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Copyright of Slovo a Slovesnost is the property of Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Language Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper discusses the appropriateness of using the word Indian in the Czech language and gives reasons why it is correct to spell it using a capital letter. The second part of the paper deals with the naming of the various Native American ethnic groups in Czech. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Onomastica is the property of Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Language Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper deals with the names of current Czech railway stations and stops. From the List of Stations and Stops, which is part of the currently valid Czech Timetable 2024, all stations and stops located on the territory of the Czech Republic were excerpted. In these names, six parts were identified: the base of the municipality name (Veselí), specifying prepositional phrase (nad Moravou 'upon the (river) Morava'), a hyphen or a space, separating the base and the prepositional phrase from the so-called distinctive part (-Milokošť), which consists of a primary distinction that can be complemented by the specifying prepositional phrase (Pardubice-Rosice nad Labem) and possibly also by a secondary distinction (Praha-Holešovice zastávka). Not all names necessarily consist of all parts; a name can consist just of the base or of the base and a specifying prepositional phrase. The paper deals with the length of these names measured by the number of characters (including spaces) in all these parts, in base + specifying prepositional phrase, distinctive part and in the complete names. Individual sections on the whole names and on each of their parts consequently present the average number of characters and the lowest and highest number of characters. Besides purely descriptive purposes, the data also have a practical, applied purpose. They can serve as a basis for typographical standardization of the currently inconsistent presentation of names on signs and in information systems at stations and stops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Papers of Hungarian Studies / Hungarologiai Kozlemenyek is the property of Faculty of Philosophy, University of Novi Sad and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper discusses the appropriateness of using the word Indian in the Czech language and gives reasons why it is correct to spell it using a capital letter. The second part of the paper deals with the naming of the various Native American ethnic groups in Czech.

The study summarizes mistakes or inaccuracies in the dating of some legal regulations regarding surnames in the territory of today’s Czech Republic. These are the regulations on the immutability of surnames (1770), on the inheritance of surnames (1786) and on the binding form of surnames (1886). In the specialist onomastic literature, we can come across other dates which are, however, incorrect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bohemistyka is the property of Instytut Filologii Slowianskiej Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Povijesni Prilozi is the property of Croatian Institute of History and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Onomastica is the property of Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Language Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article deals with nomenclatural names of minerals based on proper names of the persons associated with the Czech environment, and provides their etymologies. The names form part of the official mineralogical nomenclature and have been approved by the Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification of the International Mineralogical Association, i.e. the authority recognizing the existence of new minerals. In the nomenclature consisting of 5,975 items (as of October 2023), 88 names based on anthroponyms have been identified, formed usually from last names, first names or their combination. These words are neologisms known to a limited number of experts, but they nevertheless rank among full-fledged words of the Czech vocabulary that is closely connected to the history of Czech science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study introduces OnomOs, a new corpus of Czech texts with annotation of proper names. The corpus was compiled by onomasticians from the Department of Czech Language, Faculty of Arts, University of Ostrava, and made available by the Institute of the Czech National Corpus, Faculty of Arts, Charles University in Prague. The paper briefly discusses the content and structure of the cor- pus, the selection of texts for inclusion, and the onomastic-geographical classification of the iden- tified names. The text consists chiefly of three preparatory analyses, which focus on the most fre- quent surnames, collocations found in Western and Eastern countries in the pre-1989 period, and the declension patterns of three types of onyms. In the summary, further possibilities of onomastic corpus research are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Papers of Hungarian Studies / Hungarologiai Kozlemenyek is the property of Faculty of Philosophy, University of Novi Sad and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Linguistica Lithuanica is the property of Institute of the Lithuanian Language and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this paper is to present the potential of quantitative methods for the research of proper names (mostly personal and place names) as units operating in Czech texts. Three case studies treat particular research topics on the background of the development of Czech onomastics in the 20th century and in the first decades of the 21st century. They are aimed at 1) quantification of relational (semantic) patterns; 2) collocation analysis; 3) morphological categories of proper names. The text also provides an overview of previous attempts to apply quantitative and corpus approaches to proper name research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Social Sciences & Humanities Studies / Društvene i Humanističke Studije (DHS) is the property of Faculty of Humanities & Social Sciences, University of Tuzla and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Kronika is the property of Kronika, Casopis za Slovensko Krajevno Zgodovino and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Onomastica is the property of Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Language Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study is focused on changes in linguistic landscape (especially in urbanonyms) due to the Russian attack on Ukraine in February 2022. It follows official and unofficial renaming of streets around the world in effort to show solidarity with Ukraine and its people. Official commemorative names have often the meaning ‘Free Ukraine’ (e.g. in Riga and Tirana), ‘Ukrainian Heroes’ (e.g. in Prague and Vilnius) etc. and are mostly located close to Russian embassies. Unofficial names given to streets by activists as a protest against the war are usually motivated by the name of the Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy. Street names derived from the adjective Russian, or from Russian toponyms are changed as well, however only unofficially (e.g. the sign with the name of Ruská ‘Russian Street’ in Prague was replaced with the sign containing the famous answer of the Ukrainian soldiers from Snake Island to the Russian warship). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Onomastica is the property of Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Language Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article analyses the influence of Vladimír Šmilauer on the character of the Journal of Modern Philology (Časopis pro moderní filologii, ČMF). Šmilauer was associated with the Journal for Modern Philology as an author and an editor for Slavic studies (1939-1951). The article describes the main linguistic/philological topics contributed to the magazine by Šmilauer (Slovak studies and the history of the Slovak language, new Czech, e.g. orthography, reports on foreign literature, etc.). The period of Šmilauer's work at the ČMF falls into a time of socially problematical political systems: the Nazi protectorate after 1939 and the communist terror after 1948. On the example of the case of Šmilauer, we will show how and when political systems were directly reflected in the philological content of the Journal for Modern Philology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vrelo koje analiziraju autori jedan je od najstarijih u cijelosti sačuvanih registara crkvene desetine s područja Zagrebačke biskupije. Taj dosad neobjavljeni dokument sadrži nekoliko tisuća osobnoimenskih potvrda koje su detaljno analizirane u skladu s precizno oblikovanom metodologijom istraživanja. Uz analizu osobnih imena po podrijetlu i tvorbi, autori donose i potvrde neuobičajenih te rijetkih osobnih imena.

V letech 1963‒1980 proběhl soupis pomístních jmen (anoikonym, mikrotoponym) na území Čech. Mezi doklady je i 341 anoikonym s výrazem Cikán/cikán a jeho odvozeninami (výraz Cikán/cikán užíváme v historickém kontextu jako etnonymum nebo jako apelativum ve významu „kočovník“). Tato pomístní jména jsou různého stáří a nacházíme je na celém území Čech. Nejčastěji se jednalo o označení míst určených k táboření Cikánů/cikánů či připomínající nějakou událost spojenou s Cikány/cikány. Pomístní jména vztahující se k osobnímu jménu Cikán pak bývala většinou motivována majetkovým vztahem.

Between 2006 and 2021, 231 babies were anonymously abandoned by their parents in the so-called baby hatches or baby boxes placed around the Czech Republic. First names and surnames are given to these children by nurses in hospitals or mostly by Ludvík Hess, the founder and organizer of the project of baby boxes in the Czech Republic. First names are chosen after nurses or doctors in hospitals, sponsors of the project, and Hess's friends. Sometimes the waifs are given the name corresponding to the respective name-day in the Czech calendar. Assigned surnames are motivated by the time (day, holiday, season) when, or the place (toponym) where, the child was found. However, these names are informal and temporary. The official first name and surname of the child must be decided by a court. Names can then be changed again after adoption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studies of Lithuania's History is the property of Lietuvos Istorijos Studijos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper analyses 379 folk etymological interpretations and other 141 assumptions about the foreign origin of surnames, all received either by the radio programme On the Origin of Surnames, the Language Counselling Centre of the Czech Language Institute, or the information service Ask the Library. These inquiries were sent by the public along with requests for a confirmation of the suggested etymological interpre)tations of the surnames in question, or for an official (correct / scientific) explanation. The analysis shows that most often the folk etymology consists in erroneous decomposition of the name or in connecting the name with an incorrect original form, i.e. usually a familiar noun recognized in the name. The folk etymologies do not respect the word-forming structure of names. They also ignore the age and origin of the surname which they like to look for in foreign languages (especially in French, Polish, Hungarian), regardless of the origin of the family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term folk etymology is traditionally used to denote an erroneous, usually arbitrary connection of an etymologically opaque word to a word which is similar in the form or meaning but it is of different origin. Our approach is wider, we consider folk etymology as a part of folk linguistics. Folk (or also learned) etymology is one of the oldest methods of interpreting proper names and we can meet this phenomenon as early as in medieval chronicles. Folk interpretations often grow into size of etymological tales. They represent the period of the so-called pre-scientific etymology. However, folk etymology has not been replaced by scientific etymology, it is still alive and part of language users’ awareness. The term “folk etymology” was introduced by E. Förstemann in his paper Über deutsche Volksetymologie / About German Folk Etymology (1852) where he mentioned a whole range of examples for proper names. The term folk etymology coined by Förstemann was, despite some criticism, adopted into other languages including Czech. Three years later and independently of Förstemann, H. Wedgwood published a paper on what he called “false etymologies”. Similar terms actually appear in other lan)guages as well but they are considered problematic as they imply something improper. Folk etymology is sometimes treated as a non-scientific deformation of a language reality, as a misleading, deceptive preconception, which the educated scientists shall make sure to remove. F. de Saussure even supported the idea of folk etymology being something “pathological”. However, this opinion of his was frequently criticised. Nowadays, we do not perceive folk etymology as something wrong which is to be corrected. In our conception, the folk etymology is understood as a natural tendency of language users to explain foreign and opaque words as well as proper names, and to interpret, search and clarify the meaning connections even if these are not present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Folk etymology is usually characterized as an erroneous etymological-semantic inter)pretation of a word. So far, the research of this phenomenon in the Czech context has focused almost exclusively on appellatives and oikonyms (names of settlements); folk etymology in anoikonyms (names of non-settlement objects) has been the subject of research very rarely. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to fill this gap by presenting a case study based on an analyse of folk etymologies in anoikonyms in the Sedlčany region in the Central Bohemia. It analyses and compares the scholarly and folk etymologies in ten chosen anoikonyms. The main goal of the research is to identify both linguistic and non-lin)guistic factors leading to the development of folk etymology and affecting its form and result. The linguistic factors can be identified on lexical-semantic, word-formative and phonetic levels. The affected names usually contain low frequency appellatives (e. g. dia)lect, archaic words), and their form can be also affected by various sound changes. The language users create a new interpretation of an etymologically non-transparent name by association with an acoustically similar word, often using not only their fantasy, but in some cases also a very good knowledge of the named object and its surroundings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the non-scholarly (folk) etymology and its role in the interpretation of some Slovak oikonyms. In Slovakia, the topic of non-scholarly etymology has been studied primarily by V. Uhlár who also used the term “farmer etymology” which linked a village name with a surname of a yeoman family. The study contains analyzed examples of some non-scholarly etymologies that have originated as a result of a reinterpretation of the original meaning of an oikonym but possibly also due to the incorrect decomposition of a name. The focus is also on the formation of etymological legends that are part of folk literature and as such, they represent an inherent aspect of non-scholarly etymology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Vilnius University Open Series is the property of Vilnius University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Vilnius University Open Series is the property of Vilnius University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cieľom predloženého textu bolo na základe metódy modelovania predstaviť synchrónne modely ideoným. Výtvarný, literárny a hudobný umelec vyjadruje základnú informáciu prijímateľovi v pinakonyme, literáronyme alebo muzikonyme formou metonymického vyjadrenia typu chrématonymického vzťahu niektorým z výtvarných, literárnych alebo hudobných žánrov v modeloch A1 = Pi, A1 = L a A1 = M. Výtvarný, literárny a hudobný umelec vyjadruje tiež komplexnú informáciu v pinakonyme, literáronyme a muzikonyme formou príbehu v zmysle predstavenia činiteľa deja a zásahu deja v modeloch A1 = (Pi) + ČD + ZD, A1 = (L) + ČD + ZD a A1 = (M) + ČD + ZD. Niektoré modely obsahujú len činiteľa deja, napr. A1 = (Pi) + ČD, A1 = (L) + ČD a A1 = (M) + ČD. Niektoré modely obsahujú len zásah deja, napr. A1 = (Pi) + ZD, A1 = (L) + ZD a A1 = (M) + ZD. Zásah deja býva zastúpený špecifikujúcimi onymickými členmi príslušnosťou k územiu a príslušnosťou k času, napr. v modeloch A1 = (Pi) + PÚ, A1 = (L) + PÚ a A1 = (M) + PÚ; A1 = (Pi) + PČ, A1 = (L) + PČ a A1 = (M) + PČ, príp. vlastnosťou, numerickou charakteristikou a príslušnosťou k etniku, napr. A1 = (Pi) + VL, A1 = (L) + VL, A1 = (M) + VL; A1 = (Pi) + NCH, A1 = (M) + NCH; A1 = (Pi) + PN a pod. Príbeh a spôsoby jeho vyjadrenia preto spájajú modely a pinakonymá, literáronymá a muzikonymá navzájom a tiež s ostatnými druhmi umenia.

Copyright of Folia Onomastica Croatica is the property of Croatian Academy of Sciences & Arts (HAZU) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Folia Onomastica Croatica is the property of Croatian Academy of Sciences & Arts (HAZU) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Folia Onomastica Croatica is the property of Croatian Academy of Sciences & Arts (HAZU) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper deals with minor place names in Bohemia which include the common noun necky (a Czech word of Slavic origin meaning “a wooden washtub, used for hand washing clothes”) or its diminutive form necičky. The focus is on etymological and motivational analysis of the names as well as their geographical occurrence. The geographical term of a metaphorical origin necky meaning “valley/basin resembling a washtub” occurs in nearly 150 minor place names, found mainly in hilly and plain regions of the Central, Eastern and northeastern Bohemia. The names denote fields, meadows, pastures etc. found in a terrain resembling a washtub, i. e. with sides higher than the bottom, most of them being of a very old origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with issues of phytonyms, i.e. with proper names of plants, especially with dendronyms – names of trees – as one of subsidiary groups of names. In Czech onomastics, close attention has not been paid to phytonyms so far. The first part of the article focuses on defining the group of phytonyms and especially on dubious aspects of this issue – in linguistic, non-onomastic works, phytonyms often include appellative names of plants (jahoda – strawberry), dendronyms often include appellative names of trees (buk – beech), similar approach can be found in other Slavonic languages as well as in onomastic works written in German. Attention is also paid to discussions on names of plant varieties, on the borderline of chrematonyms and phytonyms. The second part of the article is focused on several extensive online databases of Czech dendronyms and indicates possibilities of further research in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alkitab memuat ribuan nama diri di dalamnya. Setiap nama yang dipresentasikan di dalam Alkitab hampir selalu melekat dengan pesan dan makna yang ada di baliknya. Kajian onomastika biblikal adalah penelitian linguistik dengan obyek nama-nama di dalam Alkitab. Metode yang digunakan di dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan linguistik historis komparatif terhadap nama-nama di dalam teks Perjanjian Baru. Kajian di dalam artikel ini menemukan berbagai pendekatan yang dilakukan penulis asli Perjanjian Baru dalam meredaksi nama-nama pribadi yang di dalamnya, yaitu : transliterasi, translasi, absorpsi – helenisasi, pemberian julukan atau kognomen, ekuivalensi dan penggunaan nama panggilan atau hipokoristik. Temuan di dalam artikel ini berguna sebagai referensi di dalam berbagai diskursus yang berkaitan dengan nama diri di dalam Alkitab khususnya bagi kelompok Sacred Name Movement dan berbagai variannya.

U radu se preispituje opravdanost tumačenja prema kojemu je čiovski toponim Okruk nastao od riječi (o)krug i, vezano uz to, opravdanost službenoga imena Okrug za dva sela (Okrug Gornji i Okrug Donji) na istoimenome rtu. Donosi se uvid u opću i jezičnu povijest Čiova i Okruka te se prati spomen imena Okruk od nastanka sela do danas. Analizira se povijesni, fonološki i leksičko-semantički kontekst imena te se na temelju toga predlaže nova etimologija koja uzima u obzir i jadranske paralele.

Copyright of Studies of Lithuania's History is the property of Lietuvos Istorijos Studijos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Praehistorica is the property of Charles University Prague, Karolinum Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Linguistica Lithuanica is the property of Institute of the Lithuanian Language and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Fluminensia is the property of Fluminensia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Slovani na Kreti v luči jezikovnih dejstev Pandelis Haralambakis v nedavno izdani monografiji (2016) analizira zgodovinska poročila in dokumente o Slovanih na Kreti ter posreduje leksikalne in onomastične podatke, ki dokumentirajo sledove davnih slovanskih naselbin na otoku. Avtorja preverjata nekatere raziskovalne hipoteze in podajata sedanje stanje vprašanja prisotnosti Slovanov na Kreti.

Copyright of Folia Onomastica Croatica is the property of Croatian Academy of Sciences & Arts (HAZU) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)