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The non-lexical schwa-like sound öö is traditionally regarded as a hesitation marker in Hungarian conversation that has a role in speech planning. This study provides examples in which öö can be analysed as a discourse marker. In research on discourse markers, there is a view that regards items that control the turn-taking system or other aspects of conversation management as discourse markers. Relying on this background, this paper explores öö from a conversation analytic perspective. Findings show that öö can serve as a device to take the floor at the transition-relevance place. In overlapping speech, öö can manage turn-taking by helping speakers keep the floor. If the speaker intends or needs to speak but does not yet know what to say or intends to avoid unintelligibility during overlapping speech, she can deploy öö as an overt but non-lexical element that projects further talk. Consequently, by using öö the speaker can claim or keep the turn space without using lexical elements. Since these functions influence the distribution of turns among participants, i.e. the sequential structure of the conversation, öö can be regarded as a discourse marker in these contexts. • The Hungarian öö sound from a pragmatic and conversation analytic perspective. • öö is not only a hesitation marker but it has a role in the turn-taking system. • Because of its discourse organising function it can be regarded as a discourse marker. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A tanulmány célja a nemlexikális, svához hasonló öö hang használatának vizsgálata hétköznapi, magyar nyelvű társalgásokban a konverzációelemzés elméleti keretében. Szekvenciális, ill. fordulóbeli elhelyezkedésüket tekintve az öö előfordulásai jól meghatározható mintázatokat követnek a korpuszban. Az esetek túlnyomó többségében az öö a fordulókonstrukciós egység belsejében jelenik meg, közvetlenül egy tagmondatot bevezető kötőszó után, jóval a váltásreleváns hely előtt. A beszélők továbbá rendszeresen használják hosszabb, ill. ritkán használatos és/vagy idegen szavak előtt, valamint fordulókezdő pozícióban. Az utóbbi előfordulások között kiemelkedő szerepet tölt be az öö párszekvenciák második párrészét bevezető használata. A jelenség funkcióinak vizsgálata az említett pozíciókban azt mutatja, hogy az öö mint technika fontos szerepet játszik a magyar beszélők forduló- és szekvenciaalkotásának folyamatában. A korpusz elemzése arra enged következtetni, hogy a fordulóalkotás tagmondatról tagmondatra történik a magyar nyelvű társalgásokban. Ez rávilágít a szintaxis és a nyelvhasználat, azaz a nyelvtan és a pragmatika közötti interakcióra.

Software design is one of the very important phases of the software engineering. The costs of software can be minimized if improvements or corrections made during this stage. Several of the current computer aided software engineering (CASE) tools like enterprise architect (EA) v12 do not have the capability to improve the design. This work aims to develop an algorithm that helps the software engineers evaluating the design quality utilizing one of the object-oriented (OO) design models namely quality metrics for object-oriented design (QMOOD) which represents as hierarchical model that describes the relationship between quality attributes such as reusability, extendibility and properties of the design of OO design. This algorithm describesed how the assessment of the extendibility/ extensibility using the software metrics has been done and the impact of the involved metrics in the extendibility value. Results obtained demonstrate the effect of OO design metrics such as inheritance, polymorphism, abstraction and coupling in quality characteristics like extensibility. The results show that lower values of abstraction and coupling, obtain higher value of extendibility which means the class diagram is ready to accept additional improvements. The proposed algorithm has been tested on two different systems (test cases) that vary in their class diagrams, functionalities, and complexities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the possible role of the schwa-like sound öö in turn-taking in Hungarian conversations within a novel, conversation analytic and pragmatic framework. It is attempted to distinguish between a hesitation and a discourse organising function of the phenomenon, the latter related to the structural positions of öö in the conversation. With an inductive qualitative method all the occurrences of öö are examined in the corpus, and five characteristic structural positions are identified where by using öö speakers can influence the operation of turn-taking, or express their attitudes towards its rules. These positions can be at or before transition-relevance places. The analysis shows that öö can have a role in the application of all the three turn-taking rules (cf. Sacks et al., 1974). Discourse markers independent of the syntactic structure of the utterance can be non-lexical and may concern the sequential structure of the conversation (Fischer, 2006). This group of discourse markers involves the items that control the turn-taking system or other aspects of conversation management. Based on this, it is argued that the öö-s influencing turn-taking or express an attitude towards the rules of turn-taking can be regarded as discourse markers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing complexity of the distribution system makes the practical distribution network operation much difficult. This paper presents an ordinal optimisation (OO) approach to solve the distribution network reconfiguration, which is an NP- hard problem with discrete control variables. OO uses crude and computationally fast model to reduce the search space. The spirit of OO is to seek the good enough solution instead of the best with high probability. The proposed approach is validated with two practical distribution systems, TPC 84 node test system. The results are compared with Optimal Flow Pattern (OFP), Common Genetic Algorithm (CGA), Partheno Genetic Algorithm with Tree Structure Encoding technology (TSE-PGA) and Second-Order Cone Programming (SOCP).

OO-Method (OOM), es un método basado en modelos orientados a objetos para la generación automática de código. Para la construcción de un producto de software empleando OOM, se debe partir desde los diagramas que propone este método. Esto requiere un gran esfuerzo por parte del analista quien, de manera subjetiva, debe elaborar dichos diagramas. Por otra parte, los Esquemas preconceptuales son diagramas previos a los esquemas conceptuales que permiten representar el conocimiento, presentan una sintaxis cercana a los lenguajes controlados y permiten obtener, automáticamente, diagramas de UML. En este artículo, aprovechando las ventajas anotadas para los Esquemas Preconceptuales, se propone un conjunto de reglas para la obtención de los diagramas de OOM a partir de dichos esquemas. Esta propuesta se ejemplifica con un caso de estudio.

In this paper, we present an empirical study to investigate whether class movement and re-location within inheritance hierarchy can be predicted based on size, coupling and cohesion for four Java open-source systems. Our results showed that class movement may not be predicted based on coupling and cohesion, and while class size was found to be a factor that may help predict class movement, it does not per se predict class movement within an inheritance hierarchy. We found a significantly higher odds ratio for larger classes to be moved within an inheritance hierarchy than that of smaller classes, suggesting that, counter-intuitively, larger classes tend to be more susceptible to movement than smaller classes. We also found that in the four systems, while classes with high coupling, low cohesion and larger size tended to be moved within their respective inheritance hierarchy, classes with high coupling, low cohesion and relatively smaller size tended to be candidate classes for deletion. Finally, while we found that class coupling and size tended to rise as the systems evolved we found no statistical support for class cohesion to decline. Directed towards developers and project managers, the message that the research conveys is that excessive growth in class size is at the root of a class' deterioration in terms of movement; developmental controls should be exercised to avoid such growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sound empirical research suggests that we should analyze software metrics from a theoretical and practical perspective. This paper describes the result of an investigation into the respective merits of two cohesion-based metrics for program slicing. The Tightness and Overlap metrics were those originally proposed by Weiser for the procedural paradigm. We compare and contrast these two metrics with a third metric for the OO paradigm first proposed by Counsell et al. based on Hamming Distance and based on a matrix-based notation. We theoretically validated the three metrics using the properties of Kitchenham and then empirically validated the same three metrics; some revealing properties of the metrics were found as a result. In particular, that the OO-based metric was the most stable of the three; module length was not a confounding factor for the Hamming Distance-based metric; it was however for the two slice-based metrics supporting previous work by Meyers and Binkley. The number of module slices however, was found to be an even stronger influence on the values of the two slice-based metrics, whose near perfect correlation with each other suggests that they may be measuring the same software attribute. We calculated and then compared the three metrics using first, a set of manufactured, pre-determined modules as a preliminary analysis and second, approximately nine thousand functions from the modules of multiple versions of the Barcode system, used previously by Meyers and Binkley in their empirical study. The over-arching message of the research is that a combination of theoretical and empirical analysis can help significantly in comparing the viability and indeed choice of a metric or set of metrics. More specifically, although cohesion is a subjective measure, there are certain properties of a metric that are less desirable than others and it is these 'relative' features that distinguish metrics, make their comparison possible and their value more evident. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes an empirical investigation into method calls between classes at each level of the inheritance hierarchy in four. Java open source systems. We distinguish between method calls made to super classes in the hierarchy and external method calls made outside the line of super classes to the root. The premise on which the research rests is that classes should predominantly make use of super class functionality (as theory suggests) and relatively infrequent use of functionality outside those super classes. Results revealed that the most method calls were made to the methods of the classes where the majority of functionality resided (at shallow hierarchical levels) and not necessarily to the super classes of a class. The evidence presented therefore implies that developers are not using inheritance in the spirit originally intended and lends weight to the growing belief that OO inheritance has more practical foibles than theoretically stated advantages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effects of acute and chronic alcohol intake on fasted and postprandial lipemia in the rat model are reported. In the acute study, fasted rats are loaded with a 30% w/w olive oil emulsion with or without 8% alcohol in the form of ethanol, beer or whisky. After 3 h, either mesenteric lymph or blood is collected and the TAG-rich lipoprotein fractions are isolated. In the chronic study, animals received, for a period of 10 weeks, 3% alcohol in drinking water in the form of ethanol, beer or whisky. Blood samples were collected from animals in either the fasted state or after being loaded with the fat load as described above. Alcohol ingestion along with a fat load increases the number (increased net apoB48 secretion) and reduces the size (reduced TAG/apoB48 ratio) of CM secreted into the mesenteric lymph duct. It also delays gastric emptying, reduces trans-enterocyte TAG flux rates and increases plasma concentrations of TAG, cholesterol and CM. Similar conditions also results in increased total phospholipid and cholesterol content of CM but not of VLDL, indicating an enhanced liver bile secretion into the gut; however, a significant increase in plasma VLDL concentration is observed. Unlike the acute study, an alcohol–fat load in animals put on chronic alcohol intake results in increased HDL cholesterol concentrations and less pronounced postprandial hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia but not hyperchylomicronemia. In the fasted state, plasma TAG and total apoB concentrations are not modified in these animals, and an increase in HDL and a decrease in total and LDL cholesterol concentrations are observed. No liver function impairment is observed following the 10-week period of chronic alcohol intake. In conclusion, unlike binge drinking, chronic moderate alcohol consumption appears to have a cardioprotective effect in the fasted state, an effect attenuated by the observed temporary postprandial hyperchylomicronemia and hypertriglyceridemia resulting from a direct effect of alcohol on CM size and number. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Effects of Tween 80, a nonionic surfactant, on size and number of chylomicrons (CM) secreted during lipid absorption in the rat model are reported. Fasted rats were loaded with either 154 mm NaCl or 25% (w/w) olive oil emulsion in 154 mm NaCl with 0, 0.1, 1 or 10% (w/w) Tween 80. After 3 h, either mesenteric lymph or blood was collected and their triacylglycerol-rich lipoprotein fraction (Sf>20 and Sf>400, respectively) isolated. Triacylglycerol (TAG) and apolipoprotein B48 (apoB48) concentrations in the lipoprotein fractions were assayed and their fluxes (lymph) calculated. TAG:apoB48 ratios, indicative of CM size, were determined. The data support the hypothesis that fat loading is accommodated mainly by increased average size, rather than number, of CM. Co-administration of Tween 80 with olive oil resulted in a significant increase in CM apoB48 secretion into the mesenteric lymph duct and in an increased concentration of apoB48 in the blood (Sf>400). Also, Tween 80-treated groups exhibited smaller mean CM size relative to the olive oil only group in both lymph and blood. The observed effect on CM size and number did not appear to be dose dependent at concentrations of Tween 80 above 0.1% (w/w). Incorporation of Tween 80 in the diet at 1 or 10% (w/w) concentrations reduced the TAG concentration in the stools; however, a significant increase in water content was observed at 10% (w/w) concentration. In conclusion, Tween 80 at 1 or 10% (w/w) doses can improve the efficiency of the digestive system to absorb dietary fat but at high concentrations (10%, w/w) it appeared to have a toxic or irritating effect on the gastrointestinal system. More importantly, the effect of Tween 80 on size and number of CM is a condition that favours a delay in their clearance rate. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Chidamber and Kemerer (C&K) outlined some initial proposals for language-independent OO design metrics in 1991. This suite is expanded on by C&K in 1994 and the metrics were tested on systems developed in C++ and Smalltalk™. The six metrics making up the C&K suite can be criticised for a number of reasons. This does not make them bad metrics; on the contrary the C&K work represents one of the most thorough treatments of the subject at the current time. However, the authors explicitly state ...there is no reason to believe that the proposed metrics will be found to be comprehensive, and further work could result in additions, changes and possible deletions from this suite. This analysis will serve to make other researchers and practitioners aware of some of the problems that may arise from using these measures. As a by-product, the axioms of E. Weyuker (1983) come under scrutiny in terms of their applicability to object-oriented metrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes an implementation of the low-level layer of the ROOT package based on the multi-platform graphics library. This approach allows ROOT developers and ROOT users to work with a code that has no X11/WIN32 graphics subsystem dependencies and at the same time opens an unrestricted access to a rich set of ready-to-use commercial and free GUI Qt-based widgets, which are available for download from http://root.bnl.gov Web site. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]