Search

The residue and dissipation studies of diafenthiuron, its metabolites and cyantraniliprole were carried out on okra under field conditions after two applications of Cyantraniliprole 7.3% w/w + Diafenthiuron 36.4% w/w SC @ 60 + 300 g a.i./ha. Okra fruit samples were collected at 0 (2 hr), 1, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 15 days after second spray. The samples were processed using QuEChERS methodology and analysed on LCMS/MS. The total initial residues of diafenthiuron (diafenthiuron + CGA 177960, CGA 227352, CGA 140408) in okra fruit were 0.28 and 0.55 mg kg−1 at single and double dose, respectively. The total residues of diafenthiuron dissipated below limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.01 mg kg−1 at 10 days of application at both the doses. The initial residues of cyantraniliprole in okra were 0.23 and 0.42 mg kg−1 at single and double dose, respectively. The residues dissipated below

For the first time, functionalized okra gum with multi-aldehyde groups (OG-CHO) and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCh) is used to create injectable hydrogels (IHs) via Schiff base reaction at 37 °C. Gelation time is optimized based on the ratio of aldehyde groups of OG-CHO to amine groups of CMCh (9 ± 3 to 2 ± 1 min). Physical characteristics such as gel content (84 ± 2) and porosity (66 ± 3) are assessed. The syringeability, injectability, and self-healing properties are evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively using a rheometer. Structural analysis is carried out by FT-IR and 1H-NMR spectroscopy, while surface morphology and pore size (80 ± 5 µm) are examined via SEM. The swelling ratio is studied in the gel state of the IH in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) at varying pH levels of 5.5, 7.4, and 8.5, revealing a decrease in swelling ratio with increasing pH from 5.5 to 7.4 (75 ± 24 to 635 ± 20%), followed by an increase in swelling at pH 8.5 (724 ± 18.5%). Ciprofloxacin is employed as a model drug for release assays, and drug release behavior in gel forms of IH across different wound pH ranges is evaluated. The swelling and drug release behavior is described using the Korsmeyer–Peppas model, which shows non-Fickian diffusion. Furthermore, biocompatibility (cell viability > 90%), antibacterial assay, and in vitro degradation (~ 98%) are also assessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extraction of DNA from okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) is challenging due to its high mucilage and polysaccharide content, which can hinder both the yield and quality of DNA. In this study, an improved DNA isolation method is described incorporating a key modification being the use of solution I (1 M NaCl and 2% Sarcosyl) as a pre-treatment before applying the CTAB buffer, resulting in high-purity genomic DNA in just 1 h and 45 min., making it suitable for handling large sample sizes due to its rapid processing capabilities. This enhanced DNA extraction method was crucial for the accurate and rapid molecular detection of Okra enation leaf curl virus (OELCuV), a monopartite begomovirus that has spread across various regions of India. Transmitted by the whitefly (Bemisia tabaci), OELCuV causes leaf curling, enations, and stunted growth in okra, leading to significant yield losses. The surveys conducted during the 2020–21 and 2021–22 sowing seasons revealed disease incidence ranging from 14.03 to 67.57%. The extracted DNA via the improved DNA extraction method enhanced the speed of PCR based molecular identification of OELCuV, using virus-specific coat protein primers. The amplified CP genes were cloned and sequenced to study the CP gene based diversity among OELCuV isolates from different states of India. The CP gene nucleotide identity among the studied OELCuV isolates ranged from 95.57 to 99.27%, while comparison with previously reported Indian OELCuV CP sequences, the nucleotide identity ranged from 89.35 to 98.83%. The successful application of this optimized DNA extraction method sped up the detection process but also holds promise for broader use in the molecular study of okra and other mucilaginous crops, particularly in the rapid and reliable identification of begomoviruses. The optimized DNA extraction method significantly accelerated the detection of OELCuV, demonstrating its efficiency and reliability. This method shows strong potential for broader applications in the molecular study of okra and other mucilaginous crops, making it a valuable tool for future research and disease management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Melatonin, a hormone present in animals and some plants, has garnered attention for its potential in preserving harvested produce. Softening due to changes in cell wall composition and wilting caused by weight loss are the major reasons for the loss of commercial value in postharvest okra. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of melatonin on the softening and weight loss of postharvest okra. RESULTS: The results revealed that the application of melatonin had a significant influence on the maintenance of fruit firmness by inhibiting the breakdown and dissolution of cell wall polysaccharides by suppressing the expression of specific genes responsible for cell wall degradation in okra. Conversely, melatonin treatment positively influenced the expression of genes involved in the synthesis of cell wall components. Furthermore, the treatment exhibited notable benefits in reducing weight loss in okra, which was accomplished by promoting the closure of stomata – the tiny pores on the surface of the fruit. CONCLUSION: Melatonin could serve as a novel approach to reduce water loss, delay fruit softening and extend the shelf life of okra. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Enhancing soil health and nutrient levels through fertilizers boosts agricultural productivity and global food security. However, careful fertilizer use is essential to prevent environmental damage and improve crop yields. The soil test crop response (STCR) is a scientific approach to fertilizer recommendation that ensures efficient use, supporting higher crop production while protecting the environment and preserving resources. Methodology: A long-term field experiment on the STCR approach was initiated in 2017 at the Zonal Agriculture Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, India. The experiment aimed to study the impact of STCR-based nutrient prescription along with farmyard manure (FYM) for a targeted yield of soybean (Glycine max), sunflower (Helianthus annuus), dry chili (Capsicum annuum), aerobic rice (Oryza sativa L.), foxtail millet (Setaria italica), okra (Abelmoschus esculentus), and kodo millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum) on yield and changes in soil health in comparison with other approaches of fertilizer recommendation. Results: The results showed a significant and positive impact of the integrated use of fertilizer with FYM based on the STCR approach on the productivity of all the crops and soil fertility. Significantly higher yields of soybean (23.91 q ha−1), sunflower (27.13 q ha−1), dry chili (16.67 q ha−1), aerobic rice (65.46 q ha−1), foxtail millet (14.07 q ha−1), okra (26.82 t ha−1), and kodo millet (17.10 q ha−1) were observed in the STCR NPK + FYM approach at yield level 1 compared to the general recommended dose and soil fertility rating approach. This approach outperformed the standard recommendations, enhancing nutrient uptake and efficiency across various crops. Utilizing the principal component analysis, the soil quality index effectively reflected the impact of nutrient management on soil properties, with the STCR NPK + FYM treatment at yield level 1 showing the highest correlation with improved soil physical and chemical parameters. Discussion: The STCR approach led to improved yield, nutrient uptake, utilization efficiency, and soil health, thanks to a balanced fertilization strategy. This strategy was informed by soil tests and included factors like crop-induced nutrient depletion, baseline soil fertility, the efficiency of inherent and added nutrients through fertilizers and farmyard manure, and the success of yield-targeting techniques in meeting the nutritional needs of crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The clinical research findings on the effects of okra consumption on blood glucose and lipids are inconsistent. In this study, we aimed to explore the impact of okra consumption on glycemic parameters and lipid profile in adults, including homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR), glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), fasting blood glucose (FBG), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C), and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C). To find relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs), we systemically searched EMBASE, Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Scopus until April 2024. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, eight studies involving 521 participants were ultimately included in the present study. Compared to placebo, okra consumption remarkably decreased FBG (WMD: −32.56 mg/dL; 95% CI: −48.83, −16.28; p < 0.001; I2 = 84.7%), HbA1c (WMD: −0.48%; 95% CI: −0.81, −0.16; p = 0.004; I2 = 5.5%), TG (WMD: −13.16 mg/dL; 95% CI: −23.54, −2.77; p = 0.013; I2 = 0.0%), and TC (WMD: −9.70 mg/dL; 95% CI: −14.95, −4.46; p < 0.001; I2 = 38.3%) in adults. However, okra showed no notable impact on HOMA‐IR, HDL‐C, and LDL‐C. Okra consumption has an improving effect on adult FBG, HbA1c, TG, and TC levels. More large‐scale RCT studies are necessary to validate the beneficial effects of okra on adults due to the limited number of included RCTs.Trial Registration: PROSPERO: CRD42024540121 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The co-occurrence of drought and heat significantly hampers plant productivity. Although their impacts are well studied, these studies have been based on the effects of individual stressors rather than their combined influence. Okra is crucial for food and nutritional security and livelihoods in many regions, yet it remains under-researched and unimproved. Okra has been proven to be sensitive to both drought and heat stress. This study employed a cost-effective phenotyping method to assess key traits characterising the diversity of okra morphophysiological responses to independent and interactive heat-drought stresses. This study aimed to understand okra responses to stress, identify stress-resilient traits, and characterise okra genotypes. We also addressed the need to examine interactive stress effects, which mirror real-world scenarios more accurately than single-stress studies. Sixty-three okra genotypes were subjected to heat, drought, or concurrent heat-drought stress at the seedling stage in improvised climate-controlled chambers. The germplasm exhibited significant variations in response to the various stresses. The broad-sense heritability was high (> 0.60) for traits such as chlorophyll content, plant biomass, performance indices, electrolyte leakage, and total leaf area. Drought stress alone had a more pronounced effect than heat stress alone, and the adverse impact was worsened under combined heat and drought stress. The interactive impact of drought and heat was more likely additive than antagonistic or synergistic. A positive and strong relationship was observed between photosynthetic efficiency parameters such as the Fv/Fm ratio, chlorophyll content, relative water index, and biomass parameters such as dry shoot weight. The 63 okra genotypes were classified into three distinct clusters, suggesting potential for future breeding efforts. Okra genotype considered to be tolerant or climate resilient (such as GH170, V1060831, GH174, V1060874, and GH106) to drought and heat, maintained enhanced photosynthetic efficiency and high internal water potential, possibly reducing osmotic and oxidative damage. This study revealed some mechanisms underlying the adaptation of okra genotypes to independent and combined heat and drought stress. The results provide a basis for breeding efforts to develop climate-resilient okra varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Okra yellow vein mosaic disease (OYVMD) is a major constraint to okra production globally. It is caused by several distinct begomoviruses, including okra yellow vein mosaic virus (OYVMV), that are transmitted by the whitefly. This study synthesizes current knowledge on the complex interactions between whiteflies, begomoviruses, and okra plants that enable viral spread and cause OYVMD. The acquisition and transmission cycle involves specific processes including virion ingestion during phloem-feeding, endocytosis and passage across insect tissues, secretion in saliva, and inoculation into plants. Molecular compatibilities between vector coat proteins, midgut proteins, and plant factors modulate virus replication and movement through barrier tissues. Abiotic stresses and host traits also impact whitefly behavior and virus epidemiology. Begomoviruses such as OYVMV have spread globally wherever whitefly vectors and susceptible okra varieties occur. Integrated management of the tripartite pathosystem that incorporates host resistance, cultural tactics, and biological control is required to mitigate the transmission of begomoviruses and OYVMD impact. Finally, resolving vector-virus interactions and developing interference strategies will help contribute to strengthening okra germplasm resistance which can support sustainable food production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information on gene action controlling the inheritance of quantitative traits is essential for selecting parents for hybridization and multiline varieties. Twenty hybrids obtained through 5 × 5 diallel mating with their parents were established on Teaching and Research Farm, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria, in September 2018 using Randomized Complete Block Design in three replicates. The plants were observed for numbers of days to 50% flowering, plant height at flowering, stem girth, number of branches per plant, plant height at maturity, number of fruits per plant, fruit weight, fruit length, fruit width, and fruit yield per plant. Data were subjected to variance analysis, General and Specific Combining abilities were estimated, and gene effects and parameter ratios were done using Hayman’s method. Mid- and better-parent heterosis were estimated using Allard’s procedure. Genotype ‘NGB00356’ was the most desirable parent for earliness and the number of fruits per plant, while hybrid ‘NGB00347’ × ‘NGB00356’ was the best hybrid for fruit yield per plant. ‘NGB00356’, with its significant and positive general combining ability value for the number of fruits per plant, can be used as a parent in a hybridization program for yield improvement in okra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanomedicine using nanoparticles has become a new trend in the treatment of colon cancer. Nanosilver is known to have antibacterial, antifungal, antidiabetic, and anticancer properties. The most common and easy way to make nanosilver is using the reducing agent sodium borohydride, but this inorganic compound element has high toxicity to the body. Polysaccharides have long been known as anticancer agents with low toxicity and few side effects. Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.), a flowering plant from the Malvaceae family found in tropical and subtropical areas, and the crude polysaccharide extract from the pods has the highest polysaccharide content. This research aims to determine the effect of raw okra polysaccharide extract (ORPE) as a reducing agent for making nanosilver on its ability as an anticolon cancer cell line HCT 116. Experiments were carried out by modifying and optimizing the manufacture of AgNPs by reducing NaBH4 with ORPE, 16 concentrations each with repetition 3 times. Characteristic tests were carried out using UV-Vis Spectrophotometry, Particle Size Analyzer, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy, cell viability testing with MTT assay, and evaluation of potential apoptosis and necrosis using Annexin V-PI flow cytometry. PSA test for average particle size. Two groups 1 (AgNP-NaBH4) and 2 (AgNP-ORPE) each had repeated measurements 3 times in 16 concentrations. The mean PSA test and zeta potential value for group 1 = 232.5 ± 25.47 nm / -42.23 ± 1.45 mV and 2 = 779.66 ± 112.45 nm / -23.15 ± 3.65 mV. TEM showed that the size of Group 1 was 50.85 nm (χ = 113.14 nm) and Group 2 was 121.43 nm (χ = 248.52 nm). SEM showed that the morphology of both groups was round in shape (group 2 with slight agglomeration). The absorbance spectrum is formed at a wavelength of 389 nm (group 1) and 281.5 nm (group 2). The IC50 value obtained by group 1 = 76.68 mmol/L with 60.3% apoptotic cells, 3.74% necrosis and group 2 = 92.58 mmol/L with 81.4% apoptotic cells and 4.95% necrosis. ORPE as a nanosilver-reducing agent has been proven to have the potential to induce cell death and cause changes in mitochondrial membrane permeability in the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crop wild relatives hold significant potential for enhancing diversity, nutrition, and stress resilience in improvement programs. As such thorough, the biochemical assessment of these wild counterparts becomes indispensable. Okra, a vital vegetable crop renowned for its vibrant green pods, faces various productivity challenges due to diverse stresses, and its nutritional and stress tolerance aspects have been somewhat overlooked. In this current research, an extensive evaluation was conducted on both wild and cultivated okra species to decipher their nutritional, anti-nutritional, and antioxidant profiles. The results of the proximate analysis showed that wild okra exhibited higher nutritional value and antioxidant potential compared to cultivated species. Remarkably among the wild species A. moschatus accessions IC 470737 and IC 140986 stood out for their elevated content of carbohydrates (93.10 % and 69.38 %), soluble sugars (84.36 % and 41.83 %), reducing sugars (19.41 % and 38.11 %), and vitamin E (37.23 % and 51.24 %); whereas A. Manihot and A. tetraphyllus had higher antioxidant potential. Significantly, these wild entries also showcased the reduced anti-nutrient content suggesting high mineral bioavailability compared to cultivated ones. So, these wild genotypes having a good combination of many biochemical characteristics can be used for the introgression of traits in cultivated okra for further end product diversification. [Display omitted] • Wild okra species contain higher nutritional, antinutritional, and antioxidant properties than cultivated okra. • A. moschatus IC 470737 exhibited higher total carbohydrates, soluble sugars, reducing sugars, and non-reducing sugar whereas accession IC 140986 registered as a good source of vitamin E, and crude protein, total soluble protein was high in A. manihot. • A. manihot also harbored high content of chlorophyll a, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, and ascorbic acid were high in A. manihot and chlorophyll b, flavonols, DPPH activity in A. manihot accession IC 90339. • Phenols, o-dihydroxy phenols, and FRAP activity were higher in A. tetraphyllus. Anti-nutrients phytate and oxalate were low in A. tetraphyllus, tannins in A. manihot, and saponins in A. tuberculatus and A.manihot. • A. manihot , A. manihot 90339, and A. tetraphyllus may be used as sources for the introgression of desirable characters to develop varieties with stress resilience and nutritive attributes for enhanced marketability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Innovative approach of rose-scented geranium intercropping with seasonal food crops is a sustainable agricultural strategy. • Demonstrating the potential of rose-scented geranium crop for higher yields as intercrops with okra. • Corroboration for higher yields, economic reliability and benefits for both farmers and environment. Rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L′Herit ex Aiton) family, Geraniaceae, is also vegetative propagated (through rooted stem cutting), a high-value aromatic crop. Essential oil is extensively used in the fragrance, aromatherapy, flavor, and pharmaceutical industries. But the cultivation of rose-scented geranium as a monocrop creates competition with companion seasonal food crops in terms of limited availability of land. Intercropping is a sustainable approach to achieve higher production per unit land area and time by maximizing the utilization of available resources. This work was aimed to study the effectiveness of rose-scented geranium with companion seasonal food crops in intercropping system for enhancing the yield, quality of rose-scented geranium essential oil, and monetary gains for farmers. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design in two successive years, with spatial arrangements of rose-scented geranium at 45 × 30 (G1), 45 × 45 (G2), and 45 × 60 (G3), companion seasonal food crops viz. maize (S1), sunflower (S2), mungbean (S3), okra (S4), onion (S5), and uradbean (S6) at their recommended populations along with their sole crops as a control. The results demonstrated that fresh herb yield (21.36 t/ha) and oil yield (35.57 kg/ha) were recorded maximum under S4+G2 (Okra + Rose-scented geranium at 45 × 45). In a similar manner, the highest monetary gains (4520 USD/ha) were achieved under S4+G2 (Okra + Rose-scented geranium at G2), followed by S4+G1 and S3+G2. The total land equivalent ratio (2.28), area time equivalent ratio (1.72), and land use efficiency (3.14) were higher in S4+G2 (Okra + Rose-scented geranium at G2) over monocrop. The quality of essential oils of rose-scented geranium was good and acceptable for market in all intercropping treatments. Thus, the intercropping system will help to increase high-value essential oil production and provide more benefit to seasonal food growers, as well as help the aroma industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim(s): This article explores the application of mesalazine-loaded nanoparticles (MLZ-NPs) encapsulated in Abelmoschus esculentus plant polysaccharide-based pellets (MLZ-NPs-Pellets) for ulcerative colitis. Methods: MLZ-NPs were prepared and evaluated for diameter, PDI, and entrapment efficiency. In-vitro efficacy study was conducted on Caco-2 cells. MLZ-NPs were encapsulated in polysaccharides to form MLZ-NPs-Pellets and characterised for efficacy in animals and targeting efficiency in human volunteers. Results: Optimised batch of MLZ-NPs were characterised for diameter, PDI, zeta potential and entrapment efficiency which was found to be 145.42 ± 6.75 nm, 0.214 ± 0.049, −31.63 mV and 77.65 ± 2.33(%w/w) respectively. ROS, superoxide and NF-kβ were well controlled in Caco-2 cells when treated with MLZ-NPs. In-vivo data revealed that some parameters (body weight, colon length, lipid peroxidase, and glutathione) recovered significantly in the DSS-induced mice model treated with oral MLZ-NPs-Pellets. Gamma scintigraphy revealed that the formulation can effectively target the colon within 600 min. Conclusion: MLZ-NPs-Pellets can be effectively used for microbial-triggered colon targeting approach in treating ulcerative colitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

N-Methyl-N-Nitrosourea (MNU) is a compound that induces oxidative stress resulting in high levels of oxidants and damage to body cells. Red okra contains polyphenol and flavonoid active ingredients as antioxidants. This study aims to analyze the effect of ethanol extract of red okra pods (ROPE) on oxidant levels, antioxidant enzymes, and damage to rat kidney proximal tubule cells due to NMU. This study used 30 rats divided into six treatment groups, namely CN (normal), N (negative control; MNU 50 mg/kg BW), P (positive control; MNU and MTX 50 mg/kg BW), T1 (MNU and ROPE 50 mg/kg BW), T2 (MNU and ROPE 100 mg/kg BW), and T3 (MNU and ROPE 200 mg/kg BW). The treatment was carried out on all groups after eight weeks. The results indicate that malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitrogen oxide (NO) decrease with the ROPE treatment. The glutathione reductase (GSH) activity as an antioxidant enzyme increased T1 and T2, while glutathione peroxidase (GPx) showed an increase in T2 and T3. Furthermore, the biochemical marker of the rat kidney showed lower blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cre) levels in all treatment groups. Then, the repair of damaged proximal tubule cells showed an increase in normal cells and lower swollen cells; however, there was a degradation in necrotic cells in T2 and T3. It can be indicated that the ROPE can act as an antioxidant that can reduce MDA and NO levels, increase GSH and GPx levels, and reduce damage to proximal renal tubule cells due to MNU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the gradual improvement and implementation of unconventional wells drilling and environmental regulations, there is an urgent need for high-performance and more environmentally friendly lubricants for water-based drilling fluids (WD). Developing green oilfield chemicals from natural products is a shortcut. In this work, Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench/okra has been studied as the lubricant in WD. The green drilling fluid lubricant developed demonstrates excellent lubrication performance, as well as good filtration loss reduction and inhibition of bentonite hydration expansion. The results show that with the addition of 2.5% okra slurry to water-based drilling fluid, the coefficient of friction decreased by 51.68%, the apparent viscosity (AV) increased by 51.32%, the plastic viscosity (PV) increased by 42.99%, and the fluid loss decreased by 39.88%. Moreover, through TGA, SEM, FT-IR, particle distribution tests, and contact angle tests, the lubrication mechanism of okra slurry was discussed. Finally, the economic feasibility of using okra as an environmentally friendly lubricant for drilling fluids was analyzed. This work combines agricultural products with industrial production, which not only solves industrial problems but also enhances the added value of agricultural products, providing a reference for the coordinated development of industry and agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agroforestry practices evolve with the development of basic and advanced facilities, changes in natural and artificial factors of land, and land use trade-offs. This study aims to examine the farmers' socioeconomic characteristics and perception of land use changes that define optimal agroforestry practices in Khost Province, Afghanistan. Data were collected from 662 farmers and analyzed using univariate Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA). The results found that forest and vegetable products, including fruits, berries, herbs, mushrooms, wild animals, oils, wood, honey, okra, eggplant, carrot, cucumber, pine nuts, pepper, and timber, have different impacts in terms of satisfaction with basic and advanced facilities, knowledge of land use changes, satisfaction with natural and artificial resources of land, and barriers to and economic benefits of land use. The limitations of this study included an absence of exogenous factors in the model such as climate change, financial conditions, market fluctuations, regulatory system, the area in which this study is selected, research design, and current condition of endogenous factors. Overall, this study defined a set of optimal agroforestry practices (expressed as crops and products) based on the farmers' perception of land use changes in Khost Province, Afghanistan. This study provided useful insights for policymakers and development practitioners to promote agroforestry practice adoption and improve the socioeconomic development of agroforestry-dependent communities. Future works could explore the implications of agroforestry practices on the socioeconomic development of other dependent communities in Afghanistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrated pest management (IPM) is a sustainable approach for minimizing the negative impacts of pests on crops while reducing reliance on synthetic pesticides. This study was conducted in Kwara State Nigeria in 2023, to investigate the effects of implementation of IPM practices on the occurrence of pesticide residues in okra cultivated by the farmers in Kwara State, Nigeria, and identify the factors affecting the use of IPM practices for pest control in okra production. A sample of 245 okra farmers was selected across 4 agricultural zones of Kwara State using a multistage sampling technique. Additionally, okra samples were collected from the farmers of each community of the local government areas. The data collected from the farmers were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics including frequency count, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and Pearson product moment correlation (PPMC). The collected okra samples were taken to the laboratory for pesticide residue extraction and analysis was performed using gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometer (MS). The results showed that most okra producers in Kwara State were smallholder farmers who, despite practicing IPM, had limited knowledge of the technology. Some pesticide residues were detected in okra, out of which two were present in quantities above the maximum residue limit, while others were below the maximum residue limit. Therefore, this study recommends that the government should improve extension services in the State by providing adequate funds and training extension agents who can provide comprehensive training to farmers on the types and application of IPM as an eco-friendly technology for preventing pesticide residue in okra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Okra has recently attracted attention owing to its superior tolerance to high temperatures, greater adaptation to poor soil conditions, and having a robust plant structure. The plant contains a high amount of oil and valuable fatty acids; however, the main restriction of using okra seeds as an oil crop results from its gossypol contents. The aim of this study was to determine the oil content of okra landraces and to evaluate its potential as an oil crop. For this aim, seed oil content, fatty acid compositions of cold‐pressed seed oil, and gossypol concentrations of fruit, oil cake, and seed oil were investigated in a core collection of 26 okra landraces, lines, and cultivars. Individual plants were harvested at the full maturity stage, and seeds were harvested and dried under 35°C for 2 days prior to oil extraction. Oil content, fatty acid composition, and gossypol content were analyzed by NMR, GC‐FID, and HPLC, respectively. The calibration coefficients (r2) of all the methods were determined to be > 0.99. The seed oil content of the samples ranged between 12.15% and 18.83%. Linoleic (42.01%), palmitic (31.65%), oleic (18.39%), and stearic acids (3.20%) were found to be the largest fraction of the fatty acids. The data matrix from 19 fatty acids and oil content was subjected to Principle Component Analysis (PCA). As a result, 6 principal components (PCs, eigenvalues > 1) explained 83.84% of total variance in the data set, with PC1 contributing 32.69% of the total. Gossypol contents of the fruit, oil cake, and seed oil fractions ranged between LOQ‐2.12, < LOQ‐7.01, and < LOQ‐62.46 mg/kg, respectively. In conclusion, okra may have the potential to be an alternative oil crop for food/feed purposes due to the presence of reasonable oil content, high‐quality fatty acid variations, and very low amounts of toxic gossypols, warranting further breeding and agronomic studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to inadequate treatment, diabetes mellitus, which is characterized by hyperglycemia, is a global health challenge that requires creative management techniques. This study explores the therapeutic potential of Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench fruit extracts in diabetes, offering an ample approach includes phytochemical analysis, qualitative and quantitative assessments, antidiabetic efficacy, antioxidant potential, and in vivo and in vitro investigations. Thin‐layer chromatography (TLC), high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) were utilized to disclose the phytochemical profile of the fruit extracts, which indicated a diverse range of bioactive compounds. Four polyphenolic compounds including chlorogenic acid, quercetin, rutin, and morin were confirmed by HPLC fingerprinting, with rutin being the most prevalent. Qualitative analysis reveals the presence of carbohydrates, emodin, terpenoids, lignin, glycosides, and anthraquinones, while indicating the absence of amino acids, anthocyanins, phlobatannins, lactones, and leucoanthocyanins. Quantitative analysis reveals total phenolic, tannin, and flavonoid. In vitro assessments demonstrate the ability of the extracts to inhibit alpha amylase. Radical scavenging activities were evaluated through DPPH assay, underscoring their antioxidant capacity with high effect in methanol extracts. Additionally, the methanol extract decreased the blood glucose level of Type 2 diabetic mice. Notably, test samples stabilized blood glucose levels, reversed deviations in blood profile parameters, blood biochemistry, and regulated organ weight. Based on its antioxidant and antidiabetic effects, as well as positive effects on the physiology of Type 2 diabetic mice, A. esculentus emerges as an important nutraceutical vegetable. As an important nutraceutical vegetable, it holds promise for diabetes management. A. esculentus can be incorporated into dietary interventions for individuals with diabetes, harnessing its natural antioxidant and antidiabetic properties. Our findings validate the traditional use of A. esculentus in green therapeutics. In conclusion, A. esculentus emerges as a valuable ally in the fight against diabetes, bridging the gap between ancient wisdom and modern science. Further research and practical implementation are warranted to fully realize its potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The method of encapsulating the drug molecule in a carrier, such as a magnetic nanoparticle, is a promising development that has the potential to deliver the medicine to the site where it is intended to be administered. Morin is a pentahydroxyflavone obtained from the leaves, stems, and fruits of various plantsmainly from the Moraceae family exhibiting diverse pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and free radical scavenging and helps treat diseases such as diabetes, myocardial infarction and cancer. Methods: In this study, we conducted the synthesis of a nanocomposite with magnetic properties by coating biocompatible activated carbon obtained from okra plant leaves with magnetic nanoparticles. Results: Characterization of the synthesized activated carbon-coated magnetic nanocomposite was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and zeta potential. The cytotoxic effects of the drug-loaded magnetic nanocomposite were examined in HT-29 (Colorectal), MCF-7 (breast), U373 (brain), T98-G (Glioblastoma) cancer cell lines, and human umbilical vein endothelial cells healthy cell line. Discussion: We studied the loading and release behavior of morin hydrate in the activated carbon-coated magnetic nanocomposite. Activated carbon-coated magnetic nanocomposite carriers can show promising results for the delivery of Morin hydrate drugs to the targeted site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Climate change threatens sub-Saharan Africa's agricultural production, causing abiotic and biotic stressors. The study of plant responses to joint stressors is crucial for understanding molecular processes and identifying resilient crops for global food security. This study aimed to explore the shared and tailored responses of okra plants (cv. ''Meya'), at the biochemical and molecular levels, subjected to combined stresses of drought and Meloidogyne incognita infection. Design: The study involved 240 okra plants in a completely randomized design, with six treatments replicated 20 times. Okra plants were adequately irrigated at the end of every 10-days water deficit that lasted for 66 days (D). Also, the plants were infected with M. incognita for 66 days and irrigated at 2-days intervals (R). The stresses were done independently, in sequential combination (D before R and R before D) and concurrently (R and D). All biochemical and antioxidant enzyme assays were carried out following standard procedures. Results: Significant reductions in leaf relative water content were recorded in all stressed plants, especially in leaves of plants under individual drought stress (D) (41.6%) and plants stressed with root-knot nematode infection before drought stress (RBD) (41.4%). Malondialdehyde contents in leaf tissues from plants in D, nematode-only stress (RKN), drought stress before root-knot nematode infection (DBR), RBD, and concurrent drought-nematode stress (RAD) significantly increased by 320.2%, 152.9%, 186.5%, 283.7%, and 109.6%, respectively. Plants in D exhibited the highest superoxide dismutase activities in leaf (147.1% increase) and root (105.8% increase) tissues. Catalase (CAT) activities were significantly increased only in leaves of plants in D (90.8%) and RBD (88.9%), while only roots of plants in D exhibited a substantially higher CAT activity (139.3% increase) in comparison to controlled plants. Okra plants over-expressed NCED3 and under-expressed Me3 genes in leaf tissues. The NCED3 gene was overexpressed in roots from all treatments, while CYP707A3 was under-expressed only in roots of plants in RBD and RKN. CYP707A3 and NCED3 were grouped as closely related genes, while members of the Me3 genes were clustered into a separate group. Conclusion: The biochemical and molecular responses observed in okra plants (cv. ''Meya') subjected to combined stresses of drought and Meloidogyne incognita infection provide valuable insights into enhancing crop resilience under multifaceted stress conditions, particularly relevant for agricultural practices in sub-Saharan Africa facing increasing climatic challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), including dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis, is rising. While pharmacological treatments for dyslipidemia and associated CVDs exist, not all individuals can afford them, and those who do often experience adverse side effects. Preclinical studies have indicated the potential benefits of Abelmoschus esculentus and its active phytochemicals in addressing dyslipidemia in rodent models of diabetes. However, there is limited clinical evidence on lipid parameters. Thus, this study aimed to assess the potential impact of Abelmoschus esculentus on dyslipidemia. A literature search was performed on PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library for relevant trials published from inception until 11 August 2024. Data analysis was performed using Jamovi software version 2.4.8 and Review Manager (version 5.4), with effect estimates reported as standardized mean differences (SMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). The evidence from eight studies with nine treatment arms showed that Abelmoschus esculentus reduces total cholesterol (TC), SMD = −0.53 (95% CI: −1.00 to −0.07), p = 0.025), compared to placebo. Additionally, triglyceride (TG) was reduced in Abelmoschus esculentus compared to placebo, SMD = −0.24 (95% CI: −0.46 to −0.02), p = 0.035. Furthermore, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) was also reduced, SMD = −0.35 (95% CI: −0.59 to −0.11), p = 0.004 in Abelmoschus esculentus versus placebo. This remedy substantially increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL), SMD = 0.34 (95% CI: 0.07 to 0.61), p = 0.014). Abelmoschus esculentus substantially improved lipid profile in prediabetes, T2D, obesity, and diabetic nephropathy. While the evidence confirms the potential benefits of Abelmoschus esculentus in reducing dyslipidemia, it is important for future clinical studies to standardize the effective dosage for more reliable results. Therefore, future trials should focus on these markers in well-designed trials with sufficient sample sizes. Furthermore, Abelmoschus esculentus can be supplemented to the diet of the relevant populations to alleviate dyslipidemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to develop an innovative sourdough using dehydrated okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) pod flour and to use it in the production of bread. Three different flours (sun-dried S, freeze-dried F, oven-dried O) were individually mixed at 9% with wheat flour (Dough Yield 300) and fermented (N0: 8.0 log10 CFU/g) for 14 h, using Lactiplantibacillus plantarum ITM21B, Weissella cibaria C43-11 or Leuconostoc mesenteroides C43-2M. The results showed that after fermentation, the content of organic acids (lactic, acetic and propionic), exopolysaccharides (EPS), l-glutamic acid and total free amino acids (TFAA) increased and the high molecular weight proteins were converted into smaller proteins. Sourdough based on Leuc. mesenteroides and O flour (O_LeuMes) was selected to evaluate its applicability in bread making. It was included in the yeast-leavened bread formulation at 20 or 40% (0.6% and 1.21% w/w O flour replacement). The results showed that fermentation limited the negative effects of unfermented O flour on bread quality attributes, mainly the specific volume and firmness. Bread with O_LeuMes at 40% was improved in TFAA, EPS and l-glutamic acid content and showed a higher specific volume and lower moisture and firmness compared to bread with the unfermented O flour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we explore the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using calyx wastes from Abelmoschus esculentus (okra) and evaluate their anthelmintic potential against poultry pathogen Raillietina spp. The ultraviolet‐visible (UV‐vis) spectrum of nanoparticles showed an absorbance peak at 425 nm, confirming AgNP formation. Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FTIR) analysis indicated the presence of functional groups responsible for reducing silver ions, and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) patterns confirmed the crystallinity of the nanoparticles. Dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) analyses were used to measure the size (20–50 nm) and morphology (spherical) of the synthesized AgNPs. The dose‐dependent in vitro anthelmintic efficacy was highest at 125 μg/ml of AgNPs, resulting in paralysis and death within 0.54 and 1.29 hours, respectively, while untreated control parasites survived for ~72 hours. The SEM micrographs of the treated parasites showed swelling and blebbing of the tegument. Histochemical localization studies showed a remarkable decline of tegumental and neurotransmitter enzymes involved with the parasite's metabolism and regulation of the endogenous physiological processes. This study underscores the potential of okra calyces in the green synthesis of AgNPs and provides a novel approach to developing alternative anthelmintics that interfere with the host‐parasite interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poor seedling germination and growth can result in large financial losses for farmers, thus, there is an urgent need for sustainable agricultural techniques to enhance seed germination and early growth. As an outcome, sustainable agriculture-which emphasizes the smart and effective utilization of resources-has gained popularity worldwide. At numerous levels, the field of nanotechnology is capable of significant benefit in achieving sustainable agricultural practices. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have been shown to have biostimulatory properties and serve as effective solutions for addressing environmental and biotic stressors. The purpose of this study, investigating Salvadora persica halophytic leaf extract -synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (S-ZnONPs) as nano-priming agents to ensure okra seeds germinated under stress-free conditions. From an application perspective, we examined the effect of seed priming with varying concentrations of S-ZnO NPs (0, 20 and 40 ppm) for 18 and 24 h of soaking. Results indicated that the germination rate of hybrid variety improved with 20 ppm at 18 h, increasing by 58.22%, while mean germination time reduced by 24.62%. An enhancement trend was observed in the shoot, root length, shoot and root fresh weight, shoot and root dry weight of hybrid variety at 20ppm with 18 h priming by 34.2, 84.3, 80.2, 47.4, 50.3, and 36.2%, respectively. However, chlorophyll pigments chl a, chl b, and carotenoids was significantly raised in desi variety by 42.4, 79.31, and 142.29% with 20 ppm at 18 h priming. Hydrogen per oxide decreased up to 87.8% with 40 ppm at 24 h in hybrid variety, while, in desi variety H2O2 was reduced 88.3% with 20 ppm at 24 h. Non enzymatic antioxidant activities such as ascorbic acid, was highly increased 130.6% in hybrid at 24 h priming with 20 ppm dose. Flavonoids raised in same variety by 166.1% with 20 ppm at 18 h. Proline content was increased by 144.5% with 40ppm at 18 h. Moreover, Antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase were significantly increased in both varieties with both levels of S-ZnO NPs and priming time. This cost-effective and environmentally safe technique to produce nanoparticles of different halophytic plants can maximize resource utilization, supporting sustainable agriculture by minimizing adverse environmental effects without compromising efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Plant nutrient deficiency is the major challenge in agriculture results in lower crop yield and quality. This may lower the farmer's income by reducing marketable value. In other hand, eating nutrient dense vegetables is the most cost effective strategy to combat malnutrition. The efficiency of inorganic micronutrients applied into soils is low as they become easily fixed to soil particles. Hence, exogenous application of nutrients is an effective option to enhance plant nutrient use efficiency. Methods: This study was conducted at SRM College of Agricultural Sciences, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu during 2022-2023 to alleviate nutrient insufficiency challenges in bhendi variety Senora by using Randomized block design with seven different treatments viz., T1- Control, T2- Nutrient consortia 1 (N + K + B + Fe+ Mn + Zn @ 1%), T3- Nutrient consortia 2 (N + K + Fe+ Cu + B @ 1%), T4- Nutrient consortia 3 (N + K + Mg + B + Fe + Zn @ 1%), T5- Nutrient consortia 4 (T2 + NAA + SA@ 1%), T6- Nutrient consortia 5 (T3 + NAA + SA @ 1%), T7- Nutrient consortia 6 (T4 + NAA + SA @ 1%), sprayed at 30, 45 and 60 days after sowing. Result: Various physiological, biochemical, yield and quality parameters were measured to evaluate the effects of Nutrient consortia. The results of field experiment strongly improved that the eight biochemical parameters viz., chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll content, chlorophyll a/b ratio, chlorophyll stability index, leaf soluble protein, lipid peroxidation by melondialdehyde and proline content. The yield and quality traits such as number of fruits per plant, total fruit yield, total phenolics and total antioxidants activity were significantly increased through application of Nutrient consortia 6 followed by Nutrient consortia 4. So this can be used as yield and quality enhancer formulation of bhendi crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A major constraint in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.)) production is damage caused by insect pests, whitefly and jassids, which results in low yield. Identification of resistant varieties is a convenient and eco-friendly way towards sustainable management of insect pests attacking okra. Therefore, population dynamics of the two major pests were recorded in fifteen hybrid varieties of okra during two consecutive years in 2019 and 2020. Plant varietal resistance and vigor were also evaluated in this study. Meanwhile, morphological parameters were also recorded as well as whitefly and jassid-infested and healthy leaves were collected for biochemical analysis. Significant varietal difference in terms of insect infestation were recorded with Kajari NOH-1684, Japani jhar, Singham and Rohini being comparatively resistant varieties. Correlation studies revealed significant negative correlation of whitefly and jassid population with hair density, hair length and total phenols; positive correlation with total protein and total sugar content. The comparative analysis of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activity revealed varieties more susceptible to whitefly and jassid attack resulted in higher enzyme activity in all the growth stages. The genotypes Kajari NOH-1684, Japani jhar, Singham and Rohini exhibit low infestations of whitefly and jassid, suggesting a tolerance based on their antixenotic properties. To enhance tolerance against these sucking pests, it is recommended to introduce the donor parents Kajari NOH-1684, Japani jhar, Singham and Rohini into okra breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted on ambient ozone (O3), the most phyto-toxic air pollutant, and its effects on the growth and quality of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) and peas (Pisum sativaum) grown in Northern Pakistan during the summer and winter of 2018. Okra was subjected to ambient O3 levels ranging from 43 to 63 ppb during the summer, with a mean O3 concentration of 55 ppb, while peas experienced lower winter concentrations of 15–25 ppb, with a mean O3 concentration of 19 ppb. The results indicated significant impacts on the growth and nutritional quality of crops, especially okra. Anti-ozonant ethylene diurea (EDU) was used for soil drenching to protect okra and green peas from O3 damage. Okra showed notable enhancements of 20%, 20%, 29%, and 13% in ash, protein, fiber, and non-fiber carbohydrates (NFE), respectively. Increase in plant height, leaf numbers, pod length, and dry weight was observed in EDU-treated okra plants. Conversely, peas exhibited less variation, although melioration was observed in plant height, pod numbers, length, and weight with EDU treatment. It was concluded that the concentration of ambient O3 in Peshawar is toxic enough to cause significant damage to crop growth and production. The stark difference in O3 impact during different seasons suggests that higher summer concentrations could severely compromise crop quality. This elicits significant concerns regarding food security in South Asia, especially for summer crops that can jeopardize future food security. It is recommended that further research be conducted on the effects of O3 on other regional crops to assess fully its implications for agricultural sustainability in the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Atopic dermatitis is an inflammatory chronic disease. The objective of the study was to assess the influence of environmental factors on the severity of atopic dermatitis. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional prospective study was conducted at a pediatric department in Cotonou and Parakou among children aged 0-17 years with atopic dermatitis. The severity of atopic dermatitis was assessed using SCORAD. Data on environmental factors was collected on the fields or by asking questions to the parents. Results: Sixty-seven girls and forty boys were included using the United Kingdom Working Party criteria. The prevalence of atopic dermatitis was 5.1%. The mean age at the onset of disease was 36.06 +- 42.48 months. Pruritis was present in 97.2% of the cases and sleep disturbing in 25.2% of the cases. Common eczema was present in 44.8% of the cases and follicular eczema in 11.2%. Mild to severe atopic dermatitis were observed in 68.8%. Factors associated with the severity of atopic dermatitis were dry season, light wind's rate, some foods such as maize, sorghum, millet, eggs, okra, use of a cream called Sinzaa. Firewood, coal, domestic gas, pets (dogs, cats), garden, dust, mold, and the number of people in the room were not associated with the severity of atopic dermatitis. Discussion: Local foods were the environmental factors that had an influence on the severity of atopic dermatitis in our study. Conclusion: Some environmental factors had an influence on the severity of atopic dermatitis in Cotonou and Parakou, Benin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Okra (Abelmochus esculentus L. Moench) has a fairly high nutritional content; every 10 gr of young okra fruit contains 33 calories, 7 gs of carbohydrates, 3.2 gs of fiber, and 81 mg calcium. Okra fruit contains a lot of mucilage due to its high fiber content. This study aimed to determine the effect of rock phosphate doses and types of mycorrhizae and the interaction between these two factors on the growth and yield of okra in saline soil. The research results showed that the dose of mycorrhiza had a very significant effect on the growth and yield of okra plants. The best dose of mycorrhiza was 10 g/plant, and the best type was Acauluspora. It showed that a dose of 10 g/plant with the Acauluspora type on okra yields on Ultiisol soil had given the best results in the vegetative phase, which could be seen in plant height parameters 15 and 30 ADP. The dose of rock phosphate is 150 g, which can be seen in the 300 g planting parameter and in almost all the observed variables. Hyphae in the soil can spread widely, which helps absorb more water. The best yields of okra plants were found by applying a mycorrhizal dose of 10 g on fruit weight variables of plants' mycorrhizal colonization on vase vegetative roots and mycorrhizal colonization on plant roots in the generative phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comprehensive LC-MS/MS method, which employs Positive Electrospray Ionization (PEI) and Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) was developed for the simultaneous determination of 35 pesticides belonging to various chemical classes in tomato, brinjal, chili, and okra samples. Extraction was facilitated using a modified QuEChERS method, which allows efficient sample analysis in a single run. Calibration curves for each pesticide exhibited linearity within the concentration range of 0.0025 to 0.1 µg mL−1, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.993 to 0.999. Mean recoveries at five fortification levels (0.01 to 0.5 µg kg−1) ranged from 80 to 90%, demonstrating satisfactory precision (RSD < 20%). The matrix effects, mitigated through an optimized cleanup process, were observed within the range of 6.42% to 19.52%. The developed method having the limit of quantification of 0.01 mg kg−1 for all 35 pesticides, proved to be highly sensitive and rapid for multi-residue estimation in diverse vegetable samples. Subsequently, the method was used to analyze the market samples from Varanasi, India, which revealed the presence of pesticides like Chlorpyrifos, Chlorantraniliproleand Indoxacarb in tomato, brinjal, chili and okra. Therefore, the method could be considered as a robust tool for monitoring pesticide residues in vegetables, aiding in quality assessment and regulatory compliance in the agriculture sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, RG-I pectin isolated by low-temperature alkaline extraction methods has attracted the attention of a large number of researchers due to its huge health benefits. However, studies on other applications of RG-I pectin are still lacking. In this study, we summarized the sources (e.g. potato pulp, sugar beet pulp, okra, apple pomace, citrus peel, pumpkin, grapefruit, ginseng, etc.), extraction methods, fine structure and applications of RG-I pectin in physiological activities (e.g. anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, anti-oxidation, immune regulation, prebiotics, etc.), emulsions, gels, etc. These neutral sugar side chains not only endow RG-I pectin with various physiological activities but the entanglement and cross-linking of these side chains also endow RG-I pectin with excellent emulsifying and gelling properties. We believe that this review can not only provide a comprehensive reading for new workers interested in RG-I pectin, but also provide a valuable reference for future research directions of RG-I pectin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genetic diversity within germplasm holds significant importance in the context of okra breeding programs. However, the limited knowledge regarding the genetic diversity of okra in Palestine poses a challenging obstacle to enhancing the local cultivar. Characterization of Palestinian okra landraces using phenotypic or molecular approaches is limited. Crop characterization usually provides knowledge on diversity within and among crop accessions, which is crucial for breeding efforts and the conservation of germplasm. This study was carried out to evaluate genetic variation in seven okra local landraces. Seven Palestinian okra landraces were grown. DNA was extracted and subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using 27 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. The banding pattern for each primer was scored. The data matrix was created to facilitate cluster analysis employing the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) method. From the 15 RAPD markers tested, 92 DNA fragments were identified in total, of these fragments, 76% were polymorphic and 24% were monomorphic, in addition, at least two and no more than eleven DNA fragments were identified. The average resolving power recorded was 2.8. The dendrogram derived from RAPD data categorized the genotypes into two primary clusters. Cluster-I consisted of a single genotype (PARC-OKRA-1). In contrast, Cluster-II further subdivided the genotypes into two subclusters, sub-cluster-II.a represented one genotype accession (UB 405-19), and sub-cluster-II.b included five genotypes (UB 457-19, UB 280-15, UB 457-14, UB 280-12, and UB 457-20). The generated similarity matrix indicated that the similarity coefficients among okra genotypes, as determined by 15 RAPD markers, ranged from 0.226 to 0.678. The present study represents the first application of molecular markers to assess genetic diversity within Palestinian okra landraces. The detection of a high level of polymorphism among RAPD markers demonstrated the efficacy of RAPD markers for identifying polymorphism in Palestinian okra genotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydrophilic property of lignocellulosic fibers is the main obstacle to improve the performance of structural bio-composites. To effectively utilize such fibers in high-performance composites, their hydrophobicity must be significantly increased. This study presents the hydrophobicity enhancement of okra woven fabric (OWF) by the application of hydrophobic nano-fumed silica (NFS) coating. Different concentrations of NFS were investigated, and SEM analysis confirmed that 1% NFS coated OWF presented the greatest quantity of nanoparticle deposition. The 1% NFS treated OWF exhibited the highest water contact angle of 137.2 ± 1° (~ 148% increased than uncoated fabric) and the greatest tensile strength of 21.85 ± 1.64 MPa in the warp direction and 15.66 ± 1.73 MPa in the weft direction (~ 46.35% and ~ 42.75% respectively superior to uncoated one). The TGA analysis demonstrated that the thermal characteristics have also been enhanced by NFS coating. The interaction between NFS and OWF has been investigated using FTIR analysis, while their elemental composition has been assessed using EDX and XPS techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to investigate how different factors, such as lactic acid bacteria, prebiotics (flaxseed powder, watercress seed powder, okra mucilage), and coagulation temperature influence the final quality of curd by conducting three optimization experiments and implementing a structured experimental plan. In the first phase, milk coagulation was assessed at 45 °C with various combinations of lactic acid bacteria (probiotics) and prebiotics (powdered flaxseed and watercress). In the second investigation phase, the effects of lowered probiotic and prebiotic (powdered flaxseed and watercress) concentrations were examined at the coagulation temperature of 38 °C. We investigated the concentration of lactic acid bacteria at 3 mg/mL of milk and the effects of temperature and prebiotics (okra mucilage and flaxseed powder). We observed short milk clotting time (2 s) using the optimized mixture (0.18 mg of probiotics, 1.5 mg of flaxseed powder, and 1.147 mg of watercress powder) per 10 mL of milk. It contrasts with the classical coagulation way optimized at (5.9 and 9.5 s), which were generated at optimal temperatures of 45 and 45.7 °C, respectively. Our new mixture improves the fermentation process of camembert cheese at 38 °C. This cheese had a high flavonoid content, fewer lactic bacteria and molds, a homogeneous texture, and no outer crust, and exceptional sensory attributes such as a creamy and fluid paste. These attributes suggest its potential benefits as a dairy product for individuals with cardiovascular and gastrointestinal conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ubiquitous presence of MPs in water bodies presents an escalating concern, as these minuscule plastic particles could ultimately reach humans via the drinking water supply. This study explores the efficacy and underlying mechanisms of removing PE and PVC MPs using Abelmoschus esculentus seeds (commonly known as okra), a natural and environmentally benign coagulant. Through experiments conducted under varying conditions—such as pH level, coagulant dosage, MP concentration, and EC—using the standard method and a Jar test apparatus, the sedimentation rate was assessed. ZP analysis revealed that charge neutralization and bridging cause pivotal in enhancing the removal efficiency of MPs. FESEM and FTIR analyses corroborated the formation of new bonds during the interaction between the MPs and the okra seed-based coagulant. The findings indicate that the optimal parameters for PVC removal were a coagulant dosage of 70 mg/L, a pH of 10, and an MP concentration of 20 mg/L, achieving a removal efficiency of 80.11%. Conversely, for PE, the maximum removal efficiency of 64.76% was realized at a coagulant dosage of 70 mg/L, a pH of 3, and an MP concentration of 20 mg/L. Abelmoschus esculentus seeds offer a practical and eco-friendly option, potentially substituting chemical coagulants, to efficiently eliminate MPs from aquatic environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various aphid species, including Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae), are considered important pests of okra and other vegetables. Previous studies under 1 environment in Cameroon, Central Africa, had found multiple okra genotypes with resistance to A. gossypii. However, the stability and yield performance of the "resistant" genotypes across different environments were unknown. Ten previously identified aphid-resistant okra genotypes along with 1 commercial variety and a local landrace (specific to a given location) were compared during 2 seasons in replicated trials in 4 agro-ecological zones of Cameroon that also represent large areas of Central Africa. Aphid populations and okra yield parameters were evaluated. Breeding values were predicted using a linear mixed model for all data, and genotypes by location interactions were identified. The area under the infestation pressure curve (AUIPC) was calculated using aphid count data and subjected to resistance analysis. The Local—the most susceptible with the highest breeding value (+2.33)—and VI060794—one of the moderately resistant—genotypes had the highest yield per hectare. The only resistant genotype VI036213 had the lowest breeding value (–2.20). Genotype × location interactions were significant for yield, pod width, and plant height, while location variance was significant for all parameters evaluated. When considering that higher aphid densities could lead to greater pesticide use and, therefore higher production and environmental costs, the high-yielding VI060794—with moderate aphid resistance across multiple environments—presents an alternative or substitute for local landraces across multiple agro-ecologies of Cameroon and (by extension) Central Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Okra is a common vegetable in the African cuisine, known for its distinctive slimy texture. Plant cell walls include hydrocolloids, especially pectin, which contribute to their sliminess. This textural property is known to become lost during thermal treatment. In this research, okra hydrocolloid is extracted and used to produce a model medium at a pH of 6.0, representing okra's natural state. This medium is subjected to various controlled thermal treatments (70–130 °C) to evaluate their impact on pectin degradation. At the same time, the texture of okra puree is also assessed using an instrumental method under the same conditions. The two main products of pectin degradation—reducing end sugars from depolymerization and methanol from a demethylation—are measured and found to show an increase as a function of time and temperature. Kinetic modeling indicates that a first-order reaction fits well with the experimental concentrations of both products. The rate constants, as a function of temperature, aligns with the Arrhenius model, confirming the chemical basis of the degradation. Instrumental results correlate well with the production of methanol and reducing end sugars, indicating that pectin degradation is the primary cause of texture changes during the thermal treatment of okra and that this change can be controlled by adjusting the temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Salinity is a devastating abiotic stress that poses serious risks to agricultural sustainability and global food security. The yield of okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] is adversely affected by salinity stress. The research was conducted to evaluate the effects of organic amendments on the physiological and yield parameters of okra plants under saline conditions. Method: In a pot experiment, okra plants were grown in non-saline and saline (50 mM sodium chloride) soil supplemented with municipal solid waste compost, farmyard manure (FYM), and press mud, each applied individually or in various combinations (Compost + FYM, FYM + Press mud and Compost + Press mud). Results: Salinity stress significantly reduced relative water content, membrane stability index, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, photosynthetic rate, fruit length, fruit diameter, no. of fruits per plant, fruit fresh weight, fruit dry weight, fruit yield per plant, no. of seeds per pod and 100 seeds weight of okra plants, compared to control. Under saline conditions, 5% (FYM + Press mud) was the most effective treatment in significantly improving stomatal conductance, intercellular carbon dioxide concentration, no. of fruits per plant, fruit dry weight, and fruit yield per plant of okra, compared to saline soil. Conclusion: Application of 5% (FYM + Press mud) could improve the physiological and yield parameters of okra grown in saline soil (50 mM Sodium chloride) by mitigating adverse effects of salinity and could be used as a cost-effective and bio-rationale approach for alleviation of salinity stress in crops to attain agricultural sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Climate change threatens sub-Saharan Africa’s agricultural production, causing abiotic and biotic stressors. The study of plant responses to joint stressors is crucial for understanding molecular processes and identifying resilient crops for global food security. This study aimed to explore the shared and tailored responses of okra plants (cv. ‘’Meya’), at the biochemical and molecular levels, subjected to combined stresses of drought and Meloidogyne incognita infection. Design The study involved 240 okra plants in a completely randomized design, with six treatments replicated 20 times. Okra plants were adequately irrigated at the end of every 10-days water deficit that lasted for 66 days (D). Also, the plants were infected with M. incognita for 66 days and irrigated at 2-days intervals (R). The stresses were done independently, in sequential combination (D before R and R before D) and concurrently (R and D). All biochemical and antioxidant enzyme assays were carried out following standard procedures. Results Significant reductions in leaf relative water content were recorded in all stressed plants, especially in leaves of plants under individual drought stress (D) (41.6%) and plants stressed with root-knot nematode infection before drought stress (RBD) (41.4%). Malondialdehyde contents in leaf tissues from plants in D, nematode-only stress (RKN), drought stress before root-knot nematode infection (DBR), RBD, and concurrent drought-nematode stress (RAD) significantly increased by 320.2%, 152.9%, 186.5%, 283.7%, and 109.6%, respectively. Plants in D exhibited the highest superoxide dismutase activities in leaf (147.1% increase) and root (105.8% increase) tissues. Catalase (CAT) activities were significantly increased only in leaves of plants in D (90.8%) and RBD (88.9%), while only roots of plants in D exhibited a substantially higher CAT activity (139.3% increase) in comparison to controlled plants. Okra plants over-expressed NCED3 and under-expressed Me3 genes in leaf tissues. The NCED3 gene was overexpressed in roots from all treatments, while CYP707A3 was under-expressed only in roots of plants in RBD and RKN. CYP707A3 and NCED3 were grouped as closely related genes, while members of the Me3 genes were clustered into a separate group. Conclusion The biochemical and molecular responses observed in okra plants (cv. ‘’Meya’) subjected to combined stresses of drought and Meloidogyne incognita infection provide valuable insights into enhancing crop resilience under multifaceted stress conditions, particularly relevant for agricultural practices in sub-Saharan Africa facing increasing climatic challenges.

The present research was conducted in Okra to study combining ability and gene action in a set of 28 F1s developed by crossing seven lines and four testers. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design with three replications and observations were recorded on 12 traits viz. days to 50% flowering, days to first picking, number of internodes, number of branches plant-1, fruit length at maturity and harvest, number of fruits plant-1, number of seeds fruit-1, seed index, fruit weight, yield per plant and plant height. The results revealed that two lines viz., VRO-4 and Sel-2 were excellent general combiners for most of the traits in both positive and negative direction as per desirable traits. Cross VRO-6 x Varsha Uphar recorded highly significant SCA effects for eight traits and GAO-5 x GJO-3 for yield trait. Variance due to GCA was less than SCA, and the GCA/SCA ratio was less than unity indicating preponderance of non-additive gene action for all the traits. This suggested the feasibility of exploitation of heterosis.

The objective of the present study was to investigate the morphological variations among collections of okra landraces in order to improve local varieties in Palestine. Eighteen okra accessions from various locations in the West-Bank region were evaluated for morphological variation. Different sixteen morphological traits were used for okra collection evaluation. The results revealed significant differences in seed color, leaf rib color, stem color, branching patterns, and fruit characteristics. Cluster and similarity analysis classified into two main clusters (I and II) with further sub-clusters. Genetic proximity did not strictly align with geographical boundaries, suggesting that factors beyond location influence genetic similarity. Cluster I exhibited greater diversity, with sub-clusters hinting at potential local adaptation. In contrast, Cluster II was smaller and less diverse, implying potentially distinct genetic origins. These findings provide insights for breeding strategies and germplasm conservation.

Abstract In Bangladesh, okra is an important popular summer vegetable. However, traditional farming practices often lead to suboptimal yields. Thus, the study was designed to determine the ideal GA3 and NAA doses for accelerating okra growth, yield, and quality characteristics. A three-replication, randomized complete block design was adopted. Foliar sprays with three concentrations of GA3 (0 ppm, 150 ppm, and 250 ppm) and NAA (0 ppm, 150 ppm, and 250 ppm) were applied in 2022 and 2023. In comparison to the control, the combined application of GA3 @ 150 ppm and NAA @ 150 ppm improved plant height, leaf number, leaf area, branch number, internode length, bud number, pod number, pod length, pod diameter, and 1000 seed weight average over the two years. Furthermore, GA3 @ 150 ppm with NAA 150 ppm increased yield by 35.08% and 27.01% in 2022 and 2023 respectively, above the control. Combining NAA @ 150 ppm with GA3 resulted in higher levels of vitamin C, TSS, magnesium, and zinc by 19.31%, 81.2%, 22.73% and 21.43% in 2022 and 22.83%, 50.57%, 18.07%, 33.33% in 2023 respectively, compared to the control. In contrast, GA3 and NAA decreased potassium and calcium in both year when compared to the control. Overall, the results of this experiment indicated that using GA3 @ 150 ppm with NAA @ 150 ppm could enhance okra growth, yield, and quality. These findings provide insightful information for improving okra cultivation techniques and improving Bangladesh’s productivity in agriculture and food security.

The recent over production of municipal solid waste (MSW) poses a significant threat to both the ecosystem and human health. Utilizing MSW for agricultural purposes has emerged as a promising strategy to reduce solid waste disposal while simultaneously increasing soil fertility. To explore this potential solution further, an experiment was designed to assess the impact of varying concentrations of MSW (25%, 50%, and 75%) on the proximate composition of 15 different vegetable species. The experiment, conducted between 2018 and 2019, involved treating soil with different levels of solid waste and analyzing the proximate components, such as crude protein, dry matter, crude fiber, crude fat, and moisture content, in the 15 selected crops. The results indicate that the application of 25% MSW significantly increased the levels of crude protein, crude fiber, dry matter, and fat in Spinacia oleracea, Solanum tuberosum, Solanum melongena, and Abelmoschus esculentus. Conversely, the addition of 75% MSW notably elevated the moisture and ash content in Cucumis sativus. Correlation and scatter matrix analyses were conducted to elucidate the relationships between the protein, fiber, dry matter, ash, and fat contents. Principal component analysis and clustering confirmed the substantial impact of Treatment_1 (25% MSW) and Treatment_3 (75% MSW) on the proximate composition of the aforementioned vegetables, leading to their categorization into distinct groups. Our study highlights the efficacy of using 25% MSW to enhance the proximate composition and nutritional value of vegetables. Nonetheless, further research is warranted to investigate the mineral, antioxidant, vitamin, and heavy metal contents in the soil over an extended period of MSW application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In spite of okra's importance to food security in developing countries, its production is limited by low soil nutrient and health status. A screenhouse study examined soil chemical properties, okra growth and yield under complementary application of biochar, organic and inorganic fertilizer in an Ultisol. The treatments comprised 5 kg soil each amended with 5 t biochar ha−1, 5 t poultry manure compost (SPM) ha−1, urea at 56 kg N ha−1, urea (28 kg N ha−1) + 5 t biochar ha−1, 5 t ha−1 (2:1, PM: biochar) (SPMB), urea (28 kg N ha−1) + 5 t ha−1 (2:1, PM: biochar) (SPMBF2). The treatments, replicated thrice, were arranged in a completely randomized design. There were two sets of plants terminated at 50% flowering (dry matter yield (DMY) and nutrient uptake) and at 10 wk post-planting for growth and yield determination. Results revealed that soil chemical properties, okra growth and yield increased responsively to the organic amendments. The SPM, followed by SPMB and SPMBF, enhanced soil pH (0.18–0.19 unit), total N (79–100%), organic carbon (75–100%), available P (55–58%) and exchangeable cations over the control and others (p < 0.05). These treatments also increased the plant's agronomic parameters: plant height (10–19%), number of leaves, leave area (21–31%), stem girth (33–51%), DMY (59–67%), and tissue Ca, Mg and K. The SPMBF2 – treated soil had the highest fruit yield (45 g pot−1). Conclusively, sole and complementary applications of biochar and compost improved soil chemical properties, and okra growth and yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]