166 results on '"okratoksin A"'
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2. Isparta İlinden Toplanan Çiğ, Pastörize ve UHT Sütlerde Okratoksin A Miktarının Tespiti.
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YAVAŞ, Ayşegül and KÜÇÜKÖNER, Erdoğan
- Abstract
Milk is one of the most basic nutritional source with the proteins, fats, lactose, vitamins and mineral substances in its composition. Especially in the nutrition of children, it is essential because of containing the physiologically important enzymes, growth hormones, enzyme inhibitors and antibacterial agents. However, while milk contains beneficial and essential components, it can also carry toxic substances such as Ochratoxin A (OTA), which threatens our health. In this study, the amount of ochratoxin A was determined in raw, pasteurized and UHT milk collected in two different seasons from Isparta province. The seasonal effect on the values found was investigated. A total of 64 milk samples, 18 raw milk samples sold in Isparta markets, 18 pasteurized milk samples collected from markets, and 28 UHT milk samples, were examined in two different months between August 2020 and March 2021. The values of OTA amounts according to milk type and season; raw milk summer average was 0.06± 0.004 ppb and winter average was 0.14±0.005 ppb; pasteurized milk OTA summer average was 0.07± 0.002 ppb, winter average was 0.21± 0.011; UHT milk summer and winter averages were found to be 0.06± 0.003 ppb and 0.18± 0.06 ppb, respectively. OTA was detected in all milk samples. Winter averages of OTA amounts of milk species were found to be significantly higher than summer averages (p< 0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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3. The role of pumpkin pulp extract carotenoids against mycotoxin damage in the blood brain barrier in vitro
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Alonso-Garrido Manuel, Pallarés Noelia, Font Guillermina, Tedeschi Paola, Manyes Lara, and Lozano Manuel
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beauvericin ,ecv304 ,metabolomics ,ochratoxin a ,zearalenone ,bovericin ,metabolomika ,okratoksin a ,zearalenon ,Toxicology. Poisons ,RA1190-1270 - Abstract
Some mycotoxins such as beauvericin (BEA), ochratoxin A (OTA), and zearalenone (ZEA) can cross the blood brain barrier, which is why we tested the anti-inflammatory action of a pumpkin carotenoid extract (from the pulp) against these mycotoxins and their combinations (OTA+ZEA and OTA+ZEA+BEA) on a blood brain barrier model with co-cultured ECV304 and C6 cells using an untargeted metabolomic approach. The cells were added with mycotoxins at a concentration of 100 nmol/L per mycotoxin and pumpkin carotenoid extract at 500 nmol/L. For control we used only vehicle solvent (cell control) or vehicle solvent with pumpkin extract (extract control). After two hours of exposure, samples were analysed with HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS. Metabolites were identified against the Metlin database. The proinflammatory arachidonic acid metabolite eoxin (14,15-LTE4) showed lower abundance in ZEA and BEA+OTA+ZEA-treated cultures that also received the pumpkin extract than in cultures that were not treated with the extract. Another marker of inflammation, prostaglandin D2-glycerol ester, was only found in cultures treated with OTA+ZEA and BEA+OTA+ZEA but not in the ones that were also treated with the pumpkin extract. Furthermore, the concentration of the pumpkin extract metabolite dihydromorelloflavone significantly decreased in the presence of mycotoxins. In conclusion, the pumpkin extract showed protective activity against cellular inflammation triggered by mycotoxins thanks to the properties pertinent to flavonoids contained in the pulp.
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- 2021
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4. Estimasi Risiko Okratoksin A dari Konsumsi Kopi Bubuk di Indonesia.
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Arimah, Dewanti-Hariyadi, Ratih, and Nuraida, dan Lilis
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COFFEE grounds , *BAMBARA groundnut , *COFFEE shops , *AGE groups , *COFFEE drinking , *COFFEE beans - Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a nephrotoxic and carcinogenic mycotoxin that can be found in coffee. This study aimed to obtain the processing steps commonly applied by coffee shops in Indonesia, calculate the level of OTA in coffee bean and ground coffee, and the risk estimate of OTA exposure from ground coffee in Indonesia. The processing steps were determined through an online survey while the level of OTA in coffee was calculated from available references. The consumption level of ground coffee was determined from the Indonesia total diet study report and the exposure assessment was carried out by deterministic approach. The risk estimates were expressed as % risk towards provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) and margin of exposure (MOE). Based on the survey of coffee shops (n=20), ground coffee is commonly processed using dry method consisting of cherries sorting, sun drying, roasting and grinding. Ground coffee was the most common coffee consumed by adults. Based on references from countries with climate similar to Indonesia, the level of OTA in coffee bean ranged from 0.033 to 168 μg/kg with an average of 12.25 μg/kg and 0.018-55 μg/kg in ground coffee averaging at 5.60 μg/kg. The individual exposure to OTA from drinking coffee is 0.014-0.744 ng/kg bw/day. The risk estimates shows that risk of ochratoxin A from ground coffee consumption is low, with risk percentage of <100 % provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) and a MOE of higher than 10000 for all age groups. The study suggested that adults (19-55 years) have higher exposure and risk than the other age groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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5. RASFF SİSTEMİNDE TAHIL VE FIRINCILIK ÜRÜNLERİNİN AFLATOKSİN VE OKRATOKSİN A DÜZEYLERİ VE HATAY YÖRESİ BUĞDAYLARININ BU MİKOTOKSİNLER AÇISINDAN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ.
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Sağlam, Aydın and Masatcıoğlu, M. Tuğrul
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AFLATOXINS , *CEREAL products , *BAKED products , *WHEAT farming , *LIQUID chromatography , *MYCOTOXINS , *WHEAT - Abstract
This research paper was designed mainly in two parts. Primarily, the mycotoxin levels in cereal and bakery products notifications between 2009 and 2018 by using the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) data source were investigated. When the notifications of the last decade are evaluated, the average concentrations of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), total aflatoxins (TAF), and ochratoxin A (OTA) were found 21.92, 34.98, and 23.10 µg/kg, respectively. In the second part of the study, 29 wheat samples grown in the Hatay region of Turkey were analyzed to detect aflatoxin (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2) and OTA concentrations. The mycotoxin concentrations were determined by highperformance liquid chromatography with a fluorescence detection (HPLC-FD) system. The analytical method was validated according to Regulation (EC) No. 401/2006. The recoveries were in the range of 83.0-107.2%. The percentages of positive samples for AFB1, AFB2 and AFG1 were 44.8, 13.8 and 27.6%, respectively. In this study, the most prevalent mycotoxin was OTA (82.8%), which found in the range of 0.174-137.880 µg/kg. Among 5 of the studied samples, it was determined that the OTA level exceeded the European legislation maximum limit of 5 µg/kg. Moreover, OTA levels of three samples were higher than the average of the maximum values of OTA level determined in RASFF notifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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6. The role of pumpkin pulp extract carotenoids against mycotoxin damage in the blood brain barrier in vitro.
- Author
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Alonso-Garrido, Manuel, Pallarés, Noelia, Font, Guillermina, Tedeschi, Paola, Manyes, Lara, and Lozano, Manuel
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PUMPKINS ,BRAIN damage ,CAROTENOIDS ,FUSARIUM toxins ,ARACHIDONIC acid ,OCHRATOXINS ,BEAUVERICIN ,MYCOTOXINS - Abstract
Copyright of Archives of Industrial Hygiene & Toxicology / Arhiv za Higijenu Rada I Toksikologiju is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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- 2021
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7. The European Corn Borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), as a Vector of Aflatoxigenic and Ochratoxigenic Fungi
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Martić, Bruno, Kos, Tomislav, and Lončar, Jelena
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Corn ,kukuruzni moljac ,BIOTEHNIČKE ZNANOSTI. Poljoprivreda (agronomija) ,Aspergillus spp ,kukuruz ,European Corn Borer ,aflatoksin B1 ,Penicillium spp ,aflatoxin B1 ,okratoksin A ,mikotoksigene gljivice ,Mycotoxigenetic fungi ,Fusarium spp ,ochratoxin A ,BIOTECHNICAL SCIENCES. Agronomy - Abstract
Kukuruzni moljac (Ostrinia nubilalis, Hubner, 1796.) je uz kukuruznu zlaticu (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, LeConte, 1868.) gospodarski najznačajniji štetnik kukuruza. Gusjenica kukuruznog moljca izgriza list, buši stabljiku i smanjuje joj čvrstoću. Osim navedenih direktnih šteta od gusjenica, indirektne čine i odrasle jedinke prenoseći spore mikotoksigenih gljivica. Mikotoksini su sekundarni metaboliti koje gljivice sintetiziraju tijekom rasta na određenim supstratima. Oni, mogu biti uzročnici različitih bolesti kod ljudi i životinja najčešće putem hrane. Najistaknutiji mikotoksini su aflatoksin B1 i okratoksin A. Istraživanje je provedeno u cilju utvrđivanja potencijala leptira kukuruznog moljca da prenosi spore mikotoksigenih gljivica. Tijekom dvije vegetacije 2021. i 2022. u pokusnom polju Instituta u Osijeku, lovnom lampom u kukuruzištu su uhvaćeni leptiri. U laboratoriju su isprani s 1ml destilirane vode. Uzorak isprane vode za svaku jedinku leptira je nanesen na hranjivu podlogu. Nakon inkubacije razvijene kulture gljivica su podvrgnute morfološkoj determinaciji prema dostupnim ključevima. Tijekom istraživanja determinirani su rodovi Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp., Trichoderma spp. i Fusarium spp. Uzorci čistih kultura nakon presađivanja dokazano pozitivni na aflatoksin B1 i okratoksin A determinirani su do rodova: Aspergillus spp. i Penicillium spp. U istraživanju je dokazano je da je kukuruzni moljac prijenosnik spora mikotoksigenih gljivica. The european corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hubner, 1796.) (ECB) is with western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, Leconte, 1868.) (WCR) economicly the most significant corn pest. The ECB catapillar cause bites off leaves, drills through stem and weakens its firmness. Other than the mentioned primary damages, indirectly the adult individuals cause damage by carring the spores of mycotoxigenetic fungi. Mycotoxins are secundary metabolits which fungi synthesize during growth on specific substrate. They, can be the cause of different diseases on people and animals mostly by food. The most significant mycotoxings are aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A. The research has been done in the purpose of determening the ECB butterfly potential of carring the spores of mycotoxigenetic fungi. During two growing seasons, 2021. and 2022. in the experimental field of Institute of Osijek the butterflys were caught in corn fields with light traps. In laboratory they were rinsed with 1ml destilled water. The sample of rinsed water from every individual were inflicted on nutritious base. After incubation the developed fungi were submitted to morphological determination according to available keys. During research the following genus were determened: Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp., Trichoderma spp. and Fusarium spp. The samples of pure cultures, after the determination, were proven to be positive on aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A. The positive samples belonged to the genus Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp. Transplanting the fungi of mentioned genus on nutritios base MEA (Malt extract agar), their extraction and finally by liquid chromatography, it is proven that the ECB is a carrier of mycotoxigenetic fungi.
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- 2023
8. Ekmek ve Bazı Tahıl Ürünlerinde Okratoksin A Bulunurluğu ve Toksik Etkileri.
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Büyüker, Sultan Mehtap
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CEREAL products , *LABORATORY animals , *CELL death , *BAKED products , *PUBLIC health , *ONIONS - Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is produced by Aspergillus and Penicillium species of fungi, and it is found in various types of grain. The relationship between the consumption of cereal products and OTA toxicity has revealed the appearance of a disease called Balkan Endemic Nephropathy. Studies on experimental animals revealed that OTA has an accelerating effect on nephrotoxic, teratogenic, immunosuppressive, hepatotoxic, genotoxic, cell death and lipid peroxidation. For this reason, the OTA content of bread products, the major component of our nutrition, is important in terms of public health. Bread is consumed all over the world as a source of carbohydrates and proteins. In this study, studies on OTA presence in bread products were screened and compared. According to the Commission of the European Union, the maximum amount of OTA allowed in cereal products is 3ng/g. Studies on OTA in foods showed in Morocco, the value of OTA in 26 of 100 samples was above the limit value of 13.0±1.5 ng/g. In a study in Adana, Turkey, 136 bread samples were studied and 70% of them had the OTA content above the limit value. In other studies, it was stated that the availability of OTA is below the limit values, but the availability of OTA in maize bread is higher than other types of bread. Results of various studies indicated that the presence of OTA in bread products could cause health problems, given that the total OTA amount taken with bread and other foods could exceed the limit values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2019
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9. The Threat of Ochratoxin A in Poultry Nutrition
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Emrah Güngör, Aydın Altop, and Güray Erener
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okratoksin A ,okratoksin A’nın etkileri ,toksik madde ,kanatlı besleme ,Agriculture ,Agriculture (General) ,S1-972 - Abstract
Ochratoxin A is a toxic substance coming up with growing up of some species of Aspergillus and Penicillium at feedstuffs. Diseases and deaths can occur if this toxic substance is consumed by animals. Ochratoxin A can contaminate easily feedstuffs of mixed feeds while producing, harvesting and storing period and pose a serious threat for world and Turkey considering existing rate in feed and feedstuffs. Moreover taking account of passing to animal tissues, ochratoxin A pose a serious risk for human health. Regarding this, ochratoxin A has negative effects on human such as disorders of kidney and reproductive organs. In addition there is various methods to eliminate this damages made by ochratoxin A. In this review, existing of ochratoxin A in poultry feeds, the negative effects on poultry, transition to tissues and practices that can ease the negative effects were summarized.
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- 2016
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10. OKRATOKSİN A'NIN EKMEKTE BULUNMA MİKTARINDA FERMANTASYON VE PİŞİRMENİN ETKİSİ.
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Var, Işıl, Savaş, Özlem Atasever, Sağlam, Selin, and Uçkun, Okşan
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Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin can be passed to cereal products such as bread. In this study, if the OTA of different concentrations is found in flour, the change after the processes applied during the bread making process is examined. Bread-making was performed, using white flour which was spiked with two different levels of 5 μg/kg, and 10 μg/kg OTA. OTA levels were analyzed at the end of the dough making, dough fermentation, and cooking processes. For 5 μg/kg and 10 μg/kg concentration the OTA levels was found as in dough making 2.76-7.36 μg/kg, in dough fermentation 1.35-4.69 μg/kg, in baking process 0.635 -2.37 μg/kg, respectively. The OTA levels detected in the final product ranged from 0.38 μg/kg to 2.915 μg/kg. It was seen that OTA levels in final products were at concentrations below the legal limit (3 μg/kg) recommended by European Commission and Turkish Food Codex Regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2018
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11. YÜKSEK PERFORMANSLI SIVI KROMATOGRAFİSİ İLE YEREL MARKETLERDE SATILAN KAHVELERİN OKRATOKSİN A İÇERİĞİNİN İNCELENMESİ.
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ERGUN, Bülent, SOYSEVEN, Murat, İŞCAN, Gökalp, and ARLI, Göksel
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Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin which is synthesized by some Aspergillus and Penicillium species and may exists in especially cultivated cereals, coffee beans or coffee granules, wine and various spices. OTA exhibits Carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic affects for humans and animals. In this conducted study, OTA contents of 30 different coffee samples that were provided from the local markets were determined by using high performance liquid chromatography. The experiments were carried out using the fluorescence detector and applying the 330 nm extinction and 450 nm emission wavelengths. The column temperature and pressure were set to 25°C and 83 barr, respectively. The flow rate was chosen as 0.9 mL/min. Coffee samples were dissolved in ethanol. Analyses were performed by using the C18 (200 mm 4.6 mm I.D., 5 µm particle size). It was observed that OTA standards and samples have a signal at approximately 10.942 min. Deionized (water: acetonitirile: acetic acid) (49.5:49.5:1), (v:v:v) mixture was used as the mobile phase. The obtained results showed that different amounts of OTA for all 30 samples were determined and 12 of them have lower OTA content according to the limits of Turkish Food Codex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2018
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12. Kukuruzna zlatica (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte) kao prijenosnik mikotoksigenih gljivica
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Grdović, Gabriela and Franin, Kristijan
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BIOTECHNICAL SCIENCES. Agronomy. Phytomedicine ,mikotoksini ,toksikogene gljivice ,mycotoxins ,BIOTEHNIČKE ZNANOSTI. Poljoprivreda (agronomija). Fitomedicina ,aflatoksin B1 ,aflatoxin B1 ,corn rootworm ,okratoksin A ,kukuruzna zlatica ,ochratoxin A ,toxicogenic fung - Abstract
Kukuruzna zlatica (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte) jedan je od najvažnijih i najopasnijih štetnika kukuruza. Ima jednu generaciju godišnje i tri razvojna stadija. Ličinka se hrani na korijenu biljaka, a odrasli oblik se hrani na nadzemnim dijelovima biljaka pri čemu je oštećuje. Najveće štete koje uzrokuju ličinke očituju se u tome što biljke lako poliježu ako imaju oštećen korijen, a štete na korijenu dovode do smanjenog prinosa. Međutim osim izravnih šteta kukuruzna zlatica može biti prenositelj mikotoksigenih gljivica i tako doprinositi kontaminaciji kukuruza. Mikotoksini su sekundarni metaboliti gljiva koji mogu toksično djelovati na ljude i životinje. Čimbenici koji utječu na nastanak i na stvaranje mikotoksina su temperatura, vlaga, kukci prisutni u polju ili neka mehanička oštećenja biljnih organa. Neki od ekonomski najznačajnijih mikotoksina su aflatoksin B1 i okratoksin A. Istraživanje je provedeno u sklopu projekta „Proizvodnja hrane, biokompozita i biogoriva iz žitarica u kružnom gospodarstvu“ (EFRR) (projekt-klima.eu)., KK 05.1.1.02.0016, financiranog od strane Ministarstva okoliša RH iz sredstava ESF, Operativni program konkurentnost i kohezija. U svrhu datog istraživanja prikupljeni su odrasli oblici kukuruzne zlatice. Ukupno je prikupljeno 100 uzoraka metodom vizualnog pregleda biljaka. Utvrđeno je 60 potencijalnih uzoraka na aflatoksin B1 i 60 potencijalnih uzoraka na okratoksin A. Od 179 čistih kultura, broj proizvođača aflatoksina B1 je iznosio 2,8 % i ukupan broj proizvođača okratoksina A je iznosio 3,4 %. Uzorci koji su bili pozitivni na aflatoksin B1 i okratoksin A pripadaju u rodove Aspergillus i Penicillium. The corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte) is one of the most important and dangerous pests of corn. It has one generation per year and three developmental stages. The larva feeds on the roots of plants and the adult form feeds on the aerial parts of plants, damaging them. The greatest damage caused by the larvae is manifested in the fact that the plants easily lie down if they have damaged roots and damage to the roots leads to a reduced yield. However, in addition to direct damage, corn rootworm can be a carrier of mycotoxigenic fungi and thus contribute to the contamination of corn. Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of fungi that can have a toxic effect on humans and animals. Factors that affect the emergence and formation of mycotoxins are temperature, moisture, insects present in the field or some mechanical damage to plant organs. Some of the most economically significant mycotoxins are aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A. The research was carried out as part of the project "Production of food, biocomposites and biofuels from cereals in a circular economy" (EFRR) (projekt-klima.eu)., KK 05.1.1.02.0016, financed by the Ministry of the Environment of the Republic of Croatia from ESF funds, Operational Program Competitiveness and Cohesion. For the purpose of this research, adult forms of the corn rootworms were collected. A total of 100 samples were collected by visual inspection of plants. There were 60 potential samples for aflatoxin B1 and 60 potential samples for ochratoxin A determined. Out of 179 pure cultures, the number of producers of aflatoxin B1 was 2.8% and the total number of producers of ochratoxin A was 3.4%. The samples that were positive for aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A belong to the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium.
- Published
- 2022
13. Kemijski sastav i pojavnost mikotoksina u tradicionalnim mesnim proizvodima podrijetlom s domaćinstava Bosne i Hercegovine.
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Pleadin, J., Vasilj, V., Lešić, T., Frece, J., Markov, K., Krešić, G., Vulić, A., Bogdanović, T., Zadravec, M., and Vahčić, N.
- Abstract
Copyright of MESO is the property of Zadruzna Stampa D.D. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2017
14. Determination of aflatoxin and ochratoxin a in dried figs
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Çelik, Damla, Kabak, Bülent, and Çelik, Damla
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Kuru incir ,Aflatoxin ,HPLC-FLD ,Maruziyet ,Ochratoxin A ,Aflatoksin ,Dried fig ,Okratoksin A ,Exposure - Abstract
Kuru incirlerde görülen en önemli kimyasal tehlikeler aflatoksinler (AFs) ve okratoksin A (OTA)'dır. Bu araştırmada, ülkemizde tüketime sunulan kuru incirlerde AFs ve OTA varlığı ve miktarı floresans dedektörlü yüksek performanslı sıvı kromatografisi (HPLC-FLD) yöntemi ile belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, yetişkin bireylerin kuru incir tüketimi yoluyla AFs ve OTA'ya maruz kalma miktarları hesaplanmış ve risk değerlendirmesi yapılmıştır. Araştırma kapsamında, Nisan-Haziran 2019 tarihleri arasında Çorum, İstanbul, Ankara ve İzmir'deki çeşitli satış noktalarından rastgele satın alınan 100 incir örneği (300'er g) analiz edilmiştir. Kullanılan analiz yöntemi valide edilmiş olup, Avrupa Birliği (AB) tarafından belirlenen metot validasyon parametrelerini karşıladığı görülmüştür. Aflatoksin B1 (AFB1), aflatoksin B2 (AFB2), aflatoksin G1 (AFG1), aflatoksin G2 (AFG2) ve OTA'nın ölçüm limitleri (LOQs) sırasıyla 0,277; 0,247; 0,307; 0,253 ve 0,437 µg kg-1 olarak bulunmuştur. Kuru incir örneklerinin 86'sında AFs tespit edilemezken, 14'ünde saptanan toplam AFs miktarı 0,258-12,6 µg kg-1 arasında değişiklik göstermiştir. AFs tipleri arasında AFB1 en sık rastlanan olup, örneklerde 0,258-11,92 µg kg-1 arasında değişen miktarlarda saptanmıştır. Kuru incir örneklerinin yalnızca 2'sinde tespit edilen AFB1 ve toplam AFs miktarları, AB ve Türk Gıda Kodeksi (TGK) Bulaşanlar Yönetmeliği'nde yer alan maksimum limit (ML) değerlerinin üzerinde bulunmuştur. Bununla birlikte, kuru incir örneklerinin 7'sinde AFB2 (0,095-0,675 µg kg-1), 2'sinde AFG1 (0,153 ve 2,427 µg kg-1) ve yalnızca 1'inde AFG2 (0,121 µg kg-1) bulunmuştur. OTA ise kuru incir örneklerinin 8'inde 0,151-1,723 µg kg-1 arasında değişen konsantrasyonlarda saptanmıştır. Ülkemizde yaşayan yetişkin bireylerin kuru incir tüketimi yoluyla AFB1'e, toplam AFs'ye ve OTA'ya ortalama alt sınır ve üst sınır maruz kalma miktarları sırasıyla 0,0039-0,0046; 0,0044-0,0058; 0,0005-0,0017 ng kg-1 v.a. gün-1 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Kişi başı kuru incir tüketim miktarına (0,685 g gün-1) göre hesaplanan maruz kalma sınırı (MOE) değerleri AFB1 için sağlık açısından riskli bir durum oluşturmazken, günde 1 adet kuru incir tüketim senaryosuna (20 g gün-1) göre örneklerde saptanan AFB1 miktarının sağlık endişesine yol açma potansiyeli taşıyabileceği değerlendirilmektedir. Diğer yandan, OTA için hem kişi başı hem de günde 1 adet kuru incir tüketim senaryosuna göre MOE değerleri 10.000'in oldukça üzerinde bulunmuş olup, OTA'ya maruz kalma düzeyinin yetişkinlerde ciddi sağlık endişesi oluşturmadığı tespit edilmiştir. The most important chemical hazards in dried figs are aflatoxins (AFs) and ochratoxin A (OTA). In this study, the presence and amounts of AFs and OTA in dried figs consumed in Turkey were determined by fluorescence detector coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-FLD). In addition, the exposure of adults to AFs and OTA through the consumption of dried figs and risk assessment were determined. Between April-June 2019, a total of 100 dried fig samples (300 g) collected randomly from different retail stores in Corum, Istanbul, Ankara and Izmir were analysed. The validated method fulfilled the requirements of validation parameters of the European Union (EU). The limit of quantifications (LOQs) of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), aflatoxin B2 (AFB2), aflatoxin G1 (AFG1), aflatoxin G2 (AFG2) and OTA were 0.277, 0.247, 0.307, 0.253 and 0.437 µg kg-1, respectively. While AFs were not detected in 86 out of 100 dried fig samples, AFs were positive in 14 samples at levels ranging from 0.258 to 12.6 µg kg-1. Among the AFs, AFB1 was the most frequently occurring toxin, with levels ranging from 0.258 to 11.92 µg kg-1. Only two dried fig samples exceeded the both EU and Turkish Food Codex (TGK) maximum limits (MLs) for AFB1 and total AFs. Moreover, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2 were detected in seven (0.095-0.675 µg kg-1), two (0.153 and 2.427 µg kg-1) and only one dried fig sample (0.121 µg kg-1), respectively. OTA was recorded in eight out of 100 dried fig samples at concentrations varying from 0.151 to 1.723 µg kg-1. In the Turkish adults, the mean exposure to AFB1, total AFs and OTA ranged from 0.0039 to 0.0046, 0.0044 to 0.0058 and from 0.0005 to 0.0017 ng kg-1 b.w. day-1 at lower bound and upper bound, respectively. While the margin of exposure (MOE) value for AFB1 was not a health concern according to per capita consumption, the AFB1 levels recorded in dried fig samples raised a potential health concern in the consumption scenario one dried fig per day (20 g day-1) for Turkish adults. However, the MOE values for OTA were considerably higher than 10 000 in both scenarios. Thus, the exposure to OTA from the consumption of dried figs does not a health concern for adults. İÇİNDEKİLER Sayfa ÖZET -- iv ABSTRACT -- vi TEŞEKKÜR -- viii İÇİNDEKİLER -- x TABLOLAR DİZİNİ -- xii ŞEKİLLER DİZİNİ -- xiii RESİMLER DİZİNİ -- xiv SİMGELER VE KISALTMALAR -- xv GİRİŞ -- 1 1. BÖLÜM LİTERATÜR ÖZETİ 1.1. İncir -- 3 1.2. Kuru İncir -- 5 1.3. Küfler Hakkında Genel Bilgi -- 10 1.4. Mikotoksinler -- 11 1.5. AFs -- 15 1.5.1. AFs’nin kimyasal yapıları ve özellikleri -- 16 1.5.2. AFs’nin sağlık üzerine etkileri -- 17 1.5.3. AFs yasal limitleri -- 18 1.6. OTA -- 19 1.6.1. OTA’nın kimyasal yapısı ve özellikleri -- 19 1.6.2. OTA’nın sağlık üzerine etkileri -- 20 1.6.3. OTA yasal limitleri -- 21 xi Sayfa 1.7. Kuru İncirlerde AFs ve OTA Kontaminasyonu Konusunda Yapılan Çalışmalar -- 22 2. BÖLÜM MATERYAL VE YÖNTEM 2.1. Materyal -- 25 2.1.1. Kuru incir -- 25 2.1.2. Kimyasal maddeler -- 26 2.1.3. PBS -- 26 2.1.4. AFs standardı -- 26 2.1.5. OTA standardı -- 26 2.1.6. Immunoaffinite kolon (IAC) -- 27 2.2. Yöntem -- 27 2.2.1. Ekstraksiyon -- 27 2.2.2. HPLC-FLD analizi -- 27 2.2.3. Metot validasyonu -- 29 2.2.4. Maruz kalma düzeyi hesaplaması -- 30 3. BÖLÜM ARAŞTIRMA BULGULARI VE TARTIŞMA 3.1. Metot Validasyon Parametrelerinin Değerlendirilmesi -- 32 3.2. Kuru İncirlerde Aflatoksin Varlığı/Miktarı -- 36 3.3. Kuru İncirlerde OTA Varlığı/Miktarı -- 37 3.4. AFs ve OTA’ya Maruz Kalma Değerlendirmesi -- 39 SONUÇ VE ÖNERİLER -- 41 KAYNAKÇA -- 43
- Published
- 2022
15. Ege Bölgesi'nde Satışa Sunulan Kuru Üzümlerde Okratoksin A ve Küf İlişkisi.
- Author
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Bakırcı, Gözde Türköz, Çakmak, Fatih, and Özdemir, Dilara
- Abstract
Grapes are an important food product that is susceptible to fungal growth. Studies have revealed that ochratoxin A (OTA) is the most common mycotoxin in grapes. OTA is a compound produced by fungi species of Aspergillus and Penicillium. Raisins (80 samples) obtained from the local markets in the Aegean region of Turkey were analyzed for ochratoxin A, and mold loads of raisins were determined. Analyses indicated that 26 samples were contaminated with OTA in the range 2.54-32.91 μg/kg. OTA values (11.27-32.91 μg/kg) in 8 samples were beyond the limits specified in the Turkish Food Codex Communique Regulation. In 62 samples molds were detected in the range of 1.1×10²- 3.9×105 cfu/g and mold counts of 2 samples (2.0×105 ve 3.9×105 cfu/g) were over the specified limits in the Turkish Food Codex Criteria Regulation. Among the samples with OTA, mold was present in 23 samples of them while no mold was detected in 3 samples. Results indicated that there may be no direct correlation for the co-presence of mold and OTA in raisins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
16. Effect of selected wine yeast strains on binding, degradation and toxicity of ochratoxin A in vitro
- Author
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Jakopović, Željko and Markov, Ksenija
- Subjects
binding ,biorazgradnja ,vezanje ,BIOTEHNIČKE ZNANOSTI. Biotehnologija ,udc:577(043.3) ,vinski kvasci ,toxicity ,wine yeasts ,Biochemistry. Molecular biology. Biophysics ,biodegradation ,BIOTECHNICAL SCIENCES. Biotechnology ,Biokemija. Molekularna biologija. Biofizika ,okratoksin A ,toksičnost ,ochratoxin A - Abstract
Okratoksin A (OTA) se u značajnim koncentracijama pojavljuje i u vinu pa se za njegovo uklanjanje primjenjuju različite strategije. Cilj ovog rada je bio odabrati sojeve vinskih kvasaca koji će razviti specifičan odgovor na OTA, pri čemu će ga razgraditi ili modificirati u manje toksične produkte. Dobiveni rezultati ukazuju da su kvasci razvili mehanizme prilagodbe na uvjete u kojima je prisutan mikotoksin, jer koncentracija OTA nije značajno utjecala na veličinu i broj živih stanica kvasaca kao ni na koncentraciju produkata fermentacije. Na parametre oksidativnog stresa u stanicama kvasaca djeluje prisutnost OTA u YPG mediju, a što se vidi iz povećanja koncentracija gluatationa (GSH) i malondialdehida (MDA). Na njihove povećane koncentracije mogu utjecati i drugi parametri poput kombinacije vremena trajajanja uzgoja i različitih sojeva kvasaca. Uočeno je da početna koncentracija OTA ima značajan utjecaj na koncentraciju OTA koji zaostaje u mediju. Kao najbolji soj za vezanje/uklanjanje OTA pokazao se Saccharomyces cerevisiae 5 koji je u ovisnosti o koncentraciji OTA (2, odnosno 4 μg mLˉ¹) nakon 24 sata uzgoja vezao 38, odnosno 36 % OTA. Nadalje, razgradnja OTA do okratoksina C (OTC) ovisna je o vremenu uzgoja, a početna koncentracija OTA ima značajan utjecaj na koncentraciju nastalog OTC. Najbolju sposobnost biorazgradnje OTA do OTC (0,737 μg mL-1 ) nakon 12 sati uzgoja pokazao je kvasac Saccharomyces uvarum. OTA u koncentracijama 2 i 4 μg mLˉ¹ kao i nastali OTC nisu toksični prema Pk15 stanicama, budući da su stanice pokazale visoku stopu preživljenja (98 – 99 %). Ochratoxin A (OTA) also occurs in significant concentrations in wine, so various strategies are used to eliminate it. The aim of this study was to select strains of wine yeast that will develop a specific response to OTA, by degrading or modifying it into less toxic products. The obtained results indicate that yeasts have developed mechanisms of adaptation to conditions in which mycotoxin is present, because the concentration of OTA did not significantly affect the size and number of living yeast cells not the concentration of fermentation products. The parameters of oxidative stress in yeast cells are affected by the presence of OTA in the YPG medium, which can be seen from the incease in the concentrations of glutation (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Their increased concentrations can be affected by other parameters such as the combination of cultivation time and different strains of yeast. It was observed that the initial OTA concentration has a significant effect on the residual OTA concentration in the medium. Saccharomyces cerevisiae 5 proved to be the best strain for binding/removing OTA, which, depending on the concentration of OTA (2 and 4 μg mL-1) after 24 hours of cultivation, bound 38 and 36 % OTA, respectively. Furthermore, the degradation of OTA to ochratoxin C (OTC) is time-dependant, and the initial concentration of OTA has a significant effect on the concentration of the resulting OTC. The best ability to biodegrade OTA to OTC (0.737 μg mLˉ¹) after 12 hours of cultivation was shown by the yeast Saccharomyces uvarum. OTA at concentrations of 2 and 4 μg mLˉ¹ as well as the resulting OTC are not toxic to Pk15 cells, as the cells showed a high survival rate (98 – 99 %).
- Published
- 2021
17. Çiğ köftelerde (etsiz) mevsime bağlı aflatoksin b1, toplam aflatoksin (b1+b2+g1+g2) ve okratoksin a varlığının araştırılması
- Author
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Çiftçi, Elif Reyyan and Kara, Recep
- Subjects
Aflatoksin B1 ,Çiğ Köfte ,Okratoksin A ,Toplam Aflatoksin (B1+B2+G1+G2) - Abstract
Çiğ köfte, ülkemizde severek tüketilen geleneksel bir üründür. Ticari üretimde kıyma kullanımı yasak olup, genel olarak ince kıyılmış bulgur ve baharatların karıştırılmasından oluşur. Bileşimine giren bulgur ve baharatların, uygun olmayan koşullarda üretilmesi ya da depolanmasına bağlı olarak mikotoksin riski oluşabilmektedir. Bu nedenle yapılan çalışmada Aralık 2019 ile Kasım 2020 arasında toplam etsiz çiğ köfte örneklerinde Aflatoksin B1 (AFB1), Toplam Aflatoksin (B1+B2+G1+G2) ve Okratoksin A (OTA) varlığı ve seviyesi araştırılmıştır. Toplamda farklı üretim ve satış yerlerine ait 40 adet sonbahar-kış mevsimi, 40 adet ilkbahar-yaz mevsimine ait olmak üzere toplamda 80 etsiz çiğ köfte numunesi toplanmıştır. Numuneler analize alınıncaya kadar -20 ̊C’de muhafaza edilmiştir. Daha sonra tüm numuneler ticari ELISA test kitleri kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak AFB1, ilkbahar-yaz numunelerinin %40’ında, sonbahar-kış numunelerinin ise %12,5’inde; Toplam AF ilkbahar-yaz numunelerinin %22,5’inde; sonbahar-kış numunelerinin ise %15,5’inde; OTA seviyesi ise ilkbahar-yaz numunelerinin %7,5’inde; sonbahar-kış numunelerinin ise %5’inde tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak çiğ köfte üretiminde kullanılan özellikle bulgur ve baharatların, toksin oluşmasını engelleyecek şekilde hasattan itibaren üretim depolama aşamalarında hijyenik şartlara uyulması gerekmektedir. Cig kofte (raw meat) is a traditional food that consumed fondly in Turkey. Generally, Cig kofte includes combination of fine bulgur wheat and some spicesand it’s for biden to use ground meat in the commercial production. Risk of mycotoxin production could happen duet oto unfavourable production and storage conditions of the bulgur wheat and spices. For this reason, the presence and level of Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), Total Aflatoxin (B1+B2+G1+G2) and Ochratoxin A (OTA) were investigated meat-free Cig kofte samples collected between December 2019 and November 2020. A total of 80 meat-free çiğ köfte samples, 40 of them in the autumn-winter season and 40 of them in the spring-summer season, were collected from different production and sales. Samples were kept at -20 ̊C until the analysis. All samples were then analyzed using commercial ELISA test kits. As a consequence, AFB1 is found in 40% of spring-summer samples and 12,5% of autumn-winter samples; Total AF is detected in 22,5% of spring-summer samples; 15,5% of autumn-winter samples; the OTA level is observed in 7.5% of spring-summer samples; 5% of autumn-winter samples. Inconclusion, it is necessary to comply with hygiene conditions in the production and storage stages beginning from the harvest, in order to prevent the formation of toxins, especially in bulgur and some spicesused for the production of Cig kofte. Bu tez çalışması; Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Bilimsel Proje Araştırmaları Koordinasyon Birimi (BAPK) (Proje No: 19.SAĞ.BİL.21) Tarafından Desteklenmiştir.
- Published
- 2021
18. The role of pumpkin pulp extract carotenoids against mycotoxin damage in the blood brain barrier
- Author
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Lara Manyes, Guillermina Font, Manuel Alonso-Garrido, Paola Tedeschi, Noelia Pallarés, and Manuel Lozano
- Subjects
Ochratoxin A ,Metabolite ,Prostaglandin ,Toxicology ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Cucurbita ,metabolomika ,Food science ,Mycotoxin ,Zearalenone ,Carotenoid ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,zearalenon ,Plant Extracts ,ECV304 ,fungi ,beauvericin ,zearalenone ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,food and beverages ,Mycotoxins ,Carotenoids ,Ochratoxins ,metabolomics ,Beauvericin ,chemistry ,Blood-Brain Barrier ,bovericin ,okratoksin A ,Arachidonic acid ,Original Article ,ochratoxin A - Abstract
Some mycotoxins such as beauvericin (BEA), ochratoxin A (OTA), and zearalenone (ZEA) can cross the blood brain barrier, which is why we tested the anti-inflammatory action of a pumpkin carotenoid extract (from the pulp) against these mycotoxins and their combinations (OTA+ZEA and OTA+ZEA+BEA) on a blood brain barrier model with co-cultured ECV304 and C6 cells using an untargeted metabolomic approach. The cells were added with mycotoxins at a concentration of 100 nmol/L per mycotoxin and pumpkin carotenoid extract at 500 nmol/L. For control we used only vehicle solvent (cell control) or vehicle solvent with pumpkin extract (extract control). After two hours of exposure, samples were analysed with HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS. Metabolites were identified against the Metlin database. The proinflammatory arachidonic acid metabolite eoxin (14,15-LTE4) showed lower abundance in ZEA and BEA+OTA+ZEA-treated cultures that also received the pumpkin extract than in cultures that were not treated with the extract. Another marker of inflammation, prostaglandin D2-glycerol ester, was only found in cultures treated with OTA+ZEA and BEA+OTA+ZEA but not in the ones that were also treated with the pumpkin extract. Furthermore, the concentration of the pumpkin extract metabolite dihydromorelloflavone significantly decreased in the presence of mycotoxins. In conclusion, the pumpkin extract showed protective activity against cellular inflammation triggered by mycotoxins thanks to the properties pertinent to flavonoids contained in the pulp.Pojedini mikotoksini poput bovericina (BEA), okratoksina A (OTA) i zearalenona (ZEA) prelaze krvno-moždanu barijeru, a to je i razlog zbog kojega smo istražili djelovanje ekstrakta karotenoida iz mesa bundeve protiv upalnih procesa izazvanih ovim mikotoksinima i njihovim kombinacijama (OTA+ZEA i OTA+ZEA+BEA) na modelu krvno-moždane barijere koji se sastojao od kultura stanica ECV304 i C6, oslanjajući se pritom na neciljani metabolomički pristup. Stanice su tretirane mikotoksinima u koncentraciji od 100 nmol/L po mikotoksinu odnosno ekstraktom karotenoida u koncentraciji od 500 nmol/L. Za kontrolu smo upotrijebili samo otapalo (stanična kontrola) odnosno otapalo s bundevinim ekstraktom (ekstraktna kontrola). Nakon dva sata tretmana uzorci su analizirani metodom tekućinske kromatografije / masene spektrometrije (HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS), a dobiveni metaboliti identificirani su usporedbom s bazom podataka
- Published
- 2021
19. Utjecaj odabranih sojeva kvasaca na sintezu okratoksina A
- Author
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Gradečki, Laura and Markov, Ksenija
- Subjects
toksikotvorne plijesni ,kvasci ,thin layer chromatography ,okratoksin A ,yeasts ,BIOTEHNIČKE ZNANOSTI. Prehrambena tehnologija ,tankoslojna kromatografija ,BIOTECHNICAL SCIENCES. Food Technology ,toxicogenic moulds ,ochratoxin A - Abstract
Neke vrste plijesni imaju pozitivno djelovanje pa se mogu koristiti u prehrambenoj i farmaceutskoj industriji. Štetan utjecaj plijesni očituje se u tvorbi toksičnih spojeva. Toksikotvorne vrste plijesni rodova Aspergillus, Penicillium i Fusarium tijekom svojeg rasta sintetiziraju sekundarne metabolite, mikotoksine. Oni već u malim količinama predstavljaju zdravstveni rizik za ljude i životinje, a jedan od najznačajnijih mikotoksina je okratoksin A. Cilj ovog rada bio je ispitati utjecaj odabranih sojeva kvasaca na sintezu okratoksina A, kojeg sintetiziraju plijesni Aspergillus carbonarius i Penicillium nordicum. Za kvalitativno određivanje prisutnosti okratoksina A u uzorcima micelija plijesni korištena je metoda tankoslojne kromatografije (TLC). Ova se metoda pokazala brzom, jednostavnom i jeftinom za provođenje analize. Dobiveni rezultati pokazuju da neki odabrani sojevi kvasaca inhibiraju sintezu okratoksina A iz plijesni Aspergillus carbonarius 408 tijekom 28 dana uzgoja pri 25°C. Some moulds have positive impact, so they can be used in food and pharmaceutical industry. The harmful effect of moulds manifests in the formation of toxic compounds. During their growth, toxicogenic fungi from the genus Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium synthesize secundary metabolites, mycotoxins. Even in small quantities they pose risk to human and animal health, such as ochratoxin A. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of yeast on the synthesis of ochratoxin A, which is synthesized by Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium nordicum. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) was used as a method to qualitatively determine the presence of ochratoxin A in samples. This method proved to be quick, easy and inexpensive. The obtained results show that some selected strains of yeast inhibit the synthesis of ochratoxin A from the mold Aspergillus carbonarius 408 during 28 days of cultivation at 25°C.
- Published
- 2021
20. Okratoksin A ve Etkileri.
- Author
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ŞENGÜL, Ömür, KOCASARI ŞAHİNDOKUYUCU, Fatma, ÖZMEN, Özlem, and MOR, Firdevs
- Abstract
Ochratoxin A is a fungal secondary metabolite that has toxic effects to humans and animals. Its toxic property was first identified in 1965 and then studies in mid-1980 showed that the toxin is also carcinogenic to animals. Farm animals receive the toxin through their food intake and the toxin reaches to humans directly with consumption of plant originated nutrients or indirectly with the consumption of animals who fed with the toxin contaminated food. Toxic and carcinogenic properties of the toxin were studied in several animal groups and it is found that the toxin is primarily toxic to kidney and liver and it also causes specifically kidney tumors. It is also found that ochratoxin A has more toxic toxicity and carcinogenic effect to males compared to females. In this paper, pathological and toxic effects of ochratoxin A will be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
21. Količina aflatoksina B1 i okratoksina A u hrvatskim i slovenskim tradicionalnim mesnim proizvodima.
- Author
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Pleadin, J., Demšar, L., Polak, T., and Kovačević, D.
- Abstract
Copyright of MESO is the property of Zadruzna Stampa D.D. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2014
22. Opasnosti od površinske kontaminacije plijesnima u tradicionalnoj proizvodnji kulena.
- Author
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Kovačević, D., Pleadin, J., Mastanjević, K., and Frece, J.
- Abstract
Copyright of MESO is the property of Zadruzna Stampa D.D. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2014
23. Procjena moguće izloženosti okratoksinu A putem konzumacije kontaminiranih mesnih proizvoda.
- Author
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Vulić, A., Perši, N., Vahčić, N., Hengl, B., Gross-Bošković, A., Jurković, M., Kovačević, D., and Pleadin, J.
- Abstract
Copyright of MESO is the property of Zadruzna Stampa D.D. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2014
24. Influence of ochratoxin A on the fermentation properties of selected yeast strains
- Author
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Romac, Anamarija and Markov, Ksenija
- Subjects
mikotoksini ,kvasac ,fermentation products ,mycotoxins ,okratoksin A ,BIOTEHNIČKE ZNANOSTI. Prehrambena tehnologija ,fermentacijski produkti ,BIOTECHNICAL SCIENCES. Food Technology ,yeast ,ochratoxin A - Abstract
Okratoksin A je sekundarni metabolit plijesni iz rodova Aspergillus i Penicillium, a klasificiran je kao potencijalni ljudski karcinogen. Istraživanja su pokazala da određeni sojevi kvasaca mogu smanjiti koncentraciju OTA u raznim medijima. Unatoč tome, utjecaj OTA na produkte fermentativnog metabolizma kvasaca nije istraživan. Stoga je cilj ovog rada istražiti utjecaj OTA na fermentacijska svojstva odabranih sojeva kvasaca: Saccharomyces cerevisiae (5), Saccharomyces cerevisiae DMSZ, Saccharomyces bayanus (8), Hanseniaspora uvarum i Pichia guilliermondii, kao i na njihov rast. Pomoću tekućinske kromatografije visoke djelotvornosti (HPLC) određeni su fermentativni produkti kvasaca, a sposobnost njihovog rasta ispitana je određivanjem broja živih stanica u prisutnosti OTA u koncentracijama 2, odnosno 4 μg mL-1. Iz dobivenih rezultata može se uočiti kako OTA najmanje inhibira fermentacijsku aktivnost kvasca Saccharomyces cerevisiae DSMZ. Najveći broj živih stanica zabilježen je kod kvasca P. guilliermondii nakon 24 sata uzgoja. Ochratoxin A is a secondary metabolite of molds that belong to Aspergillus and Penicilium genera, and is classified as a potential human carcinogen. Studies have shown that certain strains of yeasts can reduce the concentration of OTA in various media. However, the influence of OTA on the products of fermentative yeast metabolism has not been investigated, therefore the aim of this study is to investigate the influence of OTA on fermentation properties of selected yeast strains: Saccharomyces cerevisiae (5), Saccharomyces cerevisiae DMSZ, Saccharomyces bayanus (8), Hanseniaspora uvarum and Pichia guilliermondii, as well as on their growth. Yeast fermentation productswere determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and their growth ability was examined by determining the number of living cells in the presence of OTA at concentrations of 2 and 4 μg mL-1. From the obtained results it can be noticed that OTA least inhibits the fermentation activity of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae DSMZ. The highest number of living cells was recorded in the yeast P. guilliermondii after 24 hours of cultivation.
- Published
- 2020
25. Effects of ochratoxin A on the morphology and growth curve of selected wine yeast strains
- Author
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Juričić, Helena and Markov, Ksenija
- Subjects
krivulja rasta ,kvasci ,morphology ,okratoksin A ,morfologija ,yeasts ,BIOTECHNICAL SCIENCES. Nutrition ,BIOTEHNIČKE ZNANOSTI. Nutricionizam ,ochratoxin A ,growth curve - Abstract
Okratoksin A (OTA) je jedan od najopasnijih mikotoksina, a zbog svoje sveprisutnosti i izraženih toksičnih svojstava, predstavlja ozbiljnu prijetnju ljudskom zdravlju i ekonomiji. U posljednje vrijeme se razvijaju (mikro)biološke metode uklanjanja ili detoksifikacije mikotoksina te je potrebno prikupiti što više saznanja o međusobnom odnosu mikotoksina i mikroorganizama. Budući da postoji jako malo ili uopće ne postoje podatci o utjecaju OTA na morfologiju i broj stanica kvasaca, cilj ovog rada je bio odrediti utjecaj OTA na krivulju rasta i morfologiju stanica kvasaca Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces bayanus i Hanseniaspora uvarum. Mikrobni rast određen je brojanjem poraslih kolonija na čvrstoj hranjivoj podlozi, promjena morfologije stanica kvasaca određena je metodom mikrometrije uz upotrebu objektnog i okularnog mikrometra. Dobiveni rezultati su pokazali da OTA ima neznatan utjecaj na krivulju rasta kvasaca S. cerevisiae, S. bayanus i H. uvarum što nam sugerira da su kvasci razvili mehanizme prilagodbe za uvjete u kojima je prisutan mikotoksin. Također, utjecaj OTA na veličinu stanica ovisi o vremenu izloženosti i koncentraciji OTA. Ochratoxin A (OTA) is one of the most dangerous mycotoxins and due to its overall presence and expressed toxic properties, presents a serious threat to human health and economy. Lately, microbiological methods of removing and detoxificating mycotoxins are developed so it is necessary to gather as much knowledge as possible about interactions between mycotoxins and microorganisms. Since there is very limited or no data at all about OTA impact on yeast cell number and morphology, the aim of this study was to determine OTA influence on the growth curve and morphology of yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces bayanus and Hanseniaspora uvarum. Microbial growth was determined by counting grown colonies on solid nutrient medium while change in morphology of yeast cells was determined by micrometric method, using the stage and ocular micrometers. Results obtained showed that OTA has minor impact on growth curve of the yeasts S. cerevisiae, S. bayanus and H. uvarum, which suggests that yeasts have developed adaptation mechanisms for conditions where mycotoxin is present. Also, impact of OTA on cell size depends on the exposure time and OTA concentration.
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- 2020
26. Biological detoxification and removal mechanisms of ochratoxin A
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Vukšić, Lucija and Markov, Ksenija
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fizikalne metode ,detoksifikacija ,BIOTEHNIČKE ZNANOSTI. Biotehnologija ,physical methods ,kemijske metode ,mikrobiološke metode ,microbiological methods ,chemical methods ,Okratoksin A ,detoxification ,Ochratoxin A (OTA) ,BIOTECHNICAL SCIENCES. Biotechnology - Abstract
Okratoksin A (OTA) se smatra jednim od najopasnijih mikotoksina koji se nalaze u prehrambenim proizvodima, a kao glavni izvori OTA u ljudskoj prehrani navode se žitarice i vino. Istraživanja su pokazala da ima nefrotoksično, karcinogeno, imunotoksično, mutageno i neurotoksično djelovanje te je klasificiran kao mogući ljudski karcinogen. Osim preventivnih postupaka koji se primjenjuju kako bi se smanjio rizik od kontaminacije, potrebno je stalno kontrolirati razinu mikotoskina u hrani. Metode koje se koriste za smanjenje OTA dijele se na fizikalne, kemijske i mikrobiološke metode. Zbog ograničene primjene fizikalnih i kemijskih metoda, koriste se mikrobiološke metode koje su ekološki prihvatljive i učinkovite. Ochratoxin A (OTA) is considered as one of the most dangerous mycotoxins found in food products, and cereal and wine are reported as a main source of OTA in the human diet. Previous studies have shown that it has nephrotoxic, carcinogenic, immunotoxic, mutagenic and neurotoxic effects and it has been classified as a possible human carcinogenic. Besides preventive procedures that are applied to reduce the risk of contamination, what is necessary is a constant control of the levels of mycotoxins in food. The methods used to reduce OTA are physical, chemical or microbiological. Due to the limited application of physical and chemical methods, more environmentally friendly and efficient methods are more used.
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- 2020
27. Detection of ochratoxin a in bulk tank milk
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Erdi Şen, Ahu Demirtaş, Hatice Ahu Kahraman, Fatma Sahindokuyucu Kocasari, Özen Yurdakul, Hidayet Tutun, Erhan Keyvan, and Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi, Veteriner Fakültesi
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Ochratoxin A ,Mycotoxin ,Chemistry ,Mikotoksin ,Süt ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Okratoksin A ,040401 food science ,Molecular biology ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Milk ,0404 agricultural biotechnology ,Burdur - Abstract
Okratoksin A (OTA), Aspergillus ve Penicillium türü mantarlar tarafından sentezlenen ve tahıl, kahve çekirdeği, fındık, kakao, bakliyat, bira, şarap, baharat ve kuru üzümde bulunabilen bir mikotoksindir. İnsanlarda ve hayvanlarda, OTA özellikle nefrotoksik, hepatotoksik, nörotoksik, embriyotoksik, immunotoksik, teratojenik ve karsinojenik etkiler gösterir. Okratoksin A kısmen kararlı bir moleküldür ve gıdalara uygulanan işlemlerden sonra bile değişmeden kalabilir. Bu çalışmada; Burdur bölgesinde bulunan süt toplama tanklarında (n:40) OTA varlığının belirlenmesi amaçlandı. Örneklerde OTA varlığı ELISA kullanılarak analiz edildi. Analizler üreticinin talimatlarına göre yapıldı. Süt toplama tanklarından alınan 40 inek süt örneğinde (2-270 ng/l aralığında) OTA bulundu. Bu çalışmanın sonuçları, inek sütünün insan beslenmesinde potansiyel bir OTA kaynağı olarak görülmesi gerektiğini göstermektedir. OTA varlığını süt ürünlerinde daha yoğun bir şekilde incelenmesi ve gerekli mevzuat çalışmaları yapılarak maksimum limit değerlerinin belirlenmesi önerilmektedir. Ochratoxin A (OTA) produced by several Aspergillus and Penicillium species is a mycotoxin that contaminates different foods and feedstuffs, including cereals, coffee beans, nuts, cocoa, pulses, beer, wine, spices, dried vine fruits, meat, milk. In humans and animals, OTA has been observed to be particularly nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, immunotoxic, neurotoxic, embryotoxic, carcinogenic and teratogenic. Ochratoxin A is a stable molecule and can remain unchanged even after the processes applied. In this study, it was aimed to determine the presence of ochratoxin A in milk samples (n:40) collected from bulk tank milks in Burdur province of Turkey. The presence of OTA in the samples was analyzed by using ELISA. The analyzes were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. As a result, Ochratoxin A was found in 40 cow’s milk samples (range 2-270 ng/l) collected from bulk milk tanks. The results of this study show that cow’s milk should be considered as a potential OTA source in the human diet. It is proposed to examine the presence of OTA more intensively in dairy products and to determine their maximum limit values by conducting necessary studies.
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- 2018
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28. THE EFFECTS OF WILD THYME (THYMUS SERPYLLUM L.) ESSENTIAL OIL COMPONENTS AGAINST OCHRATOXIN-PRODUCING ASPERGILLI.
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SOKOLIĆ-MIHALAK, Darja, FRECE, Jadranka, SLAVICA, Anita, DELAŠ, Frane, PAVLOVIĆ, Hrvoje, and MARKOV, Ksenija
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WILD thyme , *ASPERGILLUS , *THYMES , *MONILIACEAE , *ESSENTIAL oils - Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of the essential oil of Thymus serpyllum L. and of its components thymol and total phenols (total phenolic content, TPC) extracted from the plant on the growth and mycotoxin production of Aspergillus ochraceus, A. carbonarius, and A. niger. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) determined for the essential oil and thymol, and selected concentration of the TPC extract inhibited fungal growth and ochratoxin A biosynthesis by more than 60 %, depending on the conditions and duration of incubation with the fungi. Essential oil showed the strongest inhibitory effect, which may have been related to the synergistic or cumulative effects of its components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2012
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29. GLUTATHIONE CONJUGATES OF OCHRATOXIN A AS BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE.
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TOZLOVANU, Mariana, CANADAS, Delphine, PFOHL-LESZKOWICZ, Annie, FRENETTE, Christine, PAUGH, obert J., and MANDERVILLE, Richard A.
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GLUTATHIONE , *BIOMARKERS , *DNA , *OLIGOPEPTIDES , *BIOINDICATORS - Abstract
In the present study the photoreactivity of the fungal carcinogen ochratoxin A (OTA) has been utilized to generate authentic samples of reduced glutathione (GSH) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) conjugates of the parent toxin. These conjugates, along with the nontoxic OTα, which is generated through hydrolysis of the amide bond of OTA by carboxypeptidase's A, were utilized as biomarkers to study the metabolism of OTA in the liver and kidney of male and female Dark Agouti rats. Male rats are more susceptible than female rats to OTA carcinogenesis with the kidney being the target organ. Our studies show that the distribution of OTA in male and female rat kidney is not significantly different. However, the extent of OTA metabolism was greater in male than female rats. Much higher levels of OTα were detected in the liver compared to the kidney, and formation of OTα is a detoxification pathway for OTA. These findings suggest that differences in metabolism between male and female rats could provide an explanation for the higher sensitivity of male rats to OTA toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2012
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30. Geriatrik popülasyonda serum okratoksin A düzeyleri.
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Giray, Belma, Erkekoğlu, Pınar, Sabuncuoğlu, Suna, Aydın, Sevtap, and Şahin, GŞnül
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OCHRATOXINS , *GERIATRICS , *MYCOTOXINS , *IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE agents , *HEPATOTOXICOLOGY , *TERATOGENIC agents - Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is one of the most abundant food-contaminating mycotoxins. It is nephrotoxic to all animal species studied and also immunosuppressive, hepatotoxic, teratogenic and genotoxic. There is limited number of studies on the levels of OTA in humans. The aim of this study was to determine serum levels of OTA in geriatric population as well as to establish its relation with sex, feeding habits and body mass index. Serum OTA levels were measured by enzyme immunoassay in geriatric study group (mean age: 72.8 ± 5.6, n=30) living in Mediterranean and Central Anatolia regions. We found that the mean OTA level in women (0.601 ± 0.012 ng/ml) was higher (approximately 2 fold) than in men (0.453 ± 0.078 ng/ml) (p>0.05). Serum OTA levels in Central Anatolia were found to be higher than Mediterranean Region (2.5 fold) (p<0.05) possibly due to feeding habit differences between the sexes and regions. On the other hand, daily intake levels of OTA in all study groups were calculated below the tolerable daily intake levels approved by regulatory authorities. It can be considered that the exposure to different mycotoxins along with OTA can cause synergistic or additive effects particularly in geriatric population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2011
31. Çocuklarda serum okratoksin A düzeyleri.
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Giray, Belma, Erkekoğlu, Pınar, Aydın, Sevtap, Sabuncuoğlu, Suna, and Şahin, Gönül
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OCHRATOXINS , *MYCOTOXINS , *NEPHROTOXICOLOGY , *BODY mass index , *CHILDREN'S health - Abstract
Aim: Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin type with important toxic effects including nephrotoxicity, and its exposure route is through different sources of food. The aim of this study is to determine the levels of OTA concentrations in children from different parts of Turkey, to assess the variances in different regions and to examine the possible relationship with sex, dietary habits and body mass index. Material and Method: Ochratoxin A levels were determined in the blood samples taken from children between 7-17 years (n=37) from Central Anatolia, Black Sea and Mediterranean Regions using ELISA technique. Serum OTA levels were determined as 0.59±0.08 ng/ml and daily OTA intake was determined as 0.82±0.11 ng/kg/day in whole study group. No differences were found in OTA levels in relation to sex. Results: Statistically significant differences were found between the regions and serum OTA levels were lower than the other regions in children living in Mediterranean Region. Conclusions: The OTA intake levels were below the levels of tolerable daily intake levels given by World Health Organization. However, the overall effect exposure to mycotoxins including OTA must be taken into consideration and this can have an impact on the nephrotoxicity seen in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
32. URINE OCHRATOXIN A AND SPHINGANINE/SPHINGOSINE RATIO IN RESIDENTS OF THE ENDEMIC NEPHROPATHY AREA IN CROATIA.
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DOMIJAN, Ana-Marija, PERAICA, Maja, MARKOV, Ksenija, and FUCHS, Radovan
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BALKAN nephropathy , *OCHRATOXINS , *SPHINGOSINE , *FUMONISINS , *SPHINGOLIPIDS , *HIGH performance liquid chromatography - Abstract
The most plausible theory of the aetiology of endemic nephropathy links it with exposure to nephrotoxic mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA). In this study, the concentration of OTA and sphinganine/sphingosine (Sa/So) ratio, the biomarker of another nephrotoxic mycotoxin fumonisin B1 exposure, were analysed in 45 human urine samples collected in the endemic village of Kaniža in Croatia and in 18 samples from control village. Samples were collected twice from the same persons in 2000 and 2005. In both years the frequency of OTA-positive samples was higher in Kaniža (43 % and 18 %, respectively) than in the control village (28 % and 6 %, respectively). OTA concentrations in samples collected in Kaniža were higher in 2000 than in 2005 (p<0.005). Although in both years Sa/So ratio was higher in Kaniža, the difference from the control group was not statistically significant. No control sample contained OTA and had the Sa/So ratio >1 at the same time, while in Kaniža four such samples were collected in 2000 and one in 2005. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2009
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33. Inhibitory effects of Ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi) ethanolic extract on A. ochraceus growth and ochratoxin production.
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Murthy, Pushpa Srinivas, Borse, Babasaheb Bhaskarrao, Khanum, Hafeeza, and Srinivas, Pullabhatla
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OCHRATOXINS , *PLANT extracts , *ANTIFUNGAL agents , *FUNGUS-bacterium relationships , *PLANT physiology , *MEDICAL bacteriology - Abstract
Ajowan is an aromatic seed spice that has a medicinal value. In this paper Ajowan Ethanolic Extract (AEE), which was prepared from Ajowan seeds, was assessed for antibacterial and antifungal activity against selected pathogenic bacteria and fungi by agar well diffusion assay. AEE exhibited considerable inhibitory effects against all the organisms tested. Emphasis of the study was on the affect of AEE on the mycelial growth and spore germination of toxigenic fungi A. ochraceus. Cultures were incubated on yeast extract-sucrose (YES) broth, at concentrations of 50, 150, 250 ppm at 25 °C. At 250 ppm, AEE completely inhibited germination of spores, the fungal growth and ochratoxin A (OTA) production, showing the immense antitoxigenic potential of AEE. Also, the application of AEE in food samples resulted in considerable inhibition of the growth of A. ochraceus in foods such as maize and poultry feed at 125 mg/g and no detectable amount of OTA was found at a high moisture level of 20%, even after 7 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2009
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34. MYCOTOXIC AND ARISTOLOCHIC ACID THEORIES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENDEMIC NEPHROPATHY.
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Peraica, Maja, Domijan, Ana-Marija, and Šarić, Marko
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KIDNEY diseases , *HERBS , *DNA adducts , *KIDNEY tumors , *MYCOTOXINS , *OCHRATOXINS - Abstract
Despite many efforts of scientists and epidemiologists, the aetiology of endemic nephropathy (EN) is still unknown. This disease occurs in the rural population of geographically limited areas of Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Romania, and Serbia, and a number of theories have been proposed about its aetiology. The mycotoxin theory has prevailed until now, based on the studies of nephrotoxic mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA) that revealed higher frequency of OTA-positive food and blood samples in endemic than in non-endemic areas. However, a new aristolochic acid (AA) theory of EN origin has been proposed recently, due to the histological similarities in kidney lesions between patients suffering from EN and patients suffering from Chinese herbs nephropathy caused by AA. Until now it has not been unequivocally proved that the inhabitants of EN areas are exposed to higher concentration of AA than in other regions and the exposure pathways are rather uncertain. This paper presents most important studies supporting both theories, indicating also the inconsistencies of each. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2008
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35. Teratogenic Effects of Ochratoxin A and Aflatoxin B1 Alone and in Combination on Post-Implantation Rat Embryos in Culture.
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Wangikar, Pralhad Balasaheb, Sinha, Neeraj, Dwivedi, P., and Sharma, A. K.
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OCHRATOXINS ,AFLATOXINS ,EMBRYOS ,RATS ,NEURAL tube defects ,HEART abnormalities ,MYOCARDIUM ,MYCOTOXINS ,DEGENERATION (Pathology) - Abstract
Copyright of Journal of the Turkish-German Gynecological Association is the property of Galenos Yayinevi Tic. LTD. STI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2007
36. Cytotoxic effects of ochratoxin A in human lung and liver cells
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Pecotić, Roko and Šegvić Klarić, Maja
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HepG2 ,A549 ,okratoksin A ,IC50 ,Okratoksin A, A549, HepG2, IC₅₀ ,BIOMEDICINA I ZDRAVSTVO. Farmacija. Farmacija ,ochratoxin A ,BIOMEDICINE AND HEALTHCARE. Pharmacy. Pharmacy - Abstract
Okratoksin A (OTA) je sekundarni metabolit plijesni roda Aspergillus i Penicillium koji je toksičan za životinje i ljude. Pri kroničnoj izloženosti može dovesti do nefrotoksičnih, imunotoksičnih, hepatotoksičnih, neurotoksičnih učinaka i do nastanak tumora. Unos OTA hranom predstavlja najznačajniji rizik za zdravlje koji je ujedno i najviše izučavan. Unos OTA inhalacijom nije toliko proučen, postoji tek nekoliko istraživanja koja ukazuju na značajnu opasnost zbog unosa OTA respiratornim putem tijekom profesionalne izloženosti u silosima ili mlinu žitarica. Svrha ovog rada bila je odrediti citotoksične koncentracije i IC50 OTA na ljudskim stanicama adenokarcinom pluća A549 i hepatocelularnog karcinom HepG2. Te koncentracije određene su primjenom MTS proliferacijskog testa i mjerenjem apsorbancije uz pomoć spektrofotometra na 490 nm. Rezultati su pokazali da su citotoksične koncentracije OTA za obje stanične linije iznosile 50 µM, 75 µM, 100 µM, 150 µM i 200 µM, a dobivena IC50 za A549 stanice je iznosila 83,09±1,04 µM, dok je za HepG2 stanice iznosila 75,00±1,04 µM. Dobiveni rezultat pokazuju da OTA ima citotoksično djelovanje i na plućnim i jetrenim stanicama ljudskog porjekla pri čemu su A549 i HepG2 stanice gotovo jednako osjetljive na OTA. Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a secondary metabolite produced by filamentous fungi of the genus Aspergillus and Penicillium. Chronic exposure can lead to nephrotoxicity, immunotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity and cancer. The intake of OTA by food represents the biggest risk for human health and it is by far the most studied. Although, inhaled intake has not been studied as much, few studies showed significant impact on human health due to OTA respiratory intake, especially when it comes to people working in grain storage and mills. The aim of this study was to determine the cytotoxic concentrations and IC50 of OTA in human cell models A549 and HepG2. Those concentrations were determined by using MTS proliferation assay after which the absorbance was measured using a spectrophotometer at 490 nm. Results showed that the cytotoxic concentrations of OTA for both cell models were 50 µM, 75 µM, 100 µM, 150 µM i 200 µM and the measured IC50 for A459cells and HepG2 cells were 83,09±1,04 µM and 75,00±1,04 µM, respectively. This study shows that OTA is cytotoxic to both A549 and HepG2 cells and both cell lines are equally susceptible to OTA.
- Published
- 2019
37. Türkiye'de yaşayan insanların okratoksin A'ya maruziyetlerinin belirlenmesi
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Külahi, Ayça, Kabak, Bülent, and Gıda Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı
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Food ,Food Engineering ,Gıda ,Maruziyet ,Ochratoxin A ,Okratoksin A ,HPLC ,Gıda Mühendisliği ,Exposure - Abstract
Bu araştırmada tüketime sunulan çeşitli gıda maddeleri yoluyla ülkemizde yaşayan yetişkin bireylerin okratoksin A (OTA)'ya maruz kalma miktarları hesaplanmıştır. Bu amaçla pirinç (n=25), ekmek (n=50), makarna (n=50), öğütülmüş kırmızıbiber (n=50), kuru üzüm (n=50), kahve (n=25) ve kakao (n=14) örneklerinde OTA varlığı/miktarı yüksek performanslı sıvı kromatografisi (HPLC) sistemi kullanılarak tespit edilmiştir. Araştırmada uygulanan metot performasının Avrupa Birliği (AB)'nin belirlemiş olduğu validasyon parametrelerini karşıladığı görülmüştür. Farklı gıda matrikslerinde OTA'nın tespit limitleri (LOD) 0,104–0,131 µg kg-1, ölçüm limitleri (LOQ) ise 0,347–0,437µg kg-1 arasında değişiklik göstermiştir. Analiz edilen pirinç örneklerinin yalnıza birinde 0,11µg kg-1 miktarında OTA bulunurken, ekmek örneklerinin %6'sında 0,112–0,165 µg kg-1, makarnaların %10'unda 0,116–0,382µg kg-1, kırmızıbiberlerin %34'ünde 0,122–1,22µg kg-1, kuru üzümlerin %42'sinde 0,137–3,87µg kg-1, kahvelerin %40'ında 0,135–0,486 µg kg-1 ve kakao örneklerinin %57'sinde 0,224–1,08µg kg-1 arasında değişen miktarlarda OTA saptanmıştır.Örneklerin hiçbirinde saptanan OTA miktarı AB ve Türk Gıda Kodeksi (TGK) Bulaşanlar Yönetmeliği'nin belirlemiş olduğu maksimum limit (ML) değerinin üzerinde bulunmamıştır. Ülkemizde yaşayan yetişkin bireylerin pirinç, ekmek, makarna, kırmızıbiber ve kuru üzüm tüketimi yoluyla OTA'ya toplam alt sınır ve üst sınır maruz kalma miktarları sırasıyla 0,354ng kg-1 vücut ağırlığı (v.a.) hafta-1ve 3,893ng kg-1 v.a. hafta-1olarak bulunmuştur. Bu maruz kalma değerleri Avrupa Gıda Güvenliği Otoritesi (EFSA) tarafından OTA için belirlenen tolere edilebilir haftalık alım (TWI) değerinin (120 ng kg-1 v.a.) yaklaşık 30–340 kat altındadır. In this research, the exposures of OTA for adults through the consumption of various food materials in Turkey were calculated. The occurrence and levels of ochratoxin A (OTA) were determined in rice (n=25), bread (n=50), pasta (n=50), ground chilli(n=50), raisin (n=50), coffee (n=25) and cocoa (n=14) samples using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The performance of analytical method are in good agreement with validation parameters detailed in the European Commission (EC) Regulation. The limit of detection (LOD) values of OTA in different food matrices were in the ranges of 0,104–0,131 µg kg-1, whereas limit of quantifications (LOQ) values were from 0,347 to 0,437 µg kg-1. While OTA was found in only one rice sample at a level of 0,11 µg kg-1, OTA was detected in 6% of bread, 10% of pasta, 34% of chilli, 42% of raisins, 40% of coffee and 57% of cocoa samples at levels in the ranges of 0,112–0,165 µg kg-1, 0,116–0,382µg kg-1, 0,122–1,22 µg kg-1,0,137–3,87 µg kg-1,0,135–0,486 µg kg-1and 0,224–1,08 µg kg-1, respectively.None of the samples contained OTA at levels higher than maximum limit (ML) established by the EC and Turkish Food Codex Regulations. The total exposure of OTA for adults in Turkey via the consumption of rice, bread, pasta, chilli and raisins was 0,354 and 3,893 ng kg-1body weight (b.w.) week-1 at lower bound and upper bound, respectively. These values are about 30–340 fold lower than tolerable weekly intake (TWI) value of 120 ng kg-1 b.w. used by European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). İÇİNDEKİLER Sayfa ÖZET -- iv ABSTRACT -- vi TEŞEKKÜR -- viii İÇİNDEKİLER -- x ÇİZELGELER DİZİNİ -- xii ŞEKİLLER DİZİNİ -- xiii RESİMLER DİZİNİ -- xiv SİMGELER VE KISALTMALAR -- xv 1. GİRİŞ -- 1 2. LİTERATÜR ÖZETİ -- 3 2.1. Mikotoksinler Hakkında Genel Bilgi -- 3 2.2. Okratoksin A -- 11 2.2.1. OTA’nın kimyasal yapısı ve özellikleri -- 12 2.2.2. OTA’nın sağlık üzerine etkileri -- 14 2.2.3. OTA yasal limitleri -- 16 2.2.4. OTA varlığı/miktarı konusunda yapılan çalışmalar -- 19 2.2.5. OTA maruziyeti -- 27 3. MATERYAL VE YÖNTEM -- 28 3.1. Materyal -- 28 3.1.1. Gıda maddeleri -- 28 3.1.2. Kimyasal maddeler -- 28 xiii Sayfa 3.1.3. PBS -- 29 3.1.4. OTA standardı -- 29 3.1.5. İmmunoaffinite kolon (IAC) -- 29 3.2. Yöntem -- 30 3.2.1. OTA analizi -- 30 3.2.1.1. Pirinç, ekmek ve makarnada OTA ekstraksiyonu -- 30 3.2.1.2. Kırmızıbiberde OTA ekstraksiyonu -- 31 3.2.1.3. Kuru üzümde OTA ekstraksiyonu -- 31 3.2.1.4. Kahve ve kakaoda OTA ekstraksiyonu -- 32 3.2.2. HPLC analizi -- 32 3.2.3. Metot validasyonu -- 33 3.2.4. Maruz kalma miktarı hesaplaması -- 34 4. ARAŞTIRMA BULGULARI VE TARTIŞMA -- 36 4.1. Metot Performansının Değerlendirilmesi -- 36 4.2. Gıda Ürünlerinde OTA Varlığı/Miktarı -- 38 4.3. Maruziyet Değerlendirmesi -- 48 5. SONUÇ VE ÖNERİLER -- 53 KAYNAKLAR -- 56 ÖZGEÇMİŞ -- 67
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- 2019
38. Tvorba mikotoksina aspergila u uvjetima ex vivo
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Akrap, Ana and Šegvić Klarić, Maja
- Subjects
Circumdati ,Versicolores ,aflatoxins ,sterigmatocystin ,BHA, aflatoksini, fumonizini, okratoksin A, sterigmatocistin, Circumdati, Flavi, Nigri, Versicolores ,sterigmatocistin ,BIOMEDICINE AND HEALTHCARE. Pharmacy. Pharmacy ,Nigri ,fumonizini ,BHA ,aflatoksini ,okratoksin A ,fumonisins ,BIOMEDICINA I ZDRAVSTVO. Farmacija. Farmacija ,ochratoxin A ,Flavi - Abstract
Plijesni roda Aspergillus predstavljaju prijetnju čovjekovom zdravlju jer se inhalacija njihovih konidija i dijelova micelija povezuje s nizom različitih patoloških stanja respiratornog sustava. Aspergili su producenti velikog broja mikotoksina, sekundarnih metabolita koji djeluju karcinogeno, hepatotoksično, nefrotoksično i imunotoksično, a mogli bi biti odgovorni za ezgarcebaciju simpetoma budući da su detektirani i u tjelesnim tekućinama oboljelih od aspergiloza. Kako bi se ispitala uloga mikotoksina u virulenciji aspergila, odnosno sposobnost njihove biosinteze in situ, osam vrsta iz sekcija Circumdati, Flavi, Nigri i Versicolores inokulirano je na Brain Heart Agar (BHA), hranjivu podlogu koja oponaša uvjete u ljudskim tkivima, uz dodatak saharoze u koncentraciji od 4 g/L pri temperaturama od 25°C i 37°C. Ekstrakti mikotoksina iz čistih kultura plijesni analizirani su vezanim sustavom tekućinske kromatografije visoke djelotvornosti i masene spektrometrije. Od osam izolata, tek su tri formirala kolonije pri 37°C, no niti jedan nije producirao mikotoksine na čovjekovoj tjelesnoj temperaturi zbog čega je malo vjerojatno da su aflatoksin B1, fumonizin B2, okratoksin A, sterigmatocistin i 5-metoksisterigmatocistin faktori virulencije aspergila. Aspergillus species represent a threat to the human health due to the association of the inhalation of their conidia and mycellium parts with several pathological conditions of the respiratory system. They produce a large number of mycotoxins, secondary metabolites with carcinogenic, hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic and immunotoxic effects, that could be responsible for exacerbation of symptoms of aspergillosis as they have been detected in the body fluids of patients suffering from this group of diseases. In order to determine the role of mycotoxins in the Aspergillus virulence, eight species from the sections Circumdati, Flavi, Nigri and Versicolores was inoculated on the brain heart infusion agar (BHA), growth medium which imitates human tissues, with the addition of 4 g/L succrose at 25 and 37°C. Analysis of the mycotoxin extracts was performed with a coupled high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry system. Out of eight isolates, only three formed colonies at 37°C, but not one produced the expected mycotoxins at the human body temperature. This leads to conclusion that aflatoxin B1, fumonisin B2, ochratoxin A, sterigmatocystin and 5-methoxysterigmatocystin are not virulence factors of the Aspergillus species.
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- 2019
39. YÜKSEK PERFORMANSLI SIVI KROMATOGRAFİSİ İLE YEREL MARKETLERDE SATILAN KAHVELERİN OKRATOKSİN A İÇERİĞİNİN İNCELENMESİ
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BÜLENT ERGUN, MURAT SOYSEVEN, GÖKALP İŞCAN, and GÖKSEL ARLİ
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Fen ,Kahve ,Okratoksin A,Kahve,Miktar tayini ,Quantification ,Science ,Miktar tayini ,Ochratoxin-A,Quantification,Coffee,HPLC ,lcsh:Q ,HPLC ,Okratoksin A ,Ochratoxin-A ,lcsh:Science ,Coffee - Abstract
Okratoksin A (OTA), bazı Aspergillus ve Penicilliumtürleri tarafından sentezlenen özellikle işlenmiş tahıllar, kahve çekirdekleriveya granül kahveler, şarap ve çeşitli baharatlarda bulunabilen birmikotoksindir. OTA insan ve hayvanlarda kanserojen, mutajenik ve teratojeniketkiler göstermektedir. Gerçekleştirilen bu çalışmada yerel marketlerden teminedilen 30 adet kahve örneği içerisindeki OTA miktarı Yüksek Basınçlı Sıvı Kromatografisi(YPSK) cihazı ile tayin edilmiştir. Çalışmalar floresans dedektör kullanılarakEx 330 Em 450 nm dalga boylarında gerçekleştirilmiş, kolon sıcaklığı 25°C, sistembasıncı 83 bar olarak ölçülmüştür. Akış hızı 0.9 ml/dk olarak seçilmiştir.Kahveleri çözmek için etanol kullanılmıştır. Analiz boyunca C18 (200 mm 4.6 mmI.D., 5 µm partikül boyutuna sahip kolon kullanılmıştır. OTA standardı venumunelerin yaklaşık 11.287 dk da sinyal verdiği görülmektedir. Mobil fazolarak (su:asetonitril:asetik asit) (49.5:49.5:1) (h:h:h) kullanılmıştır. Çalışılan30 adet örneğin tümünde çeşitli miktarlarda OTA varlığı tespit edilmiş olupbunlardan sadece 12 tanesinin Türk Gıda Kodeksi tarafından belirlenen limitleraltında olduğu tespit edilmiştir., Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin which is synthesized by some Aspergillus and Penicillium speciesand may exists in especially cultivated cereals, coffee beans or coffeegranules, wine and various spices. OTA exhibits Carcinogenic, mutagenicand teratogenic affects for humans and animals. In this conducted study, OTAcontents of 30 different coffee samples that were provided from the localmarkets were determined by using high performance liquid chromatography. Theexperiments were carried out using the fluorescence detector and applying the330 nm extinction and 450 nm emission wavelengths. The column temperature andpressure were set to 25°C and 83 barr, respectively. The flow rate was chosen as 0.9 mL/min.Coffee samples were dissolved in ethanol. Analyses were performed by using the C18 (200 mm 4.6 mm I.D., 5 µmparticle size). It was observed that OTA standards and samples have a signal atapproximately 11.287 min. Deionized (water: acetonitirile: acetic acid)(49.5:49.5:1), (v:v:v) mixture was used as the mobile phase. The obtainedresults showed that different amounts of OTA for all 30 samples were determinedand 12 of them have lower OTA content according to the limits of Turkish FoodCodex.
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- 2018
40. Siyah küf ile bulaşık kuru incirlerde okratoksin a varlığının araştırılması
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Çankaya, Cavit Çağlar, Özer, Kamer Beteül, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Özer, Kamer Betül, and Bahçe Bitkileri Anabilim Dalı
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Ziraat ,Aspergillus Niger ,Agriculture ,Ochratoxin A ,Dried Fig ,Kuru İncir ,Okratoksin A ,Ficus Carica L - Abstract
Kuru incir, Türkiye'de üretilen kuru meyveler içerisinde ekonomik açıdan önemli bir ihraç ürünüdür. Kuru incirin hasat öncesi ve sonrasında sıkça gözlenen mikotoksinler önemli pazar kayıplarına sebep olmaktadır. Okratoksin A, insan ve hayvan sağlığı açısından kuru incirde tehlike yaratan bir mikotoksindir. Araştırmamızda, siyah küflü kuru incirlerde Okratoksin A'nın tek örnek meyve üzerinde bulunma düzeyinin belirlenmesi ve bu düzeylerin yapılan kalite analizleri ve hesaplanan siyah küf yükü değerleri ile ilişkilendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmamızın materyalini, Ege İhracatçı Birliği'ne üye işletmelerden temin edilen siyah küflü Sarılop çeşidi kuru incirler oluşturmaktadır. Okratoksin A (OTA) analizi, immunoaffinite kolonlar kullanılarak yüksek basınçlı sıvı kromatografisi ile yapılmıştır. Örneklerin %14'ü OTA ile bulaşık, geriye kalanı temiz olarak belirlenmiştir. OTA tespit edilen örneklerin düzeyi 0.5-10 ppb aralığında yoğunluk göstermiştir. En yüksek L (en açık renk) değerine sahip örnekte, örnekler arasında tespit edilmiş en düşük OTA değeri görülmüştür. Örneklerin %72'sinde güneş yanıklığı görülmüş ve OTA gözlenmiş örneklerde güneş yanıklığı farklı oranlara sahip olmuştur. Ayrıca, kuru incirlerin %18'i UV altında parlak yeşilimsi sarı florasan ışıma verirken, ışıma veren örnekler içerisinde sadece 1 örnekte OTA ve ışıma birlikte gözlemlenmiştir. OTA tespit edilmiş 7 örneğin 2 adedin de siyah küf yükü tespit edilmezken, geriye kalan 5 örnekte siyah küf yükü farklı değerlerde tespit edilmiştir. Siyah küf yükü değerleri ile OTA değerleri arasında herhangi bir ilişki bulunamamıştır. Siyah küflerin (Aspergillus spp.) OTA ürettiği düşünülse de küf yükü değerlerinin düzeyi OTA'nın tespitinde etkili olmamıştır., Dried fig is economically one of the most important export product among the dried fruits produces in Turkey. Mycotoxins that are frequently observed in pre and post harvest phases cause considerable market loses. In dried figs, Ochratoxin A is mycotoxin that is dangerous for human and animal health. The study was carried out with the aim of determining the level of Ochratoxin A on dried figs that contains black mould, its relation to quality analysis criteria and measured black mold counts. The research material of our study consisted of black mouldy Sarılop fig variety that were obtained from the member exporters of the Aegean Exporters Associations of Turkey. Ochratoxin A analysis were conducted by using immunoaffinity columns in HPLC. 14% of the samples were determined to have OTA and the rest were clean. OTA amounts were mostly measured between 0.5-10 ppb. The sample with highest L (the most light color) value had the lowest OTA value. 72% of the samples were observed as sunburned, and the samples with OTA had different sunburn ratios. Furthermore, 18% of the sampled gave brightgreenish- yellow fluorescence under UV light whereas, one sample among the samples that gave fluorescence was observed to have both OTA and light. 2 samples among 7 samples with OTA were not observed to have black mould whereas, the rest 5 samples were measured to have different black mould values. In general, no statistically significant relationship was found between black mould counts and OTA values. Even if, it was previously thought black moulds (Aspergillus spp.) produce OTA, the black mould counts were not significant in determining OTA.
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- 2018
41. Kontrola okratoksina A u sušenom voću
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Dario Lasić, Robert Kecerin, Marinko Petrović, Vedran Jagić, and Ivana Prskalo
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mycotoxins ,ochratoxin A ,dried fruit ,HPLC ,Physics ,Animal science ,Dried fruit ,mikotoksini, okratoksin A, sušeno voće, HPLC ,mikotoksini ,okratoksin A ,sušeno voće - Abstract
Okratoksini su podgrupa mikotoksina koje stvaraju plijesni iz roda Aspergillus ochraceus i Penicillium viridicatum. Najpoznatiji je i najtoksičniji okratoksin A, manje je toksičan okratoksin B, a okratoksin C dobiven je samo u laboratorijskim uvjetima. Na pokusnim životinjama dokazan je nefrotoksičan, karcinogen, teratogen te imunosupresivan učinak okratoksina A, a novija istraživanja dokazuju da ima i štetan učinak na reproduktivno zdravlje ljudi. Najčešće se stvara na usjevima nakon žetve ako govorimo o žitaricama, ali predstavlja znatan zdravstveni te gospodarski problem i u proizvodnji, preradi, skladištenju i distribuciji drugih kultura kao što su začini, kava, mahunarke, orašasti plodovi, vino, pivo, sušeno voće i sl. S obzirom na to da sadrži niz vrijednih hranjivih tvari (polifenoli, vlakna, vitamini, minerali, šećeri i sl.), sušeno se voće proizvodi diljem svijeta pa u mnogim zemljama čini znatan udio u poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji i gospodarstvu općenito. Pojava plijesni, a posljedično i okratoksina A predstavlja najveći problem u uzgoju, proizvodnji i distribuciji ovakve vrste hrane. Valja imati na umu da zaštita proizvoda od pojave plijesni i stvaranja mikotoksina započinje već na samoj plantaži i potrebno ju je kontinuirano provoditi kroz različite proizvodne i manipulativne faze (prilikom dozrijevanja ploda, pri berbi, kod sušenja, transportiranja, skladištenja itd.). Udio mikotoksina u sušenom voću, kao i u ostaloj hrani koja se stavlja na tržište, određuje se osjetljivim analitičkim metodama, ponajprije testom ELISA, koji je orijentacijska metoda, te HPLC-om i LC-MS/MS-om, koji su potvrdne metode. Vjerodostojnost analitičke metode usko je povezana s uzimanjem uzorka na ispravan način, kao i njegovom dobrom homogenizacijom., Ochratoxins are a subgroup of mycotoxins produced by molds of the genera Aspergillus ochraceus and Penicillium viridicatum. The most examined and most toxic is ochratoxin A (OTA), while less toxic are ochratoxin B and ochratoxin C, obtained only in laboratory. Experimental tests on animals have proven nephrotoxic, carcinogenic, teratogenic and immunosuppressive effects of ochratoxin A, and recent studies have shown that it causes adverse effects on reproductive health of humans. OTA is most commonly produced on crops after harvest of cereals, but it also represents a significant health problem and economic loss in production, processing, storage and distribution of other crops such as spices, coffee, legumes, nuts, wine, beer, dried fruit, etc. Because of a lot of important nutrients (polyphenols, fibers, vitamins, minerals, etc.), dried fruit is produced around the world, so in many countries it makes a significant share in the agricultural production and in the economy. The appearance of mold, and consequently ochratoxin A, is the biggest problem in the cultivation, production and distribution of this type of food. The protection of the product from the appearance of mold and mycotoxins begins on the plantation itself, and it is necessary to carry it continuously through various production and manipulative phases (harvesting, drying, transporting, storage etc.). For determination of mycotoxins in dried fruit and prevention of any potential safety threats in food being placed on the market, sensitive analytical methods for their detection and quantification, preferably the ELISA test as a screening method or HPLC as a confirmatory method are used. For most accurate data obtained in laboratory analyses, it is necessary to take the sample properly, and perform the analysis from well homogenized laboratory sample.
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- 2018
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42. Changes in morphological characteristics of selected wine yeasts and lactic acid bacteria in the presence of ochratoxin A
- Author
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Šain, Adela and Markov, Ksenija
- Subjects
krivulja rasta ,morphological characteristics ,morfološke karakteristike ,okratoksin A ,BIOTEHNIČKE ZNANOSTI. Prehrambena tehnologija ,Saccharomyces cerevisiae ,BIOTECHNICAL SCIENCES. Food Technology ,Lactobacillus plantarum ,Saccharomyces bayanus ,ochratoxin A ,growth curve - Abstract
Jedan od vaţnijih problema današnjice je kontaminacija prehrambenih proizvoda mikotoksinima. Izuzev čovjeka, ţivotinja i biljaka, toksično djelovanje mikotoksina dokazano je i na mikroorganizmima. Budući da postoji ograničen broj istraţivanja o utjecaju mikotoksina na stanice bakterija i kvasaca, cilj ovog rada bio je odrediti djelovanje okratoksina A na krivulju rasta i morfološke osobine vinskih kvasaca S.cerevisiae i S.bayanus tijekom 168 sati, te na bakteriju Lactobacillus plantarum B tijekom 72 sata. Mikrobni rast prikazan u obliku krivulje rasta, odreĎen je brojanjem poraslih kolonija na čvrstoj hranjivoj podlozi, dok je veličina stanica, odreĎena metodom mikrometrije upotrebom objektnog i okularnog mikrometra. Iz dobivenih rezultata moţe se uočiti da okratoksin A neznatno utječe na rast i morfologiju i Lactobacillus plantarum B i kvasce S.cerevisiae i S.bayanus što se moţe objasniti da su i bakterija i kvasci razvili odreĎenu otpornost na toksičnost okratoksina A. One of the most important problems today is the contamination of food products with mycotoxins. Apart from humans, animals and plants, toxicity of mycotoxins has been demonstrated in microorganisms. Since there is a limited number of studies on the effects of mycotoxins on bacteria and yeast cells, the goal of this study was to determine the effects of ochratoxin A on growth curve and morphological properties of wine yeasts S.cerevisiae and S. bayanus during 168 hours and on bacterium Lactobacillus plantarum B during 72 hours. The microbial growth shown in the form of growth curves was determined by counting the growing colonies on a solid nutrient medium, while the cell size was determined by a micrometric method using the stage and ocular micrometers. From the obtained results, it can be seen that ochratoxin A has a slight influence on growth and morphology and Lactobacillus plantarum B and yeasts S. cerevisiae and S. bayanus. Which can be explained that both bacteria and yeasts developed a certain resistance to ochratoxin A.
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- 2017
43. Ochratoxin A in grapes and wine
- Author
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Pešić, Jelena and Banović, Mara
- Subjects
mikotoksini ,vino ,mycotoxins ,mold ,okratoksin A ,plijesni ,BIOTEHNIČKE ZNANOSTI. Prehrambena tehnologija ,BIOTECHNICAL SCIENCES. Food Technology ,wine ,ochratoxin A ,grožđe ,grapes - Abstract
U ovom radu izneseni su rezultati različitih istraživanja o prisutnosti okratoksina A u grožđu i vinu. Okratoksin A je mikotoksin kojeg proizvode neke plijesni roda Aspergillus (A. ochraceus i A. carbonarius) i Penicillium (P. verrucosum). Konzumacija ovog mikotoksina može biti uzrok različitim patologijama kod ljudi i životinja. Najčešći uzročnik kontaminacije vina okratoksinom A su plijesni roda Aspergillus. Prilikom primarne prerade grožđa, tijekom muljanja, okratoksin A iz micelija plijesni prelazi u mošt. Upravo zbog razlike u procesu prerade vina, tj. dužem trajanju kontakta bobice s moštom rizik kontaminacije okratoksinom A znatno je veći u crnim nego u bijelim vinima. Sva dosadašnja istraživanja pokazala su da su vina južnih, toplijih krajeva bitno izloženija riziku kontaminacije. U Europi je u mediteranskom području kontaminacija okratoksinom A česta, dok je u vinima sjevernijih dijelova rjeđe zabilježena. This paper presents the results of various studies on the presence of ochratoxin A in grapes and wine. Ochratoxin A is a mycotoxin produced by some Aspergillus (A. ochraceus and A. carbonarius) and Penicillium (P. verrucosum) mold. Consumption of this mycotoxin may be the cause of various pathologies in humans and animals. The most common cause of wine contamination with ochratoxin A is the Aspergillus mold. During primary grape processing, pressing of the grapes, ochratoxin transfers from mold mycelia into grape juice. Because of the difference in the wine processing, the longer duration of the contact with berries, the risk of contamination with ochratoxin A is considerably higher in red than in white wines. All previous studies have shown that wines from southern, warmer regions are significantly more exposed to risk of contamination. In Europe, contamination with ochratoxin A is common in the Mediterranean area, while it is rarely found in the vineyards in the northern parts.
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- 2017
44. Izolacija potencijalno okratoksigenih gljivica iz vinograda u sustavu integrirane proizvodnje na području Zadarske županije
- Author
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Lacić, Antonia and Zjalić, Slaven
- Subjects
grap ,Aspergillus ,vino ,okratoksin A ,Penicillium ,BIOTEHNIČKE ZNANOSTI. Poljoprivreda (agronomija) ,wine ,ochratoxin A ,grožđe ,BIOTECHNICAL SCIENCES. Agronomy - Abstract
Okratoksin A (OTA) je mikotoksin kojeg tijekom rasta proizvode neke vrste gljivica rodova Aspergillus i Penicillium. Ovi toksični sekundarni metaboliti česti su zagađivači raznih namirnica i sirovina, prije svega sjemenki žitarica, ali i kave, čokolade, sušenih svinjskih proizvoda, piva i vina. Zbog dokazane toksičnosti, koncentracija okratoksina A u sirovinama, krmivima i namirnicama limitirana je EU uredbom 1881/2006. Među namirnicama izloženim kontaminaciji OTA nalazi se i crno vino. Dosadašnja istraživanja pokazala su da su vina južnijih krajeva bila izloženija kontaminaciji. Tako je na primjer kontaminacija bila češća u vinima južne Italije, a gotovo nezabilježena u vinima sjevernih talijanskih pokrajina. Po svojoj geografskoj i klimatskoj poziciji Zadarska županija se nalazi na graničnom području izloženosti kontaminaciji OTA. Crno vino je postalo sve važniji i prepoznatljiviji proizvod Zadarske županije. U proizvodnji vina posebno je važno područje grada Benkovca, stoga je provedeno istraživanje o prisutnosti gljivica proizvođača okratoksina A u vinogradu koji se nalazi u sustavu integrirane proizvodnje na području Zadarske županije. Cilj rada je planiranje optimalnih mjera za zaštitu od kontaminacije vina okratoksinom A. Tijekom ljeta i jeseni 2016. godine uzeti su uzorci tla, lista i plodova grožđa iz vinograda u sustavu integrirane proizvodnje. Napravljena je izolacija mikoflore. Nakon morfološke determinacije izolati koji su bili potencijalni proizvoĎači okratoksina A su nasađeni na hranjive podloge koje podržavaju sintezu ovog mikotoksina. Nakon inkubacije od 21 dan ispitana je prisutnost okratoksina A. Rezultati, izneseni u ovom radu, su pokazali da u istraživanom vinogradu postoje okratoksigene gljivice, ali da je njihova koncentracija vrlo niska te je time nizak i rizik kontaminacije grožđa OTA-om. Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin produced by some fungal species of genera Aspergillus and Penicillium. These toxic secondary metabolites are a frequent contaminants of various food products, particularly seeds, grain and processed pork products, as well as coffee, chocolate, wine and beer. Because of its proven toxicity, ochratoxin A concentration in animal feeds and unprocessed, genuine foods has been limited by EU directive 1881/2006. Red wine is often found among the foods contaminated by ochratoxin A. Researches have shown that red wines of southern areas were especially exposed. For example, red wines of southern Italy have been found to be contaminated, while almost not a trace of contamination has been detected in the wines of northern Italian origin. Zadar County geographically is positioned on the border between moderate and high risk of contamination of red wines by ochratoxin A. Red wine is becoming more and more important and significant product in Zadar County. Benkovac area is especially recognized in wine manufacturing, so a research has been conducted in vineyard integrated production. The aim of this investigation was to analyse the presence of ochratoxigenic strains at that location and evaluate the risk of contamination in wine in order to outline those optimal measures which will protect wines from the contamination by ochratoxin A. Soil, leaves and grape samples had been taken in summer and autumn 2016., the mycoflora was isolated and morphologically determined. Isolates identified as a potential OTA producers were incubated on OTA conducive liquid media for 21 days and then analysed for the presence of OTA. The results, reported in this work, show that a very low concentration of toxigenic strains were found in this wine yard and thus the risk of OTA contamination of the produced wine is low.
- Published
- 2017
45. Istraživanje prisutnosti okratoksigenih gljivica na grožđu u vinogradima Zadarske županije
- Author
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Trajkov, Marin and Zjalić, Slaven
- Subjects
contamination ,Zadar County ,crna vina ,okratoksigene gljivice ,okratoksin A ,BIOTEHNIČKE ZNANOSTI. Poljoprivreda (agronomija) ,red wine ,zagađenje ,Zadarska županija ,ochratoxin A ,ochratoxigenic mold ,BIOTECHNICAL SCIENCES. Agronomy - Abstract
Zadnjih nekoliko desetljeća bilježi se stalni porast proizvodnje kvalitetnih vina u Zadarskoj županiji. Iako, osim nekoliko iznimaka, ta vina nisu posebno prepoznata na hrvatskom tržištu, ali imaju veliku važnost u lokalnoj turističkoj ponudi. Okratoksin A (OTA), mikotoksin koji proizvode neke vrste rodova Aspergillus i Penicillium, može se naći i kao zagađivač vina, posebno crnih. Zbog nefrotoksičnog, imunosopresivnog i sumnje u kancerogeno djelovanje koncentracija OTA u hrani i sirovinama limitirana je uredbom EU. Prema klimatsko ekološkim uvjetima Zadarska županija se nalazi na granici između zone niskog i visokog rizika kontaminacije vina OTA-om. U ovom istraživanju uzeti su uzorci bobica grožđa u 4 vinograda Zadarske županije različitih po položaju, klimatskim, pedološkim i ekološkim karakteristikama te prema načinu uzgoja. Rezultati su pokazali da u Zadarskoj županiji postoje gljivice proizvođači OTA, no njihova je koncentracija vrlo niska. Veći broj toksigenih gljivica izoliran je u vinogradima u sustavu ekološke proizvodnje, no i u tom slučaju toksigene gljivice predstavljale su izuzetno nizak postotak ukupno izoliranih organizama. Usporedba uzoraka iz lipnja i rujna ukazuje da je u rujnu izoliran veći broj okratoksigenih gljivica s bobica grožđa. Iz ovih rezultata može se zaključiti da određeni rizik kontaminacije postoji, no on je vrlo nizak. Bez obzira na to potrebno je podići svijest vinara o ovom problemu i planirati mjere prevencije i kontrole OTA u crnim vinima Zadarske Županije. During the past few decades the constant growth of the production of high quality wines has been noted in the Zadar County, although, apart from few exceptions, those wines are not recognized as such in the local Croatian market. However, they do have a great significance for local tourist offers. Ochratoxin A (OTA), mycotoxin which is produced by some varieties of species Aspergillus and Penicillium, can be found also as a wine polluter, especially in red wines. Due to nephrotoxicity, imunosupression and suspicion of carcinogenic effects of OTA, its concentration in food and raw materials has been limited by EU regulation. According to climatological and ecological conditions, Zadar County is situated on the border between the areas of high and low risk of wine contamination with OTA. For the purpose of this study the samples of grape berries were taken from four vineyards in Zadar County. Those vineyards differed in position as well as in climatological, pedological and ecological characteristics and also in cultivation styles. The results showed the existence of fungi which cause the appearance of OTA in Zadar County, however, their concentration was extremely low. The greater amount of toxigenic fungi was isolated in the vineyards where ecological production was applied, however, also in that case their concentration was low. The comparison of samples from June and September showed that greater amount of ochratoxigenic fungi was isolated from grape berries in September. From these results it can be concluded that a certain risk of contamination exists, however it is very low. Regardless, it is necessary to raise the awareness of wine producers in relation to this problem as well as to plan the measures of prevention and control of OTA in red wines of Zadar County.
- Published
- 2017
46. Kemijski sastav i pojavnost mikotoksina u tradicionalnim mesnim proizvodima podrijetlom s domaćinstava Bosne i Hercegovine
- Author
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Tina Lešić, Ana Vulić, Greta Krešić, Jadranka Frece, Kesnija Markov, Višnja Vasilj, Nada Vahčić, Tanja Bogdanović, Jelka Pleadin, and Manuela Zadravec
- Subjects
composición química ,aflatoxina B1 ,ocratoxina A ,productos cárnicos tradicionales ,hogares ,Bosnia y Herzegovina ,kemijski sastav ,aflatoksin B1 ,okratoksin A ,tradicionalni mesni proizvodi ,domaćinstva ,Bosna i Hercegovina ,composizione chimica ,aflatossina B1 ,ocratossina A ,prodotti tradizionali a base di carne ,ambito domestico ,Bosnia e Erzegovina ,chemische Zusammensetzung ,Aflatoxin B1 ,Ochratoxin A ,traditionelle Fleischprodukte ,Bauernhöfe ,Bosnien und Herzegowina ,Ocean Engineering - Abstract
Cilj rada bio je ispitati kemijski sastav i pojavnost mikotoksina u tradicionalnim mesnim proizvodima (TMP) podrijetlom s domaćinstava Bosne i Hercegovine. U razdoblju od 2015. do 2016., ukupno je uzorkovano 55 tradicionalnih mesnih proizvoda, od toga 25 kobasica proizvedenih od svinjskog mesa, 15 kobasica proizvedenih od mješavine svinjskog i goveđeg mesa, 7 uzoraka pancete i 8 uzoraka pršuta. Osnovni kemijski i masno-kiselinski sastav određen je primjenom ISO metoda, dok su razine aflatoksina B1 (AFB1) i okratoksina A (OTA) određene primjenom imunoenzimskih ELISA metoda. Rezultati su pokazali varijacije u vrijednostima kemijskih parametara između TMP-a, s značajno većim (p < 0,05) udjelom stearinske kiseline, te manjim udjelom linolne kiseline u kobasicama proizvedenim od mješavine svinjskog i goveđeg mesa, u odnosu na TMP proizvedene u cijelosti od svinjetine. OTA je određen u 7 uzoraka različitih vrste proizvoda s najvećom koncentracijom od 6,20 µg/kg, dok je AFB1 određen samo u jednoj kobasici od svinjskog mesa s koncentracijom neznatno većom od limita kvantifikacije metode (1,91 µg/kg). Utvrđena kontaminacija TMP-a mikotoksinima, posebno sa OTA, pokazuje da bi u cilju sprječavanja kontaminacije meso i mesni proizvodi iz domaćinstava trebali biti proizvedeni pod standardiziranim i dobro kontroliranim uvjetima., Ziel dieser Arbeit bestand in der Untersuchung der chemischen Zusammensetzung und der Anwesenheit von Schimmelpilzgiften in traditionellen Fleischprodukten, die von Bauernhöfen aus Bosnien und Herzegowina stammen. Im Zeitraum von 2015 bis 2016 wurden insgesamt 55 Stichproben von traditionellen Fleischprodukten genommen, davon 25 Schweinefleischwürste, 15 Würste aus gemischtem Schweine- und Rindfleisch, 7 Speckproben und 8 Proben von luftgetrocknetem Rohschinken. Die grundlegende chemische Zusammensetzung und der Anteil an Fettsäuren wurde anhand von ISO-Methoden ermittelt, während der Gehalt an Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) und Ochratoxin A (OTA) durch die Anwendung von antikörperbasierten Nachweisverfahren (ELISA) ermittelt wurde. Die Ergebnisse wiesen Variationen in Bezug auf die Werte chemischer Parameter bei traditionellen Fleischprodukten auf, mit einem bedeutend höheren (p < 0,05) Anteil der Stearinsäure und einem niedrigeren Anteil der Linolsäure in Würsten, die aus einer Mischung von Schweine- und Rindfleisch hergestellt wurden im Vergleich zu reinen Schweinefleischprodukten. Ochratoxin A wurde in 7 Proben unterschiedlicher Produkte mit einer maximalen Konzentration von 6,20 µg/kg ermittelt, während AFB1 nur in einer Schweinefleischwurst mit einer Konzentration kaum über dem Limit der Quantifizierungsmethode (1,91 µg/kg) festgestellt wurde. Die festgestellte Kontaminierung von traditionellen Fleischprodukten durch Schimmelpilzgifte, insbesondere OTA, weist darauf hin, dass zur Vorbeugung der Kontaminierung das Fleisch und Fleischprodukte auf den Bauernhöfen unter standardisierten und streng kontrollierten Bedingungen hergestellt werden sollten., Lo studio aveva lo scopo di analizzare la composizione chimica e la presenza delle micotossine nei prodotti tradizionali a base di carne (PTC) prodotti in ambito domestico nella Bosnia e Erzegovina. Tra il 2015 e il 2016 è stato eseguito il campionamento di 55 prodotti tradizionali a base di carne, di cui 25 salsicce prodotte con carne suina, 15 salsicce prodotte con carne suina e bovina, 7 campioni di pancetta e 8 campioni di prosciutto crudo. La composizione chimica e degli acidi grassi è stata stabilita con l’applicazione del metodo ISO, mentre i livelli dell’aflatossina B1 (AFB1) e dell’ocratossina A (OTA) sono stati accertati mediante il test immunoenzimatico ELISA. I risultati hanno evidenziato variazioni nei valori dei parametri chimici tra PTC, con una presenza molto significativa (p < 0,05) di acido stearico ed una minore presenza dell’acido linoleico nelle salsicce prodotte con carne suina e bovina, rispetto ai PTC prodotti integralmente con carne suina. La presenza della OTA è stata accertata in 7 campioni di differenti tipi di prodotto, con una concentrazione massima di 6,20 µg/kg, mentre la presenza della AFB1 è stata riscontrata solo in un campione di salsiccia prodotta con carne suina, avente una concentrazione di pochissimo superiore al limite del metodo impiegato per la quantificazione (1,91 µg/kg). Accertata la presenza di micotossine nei PTC, in particolare delle OTA, si ritiene necessario che la carne e i prodotti a base di carne prodotti in ambito domestico, al fine di prevenire la contaminazione, siano prodotti in condizioni standardizzate e rigidamente controllate., El fin de este trabajo fue investigar la composición química y la manifestación de los micotoxinas en productos cárnicos tracidionales (PCT) de los hogares de Bosnia y Herzegovina. En el período entre 2015 y 2016 fueron tomadas 55 muestras de productos cárnicos tradicionales, entre cuales fueron 25 salchichas de carne de cerdo, 15 salchichas de la mezcla de carne de cerdo y carne bovina, 7 muestras de panceta y 8 muestras de jamón. La composición básica química y la composición de ácidos grasos fueron determinadas por el método ISO, mientras los niveles del aflatoxina (AFB1) y del ocratoxina A (OTA) fueron determinados por los métodos inmunoenzimáticos ELISA. Los resultrados mostraron fluctuaciones en los valores de los parámetros químicos entre los PCT, con la proporción del ácido esteárico significativamente más alta (p < 0,05) y con la poporción más baja del ácido linoléico en las salchichas hechas de la mezcla de carne de cerdo y carne bovina, con respecto a los PCT hechos enteramente de la carne de cerdo. El OTA fue determinado en 7 muestras de diferentes tipos de productos con la concentración más alta 6,20 µg/kg, mientras el AFB1 fue encontrado solamente en una salchicha de carne de cerdo, con ligera diferencia entre la concentración y el límite de cuantificación (1,91 µg/kg). La determinada contaminación de los PCT por los micotoxinas, especialmente por el OTA, muestra que la carne y los productos cárnicos de los hogares deberían ser producidos bajo condiciones estrandarizadas y bien controladas con el fin de prevenir la contaminación.
- Published
- 2017
47. Okratoksin A u crnim vinima
- Author
-
Milatić, Anđela, Zjalić, Slaven, and Pavlović, Marina
- Subjects
mikotoksini ,BIOTEHNIČKE ZNANOSTI. Poljoprivreda (agronomija). Vinogradarstvo i vinarstvo ,vino ,mycotoxins ,fungus ,BIOTECHNICAL SCIENCES. Agronomy. Viticulture and Enology ,gljivice ,Okratoksin A ,wine ,ochratoxin A - Abstract
Okratoksin A je sekundarni metabolit nekih gljivica roda Aspergillus (A. ochraceus (K. Wilhem) i A. Carbonarius (T. Bainier) i Penicillium (P. Verrucosum (B. Peyronel)) toksičan za ljude i životinje. Posljedice prisutnosti ovog mikotoksina u ishrani ljudi i životinja su brojne i idu od pada imuniteta, bubrežnih problema pa do sumnje u kancerogenost. Zbog izrazito toksičnog djelovanja na ljude i životinje koncentracija okratoksina A u hrani i krmivima zakonski je ograničena u većini zemalja svijeta. Kontaminaciji ovim mikotoksinom najizloženije su žitarice, ali i kava, kakao, svinjske prerađevine, pivo i crno vino. Najčešći uzročnik kontaminacije vina okratoksinom su gljivice roda Aspergillus. Gljivice koje proizvode okratoksin A najčešće nisu u mogućnosti prodrijeti u bobicu grožđa, već se zadržavaju oko peteljke. Prilikom primarne prerade grožđa, tijekom muljanja , micelij gljivice kolonizira bobicu i ispušta okratoksin u mošt. Upravo zbog razlike u procesu prerade vina, tj. dužem trajanju kontakta bobice s moštom; rizik kontaminacije okratoksinom A je znatno veći u crnim vinima nego u bijelim. Sva dosadašnja istraživanja pokazala su da su vina južnih, toplijih krajeva bitno izloženija riziku kontaminacije. U Europi kontaminacija crnih vina mediteranskog područja često je zabilježena dok je okratoksin u vinima sjevernijih dijelova, poput Bordeauxa, Trentina ili Slavonije, rijetko pronađen. U ovom radu iznesen je pregled istraživanja o kontaminaciji crnih vina okratoksinom A te mjerama prevencije i dekontaminacije. Ochratoxin A is a secondary metabolite of certain fungus of the genusAspergillus (A. achraceus and A. carbonarius) and Penicillium (P. verrucosum) which is toxic for humans and animals. The consequences of the presence of mycotoxins in human and animal nutrition are numerous and they can result in low immune system, kidney problems and carcinogenicity. Due to the extremely toxic effects on humans and animals, concentration of ochratoxin A in food and fodder is legally restricted in most countries across the world.Grains, as well as coffee, cocoa, pork products, beer and red wine are most exposed to contamination of this myctoxin. The most common cause of contamination of wine ochratoxin are fungus of the genus Aspergillus. Fungus that produce ochratoxin A usually are not able to penetrate the grapes, but keep an eye stalks. When the primary processing of grapes during crushing, spawn fungus colonizes berry and ochratoxin released in the must. Because of differences in the processing of wine, ie. The longer the duration of contact with the berries must; the risk of contamination by ochratoxin A was significantly higher in red wine than in white. Previous investigations have shown that wine southern, warmer, essential parts of the exposed risk of contamination. In Europe, contamination of red wines of the Mediterranean area is often recorded while ochratoxin in the north of wines, such as Bordeaux, Trentino or Slavonia, rarely found. This paper present the results of the research of contamination of red wine, prevention measures and decontamination.
- Published
- 2016
48. The effects of aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A on the morphological characteristics of lactic acid bacteria
- Author
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Šunjić, Romano and Markov, Ksenija
- Subjects
krivulja rasta ,morfološke osobine bakterija ,aflatoksin B1 ,aflatoxin B1 ,BIOTEHNIČKE ZNANOSTI. Biotehnologija ,okratoksin A ,Lactobacillus plantarum ,morphological characteristics of bacteria ,ochratoxin A ,BIOTECHNICAL SCIENCES. Biotechnology ,growth curve - Abstract
Cilj rada je istražiti utjecaj aflatoksina B1 (AFB1) i okratoksina A (OTA) na preživljavanje i morfološke osobine bakterije Lactobacillus plantarum 1K. Toksično djelovanje mikotoksina, osim na čovjeka, životinje i biljke, dokazano je i u mikroba (bakterije, kvasci, plijesni, protozoe), a najčešće kroz inhibiciju rasta. Mikrobni rast ovisi o uvjetima okoline u kojoj se mikrobi nalaze kao i izloženosti kemijskim agensima, a prikazuje se najčešće u obliku krivulje rasta. Krivulja rasta bakterije Lactobacillus plantarum 1K određivana je u prisutnosti AFB1 i OTA tijekom 48 sati uzgoja metodom neizravnog određivanja broja živih stanica, brojanjem poraslih kolonija na čvrstoj hranjivoj podlozi izraženih kao log10 CFU/mL. Morfološke osobine stanica, kao što su dužina i širina, određene su metodom mikrometrije upotrebom objektnog i okularnog mikrometra. Iz dobivenih rezultata uočeno je da oba istraživana mikotoksina utječu i na bakterijski rast i na dimenzije stanica bakterije L. plantarum 1K u ovisnosti o vremenu. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and ochratoxin A (OTA) on survival and morphological characteristics of Lactobacillus plantarum 1K. Toxic effects of mycotoxins, in addition to man, animals and plants have been proven on microbes (bacteria, yeasts, molds, protozoa), but mostly trough the inhibition of growth. Microbial growth is dependent on the environmental conditions in which the microbes are as well as exposure to chemical agents, and most often is shown in form of growth curves. The growth curve of Lactobacillus plantarum 1K was determined in the presence of AFB1 and OTA during 48 hours of cultivation by method of indirect determination of the number of living cells, by counting the colonies grown on the solid culture medium, expressed as log10 CFU/mL. Morphological characteristics of cells, such as length and width, were determined by using micrometry object and ocular micrometer. From the results it was observed that both mycotoxins affect the growth of bacterial cells and the dimensions of L. plantarum 1K versus time.
- Published
- 2016
49. Toksični učinki aflatoksina B1, sterigmatocistina in okratoksina A na humano keratinocitno celično linijo HaCaT
- Author
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Struna, Alenka and Jeras, Matjaž
- Subjects
mitotoksini ,aflatoksin B1 ,okratoksin A ,citotoksičnost ,udc:615.9(043.2) ,sterigmatocistin - Published
- 2016
50. Adana'da fırın ve marketlerde satışa sunulan ekmeklerde okratoksin A (OTA) varlığının HPLC yöntemi ile araştırılması
- Author
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Koç, Nur Fidan, Var Öngel, Işıl, Gıda Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı, Var, Işıl, and Çukurova Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Gıda Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı
- Subjects
Food Engineering ,Ekmek ,Ochratoxin A ,Bread ,Okratoksin A ,HPLC ,Gıda Mühendisliği - Abstract
TEZ10315 Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana, 2016. Kaynakça (s. 47-57) var. xiii, 59 s. : res. (bzs. rnk.), tablo ; 29 cm. Okratoksin A (OTA), Penicillium ve Aspergillus cinsi küflerin ikincil metabolitleridir. OTA, nefrotoksik ve kanserojenik etkisi nedeniyle büyük önem taşımakta olup 1993 yılında Uluslararası Kanser Araştırmaları Merkezi (IARC) tarafından insanlarda (grup 2B) muhtemel kanserojen olarak sınıflandırılmıştır. OTA’nın kimyasal yapısı ısıya karşı oldukça stabil olduğundan depolama sırasında ve ekmek gibi birçok tahıl ürünün üretilmesi aşamalarında ortamda kalabilmektedirler. Tahıl ürünleri arasında ekmek, beslenmede karbonhidrat ve protein kaynağı olması nedeniyle tüm dünyada önemli bir besin kayağı olup çok tüketilmektedir. Çalışmamızda, Adana’da süpermarket, market ve fırınlarda satılan 46 somun ekmek ve 4 pide ekmek olmak üzere toplam 50 ekmek örneği HPLC-FD (floresans dedektörlü yüksek performanslı sıvı kromotografi) ile analiz edilmiştir. Çalışma sonunda, 50 ekmek örneğinin 5’inde 0.13 ile 0.98 ?g/kg arasında değişen konsantrasyonlarda OTA tespit edilmiştir. OTA içeren örneklerin 4’ü somun ekmeği olup 0.88, 0.28, 0.42, 0.13 ?g/kg düzeyinde toksin içerirken 1 pide ekmeğinde 0.98 ?g/kg düzeyinde OTA tespit edilmiştir. Örneklerin OTA değerleri Türk Gıda Kodeksi ve Avrupa Birliği Komisyonu tarafından doğrudan tüketime sunulan tahıllar için 5 ?g/kg ve işlenmiş tahıl ürünleri (ekmek, pasta, vb) için önerilen 3 ?g/kg yasal limitlerin altında bulunmuştur. Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a secondary metabolite produced by the genera Penicillium and Aspergillus. OTA is great importance due to its nephrotoxic and carcinogenic affects. In 1993, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified OTA as a possible human carcinogen (group 2B). OTA is chemically and thermally stable compounds, surviving storage and the most cereal production processes, especially bread making. Among cereal products, bread is of significant importance due to the fact that it provides more nutrients to the world population, it is particularly important as a source of carbohydrates and proteins. In our study, 50 samples of bread including 46 white bread and 4 pitta bread purchased from supermarkets, bakeries and grocers of Adana in Turkey were analysed by HPLC-FD (high performance liquid cromatography with fluorescence detection). As results, OTA was found in 5 samples of 50 samples ranged from 0.13 to 0.98 ?g/kg. OTA levels were; 0.88, 0.28, 0.42, 0.13 ?g/kg in 4 white loaves and 0.98 ?g/kg in pitta bread and in all samples OTA were under the permission limits of Turkish Food Codex Regulation and Europe Commission OTA level of cereals at 5 ?g/kg and of their derived products (bread, pasta, etc) at 3 ?g/kg. Bu çalışma Ç.Ü. Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi tarafından desteklenmiştir. Proje No: ZF2010YL77.
- Published
- 2016
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