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Tissue-papper eller mjukpapper är material som används för hygienändamål och finns tillgängligt som toalettpapper, hushållspapper och näsdukar. Beroende på vilken typ av tissue-papper som tillverkas anpassas egenskaper genom bland annat val av fibrer och kemikalier. Problemet som finns idag är att vissa mjukpapper brister i kvalitet vilket exemplifieras med att de rivs sönder i längden och inte vid perforeringen. Mjukpapper kan även gå sönder efter toalettbesöket. Detta leder till ökat produktsvinn och miljöbelastning. Som en del i att försöka minska miljöbelastningen och optimera egenskaperna hos papper har en studie genomförts inom ramen för ett mekaniskt forskningsprojekt som drivs av forskargruppen ”Mechanics and materials” på Örebro universitet. I detta arbete har fyra olika typer av mjukpapper studerats. Under arbetet har de olika pappersprodukternas omslutningsförmåga, det vill säga deras kontaktvinkel, vid tryck undersökts och analyserats. Vidare har även nedböjningen vid belastning undersökts teoretiskt. Syftet med arbetet var att undersöka ifall det fanns en koncis metod för att mäta omslutningen med, som en del i det större forskningsprojektet. Som verktyg används en objektiv fingerliknande sensor för att se en möjlig korrelation med mätmetoden. Resultatet visade att metoden var koncis och hade en korrelation med den objektiva fingerliknande sensorns utslag. Till fortsatt arbete rekommenderas ytterligare tester på pappersprodukterna för att utföra en noggrann statistisk analys. Även ytterligare kopplingar till pappersprodukternas egenskaper kan ge en djupare förståelse av hur materialet böjer sig vid belastning., Tissue paper or soft paper are materials used for hygiene purposes and are available as toilet paper, kitchen paper and handkerchiefs. Depending on the variety that is manufactured, properties are adapted based on, among other things, the choice of fibers and chemicals. The problem that exists today is that some tissues lack quality, which is exemplified by the fact that they are torn in the long run and not during the perforation. Tissue can also break after the toilet visit. This leads to increased product waste and environmental impact. As part of trying to reduce the environmental impact and optimize the properties of paper, this report is written within the constraints of a mechanical science project by the research group called “Mechanics and materials” on Orebro university. In this project, four different types of tissue have been studied. During the work, the enclosing ability of the various paper products, its contact angle, has been examined and analyzed under pressure. Furthermore, the deflection under load has also been investigated theoretically. The purpose of the work was to investigate whether there was a concise method to measure the coverage, as part of the larger research project. An objective finger-like sensor is used as a tool to see a possible correlation with the measurement method. The results showed that the method was consistent and had a correlation with the objective finger-like sensor result. For further work, further tests on the paper products are recommended to perform a thorough statistical analysis. Further connections to the properties of the paper products can also provide a deeper understanding of how the material bends under load.

Projektet avhandlar en specifik testmetod avseende hur en kartongförpackning reagerar på krafter den utsätts för när den belastas av ett artificiellt finger (BioTac), detta i syfte att undersöka om testmetoderna genererar objektiva och repeterbara resultat. Projektet analyserar också hur en förvald kartongförpackning böjs vid en specifik punktlast, samt vilken resulterande omslutning och nedböjningen som då registreras av BioTacen. Metoderna som används kompletteras med testresultat utförda med hjälp av laborativa verktyg; en dragprovsmaskin tillverkad av Lloyd instruments med tillsatsen en haptisk sensor (BioTac) från Syntouch. Vidare forskning har lett till ett mer definierat och objektivt sätt att mäta bland annat en förpacknings grepp-styvhet, vilket bidragit till en ökad förståelse för hur en förpackning ska konstrueras för att bäst tjäna dess syfte., The project deals with a specific test method regarding how a cardboard package reacts to the external forces when an artificial finger (BioTac) is forced upon it, the purpose being to examine if the method generates objective and repeatable results. The project also analyses how a pre-selected cardboard package bends at a certain load, and which the resulting enclosure is registered by the BioTac. The methods used are supplemented with laboratory tools, such as: A tensile testing machine by Lloyd instruments, in addition with a tactile sensor (BioTac) by Syntouch. Further research has led to a more defined and objective way of measuring, amongst other things, a packaging’s grip-stiffness, which has contributed to an increased understanding of how a package should be designed to best serve its purpose.

The earliest graves that are found in Sweden is the megaliths, the huge stone monuments created with boulders and open entrances. The megaliths origin is from the Middle Neolithic’s, but they have been reused for several millenniums. The very act of constructing these monumental stone chambers for the dead shows that these monuments were built to last through time. This master’s thesis deals with four different kind of grave types that spans through four different time periods in Southwestern Sweden. After the Middle Neolithic, monumental graves the hällkistan (stone cists), became the dominant grave type during the Late Neolithic. The cist varies in construction, some are meant to be entered but most are closed. During the Bronze Age a new kind of cists continues to be used and new are constructed although the culture tends to create big heaps, cairns, around the cist. During the late Bronze Age and early Iron Age the construction of the graves changes and the cists are instead present on grave fields. The paper compares the similarities between the graves, megalithic tombs, stone cists, cairns and grave fields, in their monumentality, construction, accessibility, content, and focuses heavily on the transmission between the grave types through the theoretical concept of Longue durée. I have also chosen to focus on the tradition of reuse, and Pierre Nora´s theoretical concepts about memory sites and memory environments. The slow slight changes to the grave traditions, constructions and rooms shows changes in ideology of the contemporary culture. My main focus is to identify and discuss the transformation of the grave room, from the Middle Neolithic monumental stone construction to the late Iron Age grave fields. Through my understanding of this process, I argue that the mentioned grave types are the same type of monument that slowly changes through a time span of roughly 4000 years. The changes are visible through very slight and slow processes.