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Dynamic thermogravimetry was used to study the thermal degradation of the oil residue of Usinskaya oil and its saturated, aromatic, resin, and asphaltene (SARA) fractions in the presence of sunflower oil. Thermolysis experiments were carried out in an atmosphere of pure argon. Based on the data of thermogravimetric analysis, the activation energies of the thermal degradation of the oil residue, resins, asphaltenes, saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons, and their mixtures with sunflower oil were calculated in the temperature range of a maximum weight loss rate. It was shown that the addition of 10.0 wt % sunflower oil to the oil residue and its components led to a decrease in the activation energy. This fact indicates that the sunflower oil additive affected the mechanism of thermal degradation of crude oil and its components. The greatest change in the activation energy was observed for asphaltenes: ΔЕа = 48.4 kJ/mol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rejuvenator seal material (RSM) is designed to revitalize an aged asphalt binder by spraying it on the surface of roads. It restores the mechanical properties of the existing pavement. This paper studied the effectiveness of RSMs containing cooking oil residue, motor oil residue, coal oil, solvent, and virgin or styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) modified 60/70 bitumen to improve the behavior of an in-service pavement. Three stages were followed to formulate RSMs. To achieve the effective oil, the penetration grade and softening point changes of rolling thin-film oven (RTFO) + pressure aging vessel (PAV) aged 60/70 bitumen mixing with different percentages of oils were studied. Then, the penetration depth of benzene, toluene, and xylene in hot mix asphalt (HMA) samples were measured to choose the most efficient solvent. Finally, the penetration depth of RSMs with various mixing ratios in HMA mixes was measured to determine the mix design and application values (g/m2). RSM-A (5% COR+5% MOR and 60/70 bitumen), RSM-B (5% COR+5% CO and 60/70 bitumen), and RSM-C (5%COR+5%CO and SBS modified 60/70 bitumen) were selected for further assessments. Other than the aforesaid RSMs, RejuvaSeal was used as a generic commercial substance. A British Pendulum Test was used to ensure sufficient skid resistance to reopen the traffic soon after distributing the RSMs. Dynamic shear rheometer and bending beam rheometer tests were used to investigate the rheological properties of extracted bitumen from the upper 1.5 cm layer of the pavement with and without RSMs. Moreover, the fatigue behavior of rejuvenated asphalt mixtures was studied by the 4-point bending test. Based on the results, all RSMs had a positive effect on the softening of the aged bitumen. All RSMs regained the fatigue performance of the aged binder. However, they showed the reverse effect on the rutting resistance. RSM-C containing 5% COR+5% CO and SBS modified 60/70 bitumen considerably modified the rheological properties of the aged binder even better than those mixtures rejuvenated by RejuvaSeal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adsorption method of oil residue upgrading without hydrogen using coarsely granulated macroporous adsorbents with a high mechanical strength, a small surface area, and a large volume of macropores, modified with various additives was investigated. To create a macroporous structure, templates, namely, guar gum and wax emulsion, were tested. Both templates showed high effectiveness, but use of wax made it possible to get adsorbents with a larger pore volume. The process of adsorption-contact cleaning of stock based on cracking residue of visbreaking reduced content of heavy metals by 98 %, while conversion of residue boiling above 540 °C was 75 %. Adsorption-contact cleaning on large coarsely granulated adsorbent can be used to get a feedstock for hydrofining process aimed at getting a low-sulfur marine fuel and a feedstock for catalytic cracking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oil palm mesocarp fiber (MF) holds the potential to be used as a filler in polymeric biocomposite systems. To further improve the dispersion and interfacial adhesion between the fiber and polymer matrix, MF was treated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) at different concentrations (1%, 3%, 5%, 8% and 10%) and soaking times (1 h, 4 h, 8 h, 24 h and 48 h). The effects of NaOH solution and soaking duration on the oil residue, thermal stability and surface morphology of the MF were investigated. It was found that the soaking time had a prominent effect on the oil residue content compared to the NaOH concentration. Fourier transform infrared spectra demonstrated that alkaline treatment decreased the peak intensities of the carboxyl group and alkene of the fatty acid (oil) at 1630–1700 cm–1. Meanwhile, the clean and smooth surface of MF was revealed by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the removal of noncellulosic components. The treatment also reduced the degree of crystallinity of MF, as reflected by its melting temperature (Tm) and heat of melting (ΔHm), as measured by using differential scanning calorimetry. MF with oil residue is envisioned to improve the fiber dispersion across the polymer matrix during polymer processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thermolysis of asphaltenes from the vacuum residue of heavy oil was carried out without water and in the presence of supercritical water (SCW) at 450°C. The composition of asphaltene conversion products was studied. It was established that the yield of solid products decreased and the yield of maltenes increased when the process was carried out in SCW. The resins, residual asphaltenes, and solid products (products insoluble in chloroform) isolated from the thermolysis products were characterized by IR spectrometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prospects of using asphaltenet and resind of industrial vacuum oil residue as a feedstock for the production of pure vanadyl porphyrins are shown. Vanadyl porphyrins are separated from petroleum objects via extraction with DMFA with subsequent purification by column chromatography on silica gel and sulfonic cation exchanger. The composition of resulting vanadyl porphyrins is studied using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The metalloporphyrins obtained in this way can be used as bases for the creation of catalysts for different chemical processes as an alternative to their synthetic production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyrolysis of oil sludge from the petroleum industry in contact with three mesoporous zeolite catalysts (CBV 720, 760 and 780) was carried out at 450°C to obtain oil rich in paraffin. The properties of the catalysts were characterized by XRD, XRF, NH3-TPD, FT-IR, TGA and nitrogen ad/desorption isotherms, while the pyrolysis oil was analysed by GC-MS. The products obtained in the presence of mesoporous zeolites showed selectivity for conversion of light hydrocarbons with decreased content of aromatic compounds. The homogeneous porosity distribution of the CBV 780 was the determining factor in catalytic pyrolysis. The residue could be treated by pyrolysis using mesoporous zeolite. The use of this catalyst produced 56% oil fraction with the highest yield of light hydrocarbons (96%). Compared with the thermal pyrolysis of this waste, the use of mesoporous zeolitic catalysts increased the production of light hydrocarbons and reduced the production of aromatic compounds in the pyrolysis oil from sludge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article presents the results of tests of a system of catalysts developed for demetallation and desulfurization of oil residues to produce low-sulfur marine fuel. A fixed catalyst bed was used. The optimum feedstock hydrogenation conditions were chosen: pressure 15 MPa, process temperature 360-420°C, and feed space velocity 0.5/124. The prolonged tests of the developed catalysts system were conducted successfully. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, synthesis, modification, and application of ZSM-5 in upgrading oil refinery residue was studied. The residue with API 1 1 American Petroleum Institute. ; 15.51 and viscosity (at 50 0C); 275 cSt was from the Abadan oil refinery in Iran. ZSM-5 was synthesized using microwaves as a new method and was utilized in upgrading oil refinery residue for the first time. The synthesized ZSM-5 was modified using five metals, including Sn, Ni, Ag, Cu and Fe. The catalysts structures were identified using XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDX, and BET. Microwaves in catalyst synthesis led to an important reduction in the process duration. The influence of ZSM-5 modification with the metals on the heavy oil residue conversion, Sp Gr, viscosity, and API were evaluated at five temperature levels (360, 380, 400, 420, and 440 °C). The catalyst-to-feed ratio, 60 wt%, and reaction time, 2 h, were constant in all the experiments. The results revealed that Sn was the most appropriate metal to modify the catalyst. The maximum conversion was obtained at temperature of 440 °C, which resulted in a product with the specifications, including Sp Gr: 0.8183, viscosity: 1.711 cSt, and API: 41.42. The product conversion was 64.6 % and 86.4 wt% for HZSM-5 and Sn-ZSM-5, respectively, representing a 33.75 % increase. The distillation curves and carbon numbers of the feed and the product were investigated. The ranges of the carbon numbers and temperature for the feed and the product were 13–50, 230–582 °C and 5–16, 49.6–293.85 °C, respectively. • Microwave synthesis and application of ZSM-5 in upgrading oil residue was studied. • ZSM-5 was modified using five metals including Fe, Sn, Cu, Ag, and Zn. • The conversion was 64.6 % and 86.4 wt% for HZSM-5 and Sn-ZSM-5. • The range of the carbon numbers in the feed and the product was 13–50 and 5–16. • The temperature range of the feed and the product was 230–582 and 49.6–293.85 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Results are presented concerning the studies on obtaining a heavy oil residue, its deasphalting and the impregnation of crushed carbonate stone with deasphaltizate. The heavy oil residue is obtained via the separation of extra-heavy crude oil using a steam thermal method. The deasphalting of the oil residue and the impregnation of crushed carbonate stone are carried out using a propane-butane solvent in the liquid and supercritical fluid state, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the wide raw material sources, low price and no secondary pollution, colleseed oil residue, as the organic waste residue of industry, is worth expanding and applied. However, there is no an economical and efficient method to realise circulating utilisation of oil residue. In this paper, the amount of oil residue added into the liquid medium of six treatments in trial 1 was 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 40%, respectively. The effect of the different adding amounts and incubation time on the mycelial growth of different strains, like Flammulina velutipes and Auricularia polytricha, was comparatively studied. The results showed that the optimum culture medium to add the oil residue is as follows: 15% of the oil residue in Flammulina velutipes and 40% of oil residue in Auricularia polytricha. The effect of incubation time on mycelial growth and pH value was correlated to different strains. The incubation time of the liquid culture medium of Flammulina velutipes added oil residue was about 7 days, and the pH value was about 5.0 as the best culture condition, compared with 8 days and 4.3 in culture medium of Auricularia polytricha. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work is aimed at solving a scientific problem related to the development of an energy-saving technology for primary heavy hydrocarbon stock processing based on single-pass flash vaporization. Single-pass flash vaporization is enhanced by atomization of heated stock in the apparatus. The phase interface increases several times in this process, making supramolecular convective mass transfer comparable with diffusional transfer, thereby ensuring more than a three-fold increase in the distillate yield in the heavy-oil treatment process with densification of the residual product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the potential for using an inoculum composed of a mixed-culture of bacteria and fungi, isolated from a landfarming at the Paulínia Oil Refinery, Brazil, to degrade oil residues generated in the process of petroleum refinement was investigated. The isolation of these microorganisms was carried out beforehand, assuming that they would be better adapted to petroleum hydrocarbons, as the landfarming consisted of an area impacted by the deposit of such compounds. The Bartha and Pramer respirometric test was used to measure the rate of biodegradation of the hydrocarbons by the mixed-culture of microorganisms via the evolution of CO2. The results obtained with respect to the efficiency of biodegradation showed no significant differences (P>0.05), indicating no increase in the biodegradation process using the inoculum. The addition of nutrients (N, P, K) also did not contribute to an increase in biodegradation of the oil residue studied.Neste estudo foi investigado o potencial de um inóculo composto de cultura mista de bactérias e fungos, isolados do landfarming da Refinaria de Paulínia, Brasil, em degradar resíduos oleosos gerados no processo de refinamento de petróleo. O isolamento desses microrganismos foi realizado previamente, supondo-se que estejam melhor adaptados aos hidrocarbonetos de petróleo uma vez que o landfarming consiste em área impactada por deposição de tais compostos. Utilizou-se o teste respirométrico de Bartha e Pramer no intuito de verificar a taxa de biodegradação dos hidrocarbonetos pela cultura mista de microrganismos através da evolução de CO2. Os resultados obtidos para a eficiência da biodegradação não apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significativa (P>0.05) indicando que não houve aumento do processo de biodegradação com o uso do inóculo. A adição de nutrientes (N, P, K) tampouco contribuiu para aumentar a biodegradação do resíduo oleoso estudado.

• Residues from the vegetable oil industry are suitable biofuel production. • NiAl catalysts derived from LDH promoted pyrolysis and deoxygenation of oily residue. • NiAlZr favored the production of alkenes; NiAlCe favored alkanes and polyenes. • NiAl catalysts formed alkyl benzenes suitable for surfactant production. • Most acidic catalysts produced light hydrocarbons in GLP/gasoline range. High acidic vegetable oil feedstocks and wastes are not suitable for conventional biodiesel production. These wastes could be used to produce cheap hydrocarbon-rich biofuels without affecting food production. In this work, we studied the hydrogen-free fast pyrolysis and deoxygenation of an acidic industrial vegetable oil waste for biofuels and chemicals production, assessing the effect of Ce or Zr on NiAl mixed oxides obtained from layered double hydroxides. Oily waste (OW) was pre-adsorbed on the catalysts using a Catalyst:OW mass ratio of 5:1. Without a catalyst, pyrolysis of OW, containing triglycerides and a high percentage of free fatty acids, produced mainly 1-alkenes, lower carbon chain fatty acids, and fatty acid esters. Catalytic pyrolysis increased hydrocarbons favoring 1-alkenes between propene and 1-heptadecene, as well as alkyl-benzenes. Linear alkylbenzenes are feedstock for the production of biodegradable surfactants. NiAlCe was most selective to polyenes, alkanes and ketones, while NiAl and NiAlZr catalysts were efficient in producing aromatics, alkenes and light hydrocarbons in the GLP and gasoline range (C3-C10). The combination of acidic and metallic properties on high surface area unsupported bulk mixed oxide catalysts can be used to maximize the production of specific-range hydrocarbons for second-generation drop-in biofuels and bio-based surfactant precursors, towards the decarbonization of industry. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An evaluation of the potential of two organic residues as source of micro-nutrients in three soils of Paraná state was studied. Treatments consisted of one dose (38 t.ha-1) of sewage sludge and residue of purified used motor oil both neutralized with CaO+MgO mixture in 3:1 rate. Maize (Zea mays L.) was used as reference plant. After 30 days of seeding, the aerial parts of the plants were cut. They were dried at 70ºC till constant weight and ground. Analysis was undertaken after nitric-perchloric digestion. Micro-nutrients levels in the soils and in the aerial parts of the plants were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The results showed a production of the aerial parts of the plants treated with sewage sludge higher than those in other treatments. The micro-nutrients in Terra Roxa - TR were higher than those of Latossolo Vervelho Escuro - LE (Deep Red Latisol) and Podzólico Vermelho - PV (Red Podzolic) soils, respectively. In the aerial part of the maize plants in treated soils concentrations of micro-nutrients Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn were higher than those without treatment.Em casa de vegetação avaliou-se a potencialidade de dois resíduos orgânicos como fonte de micronutrientes em três solos do Estado do Paraná. Os tratamentos consistiram de uma dose (38 t.ha-1) de resíduo petroquímico e de lodo de esgoto neutralizados. O milho safrinha (Zea mays L.) foi utilizado como planta teste. Após 30 dias da semeadura, cortou-se a parte aérea das plantas. Estas foram secadas a 70°C, até se obter peso constante, moídas e analisadas após a digestão nitro-perclórica. Os teores de micronutrientes nos solos e nas plantas foram determinados por espectrometria de absorção atômica. Os resultados mostraram que a produção de material seco foi superior com o lodo de esgoto. Os teores de micronutrientes no solo TR (Terra Roxa) foram superiores aos dos solos LE (Latossolo Vermelho Escuro) e PV (Podzólico Vermelho), respectivamente. Na parte aérea das plantas de milho dos solos tratados as concentrações dos elementos Cu, Mn, Fe, Zn foram maiores que as do solo testemunha, com exceção do Mn no solo PV.

Finding new low-cost catalysts, especially ones that can be used in cracking, is a problem of great interest in the refining of heavy oils. The activity of redox catalysts based on coal fly ash ferrospheres is examined for the cracking of two types of heavy oils (paraffin and asphaltenic), and for paraffin oil residue under autoclave conditions. It is established that at 450°C and with 10 wt % of ferrospheres, the selectivity of the formation of liquid products can be as high as 95-96% for paraffin oil and 72% for asphaltenic oil. The content of light products and the gasoline fraction increases in liquid products in comparison to thermal cracking. The effect of ferrospheres is most pronounced in the cracking of paraffin oil: the light fraction in the oil cracking products grows by approximately 20% relative to those obtained after thermal cracking, reaching almost 67%; the gasoline fraction in the light products of oil residue cracking grow by 14 times. The phase composition and structural characteristics of ferrospheres change during cracking, carbon compounds with different combustion reactivity are deposited on their surfaces, and concentrated sulfur compounds from heavy oils are observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When unloading the tank, a part of oil products stays on the inner surfaces, structures, in the form of solid (stuck) layer. In addition, some of them remain in the pipes, valves and pumps of cargo and stripping systems. Impurities, paraffin, asphalt-resinous inclusions, exfoliated corrosion products settle at the tank bottom. As a result, an unpumped residue is formed, the amount of which varies widely and depends on several factors such as physicochemical properties of oil products, transportation temperature, technical condition of the cargo system, etc. The residue is a mixture of oil products, and when cleaning tanks, there is a fire-dangerous situation that may result in fire, explosion or environmental pollution of territories. The problem of identifying the impact of factors on man-made risks of environmental pollution by harmful substances that are formed as a result of use and repair of tanks with oil products is a scientific basis for improving environmental safety and reliable security of human life near such objects. It was found that the temperature difference of the oil residue layer and cleaning fluid does not exceed 1.5°C, even with the increased by several orders of magnitude layer thickness. The temperature difference will be even less for the above values of oil residue layer thicknesses, determined from experimental data. The results allow to model and calculate the evaporation rate of oil residues and forecast the size of pollution zone and man-made risks, associated with these processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To establish an efficient method to recycle natural borneol from Cinnamomum camphor chvar. Borneol oil residue. Methods: The fractions and raffinate of the oil residue of Cinnamomum camphor chvar. Borneol were obtained by fractional distillation, and analyzed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and gas chromatography- mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Natural borneol was purified by recrystallization and suction filtration. Fractional distillation and recrystallization parameters, including reflux ratio, solvent and solvent amount, were optimized. The physicochemical properties of natural borneol were determined by melting point and optical rotation techniques. Results: The total yield of natural borneol was 7.6 % under the optimal conditions, viz, reflux ratios of 3:1 and 1:1, with n-hexane as recrystallizing solvent. The purity of recrystallized natural borneol was > 99 % at the solvent ratio of 1:1.8 (natural borneol crystal : n-hexane). The optical rotation ([α]24 D = + 37°) and melting point (207 °C) of natural borneol were in accord with those of the standard. Conclusion: These findings indicate that the developed fractional distillation and recrystallization method can be applied to recycle natural borneol from C. camphor chvar. Borneol oil residue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biofuel are to be known as Second Generation Fuel, Due to Requirement availably of fossil fuel such Petroleum product. Hence here Biofuel place a role in economy because life style was dependent for machinery equipments and Engines, so at this stage without fuel we can't live. We have adopted other resources Biomass and Biofuel. Biofuel are of three types Biodiesel, Bioethonal and Biogas. Biodiesel produced from Non edible oils or animal fats by transesterification process. During production it leads to a crude glycerin as byproduct. If the transesterification un complete reaction then crude glycerol contain oil residue. It is a mixture of Glycerin, 40-50% oil residue, methanol, and traces of catalyst (NaOH). As the biodiesel production increases the availability of crude glycerin increase in stock, usage and purification of crude glycerin is quite difficult in laboratory process, so that as glycerol contain oils residue can be extracted and converted again biodiesel and also get glycerol can be purified or converted into soap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biofuel are to be known as Second Generation Fuel, Due to Requirement availably of fossil fuel such Petroleum product. Hence here Biofuel place a role in economy because life style was dependent for machinery equipments and Engines, so at this stage without fuel we can't live. We have adopted other resources Biomass and Biofuel. Biofuel are of three types Biodiesel, Bioethonal and Biogas. Biodiesel produced from Non edible oils or animal fats by transesterification process. During production it leads to a crude glycerin as byproduct. If the transesterification un complete reaction then crude glycerol contain oil residue. It is a mixture of Glycerin, 40-50% oil residue, methanol, and traces of catalyst (NaOH). As the biodiesel production increases the availability of crude glycerin increase in stock , usage and purification of crude glycerin is quite difficult in laboratory process ,so that as glycerol contain oils residue can be extracted and converted again biodiesel and also get glycerol can be purified or converted into soap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors exemplify improvement of properties of a binder by adding an activated filler-brown coal and bottom ooze-as a modifying agent for flux oil in the brown coal briquetting flowsheet. The optimized compositions and activation regimes of fillers ensure improved performance of the briquettes due to increase in mutual effect at the coal and binder interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oil wastes and slops are complex mixtures of hydrocarbons, which may contain a variety of contaminants including tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene, PCE) and other volatile halogenated organic compounds (VHOCs). The analytical determination of PCE at trace levels in petroleum-derived matrices is difficult to carry out in the presence of large amounts of hydrocarbon matrix components. In the following study, we demonstrate that headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) combined with GC–MS analysis can be applied for the rapid measurement of PCE concentration in oil samples. The HS-SPME method was developed using liquid paraffin as matrix matching reference material for external and internal calibration and optimisation of experimental parameters. The limit of quantitation was 0.05 mg kg−1, and linearity was established up to 25 mg kg−1. The HS-SPME method was extended to several VHOCs, including trichloroethylene (TCE) in different matrices and was applied to the quantitative analysis of PCE and TCE in real samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method to determine the amount of oil residues on heating-, ventilating- and air-conditioning(HVAC)-component surfaces was developed and validated. The sampling was based on two swiping methods and a filter contact method. Infrared spectrometry was utilised in the analyses. For the tested mineral oil the filter contact method showed the best recovery of the sampling 91±2%. The oil concentration is quite high but unequally distributed (530–960 mg/m2) on the surface of the sheet metal treated with corrosion protection oil and low on the sheets treated with chromic acid (<2–29 mg/m2). Oil concentration of studied HVAC components (14–196 mg/m2) was dependent on the technique used for manufacturing the component. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Eight years after the Exxon Valdez spill, oil residues in Prince William Sound, Alaska ranged from moderately to extremely weathered. Theleast weathered residues were found in samples collected from gravelbeaches with well-established armor. There had been little to no change in weathering stage for the oil from these sites since 1994. There was evidence of some physical erosion, but little chemical change for this deeply penetrated oil. In contrast, most other oil residues have increased in weathering, compared to 1994. Only one asphalt pavement was at a moderate weathering stage. All other samples contained hydrocarbons which were at advanced or extreme weathering stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fishes present on small artificial reefs located 2 km off the central east coast of Florida (USA) were surveyed to determine the acceptability of using stabilized oil and coal ash residue as a component material in construction of artificial fishing reefs. Species richness was not significantly different over 2.5 yr on stabilized oil and coalash reefs compared to concrete control reefs. Of 19 species tested for significant differences in mean abundance, lane snapper was observed at significantly higher mean abundances on fossil-fuel ash reefs (stabilized oil ash/coal fly ash), while three reef species (hairy blenny, porkfish and gray snapper) were significantly more common on concrete control reefs. Further study is needed to determine whether contaminants (Cu, V, Ni and Zn) from stabilized ash blocks can cause abundance differences for some fishes. Plausible alternate explanations for the differences in mean abundance include both interspecific interactions (competition and predation) and differences in the attraction or retention of fish among reef replicates due to slight variationsin reef dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]