Search

V diplomski nalogi so obravnavane teme s področja cestnega transporta in njegovega vpliva na onesnaževanje zraka z delci. Cestna vozila pri transportu v zrak oddajajo različna onesnaževala. V diplomski nalogi je poudarek predvsem na delcih PM10 in PM2,5. Predstavljene so vrste delcev, ki jih oddajajo vozila, ter njihov vpliv na zdravje ljudi in okolje. Opisane so lastnosti motorjev na notranje izgorevanje in primerjava z alternativnimi vrstami pogonov. V nalogi so opisane prednosti in slabosti dizelskih in bencinskih motorjev. Diplomska naloga vsebuje statistiko onesnaževanja zraka po letih v Sloveniji in Evropi. Kot rešitve so v nalogi opisane različne tehnologije, ki zagotavljajo zmanjševanje onesnaževanja zraka z delci. Poudarek je predvsem na alternativnih pogonih in gorivih, kot so plin in bio goriva. The following thesis discusses road traffic and its impact on air pollution with particles. Road vehicles emit various pollutants into the air during transport. This thesis describes the types of particles emitted by vehicles, and their impact on human health and the environment, focusing on PM10 and PM2.5 particles. Furthermore, the characteristics of internal combustion engines are described and compared with alternative types of fuels. We also discuss the advantages and disadvantages of diesel and gasoline engines and present the air pollution statistics by year in Slovenia and Europe. As a solution to the current problems, we focus on laws and regulations that ensure the reduction of air pollution with particles.

V magistrskem delu je bilo obdelano področje trajnostnega razvoja v povezavi s prometom. V prvem delu tega magistrskega dela je bil predstavljen vpliv prometa na okolje. Utemeljila sem, kako posamezni prometni načini onesnažujejo zrak, vodo in prst. Poglavje o onesnaževanju zraka govori o rabi končne energije v prometu ter o vplivu cestnega, železniškega, pomorskega in letalskega prometa na kakovost zraka. Poglavje o onesnaževanju vode opisuje različne vire onesnaževanja morja, v poglavju o onesnaževanju prsti pa so predstavljeni viri onesnaževanja tal. V drugem delu tega magistrskega dela je bil predstavljen nastanek koncepta trajnostnega razvoja, kjer sem podrobneje preučila trajnostni promet ter izzive pri načrtovanju trajnostnega prometa, še posebej v mestih. V nadaljevanju je bila predstavljena prometna politika EU in prometna politika Slovenije ter opredeljen pomen vrednotenja napredka pri trajnostnem prometu. Tema se je nato dotaknila tudi uporabe alternativnih goriv ter e-mobilnosti v mestih. Omembe so bili vredni tudi javni prevoz in nemotorizirani načini prevoza v mestih ob uporabi naprednih digitalnih tehnologij. Zgolj s pomočjo tehnologije zaenkrat še ni mogoče reševati vseh obstoječih težav v prometu, čeprav se temu čedalje bolj približujemo. Trenutno še ne poznamo razsežnosti tistih težav, ki jih bodo v prihodnosti pridelale obstoječe tehnologije, ki se zdaj vpeljujejo v prometu in so v sedanjosti portretirane kot rešitve. Pri e-mobilnosti se nekatere slabosti že kažejo v praksi, kot na primer negativni učinki električnih vozil na okolje zaradi odpadnih akumulatorjev ali negativni učinki na ranljivejše skupine ljudi, predvsem v mestnih jedrih. Spremljanje in vrednotenje napredka pri trajnostnem prometu je zelo pomembno, saj se tako lažje identificirajo vrzeli in pomanjkljivosti v praksi. Šele takrat, ko se nečesa zavedamo, lahko kaj storimo in s tem izboljšamo delovanje sistema. Odgovor glede trajnostne mobilnosti leži v ravnovesju med prilagodljivostjo ljudi in uporabo tehnologije. Poleg sprememb navad ljudi pa brez politike, ki podpira trajnostni prometni sistem in sodobne načine upravljanja prometa, trajnostni promet ni mogoč. The master's thesis processed the field of sustainable development in conjunction with transport. In the first part of this master's thesis, the impact of transport on the environment was presented. I substantiated how different traffic modes pollute the air, water and soil. The chapter on air pollution deals with the use of final energy in transport and the impact of road, rail, maritime and air transport on air quality. The chapter on water pollution describes various sources of marine pollution. In the chapter on soil pollution, the sources of soil pollution are presented. The second part of this master's thesis presented the development of the concept of sustainable development, where I examined in more detail sustainable transport and the challenge of planning sustainable transport, especially in cities. The EU transport policy and the transport policy of Slovenia were presented and the importance of evaluating progress in sustainable transport was defined. The topic also touched on the use of alternative fuels and e mobility in cities. Also worth mentioning were public transport and not motorized modes of transport in cities using advanced digital technologies. During my research, I came to the conclusion that it is not yet possible to solve all the existing traffic problems with the help of technology alone, although we are getting closer and closer to this. We do not yet know the extent of the problems that current existing technologies will produce in the future, which they are now introducing in transport and which are currently portrayed as solutions. In the case of e-mobility, some weaknesses are already apparent in practice, such as the negative effects of electric vehicles on the environment due to waste batteries or the negative effects on more vulnerable groups of people, especially in urban centers. Monitoring and evaluating progress in sustainable transport is very important, as it makes it easier to identify gaps and shortcomings in practice. Only when we are aware of something we can do something and thus improve the functioning of the system. The answer to sustainable mobility lies in the balance between people's adaptability and the use of technology. However, in addition to changing people's habits, sustainable transport is not possible without a policy that supports a sustainable transport system and modern ways of managing transport.

Potential correlation of exposure to polluted air and the spread and co-development of COVID-19 and severe acute respiratory syndrome, caused by SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, was examined. The emphasis was given on polluted air in the form of suspended particulate matter or liquid particles in gas or air (so-called dust particles). This study was structured as a systematic literature review of multiple research projects carried out across the globe. Impact of the polluted air particles on the virus spread was examined from the temporal and spatial spread. Furthermore, overall impact of particulate matter and COVID-19 disease on human health human was investigated on a microbiological level. Despite some ambiguity, through systematic literature review effect of the polluted air on the increased spread of various viruses was demonstrated. Longer exposure to contaminated airborne dust particles has a negative effect on the human immune system and in the case of infection with COVID 19, may even overload it. This can lead to serious consequences for human health or even cause death.This review article also provides an insight into a more comprehensive analysis of possible correlation between the spreading the virus (SARS-CoV-2) by means of particulate matter and other meteorological variables (such as air temperature and humidity, weather events and climate).

Epidemiological studies indicate that exposure to ultrafine particles (UFP) in ambient air represents an important environmental public health issue. The aim of this study was to determine the association between UFP in ambient air and the daily number of consultations in the primary health care unit due to diabetes mellitus in children and elderly population of the Municipality of Ljubljana. A 5-year time-trend ecological study was carried out for the period between 1 January 2013 and 31 December 2017. The daily number of primary health care consultations due to diabetes mellitus among children and elderly population was observed as the health outcome. Daily mean UFP concentrations (different size from 10 to 100 nm) were measured and calculated. Poisson regression analysis was used to investigate the association between the observed outcome and the daily UFP, particulate matter fine fraction (PM$_{2.5}$), and particulate matter coarse fraction (PM$_{10}$) concentrations, adjusted to other covariates. The results show that the daily number of consultations due to diabetes mellitus were highly significantly associated with the daily concentrations of UFP (10 to 20 nm p ≤ 0.001 and 20 to 30 nm p ≤ 0.001) in all age groups and in the elderly population. In observed the population of children, we did not confirm the association. Findings indicate that specified environmental challenges should be addressed by comprehensive public health strategies leading to the coordinated cross-sectoral measures for the reduction of UFP in ambient air and the mitigation of adverse health effects.

Uvod: Onesnažen zrak je najpomembnejša javnozdravstvena težava, povezana z onesnaževanjem okolja. V Evropi je povišanim vrednostim prašnih delcev, ozona, dušikovih oksidov in benzena v zunanjem zraku izpostavljenih okoli 90 odstotkov prebivalcev v mestih. Onesnažen zrak je lahko dejavnik tveganja številnih obolenj, kot so bolezni srca in ožilja, bolezni dihal, presnovne bolezni in bolezni živčevja. Po ocenah Svetovne zdravstvene organizacije zaradi izpostavljenosti onesnaženemu zraku vsako leto umre okoli 4,2 milijona ljudi. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je ugotoviti, kako onesnaženost zraka vpliva kot dejavnik tveganja na razvoj določenih bolezni in kako vpliva na zdravje ogroženih skupin ljudi. Namen diplomskega dela je prav tako opredeliti vlogo medicinske sestre pri obravnavanju ogroženih skupin ljudi na preventivni ravni z vidika varovanja zdravja. Metode dela: Diplomsko delo je napisano na podlagi pregleda slovenske in tuje literature. Slovenski in tuje članke smo pridobili iz podatkovnih baz ScienceDirect, PubMed/Medline, oddaljenim dostopom Digitalne knjižnice Univerze v Ljubljani (DiKUL). Pregledanih je bilo 85 člankov, z izključitvenimi kriteriji jih je bilo po prebranih izvlečkih izključenih 65. Skupno je bilo v diplomskem delu uporabljenih 20 člankov. Rezultati: Onesnažen zrak vsebuje prašne delce, črni ogljik, ozon, ogljikov monoksid, žveplov dioksid, dušikov dioksid, azbest, benzen in radon. Razprava in zaključek: Avtorji večine navedenih raziskav poročajo o pozitivni in statistično značilni povezanosti med izpostavljenostjo prašnim delcem, črnemu ogljiku, ozonu, ogljikovemu monoksidu, žveplovemu dioksidu, dušikovemu dioksidu ter drugimi onesnaževali v zunanjem zraku in boleznimi dihal, boleznimi obtočil, nevrološkimi boleznimi ter presnovnimi boleznimi. Najbolj ogroženi so bolniki z boleznimi dihal, srca in ožilja, sladkorni bolniki, starejši, otroci in nosečnice. Ugotovili smo, da so medicinske sestre pomemben člen v verigi ozaveščanja ljudi in da lahko zmanjšanje vpliva onesnaženega zraka na zdravje bolnikov dosežemo le na dva načina: s prizadevanji za odstranitev oziroma zmanjšanje dejavnika tveganja iz okolja ali prizadevanji za zmanjšanje izpostavljenosti. Introduction: Polluted air is the most important public health problem associated with environmental pollution. In Europe, around 90 percent of urban dwellers are exposed to excessive levels of dust particles, nitrogen oxides, ozone and benzene in the outdoor air. Polluted air can be a risk factor for many diseases, such as heart disease, respiratory diseases, metabolic diseases and nervous system diseases. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that around 4.2 million people die each year from polluted air exposure. Purpose: The purpose of this diploma work is to determine how air pollution mediates as a risk factor for the development of certain diseases and how it affects the health of vulnerable groups of people. It also defines the role of a nurse in treating vulnerable groups of people at the preventive level from the point of view of health protection. Methods: The diploma thesis is written on the basis of a review of Slovenian and foreign literature. Slovenian and foreign articles were obtained from ScienceDirect, PubMed/Medline databases and remote access to the Digital Library of the University of Ljubljana (DiKUL). I reviewed 85 articles with the exclusion criteria and therefore excluded 65 of them according to their abstracts. A total of 20 articles were used in the diploma work. Results: Polluted air includes dust particles, ozone, carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, asbestos, benzene and radon. Discussion and conclusion: The authors of most of these studies report a positive and statistically significant association between exposure to dust particles, ozone, carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and other pollutants in ambient air and respiratory diseases, circulatory diseases, neurological diseases and metabolic diseases. Patients with respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, diabetics, the elderly, children and pregnant women are most at risk. We have found that a nurse is an important link in the human awareness chain and that reducing the impact of polluted air on patients' health can only be achieved in two ways: by striving to remove or reduce the risk factor from the environment or by reducing exposure.

Na onesnaženost zraka v srednji Soški dolini vpliva več onesnaževalcev. V zimskem času so vir zračnih onesnaževal individualna kurišča. Tovarna Salonit Anhovo je bila nekoč predelovalka rakotvornega azbesta, danes pa je cementarna in sosežigalnica. Onesnaženost zraka smo raziskovali z akumulacijo zračnih delcev na površino mahov ter s filtriranjem zraka z zračno črpalko. Vzorčenje je potekalo del kurilne ter del nekurilne sezone. Uporabili smo štiri vrste mahov: Sphagnum capillifolium (Ehrh.) Hedw., Polytrichum formosum (Hedw.), Pseudoscleropodium purum (Hedw.) Fleischer in Hylocomium splendens (Hedw.) Br. Eur, ki smo jih v mrežastih vrečkah izpostavili na štirih vzorčnih mestih. Elementno sestavo mahov smo določili z XRF in ICP-MS, filtre pa smo analizirali z LA-ICP-MS in SEM EDX. Ugotovili smo, da imajo izbrane vrste mahov različno sposobnost akumulacije elementov. Koncentracije akumuliranih elementov so se razlikovale tako med različnimi vrstami kot med različnimi sezonami in vzorčnimi mesti. Zaznali smo akumulacijo elementov iz zemeljske skorje. V Soški dolini so bile koncentracije živega srebra in talija višje kot na vzorčnem mestu na pobočju sosednje doline. Na vseh vzorčnih mestih smo našli delce, podobne azbestnim vlaknom. In the middle Soča valley there are many sources of air pollution. Important sources in winter are wood-burning fireplaces. In this area Salonit Anhovo is located where carcinogenic asbestos was processed in the past. Now it is a cement and co-incineration plant. Air pollution has been monitored by the accumulation of air particles on the surface of mosses and by filtering the air with an air pump. Sampling took place during the heating and non-heating periods. Four moss species were used: Sphagnum capillifolium (Ehrh.) Hedw., Polytrichum formosum (Hedw.), Pseudoscleropodium purum (Hedw.) Fleischer in Hylocomium splendens (Hedw.) Br. Eur. At four sampling sites moss was exposed in net bags. The elemental composition of the moss was determined by XRF and ICP-MS. Air filters were analysed by LA -ICP- MS and SEM EDX. We concluded that selected moss species have a different element enrichment capacity. The concentrations of accumulated elements varied between different moss species, seasons and sampling sites. An accumulation of elements from the continental crust was found. In the middle of the Soča valley the accumulation of mercury and thallium was higher than on the slope of the neighbouring valley. Asbestos-like particles were found at all sampling sites.

Razširjenost atopijskega dermatitisa se je v zadnjih letih povečala v skoraj vseh državah sveta, v državah intenzivne urbanizacije in industrializacije pa se razširjenost še vedno povečuje. Slednje nakazuje, da nagnjenosti k razvoju atopijskega dermatitisa ne moremo pripisati le genetskim dejavnikom, temveč imajo velik vpliv na razvoj obolenja tudi zunanji dejavniki okolja, kot potrjujejo tudi novejše študije. Mednje prištevamo majhne trdne delce, ki so lahko manjši od 2,5 µm ali veliki tja do 10 µm, hlapne organske spojine, izpušne pline prometa ter cigaretni dim. Pri atopijskem dermatitisu zaznamo porušeno bariero kože in ravnotežje kožne mikrobiote, ki je sicer sestavljena iz raznolikih mikroorganizmov, ki se naseljujejo na značilna mesta. Pri slednji je v ospredju prekomerna kolonizacija s S. aureus, ki z izločanjem eksotoksinov vpliva na bariero kože, vrednost pH kože, strukturno ureditev epidermalnih lipidov ter imunski odziv kože. Prepoznavanje vloge mikrobioma pri razvoju atopijskega dermatitisa je spodbudilo razvoj številnih novih pristopov k negi atopične kože. Med slednjimi je obetavna tudi uporaba probiotikov, prebiotikov in postbiotikov v kozmetičnih izdelkih, ki zmanjšajo občutljivost kože in podprejo njeno imunsko funkcijo. Slednjim smo se posvetili tudi v diplomski nalogi, in sicer smo pregledali 19 kozmetičnih izdelkov na svetovnem tržišču, ki so namenjeni negi atopične kože, katere barierna funkcija je oslabljena tudi zaradi onesnaženega zraka. Pogosteje kot probiotiki se v kozmetičnih izdelkih pojavljajo prebiotiki, ki so predvsem ogljikovi hidrati, ki spodbujajo rast koristnih mikroorganizmov, in postbiotiki, ki se v kozmetičnih izdelkih pojavljajo kot lizati probiotičnih bakterij. V pregledanih izdelkih se najpogosteje pojavlja postbiotik lizat Lactococcus ter prebiotika inulin in maltodekstrin. Pomembno podporno delovanje v tovrstnih izdelkih imajo tudi emolienti, ki spodbujajo obnovo kožne bariere, izkazujejo pa lahko tudi protivnetno delovanje. Najpomembnejši med njimi je karitejevo maslo, ki je najprimernejše za nego suhe in razdražene kože. V skladu s pričakovanji vsi izdelki vsebujejo tudi humektante, ki v kombinaciji z emolienti zagotavljajo optimalno vlažilno delovanje na koži. V prav vseh izdelkih lahko najdemo glicerol, med pomembnejše humektante pa uvrščamo tudi pirolidonkarboksilno kislino, ki deluje celo bolje kot glicerol. Zaradi vse večje onesnaženosti zraka, ki negativno deluje tudi na simptome AD, je v porastu tudi razvoj kozmetičnih izdelkov, ki kožo ščitijo pred dejavniki okoljskega onesnaženja. Pomembne sestavine slednjih so predvsem antioksidanti in sestavine, ki na koži naredijo fizično pregrado in onemogočijo penetracijo trdnih delcev, ki so prisotni v onesnaženem zraku. Med sestavinami izdelkov se je največkrat pojavil niacinamid, ki preprečuje oksidativni stres, ki nastane zaradi prodiranja delcev skozi kožo. Bistveni del vsake nege je tudi ustrezno čiščenje kože pri preprečevanju poškodb kože, ki so posledica onesnaženega zraka, je pomen teh sestavin še večji. Izdelki za nego zelo suhe in občutljive kože bi za doseganje še boljšega učinka lahko bili brez konzervansov, v kolikor bi bili sterilni in polnjeni v primerno primarno ovojnino, vendar smo tovrstnih izdelkov zasledili le nekaj. Čeprav področje vgrajevanja prebiotikov in postbiotikov v kozmetične izdelke še ni zelo uveljavljeno, je perspektivno, vendar je potrebnih še nekaj nadaljnjih preiskav. Natančneje bi morali proučiti tudi mikrobiom kože in vpliv probiotikov nanj. Področje v razvoju so tudi probiotiki, ki jih lahko uporabimo v izdelkih za zaščito kože pred onesnaženjem, pa tudi ostale sestavine, ki bi zaščitile kožo. In the last years the presence of the atopic dermatitis has increased in almost all the countries throughout the world, whereas in the countries of intensive urbanization and industrialization the disease is still spreading. This implies that an individual is not prone to the development of the atopic dermatitis on the basis of genetic factors only, but environmental factors also play an important role in the development of the ailment, as confirmed by modern studies. These environmental factors include small particulate matter which can be either smaller than 2,5 µm or big up to 10 µm, volatile organic compounds, traffic exhaust fumes and cigarette smoke. With the atopic dermatitis, we can perceive a disrupted skin barrier and a disrupted skin's microbiote, which otherwise consists of a variety of different microorganisms that populate typical areas. The skin's microbiote balance is damaged mostly due to the excessive colonization of S. aureus, which secretes exotoxins, thus affecting the skin barrier, the skin's pH value, the structural regulation of epidermal lipids and the skin's immune response. The recognition of microbiome's role in the development of the atopic dermatitis enhanced the development of various new approaches of atopical skin treatment. The most promising approach includes the use of probiotics, prebiotics and postbiotics in cosmetic products, which lessen the skin's sensitiveness and support the skin's immune function. The latter were dealt with in this diploma thesis. We analyzed nineteen cosmetic products present on the world market and intended for the treatment of atopical skin whose barrier function was disrupted also due to air pollution. Prebiotics and postbiotics tend to appear in the analyzed cosmetic products more often than probiotics. These prebiotics are mostly carbohydrates, which encourage the growth of useful microorganisms, whereas the postbiotics appear in these cosmetic products in the form of probiotic bacteria lysates. The postbiotic lysate Lactococcus and two prebiotics, i.e. inulin and maltodextrin, are most often present in the analyzed products. An important supportive action in such products is also represented by emollients, which enhance the renovation of the skin's barrier. Besides, they can also have an anti-inflammatory effect. The most important emollient is certainly shea butter, which is the most suitable for the treatment of dry and itchy skin. As expected, all the cosmetic products also contain humectants, which combined with emollients ensure an optimal hydrating effect on the skin. Glycerol can be found in all of the cosmetic products as well. The pyrrolidone carboxylic acid, which acts even better than glycerol, is also classified among the more important humectants. Due to the increasing air pollution, which negatively affects the symptoms of atopic dermatitis, there has been a growth in the development of cosmetic products which protect the skin against the factors of environmental pollution. Among the important components of these products are especially antioxidants and components which create a physical barrier on the skin, thus preventing the penetration of particulate matter present in the polluted air. Niacinamide, which prevents the oxidative stress that occurs due to the penetration of particulate matter through the skin, is the most frequent among the components in the products. The essential part of each skin care is also represented by appropriate skin cleansing. In order to prevent skin damage, as a result of air pollution, the importance of these components is even higher. The products intended for dry and sensitive skin would have a better effect if they did not contain any preservatives, on condition that they would be sterile and filled in a suitable primary container. Despite that, only a few such products were spotted on the market. Although the incorporation of prebiotics and postbiotics into cosmetic products is not fully established yet, it represents a very promising field of research, but some additional studies still need to be done. The skin microbiome and the influence of probiotics on it should be studied more in detail. Probiotics and other components, which can be used in cosmetic products to protect the skin against pollution, represent a field of research and development.

V diplomskem delu smo želeli raziskati področje trajnostne mobilnosti s pomočjo ankete ter ustvariti prototip aplikacije za trajnostno mobilnost. V prvem delu diplomskega dela smo predstavili koncept trajnostne mobilnosti ter načine, kako se koncept trajnostne mobilnosti uveljavlja v svetu in v Sloveniji. Prav tako smo prikazali nekatere od najnevarnejših onesnaževalcev zraka na področju prometa, vrste mobilnih aplikacij ter distribucijo in prednosti mobilnih aplikacij. V drugem delu smo izvedli anketo med prebivalci Mestne občine Kranj, s pomočjo katere smo želeli ugotoviti njihove navade glede mobilnosti in uporabe informacijsko-komunikacijske tehnologije. Anketirance smo povprašali tudi o tem, kaj bi pričakovali od mobilne aplikacije za podporo trajnostne mobilnosti. Na podlagi analize odgovorov smo ustvarili prototip aplikacije za podporo trajnostne mobilnosti, ki je sestavljena iz funkcij, kot so prikaz trajanja gibanja, prikaza poti in načrtovanja poti. Prednost aplikacije je, da nudi veliko funkcij na enem mestu, ki uporabnikom lajšajo načrtovanje trajnostne mobilnosti. The aim of this thesis was to research the concept of sustainable mobility based on a survey and to develop a prototype of an application for sustainable mobility. The first part of the thesis consists of theory, with which we introduced the concept of sustainable mobility in the world and in Slovenia. We also presented some of the most dangerous air pollutants caused by traffic, types of mobile applications and distribution and advantages of mobile applications. In the second part, we conducted a survey among inhabitants of the Municipality of Kranj with the aim of finding their habits in the context of mobility and usage of information-communication technology. Respondents were also asked about their expectations considering the mobile application for the support of sustainable mobility. Based on the analysis of the responses, we develop a prototype application for the support of sustainable mobility. The prototype has different functionalities, such as display mobility duration, path display, and path planning. The advantage of the proposed application is that it enables planning of sustainable mobility having multiple functionalities in one place.

Letalski promet je čedalje bolj razvit, s tem pa za seboj potegne veliko dobrih, kot tudi slabih lastnosti. Letala pri svojem delovanju v zrak spustijo delce, ki povzročajo onesnaženost. S svojim hrupom povzroča nevšečnosti tako pri ljudeh, kot živalih. Imajo veliko vpliva tudi na zdravje. Za širitev letališč je potrebno veliko novega prostora, ki so bila včasih kmetijska zemljišča. Stremeti moramo k temu, da bi čimbolj obvarovali naše okolje ter zdravje. Air traffic is becoming more and more developed, with which it draws lots of good and bad characteristics. Airplanes release particles that cause pollution when operating in the air. With its noise it causes discomfort in both humans and animals. They also have a great impact on health. The expansion of airports requires a lot of new space, which was sometimes agricultural land. We must strive to preserve our environment and health as much as possible.

V današanjem času povečanje migracij v mestih, zaradi velikega števila podjetij, univerz in šol, povzroča vse večje težave v prometu. Te težave so izražene kot zmanjšana mobilnost, zastoji in pomanjkanje parkirnih mest, kar ima za posledico velike emsiije ogljikovega dioksida. Prav tako obstajajo mesta, katerih prometna politika je še vedno zastarela ter ne sledijo primere dobrih praks iz bolj razvitih mest. Eden od teh mest je mesto Varaždin. Zato smo podrobneje analizirali trenutno stanje v mestu Varaždin, izvajanjem demografske analize, z analizo prometne situacije in z pomočjo vprašalnika, da bi pridobili mnenje o faktorima ki vplivajo na odločitev o uporabi Park and Ride sistemov. Rezultati demografske analize pokazali so, da se v mestu Varaždin dogajajo velike migracije. Z analizo prometa smo identificirali ceste, na katerima se dogajajo največje migracije. Po rezultatih ankete smo ugotovili, da se večina anketirancev na uporabo P&R sistema odloča zaradi velikih cenovnih ugodnosti, ki jih sistem ponuja, in zaradi slabega stanja glede prometa v mestu Varaždin. Rezultati so pokazali, da približno 75% anketirancev ne pozna tega sistema. Zaradi teh podatkov in rezultatov, smo se odločili pripraviti poseben načrt za uvedbo P&R sistema v mesto Varaždin, odnosno, P&R sistema, ki naj bi deloval v času največjih zastojev, kot so obdobje med Špancirfestom in obdobje med Božičem in Novim letom. Za namestitev P&R terminala, na podlagi podatkov o štetju prometa, smo se odločili za tri lokacije. Izdelali smo tudi načrt za povezavo P&R terminalov s središčem mesta prek avtobusnih linij. Prepričani smo, da se izvajanje P&R sistema v mestu Varaždin ne more oresničiti brez podpore Mesta Varaždin. Eden od razlogov je, da gradnja in delovanje P&R sistema zahteva visoka finančna sredstva. Prav tako je pomembno začeti ozaveščanje prebivalstva, saj brez tega, P&R sistem ne bo postal realnost. Priporočamo tudi uvedbo strožjih restriktivnih ukrepov v centru mesta, zmanjšanje števila parkirnih mest in povečanje parkirnih cen. In the present, growth of urban migration, due to a large number of companies, faculties and schools, causes major traffic problems. These problems are expressed as reduced mobility, congestion in traffic and lack of parking spaces, which are leading to the large carbon dioxide emissions. There are cities whose traffic policy is still outdated and does not follow the examples of good practices from more developed cities. One of these cities is the city of Varaždin. This is why we analyzed in details the current situation in the city of Varaždin, by making the demographic analysis, the analysis of traffic situation and by interviewing the population in order to find out their preferences which influence the most on the decision about using the Park and Ride systems. Based on the collected data we created the plan for implementation of a P&R system into the city of Varaždin. We determined locations, design and terminal elements, and made detailed plan for an implementation of buses lines for conecting the P&R terminals with the city centre and planned bus stops.

Okolje je že od začetka človeštva podlaga za obstanek človeka, saj je sestavljeno iz ključnih elementov, ki omogočajo človekovo preživetje. Vendar pa je v zadnjem obdobju okolje postalo žrtev človekovega izkoriščanja, onesnaževanja in uničevanja. O onesnaženem zraku govorimo, kadar so v njem prisotne škodljive, nenaravne in neobičajne snovi, imenovane polutanti oziroma onesnaževala zraka. V zrak je spuščenih veliko emisij, ki so naravnega izvora, in emisij, ki so posledica človekovih dejavnosti. Slovenija zaradi večje onesnaženosti z delci PM₁₀ sodi med bolj onesnažene države v Evropi. Delci PM so tekoči in trdni delci v plinu. Industrija za evropsko gospodarstvo predstavlja ključni element, vendar pa predstavlja tudi vir onesnaževanja okolja. V EU in tudi v Sloveniji industrija proizvede veliko izpustov toplogrednih plinov. Kot primer navedimo proizvodnjo električne energije, ki proizvede več kot 60 odstotkov toplogrednih plinov. Drugi najbolj pogost način onesnaževanja zraka je promet, ki predstavlja več kot petino emisij toplogrednih plinov in je odgovoren za približno tretjino celotne porabe energije. V kmetijstvu se je izkazalo, da sta največji problem onesnaževanja monokultura, ki med drugim uporablja ogromno količino strupov, in živinoreja. Ugotovili smo, da največjo težavo predstavlja onesnaženost s trdnimi delci PM₁₀, kjer je Slovenija kar na tretjem mestu med državami članicami EU v količini delcev v ozračju. Predstavljajo nevarnost tako za ozračje kakor tudi za zdravje ljudi. Največji izvor trdnih delcev so industrija, promet in kurilne naprave, ki jih uporabljajo predvsem prebivalci v mestih. Količino trdnih delcev v ozračju lahko zmanjšamo z uporabo novejših tehnologij v industriji, ki bodo pripomogle k nižji vrednosti izpustov. V prometu pa lahko k zmanjšanju delcev največ prispevajo ljudje sami – tako da uporabljajo javni prevoz. Proizvajalci avtomobilov vsako leto nameščajo v avtomobile nove naprave in tehnologije, ki znižujejo emisije avtomobilov. Mestne občine bi lahko prispevale k nižanju vrednosti delcev, tako da bi prebivalcem omogočile brezplačno ali cenejšo menjavo kurilnih naprav ali pa vsaj menjavo vrste goriv, ki se trenutno uporabljajo z gorivi, ki imajo manjše izpuste trdnih delcev pri zgorevanju. Environment is base for the survival of a person already since the beginning of humankind, as it consists of key elements, that are allowing the human survival. However environment became the victim of human exploitation, pollution and destroying in last years. We speak about polluted air, when present harmful, unnatural and unusual substances, appointed pollutants and pollutants of air are in it. Many emissions are dropped in air, that are of natural origin and emissions, that are consequence of human activities. Slovenia is because of larger pollution with particles PM₁₀ one of the most polluted state in Europe. Particles of PM are liquid and solid particles in gas. Industry is key elemnt for the European economy, however it is one of the sources of pollution of environment. Industry produces many emisions of greenhouse gases in the EU and also in Slovenia. As an example production of electrical energy, produces more than 60 percent of greenhouse gases. The second most frequent manner of air pollution is traffic, that is presenting more than fifth of greenhouse gas emissions and is responsible for approximate third of entire energy consumption. It turned out, that in farming, the largest problem of pullution presents monoculture and stockbreeding, whre is used enormous amount of poisons. The biggest problem in Slovenia is pollution with particles PM₁₀. Slovenia is in high third place In amount of particles PM₁₀ among the countires of EU. Particles presents danger for air and health of people. Industry, traffic and heating devices, that are used in towns, are largest origin of solid particles. We can reduce amount of solid particles in an atmosphere with use of newer technologies in industry, which will contribute to lower value of omissions. In traffic, at most people can contribute to the reduction of particles, with using public trasport. Carmakers install new devices and tehnologies every year, to help lowering emissions of cars. Municipalities can contribute to the problem of amount of particles with helping inhabitants to change heating deavices with new heating deavices. Or at least help them to change the kind of fuel which is used now, with fuel with lower amount of particles at combustion.

Diplomsko deloDoseganje ciljev okoljske vzgoje iz področja onesnaževanja zraka na razredni stopnji osnovne šole je sestavljeno iz dveh delov, teoretičnega in praktičnega, ki sta vsak zase zaokrožena celota in se med seboj dopolnjujeta. Namen diplomskegadela je bil, da raziščemo, v kolikšni meri je v učnem načrtu pri okoljski vzgoji zastopano onesnaževanje zraka, kako pripravimo didaktično ustrezno gradivo za doseganje nekaterih ciljev okoljske vzgoje na razredni stopnji, povezanih z onesnaževanjem zraka − kisli dež, in s praktičnimi primeri učencem približamo razumevanje tega. V teoretičnem delu diplomskega dela smo se podrobneje posvetili onesnaževanju zraka. Razložili smo nekatere pojme okoljske vzgoje in se osredotočili na okoljske cilje s poudarkom na onesnaževanju zraka. Naredili smo pregled in način dela pri ciljih, ki vključujejo onesnaževanja zraka za razredno stopnjo in pregled novejših gradiv za pouk glede teme in ciljev. V praktičnem delu diplomskegadela smo pripravili didaktična gradiva in poskus s časovnim spremljanjem dogajanja po onesnaženju zraka za doseganje nekaterih ciljev okoljske vzgoje iz področja onesnaževanja zraka − kisli dež, in izvedli šolski uri v tretjem in petem razredu ter ju ovrednotili. Z eksperimentalnim delom z opazovanjem smo ugotovili, da je takšna učna metoda za doseganje ciljev zelo priporočljiva in učinkovita. The diploma work: Achieving the goals of environmental education in the field of airpollution in the first triad of primary school composed of two parts (theoretical and practical one) whereby each of them is a rounded up whole and complements each other. The purpose of the diploma work was to research to what extent the air pollution was presented in the curriculum and how to prepare the corresponding didactical material to achieve some of the environmental education objectives at the lower primary school grade in relation to air pollution – acid rain, as well as to enable the pupils to understand this by presenting them some practical examples. In the theoretical part of the diploma work we dealt with air pollution in detail. We explained some environmental education notions focusing on the environmental objectives by laying stress upon air pollution. We made a survey and a method of work for the objectives including air pollution for the lower primary school grade as well as a survey of the latest teaching materials relating to the above stated topics and objectives. In the practical part of the diploma work we dealt with the didactical materials and an experiment by monitoring the situations after air pollution in order to achieve some of the environmental education objectives in the sphere of air pollution – acid rain and we carried out two lessons in the third and fifth class and evaluated them. By the experimental work and by monitoring it we have established that such teaching method is very advisable and efficient to achieve such objectives.

Vpliv onesnaževanja ozračja na rastnost odraslih smrekovih sestojev - metoda kvantificiranja ogroženosti fizioloških funkcij gozda

Onesnažen zrak v Sloveniji in Evropi postaja vse bolj aktualen problem. Delci PM10 v zraku so naravnega in antropogenega izvora in negativno vplivajo na zdravje ljudi, ter na samo okolje. Vzroki za visoke koncentracije delcev PM10 v zraku so promet, industrija, individualna kurišča, sekundarni viri, soljenje cest in resuspenzija. Na visoke koncentracije vplivajo tudi vremenske razmere in geografska lega. Področje delcev v Sloveniji opredeljuje Uredba o žveplovem dioksidu, dušikovih oksidih, delcih in svincu v zunanjem zraku. V magistrski nalogi smo z metodo diskusije analizirali onesnaženje zraka v Sloveniji na različnih merilnih mestih za več let. Podatke smo pridobili na Agenciji Republike Slovenije za okolje. Po naših analizah smo prišli do ugotovitev, da se povišane koncentracije pojavljajo predvsem v zimskem obdobju v večjih urbanih naseljih zaradi kurišč in zaradi prometa v jutranjih in večernih konicah ter vremenskih razmer kot so temperaturne inverzije. Air pollution in Slovenia and Europe is becoming an increasingly topical issue. Particles PM10 in the air arise as a consequence of natural and anthropogenic activity, and thus have a negative impact on human health and the environment itself. The causes for high concentrations of particles PM10 in the air are transport, industry, residential combustion, secondary sources, salting roads and resuspension. Weather conditions and geographical location also have an influence on high concentrations. The area of particles in Slovenia is defined in Regulation of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter and lead in ambient air. In the thesis we analysed the pollution of air in Slovenia at different measuring places for several years using the method of discussion. We obtained the data from the Slovenian Environment Agency. In our analysis, we have come to the conclusion, that elevated concentrations are occurring mainly during the winter in large urban areas due to residential combustion and because of traffic in the morning and evening peak hours and weather conditions such as temperature inversion.

Diplomsko delo govori o mednarodnopravnem varstvu onesnaževanja okolja s poudarkom na onesnaževanju zraka. Razdeljeno je na uvod in štiri poglavja. V uvodu se seznanimo z osnovnimi pojmi onesnaževanja okolja, emisijami kot primarnimi onesnaževalci okolja in posledicami emisij kot sekundarnimi onesnaževalci okolja. V prvem poglavju opredelimo bistvene mednarodne instrumente varstva okolja, ki so relevantni za preprečevanje onesnaževanja okolja kot so Ženevska konvencija o daljnosežnem čezmejnem onesnaževanju zraka iz leta 1979, kot prva večstranska pogodba o ravnanju z onesnaževali zraka. Nadalje Dunajska konvencija o zaščiti ozonske plasti in Montrealski protokol o substancah, ki škodljivo delujejo na ozonski plašč, ki je nastala na podlagi znanstvenih dognanj znanstvenikov, ki sta odkrila kako CFC v povezavi s sončnimi žarki negativno vpliva na ozonski plašč. Okvirna konvencijo ZN o spremembi podnebja v povezavi s Kjotskim protokolom ureja zmanjšanje emisij TGP in Aarhuško konvencijo, ki je pomembna predvsem z vidika dostopa do informacij in pravice udeležbe javnosti pri odločanju o okoljskih zadevah. Na koncu omenimo še bilateralni Sporazum o kakovosti zraka med Kanado in ZDA, s katerim sta državi želeli omejiti onesnaževanje zraka prek meja ter omiliti posledice le tega. V drugem poglavju obdelamo pravne norme varstva okolja EU s poudarkom na direktivah, katere je Republika Slovenija tudi implementirala v svojo zakonodajo. Tretje poglavje govori o varstvu okolja v Republiki Sloveniji. Osredotočimo se predvsem na Ustavo in Zakon o varstvu okolja in na koncu obravnavamo še dva primera okoljevarstvene problematike. Četrto poglavje so sklepne misli o celotni problematiki onesnaževanja okolja. The thesis is about the protection of international law of environmental pollution with an emphasis on air pollution. It is divided into an introduction and four chapters. In the introduction we are getting acquainted with the basic concepts of pollution emissions as primary environmental polluters and the effects of emissions as secondary environmental contaminants. In the first chapter we define main international instruments of environmental protection which are relevant for the prevention of environmental pollution such as the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution from the year 1979, as the first multilateral treaty on the management of air pollutants. Furthermore, the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, which was created on the basis of scientific knowledge of two scientists, who have discovered how a CFC the sun reaction has a negative impact on the ozone layer. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, in conjunction with the Kyoto Protocol regulates GHG emission reduction and the Aarhus Convention, which is particularly important in terms of access to information and the right of public participation in environmental decision-making. At the end we mentioned the bilateral Air Quality Agreement between Canada and the United States, two countries trying to limit air pollution across borders and mitigate the effects of it. The second chapter is treated by legal norms of environmental protection with emphasis on the EU directives, which Slovenia has also implemented in their law. The third chapter talks about environmental protection in the Republic of Slovenia. We focus primarily on the Constitution of the Republic of Slovenia and the Environmental Protection Act and in the end we still considered two cases of environmental issues. The fourth chapter is talking about the final thoughts on the whole issue of environmental pollution.