentional indices but were, at least, directed toward a recipient. Interestingly, yawns presented different variants of intensity associated presumably with different social functions. Altogether, these results emphasize the communicative function of red-capped mangabeys' facial displays and provide a basis for further research on their intentional communication. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

The temporomandibular joint makes it possible to open and close your mouth, as involving chewing, swallowing, speaking, and yawning activity. Ankylosis of the Temporomandibular joint which includes partial or complete fusion of the joint with resulting restricted opening of mouth, restricted mandibular movements (hypomobility) with deviation to the affected side on opening of the mouth. The pathology is multifactorial and restoration of function usually involves surgical intervention and dependence on the exact pathology situated at the root of pons. It is essential to evaluate the underlying pathology, its degree for proper planning of surgery and follow-up. 3-D CT scan of facial bones provide a reliable and consistent diagnosis and evaluation for temporomandibular joint ankylosis. Keywords: TMJ, ankylosis, 3-D CT scan, facial asymmetry.

Babies and infants getting osteophatic therapies may show oral functional disorders, such as insufficient sucking, problems with mashed, semisolid or solid food, up to choking (dysphagia); open mouth, tongue protrusion, drooling. This article highlights medical contexts (muscle hypotonia, hypertonia/spasticity) and explains indications to a more specific therapy: such as the Castillo Morales®- Conzept .

Pistachios are nutritious nuts that are sorted based on the shape of their shell into two categories: Open-mouth and Closed-mouth. The open-mouth pistachios are higher in price, value, and demand than the closed-mouth pistachios. Because of these differences, it is considerable for production companies to precisely count the number of each kind. This paper aims to propose a new system for counting the different types of pistachios with computer vision. We have introduced and shared a new dataset of pistachios, including six videos with a total length of 167 seconds and 3927 labeled pistachios. Unlike many other works, our model counts pistachios in videos, not images. Counting objects in videos need assigning each object between the video frames so that each object be counted once. The main two challenges in our work are the existence of pistachios' occlusion and deformation of pistachios in different frames because open-mouth pistachios that move and roll on the transportation line may appear as closed-mouth in some frames and open-mouth in other frames. Our novel model first is trained on the RetinaNet object detector network using our dataset to detect different types of pistachios in video frames. After gathering the detections, we apply them to a new counter algorithm based on a new tracker to assign pistachios in consecutive frames with high accuracy. Our model is able to assign pistachios that turn and change their appearance (e.g., open-mouth pistachios that look closed-mouth) to each other so does not count them incorrectly. Our algorithm performs very fast and achieves good counting results. The computed accuracy of our algorithm on six videos (9486 frames) is 94.75%., This is a preprint of an article published in the Iran Journal of Computer Science. The final authenticated version is available online at https://doi.org/10.1007/s42044-021-00090-6. The dataset and the code are available at: https://github.com/mr7495/Pesteh-Set https://github.com/mr7495/Pistachio-Counting

There is increasing interest in keeping dairy cows with their calves during the milk feeding period, and in reducing distress associated with separation. The aim of this study was to investigate how nutritional dependence upon the cow’s milk affects behavioural responses to separation by both the cow and calf. For the first six weeks of life, dependent (n = 10) and semi-dependent (n = 10) calves could suckle from their mother at night, but semi-dependent calves also had ad libitum access to an automated milk feeder (AMF). Independent (n = 10) calves had ad libitum access to an AMF, and their dams wore udder nets to prevent nursing. Once cow and calf were separated, (first a 4 d period of partial separation with fence-line contact followed by total separation when the dam was removed), all calves had ad libitum access to the AMF. We used live, focal-animal observations and classified vocalizations either as high pitched (open mouth) or low pitched (closed mouth). We found that during partial and total separation, independent calves produced fewer high-pitched vocalizations/d than did dependent and semi-dependent calves combined (median: 0.00 vs. 7.2; U = 12.0, z = −3.21, P = 0.001 and 0.00 vs. 0.00; U = 40.5, z = −2.25, P = 0.024 for the two phases respectively) and also tended to produce fewer low-pitched vocalizations during partial separation (0.00 vs. 1.17; U = 29.5, z = −1.90, P = 0.057). Similarly, independent cows tended to produce fewer high-pitched calls during partial separation (0.00 vs. 1.08; U = 31.5, −1.74, P = 0.083) as compared to semi-dependent and dependent cows combined. During the separation phases, 23 calves (four, nine and ten calves) of dependent, semi-dependent and independent treatments, respectively, consumed at least 1.5 L/d from the AMF; these calves spent more time playing (s) (total separation; 3.67 vs. 0.00; U = 28, z = −1.99, P = 0.047) and less time close to the separation barrier (partial separation; 51.31-81.01-124.44 vs. 134.03-147.23-280.10), produced fewer high-pitched vocalizations during partial separation (0.00 vs. 8.33; U = 16, z = −2.22, P = 0.027), and tended to produce fewer low-pitched vocalizations (0.00 vs. 0.83; U = 21.5, z = −1.73, P = 0.083), than did calves consuming less milk from the AMF. The number of high-pitched vocalizations produced was negatively correlated with the calf’s milk intake (partial separation; Spearman’s r = −0.770, P

Among the most popular motifs in Francis Bacon’s painting is the gaping mouth. In some works the expression appears to be a scream, while elsewhere the mouth is open, replete with upper and lower teeth, but beyond that it is unclear whether we are seeing a mouth that is screaming or making some other expression. This article conveys the importance of the mouth as a “lever” for prising apart the human. Through the open mouth Bacon exposes the human-animal and reduces the mouth—as an organ of speech, reason and humanity—to its primal and pre-linguistic function. In demonstrating this it will be argued that rather than focusing exclusively on the scream, more attention needs to be paid to the gaping mouth and its significance in Bacon’s œuvre.

Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of routine open mouth osseous temporomandibular joint (TMJ) tomography on diagnosis and treatment planning of TMJ conditions. Investigating the need for such images is important to justify the additional radiation exposure imparted by such procedures. Study Design The records of patients who underwent closed- and open-mouth osseous TMJ tomography (planar film tomography up to the beginning of 2006; cone beam computed tomography from 2006 onward) were reviewed. Three examiners formulated a diagnosis and treatment plan based on the history, clinical findings, and tomography interpretation reports of closed-mouth images. Then they reviewed the interpretations of the open-mouth images and recorded whether they would change their original diagnosis and/or treatment plan on the basis of the findings. Descriptive analysis of the results was performed. Results The impact of routine open-mouth imaging on diagnosis and treatment planning was variable among the examiners. Examiners 1, 2, and 3 had a change in diagnosis in 7%, 5%, and 3% of cases, respectively, and a change in treatment plan in 1%, 1%, and 8%, respectively. Conclusions Routine open-mouth osseous TMJ tomography had a minimal impact on diagnosis and treatment planning of TMJ conditions, which varied according to the treating clinician.

Difficult intubating conditions, anticipated or unanticipated, are part of every anaesthesist’s life. A large number of aids and various techniques have been described for intubating in such situations. The primary job of the anesthesiologist is to secure the airway and provide adequate ventilation to the anesthetised patient. Failure to manage difficult airway has led to many of the total deaths attributable to anesthesia. Proper airway examination and selection of appropriate method for airway intervention is of utmost importance. The retrograde intubation technique is one of the valuable alternative options in places where fiberoptic bronchoscope is not readily available or affordable in cases with anticipated difficult airway. We report a case of cancrum oris with sygnathia (fusion of jaw) leading to inability to open mouth posted for bilateral coronoidectomy with osteotomy of fused bone and lip repair. An awake retrograde nasal intubation with light sedation and local block was performed.

There are hoards evidences that driver fatigue can lead to vehicle accidents so pre alert is must require for such kind of delinquent. This paper taxonomy gives an algorithm for detection of yawing state of a driver driving a vehicle .Whether it is open or closed. The method presented is based upon the non-intrusive method as the camera is used for capturing the image of the driver. A new method is proposed which gives a fast response about yawing. The algorithm presented works upon image processing concept. Owing to its efficiency the same can be implemented in real-time. The results are analyzed and the efficiency obtained for open mouth detection is 98%.

This article reviews behavioral treatments of pediatric feeding disorders using physical guidance procedures as an open-mouth prompt (i.e., jaw prompt, finger prompt, Nuk prompt, side deposit) to increase food acceptance. We identified 9 articles containing 35 systematic evaluations. We coded participant and study characteristics and assessed the experimental rigor, quality, and outcomes of each evaluation. Of the high-quality research present, the finger prompt variation and side deposit reliably increased acceptance. We found mixed results on the efficacy of the jaw prompt, although it was the most widely researched procedure. Further, authors reported interobserver agreement for 100% of the participants, procedural integrity for 60%, social validity for 80%, fading for 5%, and follow-up for 55%. Based on the invasive nature of physical guidance, we provide recommendations for researchers and clinicians to increase the quality of their treatment evaluations. We discuss limitations, implications for practice, and future research.

Introduction: Although several socio-environmental factors are known to cause asthma/allergic diseases, little is known the factors influencing asthma/allergy among East Indian adolescents. Objective: To estimate the association between asthma/allergic responses and environmental factors. Methods: Among 1684 adolescents (age 13-14 years) recruited in the PERFORMANCE Study1, information about indoor and outdoor environment was achieved through a structured questionnaire. Asthma, rhinitis, and dermatitis were assessed using the English-back Bengali version of the International Study on Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire modules, as described previously1. Results: 58% of the study population was male. Prevalence of rhinitis, asthma, and dermatitis were 21%, 11%, and 21%, respectively. In logistic regression models adjusted for gender and parental atopy/asthma, asthma was significantly associated with exposure to second-hand smoke (SHS) at home [aOR: 1.9; 95%CI: 1.2-3.0] and open dustbin/garbage stack near home [1.6; 1.1-2.3]. Apart from these two factors, dermatitis was also associated with exposure to pets (cattle/dog/cat/birds/livestock) [1.5; 1.1-2.0] and presence of bush near the house [1.8; 1.3-2.4]. The risk of asthma and dermatitis were higher among adolescents with parental symptoms for the above risk factors, except for pet exposure. Conclusion: While exposure to garbage/open mouth dustbins is the major outdoor factor, SHS and animal contact are some of the major indoor air contaminants contributing to asthma and other allergic diseases among East Indian adolescents. Reference: 1. Bhattacharjee S, et al. ERJ Open Res. 2018:00034-2018

This study reports the epidemiological data and the clinical-pathological condition of five outbreaks of cyanogenic poisoning in cattle spontaneously ingesting star grass (Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst var. nlemfuensis cv. ‘Florico’). In all outbreaks, the areas where the plant was previously fertilized with high concentrations of nitrogen and the properties adopted the silvipastoral system. The first clinical signs appeared between 10 and 15 minutes after the first introduction of cattle and were characterized by muscular tremors, dyspnea, moderate tympanism, staggering gait, forced breathing with open mouth, sternal recumbency followed by death after 15 to 30 minutes and/or recovery in a few hours after the signs started. In total, 43 cows have become ill and 18 died. Two necropsies were performed and no significant changes were found except for the presence of the plant near the esophageal sphincter region. No histological lesions were seen through microscopy. Green leaves of the star grass were collected from all properties where the outbreaks occurred and the test of the picro-sodium paper was performed, revealing red-brick coloration in 20 minutes after maceration of the leaves. RESUMO: Descrevem-se os dados epidemiológicos e quadro clínico-patológico de cinco surtos de intoxicação cianogênica em bovinos que ingeriram espontaneamente grama estrela (Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst var. nlemfuensis cv. ‘Florico’). Em todos os surtos, as áreas onde a planta se encontrava haviam sido previamente adubadas com altas concentrações de nitrogênio e as propriedades adotavam o sistema silvipastoril com Eucaliptus sp. Os primeiros sinais clínicos surgiram entre 10 e 15 minutos após a primeira introdução dos bovinos e caracterizou-se por tremores musculares, dispneia, timpanismo moderado, andar cambaleante, respiração forçada com a boca aberta, decúbito esternal seguido de morte após 15 a 30 minutos e/ou, recuperação em poucas horas após início dos sinais. No total, adoeceram 43 vacas e destas 18 morreram. Duas necropsias foram realizadas e não foram encontradas alterações significativas, exceto a presença da planta próxima a região do esfíncter esofágico. Através da microscopia não foram visualizadas lesões histológicas. Folhas verdes da grama estrela foram coletadas de todas as propriedades onde os surtos ocorreram e realizadas o teste do papel picro-sódico, o qual revelou coloração vermelho-tijolo em 20 minutos após maceração das folhas.

The present study describes how the development of a pair bond modifies social, sexual and aggressive behavior. Five heterosexual pairs of marmosets, previously unknown to each other, were formed at the beginning of the study. At the onset of pairing, social, sexual, exploratory and aggressive behaviors were recorded for 40 min. The animals were then observed for 20 min, both in the morning and afternoon for 21 days. The frequency and/or duration of behaviors recorded on Day 1 were compared to those recorded at later observations. The behavior displayed shortly after pairing should be completely unaffected by the pair bond, while such a bond should be present at later observations. Thus, it was possible to determine how the behavior between the pair was modified by the development of a pair bond. Social behaviors increased from Day 1 to Days 2-6 and all subsequent days observed. Conversely, other behaviors, such as open mouth displays (usually considered to be an invitation to sexual activity), had a high frequency during the early part of cohabitation but declined towards the end. Consequently, pair bonding manifests itself in an increased intensity of social behaviors. It is suggested that the intrinsically rewarding properties of grooming and perhaps other social behaviors turn the pair mate into a positive incentive, activating approach and further interactions when possible. Thus, the pair bond may be a motivational state activated by the conditioned incentive properties of the partner. This notion can explain all forms of pair bonds, including those occurring between individuals of the same sex and in promiscuous species.

A 13-year-old girl with Down syndrome (DS) presented with one episode of new-onset, unprovoked generalised tonic-clonic seizure at home 1 hour before, lasting for around 5 min. The child had an open mouth, flat facial profile, mongoloid slants, simian crease and saddle gap in toes suggesting a

Posterior disk displacement (PDD) of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a rare condition and most descriptions of TMJ PDD are about the adhesion of superior TMJ in which the position of disk is relatively posterior to anteriorly translated condyle in open mouth position. However, there have been reports about truly posteriorly positioned disk to the condyle in closed mouth position. This type of PDD has been classified into three subtypes—thin flat disk type, grossly posterior displaced disk type, and perforated disk type. Here, we report two rare cases of TMJ PDD, one with thin flat disk and one with perforated disk. Its possible etiology, pathogenetic mechanisms, related signs and symptoms, differential diagnoses, and treatments were reviewed and discussed.

Closed-mouth bone scintigraphy (CM scan) and closed-mouth single-photon emission computed tomography (CM SPECT) are used for conventional evaluation of osteoarthritis of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). However, the adequacy of open-mouth bone scintigraphy (OM scan) has not yet been evaluated. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the diagnostic performance of CM scan, CM SPECT, and OM scan.Thirty-six patients with suspicion of an abnormality of the TMJ and who underwent a (99m)Tc-HDP CM scan, CM SPECT, and an OM scan were enrolled. The scans were assessed visually for the presence of positive focal uptake in the TMJ. Osteoarthritis was defined as arthralgia plus crepitus or radiologic signs of arthrosis.Of 72 TMJs, 21 (29.2 %) were diagnosed with osteoarthritis. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy were 90.5 %, 49.0 %, 42.2 %, 92.6 % and 61.1 % for the CM scan, 81.0 %, 58.8 %, 44.7 %, 88.2 % and 65.3 % for CM SPECT, and 81.0 %, 82.4 %, 65.4 %, 91.3 % and 81.9 % for the OM scan, respectively. The accuracy of the OM scan was higher than that of CM SPECT and the CM scans (p = 0.004 and p 0.001, respectively).The OM scan was more accurate than the conventional CM scan and even CM SPECT for diagnosing TMJ osteoarthritis.

RESUMENOBJETIVO: El propósito de presentar este artículo es reportar un caso clínico donde se trata de mejorar la posiciónlingual, el cierre bucal mediante el uso de la placa palatina en una paciente con Síndrome de Down.DESCRIPCIÓN: Paciente de 3 años 10 meses con Síndrome de Down, con hipotonía de músculos orofaciales, bocaabierta y labio inferior evertido, se coloca una placa palatina para mejorar el cierre bucal y el posicionamiento de lalengua, después de 4 meses de uso se logró mejorar la posición lingual y el cierre bucal.CONCLUSIONES: El uso de la placa palatina mejora el cierre bucal por estimulación de los músculos periorales ymejora la posición de la lengua por estimulo del botón lingual de la placa.PALATINE PLATE USE FOR IMPROVING THE CLOSING MOUTH AND TONGUE POSITION IN PATIENTSWITH DOWN SYNDROME: CLINICAL CASE REPORTOBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to present a case report where it comes to improving the position lingual, oralclosure by using the palatine plate in a patient with Down syndrome.DESCRIPTION: Patient 3 years 10 months with Down Syndrome, with hypotony of orofacial muscles, open mouth andlower lip everted a palatine plate is positioned to improve oral closure and positioning of the tongue, after 4 months of usehe managed to improve oral tongue position and close.CONCLUSIONS: The use of palatine plate improves oral stimulation closure of the perioral muscles and improves the positionof the tongue lingual stimulus button plate.

International audience; Context-related information can be reflected within mammalian vocalisations and could in turn be studied to benefit production animals. Whilst previous research has revealed the contextual, and even emotional content of goat, pig and horse vocalisations, cattle vocalisations remain relatively less explored. In this study we recorded the vocalisations and accompanying phonatory behaviours of 19 Holstein-Friesian dairy cows (n = 10 primiparous, n = 9 multiparous) during the peripartum contexts of parturition with dystocia and fence-line calf separation. Findings revealed that vocal structure was context dependent, with parturition calls longer in duration, higher in fundamental frequency (F0) min and F0 start, containing more nonlinear phenomena and more minor F0 modulations. By contrast, calls during calf separation were distinguishable by their F0 contour, having a higher F0 mean and F0 max, and greater F0 var, F0 cv and F0 absolute slope. During parturition, primiparous cows emitted calls longer in duration, lower in F0 mean, and containing more F0 modulations than their multiparous conspecifics. Parturient cows expressed a greater number of open mouth calls, whereas mixed calls were more common in the calf separation context. Additionally, 82 % of the primiparous and 10 % of the multiparous cow vocalisations involved tongue exposure from the mouth during parturition, which may represent a visual indicator of compromised welfare. Overall, our results show that the context-related variation is conveyed through an integration of vocal and visual sensory modalities, with the combination of an open mouth configuration, tongue protrusion, and spectrographic properties such as an overall lower F0 and longer duration during parturition likely enhancing vocal transmission over longer distances to inform more receivers about the urgency of this context. Knowledge of these vocal and behavioural cues could be adopted on farm to determine the welfare of peripartum cattle and are instrumental for future cattle bioacoustics research.

This paper presents the application of a sequence-to-label network, in which an architecture with Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM) is implemented, in a way that verifies if a user is chewing or waiting to receive food by means of the classification of 3 different states of the mouth that are: closed, intermediate closed-open and open. To develop this task, 2 databases were built, one of training with 260 sequences of 3 seconds of the states with 15 time steps, within which there are 2 characteristics: opening and the relationship between the height and width of the mouth, and another of test, of 145 sequences with the same parameters as the previous one. For the training of the network, it was first proposed that the network identified 2 states: chewing and waiting (open mouth), however, due to the large variations that exist in the state “chewing”, because users tend to chew not only with their mouths closed, but also with their mouths open, this state was divided into two sub-states (closed and intermediate). With this, the neural network is trained, reaching an 84.8% accuracy by classifying the 3 states and 97.9% merging the two states belonging to “chewing”, which verifies the ability of this type of network to recognize the states of the mouth through sequences over time.

In the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) with physiological disc position, the disc rotates posteriorly on the condyle to the maximum degree and the condyle translates to the maximum degree, which occurs simultaneously at the maximum mouth opening movement. Condylar hypermobility in the position of maximally open mouth leads to the subluxation of the joint, and the two terms can thus be considered synonyms. The predisposition of the morphological relations of the zenith of the articular eminence and the contours of the articular surfaces lead to an excessive anterior displacement of the condyle over the zenith eminence. In addition, the irregular movement of the disc-condylar complex can also occur. The aim of this paper is to explain the hyperextension of TMJ which may, along with anatomical predisposition to the maximally open mouth position, lead to subluxation or luxation of the joint. Subluxation is not associated with a specific pathological characteristic of the joint. However, apart from discomfort, a subluxation can also cause pain. The excursory movement of the condyle close to and over the individual opening limit can lead to stiffness of joints and the inability to open the mouth (open lock), which is a prominent clinical sign of TMJ luxation. Electronic axiography can show pathological hyperextension of the condyle, while x-ray diagnostics records the condition of subluxation. A spontaneous luxation is clinically evident and therefore radiological diagnosis is used only to confirm the condition. Magnetic resonance imaging shows the disc and in the position of the maximally open mouth, thus giving the responses of the disk relation to the hypermobile condyle. Therapeutic modalities include occlusal splints and oral appliances, physiotherapy, and the mouth opening self- control. The goal of the treatment is relaxation of the masticatory muscles, removal of pain in the joint and muscles, and better coordination of movement, particularly in cases when there is a predisposition of spontaneous luxation.